Produced by Clare Elliott, Charles Franks
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
[Illustration: By permission of Harrison H Dodge, Superintendent A
CORNER OF WASHINGTON'S KITCHEN AT MOUNT VERNON]
SCHOOL AND HOME COOKING
BY
CARLOTTA C. GREER HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FOODS AND HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT, EAST TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL CLEVELAND, OHIO
PREFACE
School and Home Cooking is a text which can be placed in the hands of the pupils and used by them as a guide both in the school and home. Its use eliminates note-taking (which in reality is dictation) and thus saves much time.
The psychological method of education, which treats first of material within the experience of the beginner and with that as a basis develops new material to meet the needs of the pupil, was kept in mind in preparing this text. Although the grouping of foods rich in each foodstuff may be considered a logical arrangement, the method of arrangement of the content of each division and the method of approach of each lesson is psychological. The manipulative processes and kinds of dishes are sufficiently varied to arouse and sustain the interest of a pupil.
Experience with pupils in the classroom shows that their interest in any subject cannot be awakened by using a list or classification involving technical terms in introducing the subject. For this reason a classification of the foodstuffs is not placed at the beginning of the text; they are classified after each is considered.
At the close of each division of the text there is placed a group of lessons called Related Work, which includes table service lessons, home projects, and meal cooking. Table service lessons are introduced in this way to emphasize the fact that a complete meal should be prepared before all types of foods are studied and manipulative processes are performed. The cost and food value of meals are considered in conjunction with their preparation. Wise selection and thrifty buying of foods are also treated in these lessons.
Home projects which progressive teachers have found effective in making home economics function in the home—one of the goals to be attained in democratic education—contain suggestive material which may be adapted to the particular needs of the pupils in their homes.
An adaptation of the "meal method," i.e., meal cooking, is used both for the purpose of reviewing processes of cooking, and also for gaining skill and speed in the preparation of several foods at the same time.
Experiments regarding food preparation and composition and processes of digestion are found in this book. Special care has been taken to state these experiments in terms within the understanding of the pupil and to intersperse definite questions so that a pupil can follow directions, make observations, and draw helpful deductions.
The recipes have been adapted from various sources. Where it is possible, without a sacrifice of flavor or food value, the least expensive food materials are used. The more expensive materials are used as sparingly as possible. Definite and practical methods of preparing foods follow the list of ingredients. The recipes have proved satisfactory in the home kitchen.
Special thanks are due to Mrs. Mary Swartz Rose, Assistant Professor of Nutrition, Teachers College, Columbia University, for criticizing portions of the text regarding dietetics; to Miss S. Gertrude Hadlow, Head of the Department of English, Longwood High School of Commerce, Cleveland, for valuable suggestions of material formerly prepared which aided in the preparation of this work; to Mrs. Jessie M. Osgood for painstaking reading of the manuscript; and to the following for the use of illustrative material: The Macmillan Company, D. Appleton and Company, William Wood and Company, The Journal of the American Medical Association, The Journal of Home Economics, and the United States Department of Agriculture.
CLEVELAND, July, 1920.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
FOREWORD
DIVISION ONE
INTRODUCTION
I. Baked Apples—Dishwashing
II. Measurements—Stuffed and Scalloped Tomatoes
III. Fuels and Combustion—Sauted and Baked Squash
IV. Coal Ranges—Corn Dishes
V. Gas Ranges—Scalloped Fruit
VI. Stoves and Heating Devices—Stuffed Peppers, Butterscotch Apples
DIVISION TWO
BODY-REGULATING FOOD—WATER
VII. Water and Beverages (A)
VIII. Water and Beverages (B)
RELATED WORK
IX. Home Projects
X. Afternoon Tea
DIVISION THREE
BODY-BUILDING AND BODY-REGULATING FOODS,—RICH IN ASH (MINERAL MATTER)
XI. Fresh Vegetables (A)
XII. Fresh Vegetables (B)
XIII. Fresh Fruits
RELATED WORK
