[PRINCIPAL TREE REGIONS OF NORTH AMERICA]

A North Eastern B North Western AB North Eastern & North Western C South Eastern D Tropical Florida E Texas-Mexican Boundary F Rocky Mountains G Oregon & California H New Mexico & Arizona Mexican Boundary

MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
(EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO)

BY
CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT
Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University
Author of The Silva of North America

WITH SEVEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-THREE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM DRAWINGS BY
CHARLES EDWARD FAXON
AND
MARY W. GILL

Second Edition

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
The Riverside Press Cambridge
1922

COPYRIGHT, 1905 AND 1927, BY CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

TO
M. R. S.
THE WISE AND KIND FRIEND OF THIRTY YEARS
THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
WITH GRATITUDE AND AFFECTION

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

The studies of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) which have been carried on by the agents and correspondents of the Arboretum in the sixteen years since the publication of the Manual of the Trees of North America have increased the knowledge of the subject and made necessary a new edition of this Manual. The explorations of these sixteen years have added eighty-nine species of trees and many recently distinguished varieties of formerly imperfectly understood species to the silva of the United States, and made available much additional information in regard to the geographical distribution of American trees. Further studies have made the reduction of seven species of the first edition to varieties of other species seem desirable; and two species, Amelanchier obovalis and Cercocarpus parvifolius, which were formerly considered trees, but are more properly shrubs, are omitted. The genus Anamomis is now united with Eugenia; and the Arizona Pinus strobiformis Sarg. (not Engelm.) is now referred to Pinus flexilis James.

Representatives of four Families and sixteen Genera which did not appear in the first edition are described in the new edition in which will be found an account of seven hundred and seventeen species of trees in one hundred and eighty-five genera, illustrated by seven hundred and eighty-three figures, or one hundred and forty-one figures in addition to those which appeared in the first edition.

An International Congress of Botanists which assembled in Vienna in 1905, and again in Brussels in 1910, adopted rules of nomenclature which the world, with a few American exceptions, has now generally adopted. The names used in this new Manual are based on the rules of this International Congress. These are the names used by the largest number of the students of plants, and it is unfortunate that the confusion in the names of American trees must continue as long as the Department of Agriculture, including the Forest Service of the United States, uses another and now generally unrecognized system.

The new illustrations in this edition are partly from drawings made by Charles Edward Faxon, who died before his work was finished; it was continued by the skillful pencil of Mary W. Gill, of Washington, to whom I am grateful for her intelligent coöperation.

It is impossible to name here all the men and women who have in the last sixteen years contributed to this account of American trees, and I will now only mention Mr. T. G. Harbison and Mr. E. J. Palmer, who as agents of the Arboretum have studied for years the trees of the Southeastern States and of the Missouri-Texas region, Professor R. S. Cocks, of Tulane University, who has explored carefully and critically the forests of Louisiana, and Miss Alice Eastwood, head of the Botanical Department of the California Academy of Sciences, who has made special journeys in Alaska and New Mexico in the interest of this Manual. Mr. Alfred Rehder, Curator of the Herbarium of the Arboretum, has added to the knowledge of our trees in several Southern journeys; and to him I am specially indebted for assistance and advice in the preparation of the keys to the different groups of plants found in this volume.

This new edition of the Manual contains the results of forty-four years of my continuous study of the trees of North America carried on in every part of the United States and in many foreign countries. If these studies in any way serve to increase the knowledge and the love of trees I shall feel that these years have not been misspent.

C. S. Sargent. Arnold Arboretum
September, 1921

PREFACE

In this volume I have tried to bring into convenient form for the use of students the information concerning the trees of North America which has been gathered at the Arnold Arboretum during the last thirty years and has been largely elaborated in my Silva of North America.

The indigenous trees of no other region of equal extent are, perhaps, so well known as those that grow naturally in North America. There is, however, still much to be learned about them. In the southern states, one of the most remarkable extratropical regions in the world in the richness of its arborescent flora, several species are still imperfectly known, while it is not improbable that a few may have escaped entirely the notice of botanists; and in the northern states are several forms of Cratægus which, in the absence of sufficient information, it has been found impracticable to include in this volume. Little is known as yet of the silvicultural value and requirements of North American trees, or of the diseases that affect them; and one of the objects of this volume is to stimulate further investigation of their characters and needs.

The arrangement of families and genera adopted in this volume is that of Engler & Prantl’s Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, in which the procession is from a simpler to a more complex structure. The nomenclature is that of The Silva of North America. Descriptions of a few species of Cratægus are now first published, and investigations made since the publication of the last volume of The Silva of North America, in December, 1902, have necessitated the introduction of a few additional trees described by other authors, and occasional changes of names.

An analytical key to the families, based on the arrangement and character of the leaves, will lead the reader first to the family to which any tree belongs; a conspectus of the genera, embodying the important and easily discovered contrasting characters of each genus and following the description of each family represented by more than one genus, will lead him to the genus he is trying to determine; and a similar conspectus of the species, following the description of the genus, will finally bring him to the species for which he is looking. Further to facilitate the determination, one or more letters, attached to the name of the species in the conspectus following the description of the genus, indicate in which of the eight regions into which the country is divided according to the prevailing character of the arborescent vegetation that species grows (see [map] forming frontispiece of the volume). For example, the northeastern part of the country, including the high Appalachian Mountains in the southern states which have chiefly a northern flora, is represented by (A), and a person wishing to learn the name of a Pine-tree or of an Oak in that region need occupy himself only with those species which in the conspectus of the genus Quercus or Pinus are followed by the letter (A), while a person wishing to determine an Oak or a Pine-tree in Oregon or California may pass over all species which are not followed by (G), the letter which represents the Pacific coast region south of the state of Washington.

The sign of degrees (°) is used in this work to represent feet, and the sign of minutes (′) inches.

The illustrations which accompany each species and important variety are one half the size of nature, except in the case of a few of the large Pine cones, the flowers of some of the Magnolias, and the leaves and flower-clusters of the Palms. These are represented as less than half the size of nature in order to make the illustrations of uniform size. These illustrations are from drawings by Mr. Faxon, in which he has shown his usual skill and experience as a botanical draftsman in bringing out the most important characters of each species, and in them will be found the chief value of this Manual. For aid in its preparation I am indebted to him and to my other associates, Mr. Alfred Rehder and Mr. George R. Shaw, who have helped me in compiling the most difficult of the keys.

C. S. Sargent. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass.
January, 1905.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

[Map of North America (exclusive of Mexico) showing the eight regions into which the country is divided according to the prevailing character of the trees] Frontispiece [Synopsis of the Families of Plants described in this work] xi [Analytical Key to the Genera of Plants described in this work, based chiefly on the character of their leaves] xvi [Manual of Trees] 1 [Gymnospermæ] 1 [Angiospermæ] 96 [Monocotyledons] 96 [Dicotyledons] 118 [Apetalæ] 118 [Petalatæ] 342 [Polypetalæ] 342 [Gamopetalæ] 790 [Glossary of Technical Terms] 893 [Index] 899

SYNOPSIS
OF THE FAMILIES OF PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS BOOK

Class I. GYMNOSPERMÆ.

Resinous trees; stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark; flowers unisexual; stamens numerous; ovules and seeds 2 or many, borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an ovary; embryo with 2 or more cotyledons; leaves straight-veined, without stipules.

I. Pinaceæ ([p. 1]). Flowers usually monœcious; ovules 2 or several; fruit a woody cone (in Juniperus berry-like); cotyledons 2 or many; leaves needle-shaped, linear or scale-like, persistent (deciduous in Larix and Taxodium). II. Taxaceæ ([p. 90]). Flowers diœcious, axillary, solitary; ovules 1; fruit surrounded by or inclosed in the enlarged fleshy aril-like disk of the flower; cotyledons 2; leaves linear, alternate, persistent.

Class II. ANGIOSPERMÆ.

Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules and becoming the fruit.

Division I. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Stems with woody fibres distributed irregularly through them, but without pith or annual layers of growth; parts of the flower in 3’s; ovary superior, 3-celled; embryo with a single cotyledon; leaves parallel-veined, persistent, without stipules.

III. Palmæ ([p. 96]). Ovule solitary; fruit baccate or drupaceous, 1 or rarely 2 or 3-seeded; leaves alternate, pinnate, flabellate or orbicular, persistent. IV. Liliaceæ ([p. 110]). Ovules numerous in each cell; fruit 3-celled, capsular or baccate; leaves linear-lanceolate.

Division II. DICOTYLEDONS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing by the addition of an annual layer of wood inside the bark; parts of the flower mostly in 4’s or 5’s; embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons; leaves netted-veined.

Subdivision 1. Apetalæ. Flowers without a corolla and sometimes without a calyx.

Section 1. Flowers in unisexual aments (female flowers of Juglans and Quercus solitary or in spikes); ovary inferior (superior in Leitneriaceæ) when a calyx is present.

V. Salicaceæ ([p. 119]). Flowers diœcious, without a calyx. Fruit a 2—4-valved capsule. Leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous. VI. Myricaceæ ([p. 163]). Flowers monœcious or diœcious; fruit a dry drupe, covered with waxy exudations; leaves simple, alternate, resinous-punctate, persistent. VII. Leitneriaceæ ([p. 167]). Flowers diœcious, the staminate without a calyx; ovary superior; fruit a compressed oblong drupe; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, deciduous. VIII. Juglandaceæ ([p. 168]). Flowers monœcious; fruit a nut inclosed in an indehiscent (Juglans) or 4-valved (Carya) fleshy or woody shell; leaves alternate, unequally pinnate without stipules, deciduous. IX. Betulaceæ ([p. 200]). Flowers monœcious; fruit a nut at the base of an open leaf-like involucre (Carpinus), in a sack-like involucre (Ostrya), in the axil of a scale of an ament (Betula), or of a woody strobile (Alnus); leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, deciduous. X. Fagaceæ ([p. 227]). Flowers monœcious; fruit a nut more or less inclosed in a woody often spiny involucre; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, deciduous (in some species of Quercus and in Castanopsis and Lithocarpus persistent).

Section 2. Flowers unisexual (perfect in Ulmus); calyx regular, the stamens as many as its lobes and opposite them; ovary superior, 1-celled; seed 1.

XI. Ulmaceæ ([p. 308]). Fruit a compressed winged samara (Ulmus), a drupe (Celtis and Trema), or nut-like (Planera), leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous (persistent in Trema). XII. Moraceæ ([p. 328]). Flowers in ament-like spikes or heads; fruit drupaceous, inclosed in the thickened calyx and united into a compound fruit, oblong and succulent (Morus), large, dry and globose (Toxylon), or immersed in the fleshy receptacle of the flower (Ficus); leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous (persistent in Ficus).

Section 3. Flowers usually perfect; ovary superior or partly inferior, 1—4-celled; leaves simple, persistent in the North American species.

XIII. Olacaceæ ([p. 336]). Calyx and corolla 4—6-lobed; ovary 1—4-celled; fruit a drupe more or less inclosed in the enlarged disk of the flower; leaves alternate or fascicled, without stipules. XIV. Polygonaceæ ([p. 338]). Calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled; fruit a nutlet inclosed in the thickened calyx; leaves alternate, their stipules sheathing the stems. XV. Nyctaginaceæ ([p. 340]). Calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled; fruit a nutlet inclosed in the thickened calyx; leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules.

Subdivision 2. Petalatæ. Flowers with both calyx and corolla (without a corolla in Lauraceæ, in Liquidambar in Hamamelidaceæ, in Cercocarpus in Rosaceæ, in Euphorbiaceæ, in some species of Acer, in Reynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendron in Rhamnaceæ, in Fremontia in Sterculiaceæ, in Chytraculia in Myrtaceæ, in Conocarpus in Combretaceæ and in some species of Fraxinus in Oleaceæ).

Section 1. Polypetalæ. Corolla of separate petals.

A. Ovary superior (partly inferior in Hamamelidaceæ; inferior in Malus, Sorbus, Heteromeles, Cratægus, and Amelanchier in Rosaceæ).

XVI. Magnoliaceæ ([p. 342]). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals in 3 or 4 rows of 3 each; fruit cone-like, composed of numerous cohering carpels; leaves simple, alternate, their stipules inclosing the leaf-buds, deciduous or rarely persistent. XVII. Anonaceæ ([p. 353]). Flowers perfect; sepals 3; petals 6 in 2 series; fruit a pulpy berry developed from 1 or from the union of several carpels; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous or persistent. XVIII. Lauraceæ ([p. 356]). Flowers perfect or unisexual; corolla 0; fruit a 1-seeded drupe or berry; leaves simple, alternate, punctate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Sassafras). XIX. Capparidaceæ ([p. 365]). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4; fruit baccate, elongated, dehiscent; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, persistent. XX. Hamamelidaceæ ([p. 366]). Flowers perfect or unisexual; sepals and petals 5 (corolla 0 in Liquidambar); ovary partly inferior; fruit a 2-celled woody capsule opening at the summit; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous. XXI. Platanaceæ ([p. 371]). Flowers monœcious, in dense unisexual capitate heads; fruit an akene; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous. XXII. Rosaceæ ([p. 376]). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5 (petals 0 in Cercocarpus); ovary inferior in Malus, Sorbus, Heteromeles, Cratægus, and Amelanchier; fruit a drupe (Prunus and Chrysobalanus), a capsule (Vauquelinia and Lyonothamnus), an akene (Cowania and Cercocarpus), or a pome (Malus, Sorbus, Heteromeles, Cratægus, and Amelanchier); leaves simple or pinnately compound, alternate (opposite in Lyonothamnus), with stipules, deciduous or persistent. XXIII. Leguminosæ ([p. 585]). Flowers perfect, regular or irregular; fruit a legume; leaves compound, or simple (Dalea), alternate, with stipules, deciduous or persistent. XXIV. Zygophyllaceæ ([p. 630]). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit capsular, becoming fleshy; leaves opposite, pinnate, with stipules, persistent. XXV. Malpigiaceæ ([p. 631]). Flowers usually perfect rarely dimorphous; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, unguiculate; fruit a drupe or samara; leaves opposite, simple, entire, persistent; often with stipules. XXVI. Rutaceæ ([p. 633]). Flowers unisexual or perfect; fruit a capsule (Xanthoxylum), a samara (Ptelea), of indehiscent winged 1-seeded carpels (Helietta), or a drupe (Amyris); leaves alternate or opposite, compound, glandular-punctate, without stipules, persistent or rarely deciduous (0 in Canotia). XXVII. Simaroubaceæ ([p. 641]). Flowers diœcious, calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit drupaceous (Simarouba), baccate (Picramnia), a samara (Alvaradoa); leaves alternate, equally pinnate, without stipules, persistent. XXVIII. Burseraceæ ([p. 645]). Flowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-parted; petals 5; fruit a drupe; leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, deciduous. XXIX. Meliaceæ ([p. 648]). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit a 5-celled dehiscent capsule; leaves alternate, equally pinnate, without stipules, persistent. XXX. Euphorbiaceæ ([p. 649]). Flowers perfect; calyx 4—6-parted (Drypetes), 3-lobed (Hippomane), or 0 (Gymnanthes); petals 0; fruit a drupe (Drypetes and Hippomane), or a 3-lobed capsule (Gymnanthes). XXXI. Anacardiaceæ ([p. 655]). Flowers usually unisexual, diœcious or polygamo-diœcious (Pistacia without a calyx, and without a corolla in the North American species); fruit a dry drupe; leaves simple or compound, alternate, without stipules, deciduous (persistent in Pistacia and in one species of Rhus). XXXII. Cyrillaceæ ([p. 665]). Flowers perfect; calyx 5—8-lobed; petals 5—8; fruit an indehiscent capsule; leaves alternate, without stipules, persistent (more or less deciduous in Cyrilla). XXXIII. Aquifoliaceæ ([p. 668]). Flowers polygamo-diœcious; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit a drupe, with 4—8 1-seeded nutlets; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, persistent or deciduous. XXXIV. Celastraceæ ([p. 674]). Flowers perfect, polygamous or diœcious; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5; fruit a drupe, or a capsule (Evonymus); leaves simple, opposite or alternate, with or without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Evonymus). XXXV. Aceraceæ ([p. 681]). Flowers diœcious or monœciously polygamous; calyx usually 5-parted; petals usually 5, or 0; fruit of 2 long-winged samara joined at the base; leaves opposite, simple or rarely pinnate, without or rarely with stipules, deciduous. XXXVI. Hippocastanaceæ ([p. 702]). Flowers perfect, irregular; calyx 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5, unequal; fruit a 3-celled 3-valved capsule; leaves opposite, digitately compound, long-petiolate, without stipules, deciduous. XXXVII. Sapindaceæ ([p. 711]). Flowers polygamous; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; corolla of 4 or 5 petals; fruit a berry (Sapindus and Exothea), a drupe (Hypelate), or a 3-valved capsule (Ungnadia); leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, persistent, or deciduous (Ungnadia). XXXVIII. Rhamnaceæ ([p. 718]). Flowers usually perfect; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5 (0 in Reynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendron); fruit drupaceous; leaves simple, alternate (mostly opposite in Reynosia and Krugiodendron), with stipules, persistent (deciduous in some species of Rhamnus). XXXIX. Tiliaceæ ([p. 732]). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit a nut-like berry; leaves simple, alternate, mostly oblique at base, with stipules, deciduous. XL. Sterculiaceæ ([p. 749]). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 0; fruit a 4 or 5-valved dehiscent capsule; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, persistent. XLI. Theaceæ ([p. 750]). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit a 5-celled woody dehiscent capsule, loculicidally dehiscent; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent or deciduous. XLII. Canellaceæ ([p. 753]). Flowers perfect; sepals 3; petals 5; filaments united into a tube; fruit a berry; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent. XLIII. Kœberliniaceæ ([p. 754]). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4, minute; leaves bract-like, alternate, without stipules, caducous. XLIV. Caricaceæ ([p. 755]). Flowers unisexual or perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit baccate; leaves palmately lobed or digitate, alternate, without stipules, persistent.

B. Ovary inferior (partly inferior in Rhizophora).

XLV. Cactaceæ ([p. 757]). Flowers perfect; petals and sepals numerous; fruit a berry; leaves usually wanting. XLVI. Rhizophoraceæ ([p. 763]). Flowers perfect; calyx 4-parted; petals 4; ovary partly inferior; fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded berry perforated at apex by the germinating embryo; leaves simple, opposite, entire, with stipules, persistent. XLVII. Combretaceæ ([p. 764]). Flowers perfect or polygamous; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5 (0 in Conocarpus); fruit drupaceous; leaves simple, alternate or opposite, without stipules, persistent. XLVIII. Myrtaceæ ([p. 768]). Flowers perfect; calyx usually 4-lobed, or reduced to a single body forming a deciduous lid to the flower (Chytraculia); petals usually 4 (0 in Chytraculia); fruit a berry; leaves simple, opposite, pellucid-punctate, without stipules, persistent. XLIX. Melastomaceæ ([p. 776]). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-lobed; stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla; fruit capsular or baccate, inclosed in the tube of the calyx; leaves opposite, rarely verticillate, 3—9-nerved, without stipules. L. Araliaceæ ([p. 777]). Flowers perfect or polygamous; sepals and petals usually 5; fruit a drupe; leaves twice pinnate, alternate, with stipules, deciduous. LI. Nyssaceæ ([p. 779]). Flowers diœcious, polygamous, diœcious or perfect; calyx 5-toothed or lobed; petals 5 or more, imbricate in the bud, or 0; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; fruit drupaceous (Nyssa), usually 1-celled and 1-seeded; leaves alternate, deciduous, without stipules. LII. Cornaceæ ([p. 784]). Flowers perfect or polygamo-diœcious; calyx 4 or 5-toothed; petals 4 or 5; fruit a fleshy drupe; leaves simple, opposite (alternate in one species of Cornus), without stipules, deciduous.

Section 2. Gamopetalæ. Corolla of united petals (divided in Elliottia in Ericaceæ, 0 in some species of Fraxinus in Oleaceæ).

A. Ovary superior (inferior in Vaccinium in Ericaceæ, partly inferior in Symplocaceæ and Styracaceæ).

LIII. Ericaceæ ([p. 790]). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed (in Elliottia corolla of 4 petals); (ovary inferior in Vaccinium); fruit capsular, drupaceous or baccate; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Elliottia and Oxydendrum). LIV. Theophrastaceæ ([p. 804]). Flowers perfect, with staminodia; sepals and petals 5; stamens 5; fruit a berry; leaves simple, opposite or alternate, entire, without stipules. LV. Myrsinaceæ ([p. 805]). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, entire, without stipules, persistent. LVI. Sapotaceæ ([p. 808]). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 5-lobed (6-lobed in Mimusops), often with as many or twice as many internal appendages borne on its throat; fruit a berry; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in some species of Bumelia). LVII. Ebenaceæ ([p. 820]). Flowers perfect, diœcious, or polygamous; calyx and corolla 4-lobed; fruit a 1 or several-seeded berry; leaves simple, alternate, entire, without stipules, deciduous. LVIII. Styraceæ ([p. 824]). Flowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-toothed; corolla 4 or 5-lobed or divided nearly to the base, or rarely 6 or 7-lobed; ovary superior or partly superior; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous; pubescence mostly scurfy or stellate. LIX. Symplocaceæ ([p. 830]). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; ovary inferior or partly inferior; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous; pubescence simple. LX. Oleaceæ ([p. 832]). Flowers perfect or polygamo-diœcious; calyx 4-lobed (0 in some species of Fraxinus); corolla 2—6-parted (0 in some species of Fraxinus); fruit a winged samara (Fraxinus) or a fleshy drupe (Forestiera, Chionanthus and Osmanthus); leaves pinnate (Fraxinus) or simple, opposite, without stipules, deciduous (persistent in Osmanthus). LXI. Borraginaceæ ([p. 858]). Flowers perfect or polygamous; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, scabrous-pubescent, without stipules, persistent or tardily deciduous. LXII. Verbenaceæ ([p. 864]). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 4 or 5-lobed; fruit a drupe or a 1-seeded capsule; leaves simple, opposite, without stipules, persistent. LXIII. Solanaceæ ([p. 867]). Flowers perfect; calyx campanulate, usually 5-lobed; corolla usually 5-lobed; fruit baccate, surrounded at base by the enlarged calyx; leaves alternate, rarely opposite, without stipules. LXIV. Bignoniaceæ ([p. 868]). Flowers perfect; calyx bilabiate; corolla bilabiate, 5-lobed; fruit a woody capsule (Catalpa and Chilopsis) or a berry (Enallagma); leaves simple, opposite (sometimes alternate in Chilopsis), without stipules, deciduous (persistent in Enallagma).

B. Ovary inferior (partly superior in Sambucus in Caprifoliaceæ).

LXV. Rubiaceæ ([p. 875]). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-lobed; fruit a capsule (Exostema and Pinckneya), a drupe (Guettarda), or nut-like (Cephalanthus); leaves simple opposite, or in verticils of 3 (Cephalanthus), with stipules, persistent (deciduous in Pinckneya and Cephalanthus). LXVI. Caprifoliaceæ ([p. 882]). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; fruit a drupe; leaves unequally pinnate (Sambucus) or simple (Viburnum), opposite, without stipules, deciduous in North American species.

ANALYTICAL KEY
TO THE GENERA OF PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS BOOK, BASED CHIEFLY ON THE CHARACTER OF THE LEAVES

I. Leaves parallel-veined, alternate, persistent, clustered at the end of the stem or branches. Monocotyledons. Stem simple; leaves stalked. Leaves fan-shaped. Leaf stalks unarmed. Rachis short; leaves usually silvery white below. Leaves 2°—4° in diameter (green below in No. 2), their segments undivided at apex.Thrinax ([p. 96]). Leaves 18′—24′ in diameter, their segments divided at apex.Coccothrinax ([p. 100]). Rachis elongated; leaves green below, their segments divided at apex.Sabal ([p. 101]). Leaf stalks armed with marginal teeth or spines. Leaf stalks furnished irregularly with broad thin large and small, straight or hooked spines confluent into a thin bright orange-colored cartilaginous margin; leaves longer than wide, divided nearly to the middle into segments parted at apex and separating on the margins into thin fibres.Washingtonia ([p. 104]). Leaf stalks furnished with stout or slender flattened teeth; leaves suborbicular, divided to the middle or nearly to the base into segments parted at apex; segments of the blade not separating on the margin into thin fibres.Acœlorraphe ([p. 105]). Leaves pinnate. Leaves 10°—12° in length, their pinnæ 2½°—3° long and often 1½° wide, deep green.Roystonea ([p. 107]). Leaves 5°—6° long, their pinnæ 18′ long and 1′ wide, dark yellow-green above, pale and glaucous below.Pseudophœnix ([p. 109]). Stem simple or branched; leaves sessile, lanceolate, long- and usually sharp-pointed at apex.Yucca ([p. 110]).

II. Leaves 1-nerved, needle-shaped, linear or scale-like, persistent (deciduous in Larix and Taxodium). Gymnospermæ.

1. Leaves Persistent.

a Leaves fascicled, needle-shaped, in 1—5-leafed clusters enclosed at base in a membranaceous sheath.Pinus ([p. 2]). aa Leaves scattered, usually linear. b Leaves linear, often obtuse or emarginate. Base of the leaves persistent on the branches. Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous above.Picea ([p. 34]). Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below, or angular, often appearing 2-ranked.Tsuga ([p. 42]). Base of the leaves not persistent on the branches; leaves often appearing 2-ranked. Leaves stalked, flattened, stomatiferous below; winter-buds pointed, not resinous.Pseudotsuga ([p. 47]). Leaves sessile, flattened and often grooved on the upper side, or quadrangular, rarely stomatiferous above, on upper fertile branches often crowded; winter-buds obtuse, resinous (except in No. 9).Abies ([p. 50]). bb Leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, acuminate, spirally disposed, appearing 2-ranked by a twist in the petiole. Leaves abruptly contracted at base, long-pointed, with pale bands of stomata on the lower surface on each side of the midveins; fruit drupe-like.Torreya ([p. 91]). Leaves gradually narrowed at base, short-pointed, paler, and without distinct bands of stomata on the lower surface; fruit berry-like.Taxus ([p. 93]). bbb Leaves ovate-lanceolate and scale-like, spreading in 2 ranks or linear on the same tree, acute, compressed, keeled on the back and closely appressed or spreading at apex.Sequoia ([p. 61]). aaa Leaves opposite or whorled, usually scale-like.

Internodes distinctly longer than broad; branchlets flattened, of nearly equal color on both sides; leaves eglandular.Libocedrus ([p. 65]). Internodes about as long as broad, often pale below, usually glandular. Branchlets flattened. Branchlets in one plane, much flattened, ¹/₁₂′—⅙′ broad.Thuya ([p. 67]). Branchlets slightly flattened, ¹/₂₄′—¹/₁₆′ broad.Chamæcyparis ([p. 75]). Branchlets terete or 4-angled. Branchlets more or less in one plane; fruit a cone.Cupressus ([p. 69]). Branchlets not in one plane; fruit a berry (leaves needle-shaped, in whorls of 3 in No. 1).Juniperus ([p. 78]).

2. Leaves Deciduous.

Leaves in many-leafed clusters on short lateral spurs.Larix ([p. 31]). Leaves spreading in 2 ranks.Taxodium ([p. 63]).

III. Leaves netted-veined, rarely scale-like or wanting. Dicotyledons.

A. LEAVES OPPOSITE. (B, see [p. xix]).

1. Leaves Simple. (2, see [p. xviii]).

Leaves persistent.

a Leaves with stipules. b Leaves entire or occasionally slightly crenate or serrate. c Leaves emarginate at apex, very short-stalked, 1½′—2′ long. Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into the petiole.Gyminda ([p. 678]). Leaves oval to oblong, rounded or broad-cuneate (rarely alternate). Branchlets densely velutinous.Krugiodendron ([p. 721]). Branchlets slightly puberulous at first, soon glabrous.Reynosia ([p. 720]). cc Leaves not emarginate at apex. Leaves obtuse, rarely acutish or abruptly short-pointed. Leaves elliptic, 3½′—5′ long.Rhizophora ([p. 763]). Leaves obovate, usually rounded at apex, ¾′—2′ long.Byrsonima ([p. 632]). Leaves acute to acuminate. Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate; branchlets glabrous.Exostema ([p. 877]). Leaves broad-elliptic to oblong-elliptic; branchlets villose.Guettarda ([p. 879]). bb Leaves serrate (often pinnate).Lyonothamnus ([p. 378]). aa Leaves without stipules. Petioles biglandular; leaves obtuse or emarginate, 1½′—2½′ long.Laguncularia ([p. 767]). Petioles without glands. Leaves furnished below with small dark glands, slightly aromatic; petioles short. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate and acuminate or elliptic and bluntly short-pointed.Calyptranthes ([p. 769]). Leaves ovate, obovate or elliptic.Eugenia ([p. 770]). Leaves without glands. Leaves green and glabrous below. Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex (rarely alternate), 1′—1½′ long.Torrubia ([p. 341]). Leaves acute, acuminate, or sometimes rounded or emarginate, 3′—5′ long. Leaves distinctly veined.Citharexylon ([p. 864]). Leaves obscurely veined.Osmanthus ([p. 856]). Leaves hoary tomentulose or scurfy below. Leaves strongly 3-nerved, acuminate, densely scurfy below.Tetrazygia ([p. 776]). Leaves penniveined, rounded or acute at apex, hoary tomentulose below.Avicennia ([p. 865]).

** Leaves deciduous. a Leaves without lobes. b Leaves serrate. Winter-buds with several opposite outer scales. Leaves puberulous below, closely and finely serrate; axillary buds solitary.Evonymus ([p. 675]). Leaves glabrous below, remotely crenate-serrulate; axillary buds several, superposed.Forestiera ([p. 853]). Winter-buds enclosed in 2 large opposite scales.Viburnum ([p. 886]). bb Leaves entire. c Leaves without stipules. Leaves suborbicular or elliptic to oblong. Leaves rounded or acutish at apex, 1′—2′ long, occasionally 3-foliolate, glabrous; branchlets quadrangular.Fraxinus anomala ([p. 837]). Leaves acuminate or acute at apex, 3′—4′ long. Leaf-scars connected by a transverse line, with 3 bundle-traces; branchlets slender, appressed-pubescent.Cornus ([p. 785]). Leaf-scars not connected, with 1 bundle-trace; branchlets stout, villose, puberulous or glabrous.Chionanthus ([p. 855]). Leaves broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 5′—12′ long, on long petioles.Catalpa ([p. 870]). Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile (sometimes alternate).Chilopsis ([p. 869]). cc Leaves with persistent stipules, entire. Leaves oval or ovate; winter-buds resinous, the terminal up to ½′ in length.Pinckneya ([p. 876]). Leaves ovate to lanceolate; winter-buds minute.Cephalanthus ([p. 878]). aa Leaves palmately lobed.Acer ([p. 681]).

2. Leaves Compound.

a Leaves persistent, with stipules. Leaves equally pinnate; leaflets entire.Guaiacum ([p. 630]). Leaves unequally pinnately parted into 3—8 linear-lanceolate segments (sometimes entire).Lyonothamnus ([p. 378]). Leaves trifoliate. Leaflets stalked.Amyris ([p. 640]). Leaflets sessile.Helietta ([p. 637]). aa Leaves deciduous. Leaves unequally pinnate or trifoliate. Leaflets crenate-serrate or entire, the veins arching within the margins; stipules wanting; winter-buds with several opposite scales.Fraxinus ([p. 833]). Leaflets sharply or incisely serrate, the primary veins extending to the teeth. Leaflets 3—7, incisely serrate; stipules present; winter-buds with 1 pair of obtuse outer scales.Acer Negundo ([p. 699]). Leaflets 5—9, sharply serrate; stipules present; winter-buds with many opposite acute scales; pith thick.Sambucus ([p. 882]). Leaves digitate, with 5—7, sharply serrate leaflets; terminal buds large.Æsculus ([p. 702]).

B. LEAVES ALTERNATE.

1. Leaves Simple. (2, see [p. xxiv]).

* Leaves persistent. (** see [p. xxii]).

a Leaves deeply 3—5-lobed, ⅓′—½′ long, with linear lobes, hoary tomentose below.Cowania ([p. 549]). aa Leaves palmately lobed. Leaves stellate-pubescent, about 1½′ in diameter, with stipules.Fremontia ([p. 749]). Leaves glabrous, 1°—2° in diameter, without stipules.Carica ([p. 755]). aaa Leaves not lobed or pinnately lobed. b Branches spinescent. Leaves clustered at the end of the branches, at least 2′—3′ long.Bucida ([p. 765]). Leaves fascicled on lateral branchlets, obtuse or emarginate, pale and glabrous beneath.Bumelia angustifolia ([p. 816]). Leaves scattered. Leaves generally obovate, mucronate, not more than ½′—1′ long, glabrous and green or brownish tomentulose beneath.Condalia ([p. 719]). Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong, obtuse or emarginate, glabrous, 1—2 cm. long.Ximenia ([p. 337]). bb Branches not spinescent. c Leaves serrate, or lobed (in some species of Quercus). (cc, see [p. xxii]). d Juice watery. (dd, see [p. xxii]). e Stipules present. (ee, see [p. xxii]). f Primary veins extending straight to the teeth. Leaves and branchlets glabrous or pubescent to tomentose with fascicled hairs. Leaves fulvous-tomentose beneath, repand-dentate, 3′—5′ long.Lithocarpus ([p. 236]). Leaves glabrous or grayish to whitish tomentose beneath, entire, lobed or dentate.Quercus sp. 21—34 ([p. 268]). Leaves and branchlets coated with simpled silky or woolly hairs at least while young, not more than 2½′ long.Cercocarpus ([p. 550]). ff Primary veins arching and united within the margin. Leaves 3-nerved from the base.Ceanothus ([p. 726]). Leaves not 3-nerved. Leaves acute. Leaves sinuately dentate, with few spiny teeth (rarely entire), glabrous.Ilex opaca ([p. 669]). Leaves serrate. Leaves tomentose below; branchlets tomentose. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, glabrous and smooth above.Vauquelinia ([p. 377]). Leaves ovate, cordate, scabrate above.Trema ([p. 327]). Leaves glabrous below.Heteromeles ([p. 392]). Leaves entire, very rarely toothed. Leaves elliptic, glabrous.Prunus caroliniana ([p. 579]). Leaves oblanceolate, pubescent beneath when young.Ilex Cassine ([p. 670]). Leaves obtuse, sometimes mucronate. Leaves spinose-serrate, glabrous. Leaves broad-ovate to suborbicular or elliptic; branchlets dark red-brown, spinescent.Rhamnus crocea ([p. 723]). Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; branchlets yellow or orange-colored, not spinescent.Prunus ilicifolia ([p. 581]). Leaves crenate (often entire), oval to oblong.Ilex vomitoria ([p. 671]). ee Stipules wanting. Leaves resinous-dotted, aromatic, 1½′—4′ long.Myrica ([p. 163]). Leaves not resinous-dotted, crenately serrate, 4′—6′ long. Leaves dark green, glabrous below.Gordonia Lasianthus ([p. 751]). Leaves yellowish green, pubescent below, sometimes nearly entire.Symplocos ([p. 831]). dd Juice milky. Petioles 2½′—4′ long; leaves broad-ovate.Hippomane ([p. 652]). Petioles about ¼′ long; leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate.Gymnanthes ([p. 654]). cc Leaves entire (rarely sparingly toothed on vigorous branchlets). d Stipules present. e Stipules connate, at least at first. Stipules persistent, forming a sheath surrounding the branch above the node; leaves obtuse.Coccolobis ([p. 338]). Stipules deciduous, enveloping the unfolded leaf. Leaves ferrugineous-tomentose beneath.Magnolia grandiflora ([p. 345]). Leaves glabrous beneath, with milky juice.Ficus ([p. 333]). ee Stipules free. f Juice milky; leaves oval to oblong, 3′—5′ long.Drypetes ([p. 650]). ff Juice watery. g Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex. Leaves with ferrugineous scales beneath, their petioles slender.Capparis ([p. 365]). Leaves without ferrugineous scales. Leaves soft-pubescent on both sides.Colubrina cubensis ([p. 730]). Leaves glabrous at least at maturity. Leaves rarely 2′—3′ long, standing on the branch at acute angles.Chrysobalanus ([p. 583]). Leaves rarely more than 1′ long, spreading (sometimes 3-nerved).Ceanothus spinosos ([p. 728]). gg Leaves acute or acutish.