LESSON
XIV. Review: Meal Cooking
XV. Home Projects
DIVISION FOUR
ENERGY-GIVING OR FUEL FOODS,—RICH IN CARBOHYDRATES
XVI. Sugar: Digestion of Sugar
XVII. Sugar-rich Fruits: Dried Fruits (A)
XVIII. Sugar-rich Fruits: Dried Fruits (B)
XIX. Cereals: Starch and Cellulose
XX. Cereals: Rice (A)
XXI. Cereals: Rice (B)
XXII. Cereals and the Fireless Cooker
XXIII. Cereals for Frying or Baking
XXIV. Powdered Cereals Used for Thickening
XXV. Toast: Digestion of Starch
XXVI. Root Vegetables (A)
XXVII. Root Vegetables (B)
XXVIII. Root Vegetables (C)
XXIX. Starchy Foods Cooked at High Temperature
RELATED WORK
XXX. Dining Room Service
XXXI. Cooking and Serving Breakfast
XXXII. Review: Meal Cooking
XXXIII. Home Projects
DIVISION FIVE
ENERGY-GIVING OR FUEL FOODS,—RICH IN FATS AN OILS
XXXIV. Fat as a Frying Medium
XXXV. Fat as a Frying Medium—Food Fats
XXXVI. Fat as a Frying Medium—Digestion of Fat
XXXVII. Fat Saving
RELATED WORK
XXXVIII. Dining Room Courtesy
XXXIX. Cooking and Serving Breakfast
XL. Review: Meal Cooking
XLI. Home Projects
DIVISION SIX
ENERGY-GIVING AND BODY-BUILDING FOODS,—RICH IN PROTEIN
XLII. Eggs
XLIII. Eggs: Digestion of Protein
XLIV. Eggs: Omelets (A)
XLV. Eggs: Omelets (B)
XLVI. Milk
XLVII. Milk with Cocoa and Chocolate
XLVIII. Milk and Cream
XLIX. Cream Soups (A)
L. Cream Soups (B)
LI. Milk Thickened with Egg (A)
LII. Milk Thickened with Egg (B)
LIII. Milk Thickened with Egg (C)
LIV. Milk Thickened with Egg and Starchy Materials (A)
LV. Milk Thickened with Egg and Starchy Materials (B)
LVI. Milk Thickened with Egg and Starchy Materials (C)
LVII. Cheese (A)
LVIII. Cheese (B)
LIX. Structure of Beef—Methods of Cooking Tender Cuts
LX. Beef: Methods of Cooking Tender Cuts (Applied to Chopped Beef) (A)
LXI. Beef: Methods of Cooking Tender Cuts (Applied to Chopped Beef) (B)
LXIL. Beef: Methods of Cooking Tough Cuts (A)
LXIII. Beef; Methods of Cooking Tough Cuts (B)
LXIV. Beef: Methods of Cooking Tough Cuts (C)
LXV. Beef: Methods of Cooking Tough Cuts (D)
LXVI. Beef: Uses of Cooked Beef
LXVII. Gelatine (A)
LXVIIL. Gelatine (B)
LXIX. Fish (A)
LXX. Fish (B)
LXXI. Fish (C)
LXXII. Legumes (A)
LXXIII. Legumes (B)
LXXIV. Legumes (C)
RELATED WORK
LXXV. Cost of Food
LXXVI. Cooking and Serving a Breakfast
LXXVII. Review: Meal Cooking
LXXVIII. Home Projects
DIVISION SEVEN
HEALTH AND GROWTH-PROMOTING FOODS,—RICH IN VITAMINES
LXXIX. Vitamines—Vegetables of Delicate Flavor
LXXX. Vitamines—Vegetables of Strong Flavor
LXXXI. Salads (A)
LXXXII. Salads (B)
LXXXIII. Classification of Foodstuffs
RELATED WORK
LXXXIV. Selecting Food
LXXXV. Cooking and Serving a Luncheon or Supper
LXXXVL. Review: Meal Cooking
LXXXVII. Home Projects
DIVISION EIGHT
FLAVORING MATERIALS: FOOD ADJUNCTS
LXXXVIII. Food Adjuncts—Dishes Containing Food Adjuncts
RELATED WORK
LXXXIX. Spending for Food
XC. Cooking and Serving a Luncheon or Supper
XCI. Review: Meal Cooking
XCII. Home Projects
DIVISION NINE
FOOD COMBINATIONS
XCIII. Vegetables with Salad Dressing (A)
XCIV. Vegetables with Salad Dressing (B)
XCV. Fish Salad and Salad Rolls
XCVI. Cream of Tomato Soup and Cheese Straws
XCVII. Veal and Potatoes
XCVIII. Mutton and Lamb Dishes
XCIX. Pork, Vegetables, and Apple Sauce
C. Chicken and Rice
CI. Chicken and Peas
CII. Oyster Dishes
CIII. Meat-substitute Dishes
CIV. Meat Extenders and One-dish Meals
RELATED WORK
CV. Menu-making
CVI. Planning, Cooking, and Serving a Luncheon or Supper
CVII. Review: Meal Cooking
CVIII. Home Projects
DIVISION TEN
QUICK BREADS: POUR BATTERS
CIX. Leavening with Steam and Air: Popovers
CX. Leavening with Baking Soda and Sour Milk: Spider Corn Bread
CXI. Leavening with Baking Soda, Sour Milk, and Molasses: Gingerbread
CXII. Leavening with Baking Powder: Griddle Cakes
CXIII. Leavening with Baking Soda, Sour Milk, and Baking Powder: Sour Milk
Griddle Cakes
CXIV. Leavening with Baking Soda, Sour Milk, and Cream of Tartar: Steamed
Brown Breads
CXV. Formulating Recipes—Waffles
RELATED WORK
CXVI. Measurement of the Fuel Value of Foods
CXVII. Planning, Cooking, and Serving a Dinner
CXVIII. Review: Meal Cooking
CXIX. Home Projects
DIVISION ELEVEN
QUICK BREADS: DROP BATTERS
CXX. Fine and Coarse Flours—Muffins
CXXI. Comparison of Wheat and Other Grains—Muffins
CXXII. Baking Powder Loaf Breads
CXXIII. Eggs for Quick Breads—Cream Puffs
RELATED WORK
CXXIV. Food Requirement
CXXV. Planning, Cooking, and Serving a Dinner
CXXVI. Review: Meal Cooking
CXXVII. Home Projects
DIVISION TWELVE
QUICK BREADS: SOFT DOUGHS
CXXVIII. Method of Mixing Fat in Quick Breads—Drop Biscuit
CXXIX. Quantity of Fat in Quick Breads—Short Cake
CXXX. "Cut" Biscuit
RELATED WORK
CXXXI. Measurement of the Fuel Value of Food Applied to the Daily Food
Requirement.