Petioles with 2 glands.Conocarpus ([p. 766]). Petioles without glands. Leaves and branchlets more or less pubescent, at least while young. Leaves fascicled except on vigorous branchlets.Cercocarpus ([p. 550]). Leaves not fascicled. Winter-buds minute, with few pointed scales. Leaves rounded or nearly rounded at base.Colubrina sp. 1, 3 ([p. 729]). Leaves broad-cuneate at base.Ilex Cassine ([p. 670]). Winter-buds conspicuous, with numerous scales. Leaves usually lanceolate, entire, covered below with yellow scales.Castanopsis ([p. 234]). Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, repand-dentate, fibrous tomentose below.Lithocarpus ([p. 236]). Leaves and branchlets glabrous. Leaf-scar with 1 bundle-trace.Ilex Krugiana ([p. 672]). Leaf-scar with 3 bundle-traces. Cherry Laurels.Prunus sp. 19—22 ([p. 579]). dd Stipules wanting. e Leaves aromatic when bruised. Leaves resinous-dotted.Myrica ([p. 163]). Leaves not resinous-dotted. Leaves obtuse, obovate, glabrous.Canella ([p. 753]). Leaves acute. Leaves mostly rounded at the narrowed base, ovate to oblong, acute, glabrous.Anona ([p. 354]). Leaves more or less cuneate at base, elliptic to lanceolate, usually acuminate. Leaves abruptly long-acuminate, glabrous, the margin undulate; branchlets red-brown.Misanteca ([p. 364]). Leaves gradually acuminate or nearly acute. Leaves strongly reticulate beneath. Branchlets glabrous, light grayish brown; leaves glabrous, light green beneath.Ocotea ([p. 359]). Branchlets pubescent while young, greenish or yellowish; leaves pale beneath, pubescent while young.Umbellularia ([p. 360]). Leaves not or slightly reticulate, glaucous, glabrous or pubescent beneath.Persea ([p. 356]).

ee Leaves not aromatic. f Leaves acute or acutish. Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into short petioles. Leaves 2′—2½′ long.Schæfferia ([p. 679]). Leaves at least 6′—8′ long.Enallagma ([p. 873]). Leaves elliptic to oblong or ovate. Leaves rough or pubescent above, pubescent below, subcordate to cuneate at base. Leaves stellate-pubescent.Solanum ([p. 867]). Leaves scabrous above. Petiole ⅛′—¼′ long; leaves oval or oblong, 1¼′—4′ long.Ehretia ([p. 862]). Petiole 1′—1½′ long; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 3′—7′ long.Cordia ([p. 858]). Leaves smooth above. Winter-buds scaly. Leaves covered below with ferrugineous or pale scales, 1′—3′ long.Lyonia ([p. 797]). Leaves glabrous or nearly so below. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 4′—12′ long, usually clustered at end of branchlet, veinlets below obscure.Rhododendron ([p. 792]). Leaves elliptic or oval to oblong or lanceolate. Leaves light yellowish green below and without distinctly visible veins or veinlets, entire, 3′—4′ long.Kalmia ([p. 794]). Leaves pale below and more or less distinctly reticulate, occasionally serrate or denticulate, 1′—5′ long; bark of branches red.Arbutus ([p. 799]). Winter-buds naked. Leaves pubescent below when unfolding. Mature leaves nearly glabrous below. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrow-obovate.Dipholis ([p. 810]). Leaves oval.Sideroxylum ([p. 809]). Mature leaves covered below with brilliant copper-colored pubescence. Leaves glabrous below.Chrysophyllum ([p. 817]). Leaves marked by minute black dots, ovate to oblong-lanceolate.Ardisia ([p. 806]). Leaves lepidote, oblong-obovate.Rapanea ([p. 807]). ff Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex. g Leaves rounded or cordate at base, emarginate, their petioles slender. Leaves reniform to broad-ovate, cordate; juice watery.Cercis ([p. 603]). Leaves elliptic to oblong, rounded at base; juice milky or viscid. Leaves emarginate; petioles slender, rufous-tomentulose.Mimusops ([p. 819]). Leaves obtuse at apex; petioles stout, grayish-tomentulose or glabrous.Rhus integrifolia ([p. 664]). gg Leaves cuneate at base.

Petioles slender, ½′ long.Beureria ([p. 861]). Petioles short and stout. Leaves coriaceous, with thick revolute margins (sometimes opposite).Jacquinia ([p. 804]). Leaves subcoriaceous, slightly revolute. Leaves reticulate-veined beneath. Leaves oval to obovate or oblong-oval, more or less pubescent while young.Vaccinium ([p. 802]). Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, glabrous.Cyrilla ([p. 666]). Leaves obscurely veined beneath, glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed toward the emarginate apex, decurrent nearly to base of petiole.Cliftonia ([p. 667]). Leaves rounded at apex, distinctly petioled.Maytenus ([p. 676]).

** Leaves deciduous.

† Leaves conspicuous. (††, see [p. xxiv].)

a Leaves entire, sometimes 3 or 4-lobed. (aa, see [p. xxiii]). b Stipules present. Juice milky.Maclura ([p. 331]). Juice watery. Stipules connate, enveloping the young leaves, their scars encircling the branchlet. Leaves acute or acuminate, entire; winter-buds pointed, nearly terete.Magnolia ([p. 342]). Leaves truncate, sinuately 4-lobed; winter-buds obtuse, compressed.Liriodendron ([p. 351]). Stipules distinct. Branches spinescent; leaves glandular, caducous (crenately serrate on vigorous shoots).Dalea ([p. 621]). Branches not spinescent; leaves without glands. Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales.Salix ([p. 138]). Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales. Branchlets without a terminal bud; leaves 3-nerved.Celtis ([p. 318]). Branchlets with a terminal bud, leaves penniveined.Quercus sp. 17—20 ([p. 262]). bb Stipules wanting. c Branchlets bright green and lustrous for the first 2 or 3 years; leaves sometimes 3-lobed, aromatic.Sassafras ([p. 362]). cc Branchlets brown or gray. d Leaves acute or acuminate. Leaves 10′—12′ long, obovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, emitting a disagreeable odor.Asimina ([p. 353]). Leaves smaller. Petioles very slender, 1′—2′ long; leaves elliptic, acuminate.Cornus alternifolia ([p. 789]). Petioles short. Branchlets with a terminal bud. Leaf-scars about as long as broad; branchlets without lenticels, light reddish brown.Elliottia ([p. 791]). Leaf-scars crescent-shaped, broader than long, with 3 distinct bundle-traces. Leaves pubescent on both sides, rugulose above; petioles 1′—2′ long, like the young branchlet densely pubescent.Leitneria ([p. 167]). Leaves glabrous and smooth above, glabrous or pubescent below; petioles and branchlets usually glabrous or nearly so at maturity.Nyssa ([p. 779]). Branchlets without a terminal bud. Pubescence consisting of simple hairs or wanting. Leaves 4′—6′ long, pubescent beneath while young; branchlet light brown or gray.Diospyros virginiana ([p. 821]). Leaves 1½′—3′ long, glabrous; branches light yellowish gray.Schœpfia ([p. 336]). Pubescence stellate; leaves obovate or elliptic, 2½′—5′ long, pubescent below.Styrax ([p. 829]). dd Leaves obtuse or acute. Branchlets not spinescent. Leaves glabrous at maturity, their petioles slender.Cotinus ([p. 657]). Leaves pubescent below at maturity; their petioles short and thick.Diospyros texana ([p. 823]). Branchlets spinescent; leaves often fascicled on lateral branchlets.Bumelia ([p. 812]). aa Leaves serrate or pinnately lobed. b Stipules present. (bb, see [p. xxvi].) c Winter-buds naked. Leaves oblique at base, the upper side rounded or subcordate, obovate, coarsely toothed.Hamamelis ([p. 368]). Leaves equal at base, cuneate, finely serrate or crenate.Rhamnus sp. 2, 3 (p. [724], [725]). cc Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales. Primary veins arching and uniting within the margins; leaves simply serrate or crenate, sometimes entire.Salix ([p. 138]). Primary veins extending to the teeth, leaves doubly serrate, often slightly lobed.Alnus ([p. 220]). ccc Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales. d Terminal buds wanting; branchlets prolonged by an upper axillary bud. Juice milky; leaves usually ovate, often lobed.Morus ([p. 328]). Juice watery; leaves not lobed. Leaves distinctly oblique at base. Leaves with numerous prominent lateral veins. Leaves generally broad-ovate, simply serrate, stellate-pubescent at least while young, rarely glabrous.Tilia ([p. 732]). Leaves never broad-ovate, usually doubly serrate, more or less pubescent with simple hairs, at least while young. Winter-buds ovoid, usually acute, ⅓ to nearly as long as petioles; leaves 1′—7′ long, doubly serrate.Ulmus ([p. 309]). Winter-buds subglobose, minute; leaves 2′—2½′ long, crenate-serrate.Planera ([p. 316]). Leaves 3 or 4-nerved from the base.Celtis ([p. 318]). Leaves slightly or not at all oblique at base. Leaves 3-nerved from the base, glandular-crenate or glandular-serrate.Ceanothus ([p. 726]). Leaves not or obscurely 3-nerved at base, usually doubly serrate. Leaves blue-green; petioles ¼′—½′ long; bark smooth, gray-brown.Carpinus ([p. 201]). Leaves yellow-green. Bark rough, furrowed; petioles ⅛′—¼′ long; leaves not resinous-glandular.Ostrya ([p. 202]). Bark flaky or cherry-tree like; petioles ¼′—1′ long; leaves often resinous-glandular while young.Betula ([p. 205]). dd Terminal buds present. Primary veins arching and uniting within the margin (extending to the margin in the lobed leaves of Malus). Winter-buds resinous; leaves crenate, usually truncate at base; petioles slender.Populus ([p. 119]). Winter-buds not resinous. Leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces. Leaves involute in bud, often lobed on vigorous shoots; winter-buds obtuse, short, pubescent.Malus ([p. 379]). Leaves conduplicate (or in some species of Prunus convolute), never lobed; winter-buds acute. Winter-buds elongated; branches never spinescent.Amelanchier ([p. 393]). Winter-buds not elongated, ovoid; branches sometimes spinescent.Prunus ([p. 555]). Leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; leaves simply serrate.Ilex sp. 5—6 ([p. 673]).

Primary veins extending to the teeth or to the lobes. Leaves lobed.Quercus sp. 1—16, 35—50 (p. [241], [283]). Leaves serrate-toothed. Winter-buds with numerous scales. Leaves lustrous beneath, remotely serrate or denticulate; winter-buds elongated, acuminate.Fagus ([p. 228]). Leaves pale beneath, coarsely dentate or serrate; winter-buds acute. Chestnut Oaks.Quercus sp. 51—54 ([p. 303]). Winter-buds with 2 pairs of scales.Castanea ([p. 230]). Leaves doubly or simply serrate, or lobed, with serrate lobes; branches often furnished with spines. Leaves involute in the bud; branchlets often ending in blunt spines.Malus ([p. 379]). Leaves conduplicate in the bud; branches usually armed with sharp-pointed single or branched axillary spines.Cratægus ([p. 397]). bb Stipules wanting. c Leaves not lobed. Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong, sometimes nearly entire, glabrous.Symplocos ([p. 831]). Leaves thin. Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, pubescent beneath.Gordonia alatamaha ([p. 752]). Leaves oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or puberulous while young, turning scarlet in the autumn.Oxydendrum ([p. 796]). Leaves ovate to elliptic, stellate-pubescent or glabrous, turning yellow in the autumn.Halesia ([p. 824]). cc Leaves palmately lobed. Stipules large, foliaceous, united; branchlets without a terminal bud.Platanus ([p. 371]). Stipules small, free, caducous; branchlets with a terminal bud.Liquidambar ([p. 367]).

†† Leaves inconspicuous or wanting; branches spiny or prickly.

Branches or stems succulent, armed with numerous prickles. Branches and stems columnar, ribbed, continuous; leaves 0.Cereus ([p. 757]). Branches jointed, tuberculate; leaves scale-like.Opuntia ([p. 759]). Branches rigid, spinescent. Leaves minute, narrow-obovate. Branchlets bright green.Kœberlinia ([p. 754]). Branchlets red-brown.Dalea ([p. 621]). Leaves scale-like, caducous.Canotia ([p. 677]).

2. Leaves compound.

* Leaves 3-foliolate, without stipules.

Leaves persistent; leaflets obovate, entire, sessile.Hypelate ([p. 716]). Leaves deciduous. Leaflets deltoid to hastate, entire, rounded at apex; branches prickly.Erythrina ([p. 627]). Leaflets ovate to oblong, acuminate, strongly scented and bitter; branches unarmed.Ptelea ([p. 639]).

** Leaves twice pinnate; stipules present.

a Leaves unequally twice pinnate, 2°—4° long, deciduous; leaflets serrate, 2′—3′ in length; branches and stem armed with scattered prickles.Aralia ([p. 778]). aa Leaves equally twice pinnate, usually smaller; branches unarmed or armed with stipular or axillary spines (in Parkinsonia often apparently simply pinnate). b Leaflets crenate; leaves simply or twice-pinnate on the same plant, deciduous, usually armed with simple or branched axillary spines.Gleditsia ([p. 607]). bb Leaflets entire. Leaflets 2—2½′ long; leaves deciduous; branchlets stout, unarmed.Gymnocladus ([p. 605]). Leaflets smaller; leaves usually persistent; branchlets slender. Branches armed with prickles or spines. Leaves with 2 or rarely 4 pinnæ. Branches armed with axillary spines or spiny rachises. Pinnæ with 4—8 leaflets; branches with short axillary spines.Cercidium ([p. 613]). Pinnæ with 8—60 leaflets; branches armed with spiny rachises or rigid branchlets terminating in stout spines.Parkinsonia ([p. 611]). Branches armed with stipular prickles; leaves persistent. Pinnæ with many oblong to linear leaflets.Prosopis ([p. 599]). Pinnæ with 1 pair of orbicular to broad-oblong leaflets.Pithecolobium unguis-cati ([p. 586]). Leaves with 6, or more, rarely 4, pinnæ. Prickles usually spreading, often recurved.Acacia ([p. 591]). Prickles usually more or less ascending, straight.Pithecolobium ([p. 586]). Branches unarmed. Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaves with 2—5 pair of pinnæ, each with 40—80 leaflets.Lysiloma ([p. 589]). Branchlets and petioles pubescent while young; leaves with 5—17 pair of many-foliolate pinnæ, or pinnæ 2—4 and each with 8—16 leaflets.Leucæna ([p. 596]).

*** Leaves simply pinnate.

a Leaves equally pinnate. Stipules wanting. Leaflets 2—4, generally oblong-obovate.Exothea ([p. 714]). Leaflets 6—12. Leaflets obtuse, usually oblong-obovate. Leaflets 8—12, 2′—3′ long, pale below; leaves occasionally opposite.Simarouba ([p. 642]). Leaflets 6—8, 1′—1½′ long, green below.Xanthoxylum coriaceum ([p. 637]). Leaflets 6—8, acuminate.Swietenia ([p. 648]). Stipules present. Branches armed with infra-stipular spines in pairs; leaflets 10—15, usually oblong-obovate, ½′—¾′ long, persistent.Olneya ([p. 626]). Branches unarmed; leaflets 20—46, ovals ½′—⅔′ long.Eysenhardtia ([p. 620]). aa Leaves unequally pinnate. b Stipules present. Leaflets sharply serrate; leaves deciduous; winter-buds resinous.Sorbus ([p. 390]). Leaflets entire or crenately serrate. Leaves deciduous. Leaflets 7—11, 3′—4½′ long; branches unarmed. Leaflets usually alternate, thin and glabrous at maturity.Cladrastis ([p. 618]). Leaflets opposite, coriaceous, pubescent beneath at least along the veins.Ichthyomethia ([p. 628]). Leaflets 9—21, 1—2 cm. long. Branches usually with stipular prickles, sometimes viscid.Robinia ([p. 622]). Branches unarmed, not viscid; leaflets 13—19, elliptic.Sophora affinis ([p. 617]). Leaves persistent. Leaflets 7—9, oblong-elliptic, 1′—2½′ long; branches unarmed.Sophora secundiflora ([p. 616]). Leaflets 10—15; branches prickly.Olneya ([p. 626]). bb Stipules wanting. d Leaves persistent. Leaflets long-stalked (sometimes nearly sessile in Xanthoxylum flavum). Leaflets oblong-ovate, cuneate at base. Leaflets acuminate, glabrous.Picramnia ([p. 643]). Leaflets obtuse, tomentose when unfolding.Xanthoxylum flavum ([p. 636]). Leaflets broad-ovate, usually rounded or subcordate at base.Metopium ([p. 658]). Leaflets sessile or nearly so. Petiole and rachis winged. Leaflets crenate, obovate, about ½′ long; branches prickly.Xanthoxylum Fagara ([p. 634]). Leaflets entire. Leaflets oblong, usually acute, 3′—4′ long.Sapindus saponaria ([p. 712]). Leaflets spathulate, rounded at apex, not more than ¾′ long.Pistacia ([p. 656]). Petiole and rachis not winged. Leaflets 7—19, acuminate, 2′—5′ long.Sapindus marginatus ([p. 713]). Leaflets 21—41, obtuse, ½′—¾′ long.Alvaradoa ([p. 644]). dd Leaves deciduous. Leaflets long-stalked, 3—7, entire, acute.Bursera ([p. 645]). Leaflets sessile or nearly so. Branches prickly; leaflets crenate.Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis ([p. 635]). Branches unarmed. Juice milky or viscid; leaflets serrate or entire; rachis sometimes winged.Rhus species 1—3 ([p. 660]). Juice watery. Rachis without wings. Leaflets entire, acuminate, 7—9.Sapindus Drummondii ([p. 714]). Leaflets serrate or crenate. Winter-buds large; leaflets 5—23, aromatic. Winter-buds naked.Juglans ([p. 169]). Winter-buds covered with scales.Carya ([p. 176]). Winter-buds minute, globose, scaly; leaflets 5—7, ovate, not aromatic.Ungnadia ([p. 717]). Rachis winged; leaflets 10—20, entire, rounded at apex, not more than ¼′ long.Bursera microphylla ([p. 647]).

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
(Exclusive of Mexico)

Class 1. GYMNOSPERMÆ.

Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an ovary; resinous trees, with stems increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark.

I. PINACEÆ.

Trees, with narrow or scale-like generally persistent clustered or alternate leaves and usually scaly buds. Flowers appearing in early spring, mostly surrounded at the base by an involucre of the more or less enlarged scales of the buds, unisexual, monœcious (diœcious in Juniperus), the male consisting of numerous 2-celled anthers, the female of scales bearing on their inner face 2 or several ovules, and becoming at maturity a woody cone or rarely a berry. Seeds with or without wings; seed-coat of 2 layers; embryo axile in copious albumen; cotyledons 2 or several. Of the twenty-nine genera scattered over the surface of the globe, but most abundant in northern temperate regions, thirteen occur in North America.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.

Scales of the female flowers numerous; spirally arranged in the axils of persistent bracts; ovules 2, inverted; seeds borne directly on the scales, attached at the base in shallow depressions on the inner side of the scales, falling from them at maturity and usually carrying away a scarious terminal wing; leaves fascicled or scattered (deciduous in Larix). Abietineæ. Fruit maturing in two or rarely in three seasons; leaves fascicled, needle-shaped in axillary 1—5-leaved clusters, inclosed at the base in a membranaceous sheath; cone-scales thick and woody, much longer than their bracts.1. [Pinus.] Fruit maturing in one season. Leaves in many-leaved clusters on short spur-like branchlets, deciduous; cone-scales thin, usually shorter than their bracts.2. [Larix.] Leaves scattered, linear. Cones pendulous, the scales persistent on the axis. Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf-bases; leaves deciduous in drying; bracts shorter than the cone-scales. Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous above.3. [Picea.] Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below, or angular.4. [Tsuga.] Branchlets not roughened by leaf-bases; leaves stalked, flattened; not deciduous in drying; bracts of the cone 2-lobed, aristate, longer than the scales.5. [Pseudotsuga.] Cones erect, their scales deciduous from the axis, longer or shorter than the bracts; leaves sessile, flat or 4-sided.6. [Abies.] Scales of the female flowers without bracts; ovules and seeds borne on the face of minute scales adnate to the base of the flower-scales, enlarging and forming the scales of the cone. Seeds with a narrow marginal wing (wingless in Juniperas). Scales of the female flowers numerous, spirally arranged, forming a woody cone; ovules erect, 2 or many under each scale; leaves linear, alternate, often of 2 forms (deciduous in Taxodium). Taxodiæ. Ovules and seeds numerous under each scale.7. [Sequoia.] Ovules and seeds 2 under each scale; leaves mostly spreading in 2 ranks.8. [Taxodium.] Scales of the female flower few, decussate, forming a small cone, or rarely a berry; ovules 2 or many under each scale; leaves decussate or in 3 ranks, often of 2 forms, usually scale-like, mostly adnate to the branch, the earliest free and subulate. Cupressineæ. Fruit a cone; leaves scale-like. Cones oblong, their scales oblong, imbricated or valvate; seeds 2 under each scale, maturing the first year. Scales of the cone 6, the middle ones only fertile; seeds unequally 2-winged.9. [Libocedrus.] Scales of the cone 8—12; seeds equally 2-winged.10. [Thuja.] Cones subglobose, the scales peltate, maturing in one or two years; seeds few or many under each scale. Fruit maturing in two seasons; seeds many under each scale; branchlets terete or 4-winged.11. [Cupressus.] Fruit maturing in one season; seeds 2 under each scale; branchlets flattened.12. [Chamæcyparis.] Fruit a berry formed by the coalition of the scales of the flower; ovules in pairs or solitary; flowers diœcious; leaves decussate or in 3’s, subulate or scale-like, often of 2 forms.13. [Juniperus.]