CXXXII. Planning, Cooking, and Serving a Dinner.
CXXXIII. Review: Meal Cooking.
CXXXIV. Home Projects.
DIVISION THIRTEEN
YEAST BREADS: STIFF DOUGHS
CXXXV. Yeast—Loaf Bread.
CXXXVI. Wheat Flour—Bread Sponge.
CXXXVII. Modifications of Plain White Bread.
CXXXVIII. Rolls and Buns.
RELATED WORK
CXXXIX. Food for Girls and Boys.
CXL. Planning a Day's Diet—Cooking and Serving a Meal.
CXLI. Review: Meal Cooking.
CXLII. Home Projects.
DIVISION FOURTEEN
CAKE
CXLIII. Cake without Fat—Sponge Cake.
CXLIV. Cake Containing Fat—One-egg Cake.
CXLV. Cake Containing Fat—Plain Cake and Its Modifications (A)
CXLVI. Cake Containing Fat—Plain Cake and Its Modifications (B)
CXLVII. Cake Containing Fat—Cookies
CXLVIII. Cakes without Eggs
RELATED WORK
CXLIX. The Luncheon Box
CL. Planning and Preparing Box Luncheons
CLI. Review—Meal Cooking
CLII. Home Projects
DIVISION FIFTEEN
PASTRY
CLIII. Pies with Under Crust
CLIV. Pies with Upper Crust
CLV. Two-crust Pies
RELATED WORK
CLVI. Infant Feeding
CLVII. Modifying Milk
CLVIII. Review—Meal Cooking
CLIX. Home Projects
DIVISION SIXTEEN
FROZEN DESSERTS
CLX. Method of Freezing—Water Ice
CLXI. Frozen Creams
RELATED WORK
CLXII. Diet for Young Children
CLXIII. Planning and Preparing Menus for Children
CLXIV. Review—Meal Cooking
CLXV. Home Projects
DIVISION SEVENTEEN
FOOD PRESERVATION
CLXVI. The Principles of Preserving Food
CLXVII. Processing with Little or No Sugar—Canned Fruit
CLXVIII. Processing with Much Sugar—Preserves, Jams, and Conserves
CLXIX. Processing with Much Sugar—Jellies
CLXX. Processing with Vinegar and Spices—Relishes
CLXXI. Canned Vegetables
CLXXII. Dried Vegetables
RELATED WORK
CLXXIII. The Sick-room Tray
CLXXIV. Preparing Trays for the Sick and Convalescent
CLXXV. Review—Meal Cooking
CLXXVI. Home Projects
DIVISION EIGHTEEN
SUPPLEMENTARY
I. Thanksgiving Sauce
II. Thanksgiving Desserts
III. Christmas Sweets
IV. Christmas Candy
APPENDIX
Suggestions for Teaching
Books for Reference
INDEX
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
A corner in Washington's kitchen at Mt. Vernon [Frontispiece]
1. Skewer and knitting needle for testing foods
2. A sink arranged for efficiency in dish-washing
3. Utensils for dish-washing
4. Dish-drainer
5. Dish-drainer
6. Dish-rack
7. Dish-rack
8. A rack for drying dishes
9. Utensils for measuring and weighing foods
10. Coal range, showing course of direct draft
11. Coal range, showing course of indirect draft
12. Gas burner, showing mixer
13. Gas burners
14. Gas range, showing direction of draft
15. Cross-section of wickless kerosene stove
16. Electric range
17. Pressure cooker
18. Steam cooker, containing various foods
19. Scene on a tea plantation
20. Tea-ball teapot
21. Coffee berries
22. Coffee percolator
23. Grains of starch
24. A cupful of rice before and after boiling
25. Insulated wall of a refrigerator
26. Fireless cooker, having excelsior packing
27. Fireless cooker, with stone disks
28. Electric fireless cooker
29. Gas range, having fireless cooker attachment, insulated oven and hoods
30. Method of folding filter paper
31. Utensil for steaming,—a "steamer"
32. "Steam" without pressure, and "steam" which has been under pressure
33. Table laid for an informal luncheon
34. Wheel tray
35. How to hold the knife and fork
36. Keeping the fork in the left hand to carry food to the mouth
37. The teaspoon should rest on the saucer
38. How to hold the soup spoon
39. Apparatus to determine the temperature at which eggs coagulate
40. Method of holding pan to turn an omelet on to a platter