1. PINUS Duham. Pine.

Trees or rarely shrubs, with deeply furrowed and sometimes laminate or with thin and scaly bark, hard or often soft heartwood often conspicuously marked by dark bands of summer cells impregnated with resin, pale nearly white sapwood, and large branch-buds formed during summer and composed of minute buds in the axils of bud-scales, becoming the bracts of the spring shoot. Leaves needle-shaped, clustered, the clusters borne on deciduous spurs in the axils of scale-like primary leaves, inclosed in the bud by numerous scales lengthening and forming a more or less persistent sheath at the base of each cluster. Male flowers clustered at the base of leafy growing shoots of the year, each flower surrounded at the base by an involucre of 3—6 scale-like bracts, composed of numerous sessile anthers, imbricated in many ranks and surmounted by crest-like nearly orbicular connectives; the female subterminal or lateral, their scales in the axils of non-accrescent bracts. Fruit a woody cone maturing at the end of the second or rarely of the third season, composed of the hardened and woody scales of the flower more or less thickened on the exposed surface (the apophysis), with the ends of the growth of the previous year appearing as terminal or dorsal brown protuberances or scars (the umbo). Seeds usually obovoid, shorter or longer than their wings or rarely wingless; outer seed-coat crustaceous or thick, hard, and bony, the inner membranaceous; cotyledons 3—18, usually much shorter than the inferior radicle.

Pinus is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to the West Indies, the mountains of Central America, the Canary Islands, northern Africa, the Philippine Islands, and Sumatra. About sixty-six species are recognized. Of exotic species the so-called Scotch Pine, Pinus sylvestris L., of Europe and Asia, the Swiss Stone Pine, Pinus cembra L., and the Austrian Pine and other forms of Pinus nigra Arnold, from central and southern Europe, are often planted in the northeastern states, and Pinus Pinaster Ait., of the coast region of western France and the Mediterranean Basin is successfully cultivated in central and southern California. Pinus is the classical name of the Pine-tree.

The North American species can be conveniently grouped in two sections, Soft Pines and Pitch Pines.

SOFT PINES.

Wood soft, close-grained, light-colored, the sapwood thin and nearly white; sheaths of the leaf-clusters deciduous; leaves with one fibro-vascular bundle.

Leaves in 5-leaved clusters. Cones long-stalked, elongated, cylindric bright green at maturity, becoming light yellow brown, their scales thin, with terminal unarmed umbos; seeds shorter than their wings. White Pines. Leaves without conspicuous white lines on the back. Leaves slender, flexible; cones 4′—8′ long.1. [P. Strobus] (A). Leaves stout, more rigid; cones 5′—11′ long.2. [P. monticola] (B, G). Leaves with conspicuous white lines on the back; cones 12′—18′ long.3. [P. Lambertiana] (G). Cones short-stalked, green or purple at maturity, their scales thick. Cones cylindric or subglobose, their scales with terminal umbos; leaves 2′ long or less. Stone Pines. Cones 3′—10′ long, their scales opening at maturity; seeds with wings.4. [P. flexilis] (F, H). Cones ½′—3′ long, their scales remaining closed at maturity; seeds wingless.5. [P. albicaulis] (B, F, G). Cones ovoid-oblong, their scales with dorsal umbos armed with slender prickles; seeds shorter than their wings; leaves in crowded clusters, incurved, less than 2′ long. Foxtail Pines. Cones armed with minute incurved prickles.6. [P. Balfouriana] (G). Cones armed with long slender prickles.7. [P. aristata] (F, G). Leaves in 1—4-leaved clusters; cones globose, green at maturity, becoming light brown, their scales few, concave, much thickened, only the middle scales seed-bearing; seeds large and edible, their wings rudimentary; leaves 2′ or less, often incurved. Nut Pines.8. [P. cembroides] (C, F, G, H).

1. [Pinus Strobus] L. White Pine.

Leaves soft bluish green, whitened on the ventral side by 3—5 bands of stomata, 3′—5′ long, mostly turning yellow and falling in September in their second season, or persistent until the following June. Flowers: male yellow; female bright pink, with purple scale margins. Fruit fully grown in July of the second season, 4′—8′ long, opening and discharging its seeds in September; seeds narrowed at the ends, ¼′ long, red-brown mottled with black, about one fourth as long as their wings.

A tree, while young with slender horizontal or slightly ascending branches in regular whorls usually of 5 branches; at maturity often 100°, occasionally 220° high, with a tall straight stem 3°—4° or rarely 6° in diameter, when crowded in the forest with short branches forming a narrow head, or rising above its forest companions with long lateral branches sweeping upward in graceful curves, the upper branches ascending and forming a broad open irregular head, and slender branchlets coated at first with rusty tomentum, soon glabrous, and orange-brown in their first winter. Bark on young stems and branches thin, smooth, green tinged with red, lustrous during the summer, becoming 1′—2′ thick on old trunks and deeply divided by shallow fissures into broad connected ridges covered with small closely appressed purplish scales. Wood light, not strong, straight-grained, easily worked, light brown often slightly tinged with red; largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, and laths, used in construction, for cabinet-making, the interior finish of buildings, wooden ware, matches, and the masts of vessels.

Distribution. Newfoundland to Manitoba, southward through the northern states to Pennsylvania, northern and eastern (Belmont County) Ohio, northern Indiana, valley of the Rocky River near Oregon, Ogle County, Illinois, and central and southeastern Iowa, and along the Appalachian Mountains to eastern Kentucky and Tennessee and northern Georgia; forming nearly pure forests on sandy drift soils, or more often in small groves scattered in forests of deciduous-leaved trees on fertile well-drained soil, also on the banks of streams, or on river flats, or rarely in swamps.

Largely planted as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern states, and in many European countries, where it grows with vigor and rapidity; occasionally used in forest planting in the United States.

2. [Pinus monticola] D. Don. White Pine.

Leaves blue-green, glaucous, whitened by 2—6 rows of ventral and often by dorsal stomata, mostly persistent 3 or 4 years. Flowers: male yellow; female pale purple. Fruit 5′—11′ long, shedding its seeds late in the summer or in early autumn; seeds narrowed at the ends, ⅓′ long, pale red-brown mottled with black, about one third as long as their wings.

A tree, often 100° or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk frequently 4°—5° or rarely 7°—8° in diameter, slender spreading slightly pendulous branches clothing young stems to the ground and in old age forming a narrow open often unsymmetrical pyramidal head, and stout tough branchlets clothed at first with rusty pubescence, dark orange-brown and puberulous in their first and dark red-purple and glabrous in their second season. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, light gray, becoming on old trees ¾′—1½′ thick and divided into small nearly square plates by deep longitudinal and cross fissures, and covered by small closely appressed purple scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, light brown or red; sometimes manufactured into lumber, used in construction and the interior finish of buildings.

Distribution. Scattered through mountain forests from the basin of the Columbia River in British Columbia to Vancouver Island; on the mountains of northern Washington to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana; on the coast ranges of Washington and Oregon; and on the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges southward to the Kern River valley, California; most abundant and of its greatest value in northern Idaho on the bottom-lands of streams tributary to Lake Pend Oreille; reaching the sea-level on the southern shores of the Straits of Fuca and elevations of 10,000° on the California Sierras.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in Europe, and occasionally in the eastern United States where it grows more vigorously than any other Pine-tree of western America.

3. [Pinus Lambertiana] Dougl. Sugar Pine.

Leaves stout, rigid, 3½′—4′ long, marked on the two faces by 2—6 rows of stomata; deciduous during their second and third years. Flowers: male light yellow; female pale green. Fruit fully grown in August and opening in October, 11′—18′ or rarely 21′ long; seeds ½′—⅝′ long, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black, and half the length of their firm dark brown obtuse wings broadest below the middle and ½′ wide.

A tree, in early life with remote regular whorls of slender branches often clothing the stem to the ground and forming an open narrow pyramid; at maturity 200°-220° high, with a trunk 6°—8° or occasionally 12° in diameter, a flat-topped crown frequently 60° or 70° across of comparatively slender branches sweeping outward and downward in graceful curves, and stout branchlets coated at first with pale or rufous pubescence, dark orange-brown during their first winter, becoming dark purple-brown. Bark on young stems and branches thin, smooth, dark green, becoming on old trunks 2′—3′ thick and deeply and irregularly divided into long thick plate-like ridges covered with large loose rich purple-brown or cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, straight-grained, light red-brown; largely manufactured into lumber and used for the interior finish of buildings, woodwork, and shingles. A sweet sugar-like substance exudes from wounds made in the heartwood.

Distribution. Mountain slopes and the sides of ravines and cañons; western Oregon from the valley of the north branch of the Santiam River southward on the Cascade and coast ranges; California along the northern and coast ranges to Sonoma County; along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, where it grows to its greatest size at elevations between 3000° and 7000°; reappearing on the Santa Lucia Mountains of the coast ranges; and on the high mountains in the southwestern part of the state from Santa Barbara County southward usually at elevations of 5000°—7000° above the sea; and on the San Pedro Mártir Mountains in Lower California.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in western Europe and in the eastern states, the Sugar Pine has grown slowly in cultivation and shows little promise of attaining the large size and great beauty which distinguish it in its native forests.

4. [Pinus flexilis] James. Rocky Mountain White Pine.

Pinus strobiformis Sarg., not Engelm.

Leaves stout, rigid, dark green, marked on all sides by 1—4 rows of stomata, 1½′—3′ long, deciduous in their fifth and sixth years. Flowers: male reddish; female clustered, bright red-purple. Fruit subcylindric, horizontal or slightly declining, green or rarely purple at maturity, 3′—10′ long, with narrow and more or less reflexed scales opening at maturity; seeds compressed, ⅓′—½′ long, dark red-brown mottled with black, with a thick shell produced into a narrow margin, their wings about ¹/₁₂′ wide, generally persistent on the scale after the seed falls.

A tree, usually 40°—50°, occasionally 80° high, with a short trunk 2°—5° in diameter, stout long-persistent branches ultimately forming a low wide round-topped head, and stout branchlets orange-green and covered at first with soft fine pubescence, usually soon glabrous and darker colored; at high elevations often a low spreading shrub. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, light gray or silvery white, becoming on old trunks 1′—2′ thick, dark brown or nearly black, and divided by deep fissures into broad ridges broken into nearly square plates covered by small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale clear yellow, turning red with exposure; occasionally manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to western Texas and westward on mountain ranges at elevations of 5000° to 12,000° to Montana, and southern California, reaching the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada at the head of King’s River near the summit of San Gorgonio Mountain and in Snow Cañon, San Bernardino Range; usually scattered singly or in small groves; forming open forests on the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and on the ranges of central Nevada; attaining its largest size on those of northern New Mexico and Arizona.

5. [Pinus albicaulis] Engelm. White Pine.

Leaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, dark green, marked by 1—3 rows of dorsal stomata, clustered at the ends of the branches, 1½′—2½′ long, persistent for from five to eight years. Flowers opening in July, scarlet. Fruit ripening in August, oval or subglobose, horizontal, sessile, dark purple, 1½′—3′ long, with scales thickened, acute, often armed with stout pointed umbos, remaining closed at maturity; seeds wingless, acute, subcylindric or flattened on one side, ⅓′—½′ long, ⅓′ thick, with a thick dark chestnut-brown hard shell.

A tree, usually 20°—30° or rarely 60° high, generally with a short trunk 2°—4° in diameter, stout very flexible branches, finally often standing nearly erect and forming an open very irregular broad head, and stout dark red-brown or orange-colored branchlets puberulous for two years or sometimes glabrous; at high elevations often a low shrub, with wide-spreading nearly prostrate stems. Bark thin, except near the base of old trunks and broken by narrow fissures into thin narrow brown or creamy white plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, brittle, light brown. The large sweet seeds are gathered and eaten by Indians.

Distribution. Alpine slopes and exposed ridges between 5000° and 12,000° elevation, forming the timber-line on many mountain ranges from latitude 53° north in the Rocky Mountains and British Columbia, southward to the Wind River and Salt River Ranges, Wyoming, the mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, the Cascade Range, the mountains of northern California and the Sierra Nevada to Mt. Whitney.

6. [Pinus Balfouriana] Balf. Foxtail Pine.

Leaves stout, rigid, dark green and lustrous on the back, pale and marked on the ventral faces by numerous rows of stomata, 1′—1½′ long, persistent for ten or twelve years. Flowers: male dark orange-red; female dark purple. Fruit 3½′—5′ long, with scales armed with minute incurved prickles, dark purple, turning after opening dark red or mahogany color; seeds full and rounded at the apex, compressed at the base, pale, conspicuously mottled with dark purple, ⅓′ long, their wings narrowed and oblique at the apex, about 1′ long and ¼′ wide.

A tree, usually 30°—40° or rarely 90° high, with a trunk generally 1°—2° or rarely 5° in diameter, short stout branches forming an open irregular pyramidal picturesque head, and long rigid more or less spreading puberulous, soon glabrous, dark orange-brown ultimately dark gray-brown or nearly black branchlets, clothed only at the extremities with the long dense brush-like masses of foliage. Bark thin, smooth, and milky white on the stems and branches of young trees, becoming on old trees sometimes ¾′ thick, dark red-brown, deeply divided into broad flat ridges. broken into nearly square plates separating on the surface into small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft and brittle, pale reddish brown.

Distribution. California, on rocky slopes and ridges, forming scattered groves on Scott Mountain, Siskiyou County, at elevations of 5000°—6000°; on the mountains at the head of the Sacramento River; on Mt. Yolo Bally in the northern Coast Range, and on the southern Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 11,500°, growing here to its largest size and forming an extensive open forest on the Whitney Plateau east of the cañon of Kern River, and at the highest elevations often a low shrub, with wide-spreading prostrate stems.

7. [Pinus aristata] Engelm. Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.

Leaves stout or slender, dark green, lustrous on the back, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the ventral faces, 1′—1½′ long, often deciduous at the end of ten or twelve years or persistent four or five years longer. Flowers male dark orange-red; female dark purple. Fruit 3′—3½′ long, with scales armed with slender incurved brittle prickles nearly ¼′ long, dark purple-brown on the exposed parts, the remainder dull red, opening and scattering their seeds about the 1st of October; seeds nearly oval, compressed, light brown mottled with black, ¼′ long, their wings broadest at the middle, about ⅓′ long and ¼′ wide.

A bushy tree, occasionally 40°—50° high, with a short trunk 2°—3° in diameter, short stout branches in regular whorls while young, in old age growing very irregularly, the upper erect and much longer than the usually pendulous lower branches, and stout light orange-colored, glabrous, or at first puberulous, ultimately dark gray-brown or nearly black branchlets clothed at the ends with long compact brush-like tufts of foliage. Bark thin, smooth, milky white on the stems and branches of young trees, becoming on old trees ½′—¾′ thick, red-brown, and irregularly divided into flat connected ridges separating on the surface into small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, light red; occasionally used for the timbers of mines and for fuel.

Distribution. Rocky or gravelly slopes at the upper limit of tree growth and rarely below 8,000° above the sea from the outer range of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to those of southern Utah, central and southern Nevada, southeastern California, and the San Francisco peaks of northern Arizona.

8. [Pinus cembroides] Zucc. Nut Pine. Piñon.

Leaves in 2 or 3-leaved clusters, slender, much incurved, dark green, sometimes marked by rows of stomata on the 3 faces, 1′—2′ long, deciduous irregularly during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female dark red. Fruit subglobose, 1′—2′ broad; seeds subcylindric or obscurely triangular, more or less compressed at the pointed apex, full and rounded at base, nearly black on the lower side and dark chestnut-brown on the upper, ½′—¾′ long, the margin of their outer coat adnate to the cone-scale.

A bushy tree, with a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter and a broad round-topped head, usually 15°—20° high, stout spreading branches, and slender dark orange-colored branchlets covered at first with matted pale deciduous hairs, dark brown and sometimes nearly black at the end of five or six years; in sheltered cañons on the mountains of Arizona and in Lower California occasionally 50° or 60° tall. Bark about ½′ thick, irregularly divided by remote shallow fissures and separated on the surface into numerous large thin light red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale clear yellow. The large oily seeds are an important article of food in northern Mexico, and are sold in large quantities in Mexican towns.

Distribution. Mountain ranges of central and southern Arizona, usually only above elevations of 6500°, often covering their upper slopes with open forests; in an isolated station on the Edwards Plateau on uplands and in cañons at the headwaters of the Frio and Nueces Rivers, Edwards and Kerr Counties, Texas; on the Sierra de Laguna, Lower California, and on many of the mountain ranges of northern Mexico; passing into the following varieties differing only in the number of the leaves in the leaf-clusters, and in their thickness.

Pinus cembroides var. Parryana Voss. Nut Pine. Piñon.

Pinus quadrifolia Sudw.

Leaves in 1—5 usually 4-leaved clusters, stout, incurved, pale glaucous green, marked on the three surfaces by numerous rows of stomata, 1¼′—1½′ long, irregularly deciduous, mostly falling in their third year.

A tree, 30°—40° high, with a short trunk occasionally 18′ in diameter, and thick spreading branches forming a compact regularpyramidal or in old age a low round-topped irregular head, and stout branchlets coated at first with soft pubescence, and light orange-brown. Bark ½′—¾′ thick, dark brown tinged with red, and divided by shallow fissures into broad flat connected ridges covered by thick closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale brown or yellow. The seeds form an important article of food for the Indians of Lower California.

Distribution. Arid mesas and low mountain slopes of Lower California southward to the foothills of the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, extending northward across the boundary of California to the desert slopes of the Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County, where it is common at elevations of 5000° above the sea-level.

Pinus cembroides var. edulis Voss. Nut Pine. Piñon.

Pinus edulis Engelm.

Leaves in 2 or rarely in 3-leaved clusters, stout, semiterete or triangular, rigid, incurved, dark-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata, ¾′—1½′ long, deciduous during the third or not until the fourth or fifth year, dropping irregularly and sometimes persistent for eight or nine years.

A tree often 40°—50° high with a tall trunk occasionally 2° in diameter and short erect branches forming a narrow head, or frequently with a short divided trunk and a low round-topped head of spreading branches, and thick branchlets orange color during their first and second years, finally becoming light gray or dark brown sometimes tinged with red. Bark ½′—¾′ thick and irregularly divided into connected ridges covered by small closely appressed light brown scales tinged with red or orange color. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, pale brown; largely employed for fuel and fencing, and as charcoal used in smelting; in western Texas occasionally sawed into lumber. The seeds form an important article of food among Indians and Mexicans, and are sold in the markets of Colorado and New Mexico.

Distribution. Eastern foothills of the outer ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from northern Colorado (Owl Cañon, Larimer County); to the extreme western part of Oklahoma (near Kenton, Cimarron County, G. W. Stevens) and to western Texas, westward to eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, and to northern and central Arizona; over the mountains of northern Mexico, and on the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, Lower California; often forming extensive open forests at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, on the Colorado plateau, and on many mountain ranges of northern and central Arizona up to elevations of 7000° above the sea.

Pinus cembroides var. monophylla Voss. Nut Pine. Piñon.

Pinus monophylla Torr.

Leaves in 1 or 2-leaved clusters, rigid, incurved, pale glaucous green, marked by 18—20 rows of stomata, usually about 1½′ long, sometimes deciduous during their fourth and fifth seasons, but frequently persistent until their twelfth year.

A tree usually 15°—20°, occasionally 40°—50° high, with a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter and often divided near the ground into several spreading stems, short thick branches forming while the tree is young a broad rather compact pyramid, and in old age often pendulous and forming a low round-topped often picturesque head, and stout light orange-colored ultimately dark brown branchlets. Bark about ¾′ thick and divided by deep irregular fissures into narrow connected flat ridges broken on the surface into thin closely appressed light or dark brown scales tinged with red or orange color. Wood light, soft, weak, and brittle; largely used for fuel, and charcoal used in smelting. The seeds supply an important article of food to the Indians of Nevada and California.

Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and mesas from the western base of the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, westward over the mountain ranges of Nevada to the eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, and to their western slope at the headwaters of the Tuolumne, Kings and Kern Rivers, and southward to northern Arizona and to the mountains of southern California where it is common on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains between altitudes of 3500° and 7000°, and on the Sierra del Pinal, Lower California; often forming extensive open forests at elevations between 5000° and 7000°.

PITCH PINES.

Wood usually heavy, coarse-grained, generally dark-colored, with pale often thick sapwood; cones green at maturity (sometimes purple in 10 and 21) becoming various shades of brown; cone-scales more or less thickened, mostly armed; seeds shorter than their wings (except in 17 and 28); leaves with 2 fibro-vascular bundles.

Sheaths of the leaf-clusters deciduous; cones ½′—2′ long, maturing in the third year, leaves in 3-leaved clusters, slender, 2½′—4′ long.9. [P. leiophylla] (H). Sheaths of the leaf-clusters persistent. Leaves in 3-leaved clusters (3 and 5-leaved in 10, 3—2 leaved in 12). Cones subterminal, usually deciduous above the basal scales persistent on the branch. Buds brown; leaves in 2—5-leaved clusters.10. [P. ponderosa] (B, F, G, H). Buds white.11. [P. palustris] (C). Cones lateral. Cones symmetrical, their outer scales not excessively developed. Leaves in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, 8′—12′ long; cones short-stalked.12. [P. caribæa] (C). Leaves in 3-leaved clusters; cones sessile. Cones oblong-conic, prickles stout; leaves 6′—9′ long.13. [P. taeda] (A, C). Cones ovoid, prickles slender; leaves 3′—5′ long.14. [P. rigida] (A, C). Cones unsymmetrical by the excessive development of the scales on the outer side. Cones 5′—6′ long, their scales not prolonged into stout, straight or curved spines. Prickles of the cone-scales minute.15. [P. radiata] (G). Prickles of the cone-scales stout.16. [P. attenuata] (G). Cones 6′—14′ long, their scales prolonged into stout, straight or curved spines; leaves long and stout. Cones oblong-ovoid; seeds longer than their wings.17. [P. Sabiniana] (G). Cones oblong-conic; seeds shorter than their wings.18. [P. Coulteri] (G). Leaves in 2-leaved clusters (2 and 3-leaved in 23). Cones subterminal. Cones symmetrical, 2′—2½′ long, their scales unarmed; leaves 5′—6′ long.19. [P. resinosa] (A). Cones unsymmetrical by the greater development of the scales on the outer side, armed with slender prickles; leaves 1′—4′ long.20. [P. contorta] (B, F, G). Cones lateral. Cones about 2′ long. Cone-scales very unevenly developed and mostly unarmed; cones incurved; leaves less than 2′ long.21. [P. Banksiana] (A). Cone-scales evenly developed, armed with weak or deciduous prickles; leaves up to 4′ in length. Bark of the branches and upper trunk smooth.22. [P. glabra] (C). Bark of the branches and upper trunk roughened.23. [P. echinata] (A, C). Cones about 3′ long, armed with persistent spines. Cone-scales armed with slender or stout prickles. Cone-scales evenly developed, their prickles slender, acuminate, from a broad base; leaves 3′ long or less. Cones opening at maturity.24. [P. virginiana] (A, C). Cones often remaining closed for many years.25. [P. clausa] (C). Cone-scales unevenly developed and armed with stout prickles; cones 2′—3½′ long, remaining closed; leaves 4′—6′ long.26. [P. muricata.] Cone-scales armed with very stout hooked spines; cones 2½′—3′ long; opening in the autumn or remaining closed for two or three years; leaves 2′ long or less.27. [P. pungens.] Leaves in 5-leaved clusters; cones 4′—6′ long, unsymmetrical, their scales thick; seeds longer than their wings; leaves stout, 9′—13′ long.28. [P. Torreyana] (G).

9. [Pinus leiophylla] Schlecht. and Cham. Yellow Pine.

Pinus chihuahuana, Engelm.

Leaves slender, pale glaucous green, marked by 6—8 rows of conspicuous stomata on each of the 3 sides, 2½′—4′ long, irregularly deciduous from their fourth season, their sheaths deciduous. Flowers: male yellow; female yellow-green. Fruit ovoid, horizontal or slightly declining, long-stalked, 1½′—2′ long, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, maturing at the end of the third season, with scales only slightly thickened, their ultimately pale umbos armed with recurved deciduous prickles; seeds oval, rounded above and pointed below, about ⅛′ long, with a thin dark brown shell, their wings ⅓′ long and broadest near the middle.

A tree, rarely more than 40°—50° high, with a tall trunk sometimes 2° in diameter, stout slightly ascending branches forming a narrow open pyramidal or round-topped head of thin pale foliage, and slender bright orange-brown branchlets, soon becoming dull red-brown. Bark of old trunks ¾′—1½′ thick, dark reddish brown or sometimes nearly black, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges covered with thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong but durable, light orange color, with thick much lighter colored sapwood. Often forming coppice by the growth of shoots from the stump of cut trees.

Distribution. Mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and Arizona, usually at elevations between 6000° and 7000°; not common; more abundant on the Sierra Madre of northern Mexico and on several of the short ranges of Chihuahua and Sonora, and of a larger size in Mexico than in the United States.

10. [Pinus ponderosa] Laws. Yellow Pine. Bull Pine.

Leaves tufted at the ends of naked branches, in 2 or in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, stout, dark yellow-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces, 5′—11′ long, mostly deciduous during their third season. Flowers: male yellow; female clustered or in pairs, dark red. Fruit ellipsoidal, horizontal or slightly declining, nearly sessile or short-stalked, 3′—6′ long, often clustered, bright green or purple when fully grown, becoming light reddish brown, with narrow scales much thickened at the apex and armed with slender prickles, mostly falling soon after opening and discharging their seeds, generally leaving the lower scales attached to the peduncle; seeds ovoid, acute, compressed at the apex, full and rounded below, ¼′ long, with a thin dark purple often mottled shell, their wings usually broadest below the middle, gradually narrowed at the oblique apex, 1′—1¼′ long, about 1′ wide.

A tree, sometimes 150°—230° high, with a massive stem 5°—8° in diameter, short thick many-forked often pendulous branches generally turned upward at the ends and forming a regular spire-like head, or in arid regions a broader often round-topped head surmounting a short trunk, and stout orange-colored branchlets frequently becoming nearly black at the end of two or three years. Bark for 80—100 years broken into rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed scales, dark brown, nearly black or light cinnamon-red, on older trees becoming 2′—4′ thick and deeply and irregularly divided into plates sometimes 4°—5° long and 12′—18′ wide, and separating into thick bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood hard, strong, comparatively fine-grained, light red, with nearly white sapwood sometimes composed of more than 200 layers of annual growth; largely manufactured into lumber used for all sorts of construction, for railway-ties, fencing, and fuel.

Distribution. Mountain slopes, dry valleys, and high mesas from northwestern Nebraska and western Texas to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and from southern British Columbia to Lower California and northern Mexico; extremely variable in different parts of the country in size, in the length and thickness of the leaves, size of the cones, and in the color of the bark. The form of the Rocky Mountains (var. scopulorum, Engelm.), ranging from Nebraska to Texas, and over the mountain ranges of Wyoming, eastern Montana and Colorado, and to northern New Mexico and Arizona, where it forms on the Colorado plateau with the species the most extensive Pine forests of the continent, has nearly black furrowed bark, rigid leaves in clusters of 2 or 3 and 3′—6′ long, and smaller cones, with thin scales armed with slender prickles hooked backward. More distinct is

Pinus ponderosa var. Jeffreyi Vasey.

This tree forms great forests about the sources of the Pitt River in northern California, along the eastern slopes of the central and southern Sierra Nevada, growing often on the most exposed and driest ridges, and in southern California on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges up to elevations of 7000° above the sea, on the Cuyamaca Mountains, and in Lower California on the Sierra del Pinal and the San Pedro Mártir Mountains.

A tree, 100° to nearly 200° high, with a tall massive trunk 4°—6° in diameter, covered with bright cinnamon-red bark deeply divided into large irregular plates, stiffer and more elastic leaves 4′—9′ long and persistent on the glaucous stouter branchlets for six to nine years, yellow-green staminate flowers, short-stalked usually purple cones 5′—15′ long, their scales armed with stouter or slender prickles usually hooked backward, and seeds often nearly ½′ long with larger wings.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in eastern Europe, especially the variety Jeffreyi, which is occasionally successfully cultivated in the eastern states.

Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica Shaw. Yellow Pine.

Pinus arizonica Engelm.

Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, in 3—5-leaved clusters, stout, rigid, dark green, stomatiferous on their 3 faces, 5′—7′ long, deciduous during their third season. Fruit ovoid, horizontal, 2′—2½′ long, becoming light red-brown, with thin scales much thickened at the apex and armed with slender recurved spines; seeds full and rounded below, slightly compressed towards the apex, ⅛′ long, with a thick shell, their wings broadest above the middle, about ⅓′ long and ¼′ wide.

A tree, 80°—100° high, with a tall straight massive trunk 3°—4° in diameter, thick spreading branches forming a regular open round-topped or narrow pyramidal head, and stout branchlets orange-brown and pruinose when they first appear, becoming dark gray-brown. Bark on young trunks dark brown or almost black and deeply furrowed, becoming on old trees 1½′—2′ thick and divided into large unequally shaped plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, light red or often yellow, with thick lighter yellow or white sapwood; in Arizona occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.

Distribution. High cool slopes on the sides of cañons of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona at elevations between 6000° and 8000°, sometimes forming nearly pure forests; more abundant and of its largest size on the mountains of Sonora and Chihuahua.

11. [Pinus palustris] Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.

Leaves in crowded clusters, forming dense tufts at the ends of the branches, slender, flexible, pendulous, dark green, 8′—18′ long, deciduous at the end of their second year. Flowers in very early spring before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short dense clusters, dark rose-purple; female just below the apex of the lengthening shoot in pairs or in clusters of 3 or 4, dark purple. Fruit cylindric-ovoid, slightly curved, nearly sessile, horizontal or pendant, 6′—10′ long, with thin flat scales rounded at apex and armed with small reflexed prickles, becoming dull brown; in falling leaving a few of the basal scales attached to the stem; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, prominently ridged, about ½′ long, with a thin pale shell marked with dark blotches on the upper side, and wings widest near the middle, gradually narrowed to a very oblique apex, about 1¾′ long and ⁷/₁₆′ wide.

A tree, 100°—120° high, with a tall straight slightly tapering trunk usually 2°—2½° or occasionally 3° in diameter, stout slightly branched gnarled and twisted limbs covered with thin dark scaly bark and forming an open elongated and usually very irregular head one third to one half the length of the tree, thick orange-brown branchlets, and acute winter-buds covered by elongated silvery white lustrous scales divided into long spreading filaments forming a cobweb-like network over the bud. Bark of the trunk ¹/₁₆′—½′ thick, light orange-brown, separating on the surface into large closely appressed papery scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, tough, coarse-grained, durable, light red to orange color, with very thin nearly white sapwood; largely used as “southern pine” or “Georgia pine” for masts and spars, bridges, viaducts, railway-ties, fencing, flooring, the interior finish of buildings, the construction of railway-cars, and for fuel and charcoal. A large part of the naval stores of the world is produced from this tree, which is exceedingly rich in resinous secretions.

Distribution. Generally confined to a belt of late tertiary sands and gravels stretching along the coast of the Atlantic and Gulf states and rarely more than 125 miles wide, from southeastern Virginia to the shores of Indian River and the valley of the Caloosahatchee River, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the uplands east of the Mississippi River, extending northward in Alabama to the southern foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and to central and western Mississippi (Hinds and Adams Counties); west of the Mississippi River to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through eastern Texas and western Louisiana nearly to the northern borders of this state.

12. [Pinus caribæa] Morelet. Slash Pine. Swamp Pine.

Pinus heterophylla Sudw.

Leaves stout, in crowded 2 and 3-leaved clusters, dark green and lustrous, marked by numerous bands of stomata on each face, 8′—12′ long, deciduous at the end of their second season. Flowers in January and February before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short crowded clusters, dark purple; female lateral on long peduncles, pink. Fruit ovoid or ovoid-conic, reflexed during its first year, pendant, 2′—6′ long, with thin flexible flat scales armed with minute incurved or recurved prickles, becoming dark rich lustrous brown; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, 1⅙′—1¼′ long, with a thin brittle dark gray shell mottled with black, and dark brown wings ¾′—1′ long, ¼′ wide, their thickened bases encircling the seeds and often covering a large part of their lower surface.

A tree, often 100° high, with a tall tapering trunk 2½°—3° in diameter, heavy horizontal branches forming a handsome round-topped head, and stout orange-colored ultimately dark branchlets. Bark ¾′—½′ thick, and separating freely on the surface into large thin scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, durable, coarse-grained, rich dark orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; manufactured into lumber and used for construction and railway-ties. Naval stores are largely produced from this tree.

Distribution. Coast region of South Carolina southward over the coast plain to the keys of southern Florida and along the Gulf coast to eastern Louisiana (Saint Tammany, Washington, southern Tangipahoa and eastern Livingston Parishes); common on the Bahamas, on the Isle of Pines, and on the lowlands of Honduras and eastern Guatemala; in the coast region of the southern states gradually replacing the Long-leaved Pine, Pinus palustris, Mill.

13. [Pinus tæda] L. Loblolly Pine. Old Field Pine.

Leaves slender, stiff, slightly twisted, pale green and somewhat glaucous, 6′—9′ long, marked by 10—12 rows of large stomata on each face, deciduous during their third year. Flowers opening from the middle of March to the first of May; male crowded in short spikes, yellow; female lateral below the apex of the growing shoot, solitary or clustered, short-stalked, yellow. Fruit oblong-conic to ovoid-cylindric, nearly sessile, 2′—6′ long, becoming light reddish brown, with thin scales rounded at the apex and armed with short stout straight or reflexed prickles, opening irregularly and discharging their seeds during the autumn and winter, and usually persistent on the branches for another year; seeds rhomboidal, full and rounded, ¼′ long, with a thin dark brown rough shell blotched with black, and produced into broad thin lateral margins, encircled to the base by the narrow border of their thin pale brown lustrous wing broadest above the middle, 1′ long, about ¼′ wide.

A tree, generally 80°—100° high, with a tall straight trunk usually about 2° but occasionally 5° in diameter, short thick much divided branches, the lower spreading, the upper ascending and forming a compact round-topped head, and comparatively slender glabrous branchlets brown tinged with yellow during their first season and gradually growing darker in their second year. Bark of the trunk ¾′—1½′ thick, bright red-brown, and irregularly divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges covered with large thin closely appressed scales. Wood weak, brittle, coarse-grained, not durable, light brown, with orange-colored or often nearly white sapwood, often composing nearly half the trunk; largely manufactured into lumber, used for construction and the interior finish of buildings.

Distribution. Cape May, New Jersey, through southern Delaware and eastern Maryland and southward to the shores of Indian River and Tampa Bay, Florida, westward to middle North Carolina and through South Carolina and Georgia and the eastern Gulf states to the Mississippi River, extending into southern Tennessee and northeastern Mississippi; west of the Mississippi River from southern Arkansas and the southwestern part of Oklahoma through western Louisiana to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and through eastern Texas to the valley of the Colorado River; on the Atlantic coast often springing up on lands exhausted by agriculture; west of the Mississippi River one of the most important timber-trees, frequently growing in nearly pure forests on rolling uplands.

14. [Pinus rigida] Mill. Pitch Pine.

Leaves stout, rigid, dark yellow-green, marked on the 3 faces by many rows of stomata, 3′—5′ long, standing stiffly and at right angles with the branch, deciduous during their second year. Flowers: male in short crowded spikes, yellow or rarely purple; female often clustered and raised on short stout stems, light green more or less tinged with rose color. Fruit ovoid, acute at apex, nearly sessile, often clustered, 1′—3½′ long, becoming light brown, with thin flat scales armed with recurved rigid prickles, often remaining on the branches for ten or twelve years; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, ¼′ long, with a thin dark brown mottled roughened shell and wings broadest below the middle, gradually narrowed to the very oblique apex, ¾′ long, ⅓′ wide.

A tree, 50°—60° or rarely 100° high, with a short trunk occasionally 3° in diameter, thick contorted often pendulous branches covered with thick much roughened bark, forming a round-topped thick head, often irregular and picturesque, and stout bright green branchlets becoming dull orange color during their first winter and dark gray-brown at the end of four or five years; often fruitful when only a few feet high. Bark of young stems thin and broken into plate-like dark red-brown scales, becoming on old trunks ¾′—1½′ thick, deeply and irregularly fissured, and divided into broad flat connected ridges separating on the surface into thick dark red-brown scales often tinged with purple. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable, light brown or red, with thick yellow or often white sapwood; largely used for fuel and in the manufacture of charcoal; occasionally sawed into lumber.

Distribution. Sandy plains and dry gravelly uplands, or less frequently in cold deep swamps; island of Mt. Desert, Maine, to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, and southward to southern Delaware and southern Ohio (Scioto County) and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and to their western foothills in West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee; very abundant in the coast region south of Massachusetts; sometimes forming pure forests in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Pinus rigida var. serotina Loud. Pond Pine. Marsh Pine.

Pinus serotina Michx.

Leaves in clusters of 3 or occasionally of 4, slender, flexuose, dark yellow-green, 6′—8′ long, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces, deciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in crowded spikes, dark orange color; female clustered or in pairs on stout stems. Fruit subglobose to ovoid, full and rounded or pointed at apex, subsessile or short-stalked, horizontal or slightly declining, 2′—2½′ long, with thin nearly flat scales armed with slender incurved mostly deciduous prickles, becoming light yellow-brown at maturity, often remaining closed for one or two years and after opening long-persistent on the branches; seeds nearly triangular, often ridged below, full and rounded at the sides, ⅛′ long, with a thin nearly black roughened shell produced into a wide border, the wings broadest at the middle, gradually narrowed at the ends, ¾′ long, ¼′ wide.

A tree, usually 40°—50° or occasionally 70°—80° high, with a short trunk sometimes 3° but generally not more than 2° in diameter, stout often contorted branches more or less pendulous at the extremities, forming an open round-topped head, and slender branchlets dark green when they first appear, becoming dark orange color during their first winter and dark brown or often nearly black at the end of four or five years. Bark of the trunk ½′—¾′ thick, dark red-brown and irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into small plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed scales. Wood very resinous, heavy, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, dark orange color, with thick pale yellow sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. Low wet flats or sandy or peaty swamps; near Cape May, New Jersey, and southeastern Virginia southward near the coast to northern Florida and central Alabama.

15. [Pinus radiata] D. Don. Monterey Pine.

Leaves in 3, rarely in 2-leaved clusters, slender, bright rich green, 4′—6′ long, mostly deciduous during their third season. Flowers: male in dense spikes, yellow; female clustered, dark purple. Fruit ovoid, pointed at apex, very oblique at base, short-stalked, reflexed, 3′—7′ long, becoming deep chestnut-brown and lustrous, with scales much thickened and mammillate toward the base on the outer side of the cone, thinner on the inner side and at its apex, and armed with minute thickened incurved or straight prickles, long-persistent and often remaining closed on the branches for many years; seeds ellipsoidal, compressed, ¼′ long, with a thin brittle rough nearly black shell, their wings light brown, longitudinally striped, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed and oblique at apex, 1′ long, ¼′ wide.

A tree, usually 40°—60° rarely 100°—115° high, with a tall trunk usually 1°—2° but occasionally 4½° in diameter, spreading branches forming a regular narrow open round-topped head, and slender branchlets light or dark orange color, at first often covered with a glaucous bloom, ultimately dark red-brown. Bark of the trunk 1½′—2′ thick, dark red-brown, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into thick appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained; occasionally used as fuel.

Distribution. In a narrow belt a few miles wide on the California coast from Pescadero to the shores of San Simeon Bay; in San Luis Obispo County near the village of Cambria; on the islands of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz of the Santa Barbara group; and on Guadaloupe Island off the coast of Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size on Point Pinos south of the Bay of Monterey, California.

Largely planted for the decoration of parks in western and southern Europe, occasionally planted in the southeastern states and in Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and other regions with temperate climates, and more generally in the coast region of the Pacific states from Vancouver Island southward than any other Pine-tree.

16. [Pinus attenuata] Lemm. Knob-cone Pine.

Leaves slender, firm and rigid, pale yellow or bluish green, marked by numerous rows of stomata on their 3 faces, 3′—7′, usually 4′—5′ long. Flowers: male orange-brown; female fascicled, often with several fascicles on the shoot of the year. Fruit elongated, conic, pointed, very oblique at base by the greater development of the scales on the outer side, whorled, short-stalked, strongly reflexed and incurved, 3′—6′ long, becoming light yellow-brown, with thin flat scales rounded at apex, those on the outer side being enlarged into prominent transversely flattened knobs armed with thick flattened incurved spines, those on the inner side of the cone slightly thickened and armed with minute recurved prickles, persistent on the stems and branches for thirty or forty years, sometimes becoming completely imbedded in the bark of old trunks, and usually not opening until the death of the tree; seeds ellipsoidal, compressed, acute at apex, ¼′ long, with a thin oblique shell, their wings broadest at the middle, gradually narrowed to the ends, 1¼′ long, ⅓′ wide.

A tree, usually about 20° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and often fruitful when only 4° or 5° tall; occasionally growing to the height of 80°—100°, with a trunk 2½° thick, and frequently divided above the middle into two ascending stems, slender branches arrangedin regular whorls while the tree is young, and in old age forming a narrow round-topped straggling head of sparse thin foliage, and slender dark orange-brown branchlets growing darker during their second season. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, pale brown, becoming at the base of old trunks ¼′—½′ thick and dark brown often tinged with purple, slightly and irregularly divided by shallow fissures and broken into large loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown, with thick sapwood sometimes slightly tinged with red.

Distribution. Dry mountain slopes from the valley of the Mackenzie River in Oregon over the mountains of southwestern Oregon, where it is most abundant and grows to its largest size, often forming pure forests over large areas, southward along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains; in California on the northern cross ranges, the coast ranges from Trinity to Sonoma Counties, the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa County, and over the southern coast ranges from Santa Cruz to the dry arid southern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, where it forms a belt between City and East Twin Creeks at an altitude of 3500° above the sea.

17. [Pinus Sabiniana] Dougl. Digger Pine. Bull Pine.

Leaves stout, flexible, pendant, pale blue-green, marked on each face with numerous rows of pale stomata, 8′—12′ long, deciduous usually in their third and fourth years. Flowers: male yellow; female on stout peduncles, dark purple. Fruit oblong-ovoid, full and rounded at base, pointed, becoming light reddish brown, 6′—10′ long, long-stalked, pendulous, the scales narrowed into a stout incurved sharp hook, strongly reflexed toward the base of the cone and armed with spur-like incurved spines; seeds full and rounded below, somewhat compressed toward the apex, ¾′ long, ⅓′ wide, dark brown or nearly black, with a thick hard shell, encircled by their wings much thickened on the inner rim, obliquely rounded at the broad apex and about ½ length of nuts.

A tree, usually 40°—50° but occasionally 80° high, with a trunk 3°—4° in diameter, divided generally 15°—20° above the ground into 3 or 4 thick secondary stems, clothed with short crooked branches pendant below and ascending toward the summit of the tree, and forming an open round-topped head remarkable for the sparseness of its foliage, and stout pale glaucous branchlets, becoming dark brown or nearly black during their second season. Bark of the trunk 1½′—2′ thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red or nearly black and deeply and irregularly divided into thick connected ridges covered with small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, brittle, light brown or red with thick nearly white sapwood. Abietine, a nearly colorless aromatic liquid with the odor of oil of oranges, is obtained by distilling the resinous juices. The large sweet slightly resinous seeds formed an important article of food for the Indians of California.

Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groups over the dry foothills of western California, ranging from 500° up to 4000° above the sea-level and from the southern slopes of the northern cross ranges to the Tehachapi Mountains and the Sierra de la Liebre; most abundant and attaining its largest size on the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada near the centre of the state at elevations of about 2000°; here often the most conspicuous feature of the vegetation.

18. [Pinus Coulteri] D. Don. Pitch Pine.

Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, stout, rigid, dark blue-green, marked by numerous bands of stomata on the 3 faces, 6′—12′ long, deciduous during their third and fourth seasons. Flowers: male yellow; female dark reddish brown. Fruit oblong-conic, short-stalked and pendant, 10′—14′ long, becoming light yellow-brown, with thick broad scales terminating in a broad, flat, incurved, hooked claw ½′—1½′ long, gradually opening in the autumn and often persistent on the branches for several years; seeds ellipsoidal, compressed, ½′ long, ¼′—⅓′ wide, dark chestnut-brown, with a thick shell, inclosed by their wings, broadest above the middle, oblique at apex, nearly 1′ longer than the seed, about ⅝′ wide.

A tree, 40°—90° high, with a trunk 1°—2½° in diameter, thick branches covered with dark scaly bark, long and mostly pendulous below, short and ascending above, and forming a loose unsymmetrical often picturesque head, and very stout branchlets dark orange-brown at first, becoming sometimes nearly black at the end of three or four years. Bark of the trunk 1½′—2′ thick, dark brown or nearly black and deeply divided into broad rounded connected ridges covered with thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light red, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel. The seeds were formerly gathered in large quantities and eaten by the Indians of southern California.

Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groves through coniferous forests on the dry slopes and ridges of the coast ranges of California at elevations of 3000°—6000° above the sea, from Mount Diablo and the Santa Lucia Mountains to the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains; and on the Sierra del Pinal, Lower California; most abundant on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges at elevations of about 5000°.

19. [Pinus resinosa] Ait. Red Pine. Norway Pine.

Leaves slender, soft and flexible, dark green and lustrous, 5′—6′ long, obscurely marked on the ventral faces by bands of minute stomata, deciduous during their fourth and fifth seasons. Flowers: male in dense spikes, dark purple; female terminal, short-stalked, scarlet. Fruit ovoid-conic, subsessile, 2′—2¼′ long, with thin slightly concave scales, unarmed, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous at maturity; shedding their seeds early in the autumn and mostly persistent on the branches until the following summer; seeds oval, compressed, ⅛′ long, with a thin dark chestnut-brown more or less mottled shell and wings broadest below the middle, oblique at apex, ¾′ long, ¼′—⅓′ broad.

A tree, usually 70°—80° or occasionally 120° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°—3° or rarely 5° in diameter, thick spreading more or less pendulous branches clothing the young stems to the ground and forming a broad irregular pyramid, and in old age an open round-topped picturesque head, and stout branchlets at first orange color, finally becoming light reddish brown. Bark of the trunk ¾′—1¼′ thick and slightly divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges covered by thin loose light red-brown scales. Wood light, hard, very close-grained, pale red, with thin yellow often nearly white sapwood; largely used in the construction of bridges and buildings, for piles, masts, and spars. The bark is occasionally used for tanning leather.

Distribution. Light sandy loam or dry rocky ridges, usually forming groves rarely more than a few hundred acres in extent and scattered through forests of other Pines and deciduous-leaved trees; occasionally on sandy flats forming pure forests; Nova Scotia to Lake St. John, westward through Quebec and central Ontario to the valley of the Winnipeg River, and southward to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, and to central and southwestern (Port Huron) Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, most abundant, and growing to its largest size in the northern parts of these states; rare and local in eastern Massachusetts and southward.

Often planted for the decoration of parks, and the most desirable as an ornamental tree of the Pitch Pines which flourish in the northern states.

20. [Pinus contorta] Loud. Scrub Pine.

Leaves dark green, slender, 1′—1½′ long, marked by 6—10 rows of stomata on each face, mostly persistent 4—6 years. Flowers orange-red: male in short crowded spikes; female clustered or in pairs on stout stalks. Fruit ovoid to subcylindric, usually very oblique at base, horizontal or declining, often clustered, ¾′—2′ long, with thin slightly concave scales armed with long slender more or less recurved often deciduous prickles, and toward the base of the cone especially on the upper side developed into thick mammillate knobs, becoming light yellow-brown and lustrous, sometimes opening and losing their seeds as soon as ripe, or remaining closed on the branches and preserving the vitality of their seeds for many years; seeds oblique at apex, acute below, about ⅙′ long, with a thin brittle dark red-brown shell mottled with black and wings widest above the base, gradually tapering toward the oblique apex, ½′ long.

A tree, sometimes fertile when only a few inches high, usually 15°—20° or occasionally 30° tall, with a short trunk rarely more than 18′ in diameter, comparatively thick branches forming a round-topped compact and symmetrical or an open picturesque head, and stout branchlets light orange color when they first appear, finally becoming dark red-brown or occasionally almost black. Bark of the trunk ¾′—1′ thick, deeply and irregularly divided by vertical and cross fissures into small oblong plates covered with closely appressed dark red-brown scales tinged with purple or orange color. Wood light, hard, strong although brittle, coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel.

Distribution. Coast of Alaska, usually in sphagnum-covered bogs southward in the immediate neighborhood of the coast to the valley of the Albion River, Mendocino County, California; south of the northern boundary of the United States generally inhabiting sand dunes and barrens or occasionally near the shores of Puget Sound the margins of tide pools and deep wet swamps; spreading inland and ascending the coast ranges and western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, where it is not common and where it gradually changes its habit and appearance, the thick deeply furrowed bark of the coast form being found only near the ground, while the bark higher on the stems is thin, light-colored, and inclined to separate into scales, and the leaves are often longer and broader. This is

Pinus contorta var. latifolia S. Wats. Lodge-pole Pine.

Pinus contorta var. Murrayana Engelm.

Leaves yellow-green, usually about 2′ long, although varying from 1′—3′ in length and from ¹/₁₆′ to nearly ⅛′ in width. Fruit occasionally opening as soon as ripe but usually remaining closed and preserving the vitality of the seeds sometimes for twenty years.

A tree, usually 70°—80° but often 150° high, with a trunk generally 2°—3° but occasionally 5°—6° in diameter, slender much-forked branches frequently persistent nearly to the base of the stem, light orange-colored during their early years, somewhat pendulous below, ascending near the top of the tree, and forming a narrow pyramidal spire-topped head. Bark of the trunk rarely more than ¼′ thick, close and firm, light orange-brown and covered by small thin loosely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained and easily worked, not durable, light yellow or nearly white, with thin lighter colored sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber; also used for railway-ties, mine-timbers, and for fuel.

Distribution. Common on the Yukon hills in the valley of the Yukon River; on the interior plateau of northern British Columbia and eastward to the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains, covering with dense forests great areas in the basin of the Columbia River; forming forests on both slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana; on the Yellowstone plateau at elevations of 7000°-8000°; common on the mountains of Wyoming, and extending southward to southern Colorado; the most abundant coniferous tree of the northern Rocky Mountain region; common on the ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon, on the mountains of northern California, and southward along the Sierra Nevada, where it attains its greatest size and beauty in alpine forests at elevations between 8000° and 9500°; in southern California the principal tree at elevations between 7000° and 10,000° on the high peaks of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; on the upper slopes of the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, Lower California.

21. [Pinus Banksiana] Lamb. Gray Pine. Jack Pine.

Pinus divaricata Du Mont de Cours.

Leaves in remote clusters, stout, flat or slightly concave on the inner face, at first light yellow-green, soon becoming dark green, ¾′—1¼′ long, gradually and irregularly deciduous in their second or third year. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female clustered, dark purple, often with 2 clusters produced on the same shoot. Fruit oblong-conic, acute, oblique at base, sessile, usually erect and strongly incurved, 1½′—2′ long, dull purple or green when fully grown, becoming light yellow and lustrous, with thin stiff scales often irregularly developed, and armed with minute incurved often deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, ¹/₁₂′ long, with an almost black roughened shell and wings broadest at the middle, full and rounded at apex, ⅓′ long, ⅛′ wide.

A tree, frequently 70° high, with a straight trunk sometimes free of branches for 20°—30° and rarely exceeding 2° in diameter, long spreading branches forming an open symmetrical head, and slender tough flexible pale yellow-green branchlets turning dark purple during their first winter and darker the following year; often not more than 20°—30° tall, with a stem 10′—12′ in diameter; generally fruiting when only a few years old; sometimes shrubby with several low slender stems. Bark of the trunk thin, dark brown slightly tinged with red, very irregularly divided into narrow rounded connected ridges separating on the surface into small thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, clear pale brown or rarely orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; used for fuel and occasionally for railway-ties and posts; occasionally manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. From Nova Scotia to the valley of the Athabasca River and down the Mackenzie to about latitude 65° north, ranging southward to the coast of Maine, northern New Hampshire and Vermont, the Island of Nantucket (Wauwinet, J. W. Harshburger), northern New York, the shores of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, the southern shores of Lake Michigan in Illinois, the valley of the Wisconsin River, Wisconsin, and central and southeastern Minnesota (with isolated groves in Root River valley, near Rushford, Fillmore County); abundant in central Michigan, covering tracts of barren lands; common and of large size in the region north of Lake Superior; most abundant and of its greatest size west of Lake Winnipeg and north of the Saskatchewan, here often spreading over great areas of sandy sterile soil.

22. [Pinus glabra] Walt. Spruce Pine. Cedar Pine.

Leaves soft, slender, dark green, 1½′—3′ long, marked by numerous rows of stomata, deciduous at the end of their second and in the spring of their third year. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female raised on slender slightly ascending peduncles. Fruit single or in clusters of 2 or 3, reflexed on short stout stalks, subglobose to oblong-ovoid, ½′—2′ long, becoming reddish brown and rather lustrous, with thin slightly concave scales armed with minute straight or incurved usually deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, ⅛′ long, with a thin dark gray shell mottled with black and wings broadest below the middle, ⅝′ long, ¼′ wide.

A tree, usually 80°—100° or occasionally 120° high, with a trunk 2°—2½° or rarely 3½° in diameter, comparatively small horizontal branches, and slender flexible branchlets at first light red more or less tinged with purple, ultimately dark reddish brown. Bark of young trees and upper trunks smooth pale gray becoming on old stems ½′—¾′ thick, slightly and irregularly divided by shallow fissures into flat connected ridges. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel and rarely manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. Valley of the lower Santee River, South Carolina to middle and northwestern Florida; banks of the Alabama River, Dallas County, Alabama; eastern and southwestern Mississippi, and sandy banks of streams in northeastern Louisiana; usually growing singly or in small groves; attaining its largest size and often occupying areas of considerable extent in northwestern Florida.

23. [Pinus echinata] Mill. Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine.

Leaves in clusters of 2 and of 3, slender, flexible, dark blue-green, 3′—5′ long, beginning to fall at the end of their second season and dropping irregularly until their fifth year. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, pale purple; female in clusters of 2 or 3 on stout ascending stems, pale rose color. Fruit ovoid to oblong-conic, subsessile and nearly horizontal or short-stalked and pendant, generally clustered, 1½′—2½′ long, becoming dull brown, with thin scales nearly flat below and rounded at the apex, armed with short straight or somewhat recurved frequently deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, about ³/₁₆′ long, with a thin pale brown hard shell conspicuously mottled with black, their wings broadest near the middle, ½′ long, ⅛′ wide.

A tree, usually 80°—100° occasionally 120° high, with a tall slightly tapering trunk 3°—4° in diameter, a short pyramidal truncate head of comparatively slender branches, and stout brittle pale green or violet-colored branchlets covered at first with a glaucous bloom, becoming dark red-brown tinged with purple before the end of the first season, their bark beginning in the third year to separate into large scales. Bark of the trunk ¾′—1′ thick and broken into large irregularly shaped plates covered with small closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales. Wood very variable in quality, and in the thickness of the nearly white sapwood, heavy, hard, strong and usually coarse-grained, orange-colored or yellow-brown; largely manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. Long Island (near Northport), and Staten Island, New York, and southern Pennsylvania to northern Florida, and westward through the Gulf states to eastern Texas, through Arkansas to southwestern Oklahoma (near Page, Leflore County, G. W. Stevens) and to southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois and to eastern Tennessee and western West Virginia; most abundant and of its largest size west of the Mississippi River.

24. [Pinus virginiana] Mill. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine.

Leaves in remote clusters, stout, gray-green, 1½′—3′ long, marked by many rows of minute stomata, gradually and irregularly deciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in crowded clusters, orange-brown; female on opposite spreading peduncles near the middle of the shoots of the year, generally a little below and alternate with 1 or 2 lateral branchlets, pale green, 2′—3′ long, the scale-tips tinged with rose color. Fruit ovoid-conic, often reflexed, dark red-brown and lustrous, with thin nearly flat scales, and stout or slender persistent prickles, opening in the autumn and slowly shedding their seeds, turning dark reddish brown and remaining on the branches for three or four years; seeds nearly oval, full and rounded, ¼′ long, with a thin pale brown rough shell, their wings broadest at the middle, ⅓′ long, about ⅛′ wide.

A tree, usually 30°—40° high, with a short trunk rarely more than 18′ in diameter, long horizontal or pendulous branches in remote whorls forming a broad open often flat-topped pyramid, and slender tough flexible branchlets at first pale green or green tinged with purple and covered with a glaucous bloom, becoming purple and later light gray-brown; toward the western limits of its range a tree frequently 100° tall, with a trunk 2½°—3° in diameter. Bark of the trunk ¼′—½′ thick, broken by shallow fissures into flat plate-like scales separating on the surface into thin closely appressed dark brown scales tinged with red. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the soil, light orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; often used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. Middle and southern New Jersey; Plymouth, Luzerne County, and central, southern and western Pennsylvania to Columbia County, Georgia, Dallas County, Alabama (near Selma, T. G. Harbison), and to the hills of northeastern Mississippi (Bear Creek near its junction with the Tennessee River, E. N. Lowe), through eastern and middle Tennessee to western Kentucky and to southeastern and southern (Scioto County) Ohio, and southern Indiana; usually small in the Atlantic states and only on light sandy soil, spreading rapidly over exhausted fields; of its largest size west of the Alleghany Mountains on the low hills of southern Indiana.

25. [Pinus clausa] Sarg. Sand Pine. Spruce Pine.

Leaves slender, flexible, dark green, 2′—3½′ long, marked by 10—20 rows of stomata, deciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in short crowded spikes, dark orange color; female lateral on stout peduncles. Fruit elongated ovoid-conic, often oblique at base, usually clustered and reflexed, 2′—3½′ long, nearly sessile or short-stalked, with convex scales armed with short stout straight or recurved prickles, becoming dark yellow-brown in autumn; some of the cones opening at once, others remaining closed for three or four years before liberating their seeds, ultimately turning to an ashy gray color; others still unopened becoming enveloped in the growing tissues of the stem and branches and finally entirely covered by them; seeds nearly triangular, compressed, ¼′ long, with a black slightly roughened shell, their wings widest near or below the middle, ¾′ long, about ¼′ wide.

A tree, usually 15°—20° high, with a stem rarely a foot in diameter, generally clothed to the ground with wide-spreading branches forming a bushy flat-topped head, and slender tough flexible branchlets, pale yellow-green when they first appear, becoming light orange-brown and ultimately ashy gray; occasionally growing to the height of 70°—80° with a trunk 2° in diameter. Bark on the lower part of the trunk ⅓′—½′ thick, deeply divided by narrow fissures into irregularly shaped generally oblong plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed bright red-brown scales; on the upper part of the trunk and on the branches thin, smooth, ashy gray. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, light orange color or yellow, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for the masts of small vessels.

Distribution. Coast of the Gulf of Mexico from southern Alabama to Peace Creek, western Florida; eastern Florida from the neighborhood of St. Augustine to New River, Dade County, covering sandy wind-swept plains near the coast; growing to its largest size and most abundant in the interior of the peninsula (Lake and Orange Counties).

26. [Pinus muricata] D. Don. Prickle-cone Pine.

Leaves in crowded clusters, thick, rigid, dark yellow-green, 4′—6′ long, beginning to fall in their second year. Flowers: male in elongated spikes, orange-colored; female short-stalked, whorled, 2 whorls often being produced on the shoot of the year. Fruit ovoid, oblique at base, sessile, in clusters of 3—5 or sometimes of 7, 2′—3½′ but usually about 3′ long, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, with scales much thickened on the outside of the cone, those toward its base produced into stout incurved knobs sometimes armed with stout flattened spur-like often incurved spines, and on the inside of the cone slightly flattened and armed with stout or slender straight prickles; often remaining closed for several years and usually persistent on the stem and branches during the entire life of the tree without becoming imbedded in the wood; seeds nearly triangular, ¼′ long, with a thin nearly black roughened shell, their wings broadest above the middle, oblique at apex, nearly 1′ long, ⅛′ wide.

A tree, usually 40°—50° but occasionally 90° high, with a trunk 2°—3° in diameter, thick spreading branches covered with dark scaly bark, in youth forming a regular pyramid, and at maturity a handsome compact round-topped head of dense tufted foliage, and stout branchlets dark orange-green at first, turning orange-brown more or less tinged with purple. Bark of the lower part of the trunk often 4′—6′ thick and deeply divided into long narrow rounded ridges roughened by closely appressed dark purplish brown scales. Wood light, very strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. California coast region from Mendocino County southward, usually in widely separated localities to Point Reyes Peninsula, north of the Bay of San Francisco, and from Monterey to Coon Creek, San Luis Obispo County; in Lower California on Cedros Island and on the west coast between Ensenada and San Quentin; of its largest size and the common Pine-tree on the coast of Mendocino County.

27. [Pinus pungens] Lamb. Table Mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.

Leaves in crowded clusters, rigid, usually twisted, dark blue-green, 1¼′—2½′ long, deciduous during their second and third years. Flowers: male in elongated loose spikes, yellow; female clustered, long-stalked. Fruit ovoid-conic, oblique at base by the greater development of the scales on the outer than on the inner side, sessile, reflexed, in clusters usually of 3 or 4, or rarely of 7 or 8, 2′—3½′ long, becoming light brown and lustrous, with thin tough scales armed with stout hooked curved spines produced from much thickened mammillate knobs, opening as soon as ripe and gradually shedding their seeds, or often remaining closed for two or three years longer, and frequently persistent on the branches for eighteen or twenty years; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, nearly ¼′ long, with a thin conspicuously roughened light brown shell, their wings widest below the middle, gradually narrowed to the ends, 1′ long, ¼′ wide.

A tree, when crowded in the forest occasionally 60° high, with a trunk 2°—3° in diameter, and a few short branches near the summit forming a narrow round-topped head; in open ground usually 20°—30° tall, and often fertile when only a few feet high, with a short thick trunk frequently clothed to the ground, and long horizontal branches, the lower pendulous toward the extremities, the upper sweeping in graceful upward curves and forming a flat-topped often irregular head, and stout branchlets, light orange color when they first appear, soon growing darker and ultimately dark brown. Bark on the lower part of the trunk ¾′—1′ thick and broken into irregularly shaped plates separating on the surface into thin loose dark brown scales tinged with red, higher on the stem, and on the branches dark brown and broken into thin loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, pale brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; somewhat used for fuel, and in Pennsylvania manufactured into charcoal.

Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and ridges of the Appalachian Mountains from southern Pennsylvania to North Carolina, eastern Tennessee and northern Georgia, sometimes ascending to elevations of 3000°, with isolated outlying stations in eastern Pennsylvania, western New Jersey, Maryland, the District of Columbia and Virginia; often forming toward the southern limits of its range pure forests of considerable extent.

28. [Pinus Torreyana] Carr. Torrey Pine.

Leaves forming great tufts at the ends of the branches, stout, dark green, conspicuously marked on the 3 faces by numerous rows of stomata, 8′—13′ long. Flowers from January to March; male yellow, in short dense heads; female subterminal on long stout peduncles. Fruit broad-ovoid, spreading or reflexed on long stalks, 4′—6′ in length, becoming deep chestnut-brown, with thick scales armed with minute spines; mostly deciduous in their fourth year and in falling leaving a few of the barren scales on the stalk attached to the branch; seeds oval, more or less angled, ¾′—1′ long, dull brown and mottled on the lower side, light yellow-brown on the upper side, with a thick hard shell, nearly surrounded by their dark brown wings often nearly ½′ long.

A tree, usually 30°—40° high, with a short trunk about 1° in diameter, or occasionally 50°—60° tall, with a long straight slightly tapering stem 2½° in diameter, stout spreading and often ascending branches, and very stout branchlets bright green in their first season, becoming light purple and covered with a metallic bloom the following year, ultimately nearly black. Bark ¾′—1′ thick, deeply and irregularly divided into broad flat ridges covered by large thin closely appressed light red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light yellow, with thick yellow or nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel. The large edible seeds are gathered in large quantities and are eaten raw or roasted.

Distribution. Only in a narrow belt a few miles long on the coast near the mouth of the Soledad River just north of San Diego and on the island of Santa Rosa, California; the least widely distributed Pine-tree of the United States.

Now planted in the parks of San Diego, California, and in New Zealand, growing rapidly in cultivation, and promising to attain a much larger size than on its native cliffs.

2. LARIX Adans. Larch.

Tall pyramidal trees, with thick sometimes furrowed scaly bark, heavy heartwood, thin pale sapwood, slender remote horizontal often pendulous branches, elongated leading branchlets, short thick spur-like lateral branchlets, and small subglobose buds, their inner scales accrescent and marking the lateral branchlets with prominent ring-like scars. Leaves awl-shaped, triangular and rounded above, or rarely 4-angled, spirally disposed and remote on leading shoots, on lateral branchlets in crowded fascicles, each leaf in the axil of a deciduous bud-scale, deciduous. Flowers solitary, terminal, the staminate globose, oval or oblong, sessile or stalked, on leafless branches, yellow, composed of numerous spirally arranged anthers with connectives produced above them into short points, the pistillate appearing with the leaves, short-oblong to oblong, composed of few or many green nearly orbicular stalked scales in the axes of much longer mucronate usually scarlet bracts. Fruit a woody ovoid-oblong conic or subglobose short-stalked cone composed of slightly thickened suborbicular or oblong-obovate concave scales, shorter or longer than their bracts, gradually decreasing from the centre to the ends of the cone, the small scales usually sterile. Seeds nearly triangular, rounded on the sides, shorter than their wings; the outer seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown and lustrous; cotyledons usually 6, much shorter than the inferior radicle.

Larix is widely distributed over the northern and mountainous region of the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to the mountains of West Virginia and Oregon in the New World, and to central Europe, the Himalayas, Siberia, Korea, western China, and Japan in the Old World. Ten species are recognized. Of the exotic species the European Larix decidua, Mill., has been much planted for timber and ornament in the northeastern states, where the Japanese Larix Kœmpferi, Sarg., also flourishes.

Larix is the classical name of the Larch-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Cones small, subglobose; their scales few, longer than the bracts, leaves triangular.1. [L. laricina] (A, B, F). Cones elongated; their scales numerous, shorter than the bracts. Young branchlets pubescent, soon becoming glabrous; leaves triangular.2. [L. occidentalis] (B, G). Young branchlets tomentose; leaves 4-angled.3. [L. Lyallii] (B, F).

1. [Larix laricina] K. Koch. Tamarack. Larch.

Larix americana Michx.

Leaves linear, triangular, rounded above, prominently keeled on the lower surface, ¾′—1¼′ long, bright green, conspicuously stomatiferous when they first appear; turning yellow and falling in September or October. Flowers: male subglobose and sessile; female oblong, with light-colored bracts produced into elongated green tips, and nearly orbicular rose-red scales. Fruit on stout incurved stems, subglobose, rather obtuse, ½′—¾′ long, composed of about 20 scales slightly erose on their nearly entire margins, rather longer than broad and twice as long as their bracts, bright chestnut-brown at maturity; usually falling during their second year; seeds ⅛′ long, about one third as long as their light chestnut-brown wings broadest near the middle and obliquely rounded at apex.

A tree, 50°—60° high, with a trunk 18′—20′ in diameter, small horizontal branches forming during the early life of the tree a narrow regular pyramidal head always characteristic of this tree when crowded in the forest, or with abundant space sweeping out in graceful curves, often becoming contorted and pendulous and forming a broad open frequently picturesque head, and slender leading branchlets often covered at first with a glaucous bloom, becoming light orange-brown during their first winter and conspicuous from the small globose dark red lustrous buds. Bark ½′—¾′ thick, separating into thin closely appressed rather bright reddish brown scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, very durable, light brown; largely used for the upper knees of small vessels, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, and railway-ties.

Distribution. At the north often on well-drained uplands, southward in cold deep swamps which it often clothes with forests of closely crowded trees, from Labrador to the Arctic Circle, ranging west of the Rocky Mountains to latitude 65° 35′ north, and southward through Canada and the northern states to northern and eastern Pennsylvania, Garrett County, Maryland (Oakland to Thayerville), and Preston County, West Virginia (Cranesville Swamp), northern Indiana and Illinois, and northeastern Minnesota; along the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains to about latitude 53° and between the Yukon River and Cook Inlet, Alaska (Larix alaskensis Wight.); very abundant in the interior of Labrador, where it is the largest tree; common along the margins of the barren lands stretching beyond the sub-Arctic forest to the shores of the Arctic Sea; attaining its largest size north of Lake Winnipeg on low benches which it occasionally covers with open forests; on the eastern slopes of the northern Rocky Mountains usually at elevation from 600°—1700° above the sea; rare and local toward the southern limits of its range.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northeastern states, growing rapidly and attaining in cultivation a large size and picturesque habit.

2. [Larix occidentalis] Nutt. Tamarack.

Leaves triangular, rounded on the back, conspicuously keeled below, rigid, sharp-pointed, 1′—1¾′ long, about ¹/₃₂′ wide, light pale green, turning pale yellow early in the autumn. Flowers: male short-oblong; female oblong, nearly sessile, with orbicular scales and bracts produced into elongated tips. Fruit oblong, short-stalked, 1′—1½′ long, with numerous thin stiff scales nearly entire and sometimes a little reflexed on their margins, much shorter than their bracts, more or less thickly coated on the lower surface below the middle with hoary tomentum, and standing after the escape of the seeds at right angles to the axis of the cone, or often becoming reflexed; seeds nearly ¼′ long, with a pale brown shell, one half to two thirds as long as the thin fragile pale wings broadest near the middle and obliquely rounded at apex.

A tree, sometimes 180° high, with a tall tapering naked trunk 6°—8° in diameter, or on dry soil and exposed mountain slopes usually not more than 100° tall, with a short narrow pyramidal head of small branches clothed with scanty foliage, or occasionally with a larger crown of elongated drooping branches, stout branchlets covered when they first appear with soft pale pubescence, usually soon glabrous, bright orange-brown in their first year, ultimately becoming dark gray-brown, and dark chestnut-brown winter-buds about ⅛′ in diameter. Bark of young stems thin, dark-colored and scaly, becoming near the base of old trunks 5′ or 6′ thick and broken into irregularly shaped oblong plates often 2° long and covered with thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, bright light red, with thin nearly white sapwood; largely used for railway-ties and fence-posts, and manufactured into lumber used in cabinet-making and the interior finish of buildings.

Distribution. Moist bottom-lands and on high benches and dry mountain sides generally at elevations between 2000° and 7000° above sea-level, usually singly or in small groves, through the basin of the upper Columbia River from southern British Columbia to the western slopes of the continental divide of northern Montana, and to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains of Washington and northern Oregon; most abundant and of its largest size on the bottom-lands of streams flowing into Flat Head Lake in northern Montana, and in northern Idaho.

Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe, but in cultivation showing little promise of attaining a large size or becoming a valuable ornamental or timber-tree.

3. [Larix Lyallii] Parl. Tamarack.

Leaves 4-angled, rigid, short-pointed, pale blue-green, 1′—1½′ long. Flowers: male short-oblong; female ovoid-oblong, with dark red or occasionally pale yellow-green scales and dark purple bracts abruptly contracted into elongated slender tips. Fruit ovoid, rather acute, 1½′—2′ long, subsessile or raised on a slender stalk coated with hoary tomentum, with dark reddish purple or rarely green erose scales, fringed and covered on their lower surface with matted hairs at maturity spreading nearly at right angles and finally much reflexed, much shorter than their dark purple very conspicuous long-tipped bracts; seeds full and rounded on the sides, ⅛′ long and about half as long as their light red lustrous wings broadest near the base with nearly parallel sides.

A tree, usually 25°—50° high, with a trunk generally 18′—20′ but rarely 3°—4° in diameter, and remote elongated exceedingly tough persistent branches sometimes pendulous, developing very irregularly and often abruptly ascending at the extremities, stout branchlets coated with hoary tomentum usually persistent until after their second winter, ultimately becoming nearly black, and prominent winter-buds with conspicuous long white matted hairs fringing the margins of their scales and often almost entirely covering the bud. Bark of young trees and of the branches thin, rather lustrous, smooth, and pale gray tinged with yellow, becoming loose and scaly on larger stems and on the large branches of old trees, and on fully grown trunks ½′—¾′ thick and slightly divided by shallow fissures into irregularly shaped plates covered by thin dark-red brown loosely attached scales. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, light reddish brown.

Distribution. Near the timber-line on mountain slopes at elevations of 4000°—8000°, from southern Alberta on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and from the interior of southern British Columbia, southward along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains of northern Washington to Mt. Stewart at the head of the north fork of the Yakima River, and along the continental divide to the middle fork of Sun River, Montana, forming here a forest of considerable size at elevations of 7000°—8000°, and on the Bitter Root Mountains to the headwaters of the south fork of the Clearwater River, Idaho.

3. PICEA Dietr. Spruce.

Pyramidal trees, with tall tapering trunks often stoutly buttressed at the base, thin scaly bark, soft pale wood containing numerous resin-canals, slender whorled twice or thrice ramified branches, their ultimate divisions stout, glabrous or pubescent, and leaf-buds usually in 3’s, the 2 lateral in the axils of upper leaves. Leaves linear, spirally disposed, extending out from the branch on all sides or occasionally appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of those on its lower side, mostly pointing to the end of the branch, entire, articulate on prominent persistent rhomboid ultimately woody bases, keeled above and below, 4-sided and stomatiferous on the 4 sides, or flattened and stomatiferous on the upper and occasionally on the lower side, persistent from seven to ten years, deciduous in drying. Flowers terminal or in the axils of upper leaves, the male usually long-stalked, composed of numerous spirally arranged anthers with connectives produced into broad nearly circular toothed crests, the female oblong, oval or cylindric, with rounded or pointed scales, each in the axis of an accrescent bract shorter than the scale at maturity. Fruit an ovoid or oblong, cylindric pendant cone, crowded on the upper branches or in some species scattered over the upper half of the tree. Seeds ovoid or oblong, usually acute at base, much shorter than their wings; outer seed-coat crustaceous, light or dark brown, the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown; cotyledons 4—15.

Picea is widely distributed through the colder and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, some species forming great forests on plains and high mountain slopes. Thirty-seven species are now recognized, ranging from the Arctic Circle to the slopes of the southern Appalachian Mountains and to those of northern New Mexico and Arizona in the New World, and to central and southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Himalayas, western China, Formosa and Japan. Of exotic species the so-called Norway Spruce, Picea Abies Karst., one of the most valuable timber-trees of Europe, has been largely planted for ornament and shelter in the eastern states, where the Caucasian Picea orientalis Carr., and some of the Japanese species also flourish.

Picea was probably the classical name of the Spruce-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves 4-sided, with stomata on the 4 sides. Cone-scales rounded at apex. Cone-scales stiff and rigid at maturity; branchlets pubescent. Cones ovoid on strongly incurved stalks, persistent for many years, their scales erose or dentate; leaves blue-green.1. [P. mariana] (A, B, F). Cones ovoid-oblong, early deciduous, their scales entire or denticulate; leaves dark yellow-green.2. [P. rubra] (A). Cone-scales soft and flexible at maturity; branchlets glabrous; cones oblong-cylindric, slender, their scales entire; leaves blue-green.3. [P. glauca] (A, B, F). Cone-scales truncate or acute at apex, oblong or rhombic; leaves blue-green. Cones oblong-cylindric or ellipsoidal; branchlets pubescent; leaves soft and flexible.4. [P. Engelmannii] (F, B, G). Cones oblong-cylindric; branchlets glabrous; leaves rigid, spinescent.5. [P. pungens] (F). Leaves flattened, usually with stomata only on the upper surface; cone-scales rounded. Cone-scales ovate, entire; branchlets pubescent; cones ellipsoidal, leaves obtuse.6. [P. Breweriana] (G). Cone-scales elliptic, denticulate above the middle; branchlets glabrous; cones oblong-cylindric, leaves acute or acuminate, with stomata occasionally on the lower surface.7. [P. sitchensis] (B, G).

1. [Picea mariana] B. S. P. Black Spruce.

Leaves slightly incurved above the middle, abruptly contracted at apex into short callous tips, pale blue-green and glaucous at maturity, ¼′—¾′ long, hoary on the upper surface from the broad bands of stomata, and lustrous and slightly stomatiferous on the lower surface. Flowers: male subglobose, with dark red anthers; female oblong-cylindric, with obovate purple scales rounded above, and oblong purple glaucous bracts rounded and denticulate at apex. Fruit ovoid, pointed, gradually narrowed at the base into short strongly incurved stalks, ½′—1½′ long, with rigid puberulous scales rounded or rarely somewhat pointed at apex and more or less erose on the notched pale margins, turning as they ripen dull gray-brown and becoming as the scales gradually open and slowly discharge their seeds almost globose; sometimes remaining on the branches for twenty or thirty years, the oldest close to the base of the branches near the trunk; seeds oblong, narrowed to the acute base, about ⅛′ long, very dark brown, with delicate pale brown wings broadest above the middle, very oblique at the apex, about ½′ long, ⅛′ wide.

A tree, usually 20°—30° and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 6′—12′ and rarely 3° in diameter, and comparatively short branches generally pendulous with upward curves, forming an open irregular crown, light green branchlets coated with pale pubescence, soon beginning to grow darker, and during their first winter light cinnamon-brown and covered with short rusty pubescence, their thin brown bark gradually becoming glabrous and beginning to break into small thin scales during their second year; at the extreme north sometimes cone-bearing when only 2°—3° high. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, light reddish brown, puberulous, about ⅛′ long. Bark ¼′—½′ thick and broken on the surface into thin rather closely appressed gray-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, pale yellow-white, with thin sapwood; probably rarely used outside of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, except in the manufacture of paper pulp. Spruce-gum, the resinous exudations of the Spruce-trees of northeastern America, is gathered in considerable quantities principally in northern New England and Canada, and is used as a masticatory. Spruce-beer is made by boiling the branches of the Black and Red Spruces.

Distribution. At the north on well-drained bottom-lands and the slopes of barren stony hills, and southward in sphagnum-covered bogs, swamps, and on their borders, from Labrador to the valley of the Mackenzie River in about latitude 65° north, and, crossing the Rocky Mountains, through the interior of Alaska to the valley of White River; southward through Newfoundland, the maritime provinces, eastern Canada and the northeastern United States to central Pennsylvania, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Virginia; and from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, through northern Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba, and south to northeastern and northern Minnesota, and central Wisconsin and Michigan; very abundant at the far north and the largest coniferous tree of Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba, covering here large areas and growing to its largest size; common in Newfoundland and all the provinces of eastern Canada except southern Ontario; in the United States less abundant, of small size, and usually only in cold sphagnum swamps (var. brevifolia Rehd.)

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree, the Black Spruce is short-lived in cultivation and one of the least desirable of all Spruce-trees for the decoration of parks and gardens.

2. [Picea rubra] Link. Red Spruce.

Picea rubens Sarg.

Leaves more or less incurved above the middle, acute or rounded and furnished at the apex with short callous points, dark green often slightly tinged with yellow, very lustrous, marked on the upper surface by 4 rows and on the lower less conspicuously by 2 rows of stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, ½′—⅝′ long, nearly ¹/₁₆′ wide. Flowers: male oval, almost sessile, bright red; female oblong-cylindric, with thin rounded scales reflexed and slightly erose on their margins, and obovate bracts rounded and laciniate above. Fruit on very short straight or incurved stalks, ovoid-oblong, gradually narrowed from near the middle to the acute apex, 1¼′—2′ long, with rigid puberulous scales entire or slightly toothed at the apex; bright green or green somewhat tinged with purple when fully grown, becoming light reddish brown and lustrous at maturity, beginning to fall as soon as the scales open in the autumn or early winter, and generally disappearing from the branches the following summer; seeds dark brown, about ⅛′ long, with short broad wings full and rounded above the middle.

A tree, usually 70°—80° and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 2°—3° in diameter, branches long-persistent on the stem and clothing it to the ground, forming a narrow rather conical head, or soon disappearing below from trees crowded in the forest, stout pubescent light green branchlets, becoming bright reddish brown or orange-brown during their first winter, glabrous the following year, and covered in their third or fourth year with scaly bark. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, ¼′—⅓′ long, with light reddish brown scales. Bark ¼′—½′ thick, and broken into thin closely appressed irregularly shaped red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, not strong, pale slightly tinged with red, with paler sapwood usually about 2′ thick; largely manufactured into lumber in the northeastern states, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and used for the flooring and construction of houses, for the sounding-boards of musical instruments, and in the manufacture of paper-pulp.

Distribution. Well-drained uplands and mountain slopes, often forming a large part of extensive forests, from Prince Edward Island and the valley of the St. Lawrence southward to the coast of Massachusetts, along the interior hilly part of New England, New York, and northern Pennsylvania and on the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains at elevations above 2500 feet from West Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee.

Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe as an ornamental tree, but growing in cultivation more slowly than any other Spruce-tree.

3. [Picea glauca] Voss. White Spruce.

Picea canadensis B. S. P.

Leaves crowded on the upper side of the branches by the twisting of those on the lower side, incurved, acute or acuminate with rigid callous tips, pale blue and hoary when they first appear, becoming dark blue-green or pale blue, marked on each of the 4 sides by 3 or 4 rows of stomata, ⅓′—¾′ long. Flowers: male pale red, soon appearing yellow from the thick covering of pollen; female oblong-cylindric, with round nearly entire pale red or yellow-green scales, broader than long, and nearly orbicular denticulate bracts. Fruit nearly sessile or borne on short thin straight stems, oblong-cylindric, slender, slightly narrowed to the ends, rather obtuse at apex, usually about 2′ long, pale green sometimes tinged with red when fully grown, becoming at maturity pale brown and lustrous, with nearly orbicular scales, rounded, truncate, and slightly emarginate, or rarely narrowed at apex, and very thin, flexible and elastic at maturity, usually deciduous in the autumn or during the following winter; seeds about ⅛′ long, pale brown, with narrow wings gradually widened from the base to above the middle and very oblique at the apex.

A tree, with disagreeable smelling foliage, rarely more than 60°—70° tall, with a trunk not more than 2° in diameter, long comparatively thick branches densely clothed with stout rigid laterals sweeping out in graceful upward curves, and forming a broad-based rather open pyramid often obtuse at the apex, stout glabrous branchlets orange-brown during their first autumn and winter, gradually growing darker grayish brown. Winter-buds broadly ovoid, obtuse, covered by light chestnut-brown scales with thin often reflexed ciliate margins. Bark ¼′—½′ thick, separating irregularly into thin plate-like light gray scales more or less tinged with brown. Wood light, soft, not strong, straight-grained light yellow, with hardly distinguishable sapwood; manufactured into lumber in the eastern provinces of Canada and in Alaska, and used in construction, for the interior finish of buildings, and for paper-pulp.

Distribution. Banks and borders of streams and lakes, ocean cliffs, and in the north the rocky slopes of low hills, from Labrador along the northern frontier of the forest nearly to the shores of the Arctic Sea, reaching Behring Strait in 66° 44′ north latitude, and southward down the Atlantic coast to southern Maine, northern New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York, shores of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, and through the interior of Alaska.

The variety (var. albertiana Sarg.) of the Gaspé Peninsula and the valleys of the Black Hills of South Dakota and of the Rocky Mountains of northern Wyoming, Montana, Alberta and northward, is a tree with a narrow pyramidal head, sometimes 150° high, with a trunk 3° to 4° in diameter, and shorter and rather broader cones than those of the typical White Spruce of the east, although not shorter or as short as the cones of that tree in the extreme north.

Often planted in Canada, northern New England, and northern Europe as an ornamental tree; in southern New England and southward suffering from heat and dryness.

4. [Picea Engelmannii] Engelm. White Spruce. Engelmann Spruce.

Leaves soft and flexible, with acute callous tips, slender, nearly straight or slightly incurved on vigorous sterile branches, stouter, shorter, and more incurved on fertile branches, 1′—1⅛′ long, marked on each face by 3—5 rows of stomata, covered at first with a glaucous bloom, soon becoming dark blue-green or pale steel-blue. Flowers: male dark purple; female bright scarlet, with pointed or rounded and more or less divided scales, and oblong bracts rounded or acute or acuminate and denticulate at apex or obovate-oblong and abruptly acuminate. Fruit oblong-cylindric to ellipsoidal, gradually narrowed to the ends, usually about 2′ long, sessile or very short-stalked, produced in great numbers on the upper branches, horizontal and ultimately pendulous, light green somewhat tinged with scarlet when fully grown, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, with thin flexible slightly concave scales, generally erose-dentate or rarely almost entire on the margins, usually broadest at the middle, wedge-shaped below, and gradually contracted above into a truncate or acute apex, or occasionally obovate and rounded above; mostly deciduous in the autumn or early in their first winter soon after the escape of the seeds; seeds obtuse at the base, nearly black, about ⅛′ long and much shorter than their broad very oblique wings.

A tree, with disagreeable smelling foliage sometimes 120° high, with a trunk 3° in diameter, spreading branches produced in regular whorls and forming a narrow compact pyramidal head, gracefully hanging short lateral branches, and comparatively slender branchlets pubescent for three or four years, light or dark orange-brown or gray tinged with brown during their first winter, their bark beginning to separate into small flaky scales in their fourth or fifth year; at its highest altitudes low and stunted with elongated branches pressed close to the ground. Winter-buds conic or slightly obtuse, with pale chestnut-brown scales scarious and often free and slightly reflexed on the margins. Bark ¼′—½′ thick, light cinnamon-red, and broken into large thin loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, pale yellow tinged with red, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood; largely manufactured into lumber used in the construction of buildings; also employed for fuel and charcoal. The bark is sometimes employed in tanning leather.

Distribution. High mountain slopes, often forming great forests from the mountains of Alberta, British Columbia and Alaska, southward over the interior mountain systems of the continent to southern New Mexico (the Sacramento Mountains) and northern Arizona, from elevations of 5000° at the north up to 11,500° and occasionally to 12,000° at the south, and westward through Montana and Idaho to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon; attaining its greatest size and beauty north of the northern boundary of the United States.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the New England states and northern Europe, where it grows vigorously and promises to attain a large size; usually injured in western Europe by spring frosts.

5. [Picea pungens] Englm. Blue Spruce. Colorado Spruce.

Picea Parryana Sarg.

Leaves strongly incurved, especially those on the upper side of the branches, stout, rigid, acuminate and tipped with long callous sharp points, 1′—1⅛′ long on sterile branches, often not more than half as long on the fertile branches of old trees, marked on each side by 4—7 rows of stomata, dull bluish green on some individuals and light or dark steel-blue or silvery white on others, the blue colors gradually changing to dull blue-green at the end of three or four years. Flowers: male yellow tinged with red; female with broad oblong or slightly obovate pale green scales truncate or slightly emarginate at the denticulate apex, and acute bracts. Fruit produced on the upper third of the tree, sessile or short-stalked, oblong-cylindric, slightly narrowed at the ends, usually about 3′ long, green more or less tinged with red when fully grown at midsummer, becoming pale chestnut-brown and lustrous, with flat tough rhombic scales flexuose on the margins, and acute, rounded or truncate at the elongated erose apex; seeds ⅛′ long or about half the length of their wings, gradually widening to above the middle and full and rounded at apex.

A tree, usually 80°—100° or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk rarely 3° in diameter and occasionally divided into 3 or 4 stout secondary stems, rigid horizontal branches disposed on young trees in remote whorls and decreasing regularly in length from below upward, the short stout stiff branchlets pointing forward and making flat-topped masses of foliage; branches on old trees short and remote, with stout lateral branches forming a thin ragged pyramidal crown; branchlets stout, rigid, glabrous, pale glaucous green, becoming bright orange-brown during the first winter and ultimately light grayish brown. Winter-buds stout, obtuse or rarely acute, ¼′—½′ long, with thin pale chestnut-brown scales usually reflexed on the margins. Bark of young trees gray or gray tinged with cinnamon-red and broken into small oblong plate-like scales, becoming on the lower part of old trunks ¾′—1½′ thick and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed pale gray or occasionally bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, weak, pale brown or often nearly white, with hardly distinguishable sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams or on the first benches above them singly or in small groves at elevations between 6500° and 11,000° above the sea; Colorado and eastern Utah northward to the northern end of the Medicine Bow Mountains and on the Laramie Range in southern and on the Shoshone and Teton Mountains in northwestern Wyoming, and southward into northern New Mexico (Sierra Bianca, alt. 8000°—11,000°, Sacramento Mountains, Pecos River National Forest).

Often planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern and northern states and in western and northern Europe, especially individuals with blue foliage; very beautiful in early life but in cultivation soon becoming unsightly from the loss of the lower branches.

6. [Picea Breweriana] S. Wats. Weeping Spruce.

Leaves abruptly narrowed and obtuse at apex, straight or slightly incurved, rounded and obscurely ridged and dark green and lustrous on the lower surface, flattened and conspicuously marked on the upper surface by 4 or 5 rows of stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, ¾′—1⅛′ long, ¹/₁₆′—¹/₁₀′ wide. Flowers: male dark purple; female oblong-cylindric, with obovate scales rounded above and reflexed on the entire margins, and oblong bracts laciniately divided at their rounded or acute apex. Fruit ellipsoidal, gradually narrowed from the middle to the ends, acute at apex, rather oblique at base, suspended on straight slender stalks, deep rich purple or green more or less tinged with purple when fully grown, becoming light orange-brown, 2′—4′ long, with thin broadly ovate flat scales longer than broad, rounded at apex, opening late in the autumn after the escape of the seeds, often becoming strongly reflexed and very flexible; usually remaining on the branches until their second winter; seeds acute at base, full and rounded on the sides, ⅛′ long, dark brown, and about one quarter the length of their wings broadest toward the full and rounded apex.

A tree, usually 80°—100° high, with a trunk 2°—3° in diameter above the swelling of its enlarged and gradually tapering base, and furnished to the ground with crowded branches, those at the top of the tree short and slightly ascending, with comparatively short pendulous lateral branches, those lower on the tree horizontal or pendulous and clothed with slender flexible whip-like laterals often 7°—8° long and not more than ¼′ thick and furnished with numerous long thin lateral branchlets, their ultimate divisions slender, coated with fine pubescence persistent until their third season, bright red-brown during their first winter, gradually growing dark gray-brown. Winter-buds conic, light chestnut-brown, ¼′ long and ⅛′ thick. Bark ½′—¾′ thick, broken into long thin closely appressed scales dull red-brown on the surface. Wood heavy, soft, close-grained, light brown or nearly white, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood.

Distribution. Dry mountain ridges and peaks near the timber-line on both slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains on the boundary between California and Oregon, forming small groves at elevations of about 7000° above the sea; on a high peak west of Marble Mountain in Siskiyou County, California; on the coast ranges of southwestern Oregon at elevations of 4000°—5000°.

7. [Picea sitchensis] Carr. Tideland Spruce. Sitka Spruce.

Leaves standing out from all sides of the branches and often nearly at right angles to them, frequently bringing their white upper surface to view by a twist at their base, straight or slightly incurved, acute or acuminate with long callous tips, slightly rounded, green, lustrous, and occasionally marked on the lower surface with 2 or 3 rows of small conspicuous stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, flattened, obscurely ridged and almost covered with broad silvery white bands of numerous rows of stomata on the upper surface, ½′—1⅛′ long and ¹/₁₆′—¹/₁₂′ wide, mostly persistent 9—11 years. Flowers: male at the ends of the pendant lateral branchlets, dark red; female on rigid terminal shoots of the branches of the upper half of the tree, with nearly orbicular denticulate scales, often slightly truncate above and completely hidden by their elongated acuminate bracts. Fruit oblong-cylindric, short-stalked, yellow-green often tinged with dark red when fully grown, becoming lustrous and pale yellow or reddish brown, 2½′—4′ long, with thin stiff elliptic scales rounded toward the apex, denticulate above the middle, and nearly twice as long as their lanceolate denticulate bracts; deciduous mostly during their first autumn and winter; seeds full and rounded, acute at the base, pale reddish brown, about ⅛′ long, with narrow oblong slightly oblique wings ⅓′—½′ in length.

A tree, usually about 100° high, with a conspicuously tapering trunk often 3°—4° in diameter above its strongly buttressed and much-enlarged base, occasionally 200° tall, with a trunk 15°—16° in diameter, horizontal branches forming an open loose pyramid and on older trees clothed with slender pendant lateral branches frequently 2°—3° long, and stout rigid glabrous branchlets pale green at first, becoming dark or light orange-brown during their first autumn and winter and finally dark gray-brown; at the extreme northwestern limits of its range occasionally reduced to a low shrub. Winter-buds ovoid, acute or conical, ¼′—½′ long, with pale chestnut-brown acute scales, often tipped with short points and more or less reflexed above the middle. Bark ¼′—½′ thick and broken on the surface into large thin loosely attached dark red-brown or on young trees sometimes bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, straight-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood; largely manufactured into lumber used in the interior finish of buildings, for fencing, boat-building, aeroplanes, cooperage, wooden-ware, and packing-cases.

Distribution. Moist sandy, often swampy soil, or less frequently at the far north on wet rocky slopes, from the eastern end of Kadiak Island, southward through the coast region of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon to Mendocino County, California; in Washington, occasionally ranging inland to the upper valley of the Nesqually River.

Often planted in western and central Europe and occasionally in the middle Atlantic states as an ornamental tree.

4. TSUGA Carr. Hemlock.

Tall pyramidal trees, with deeply furrowed astringent bark bright cinnamon-red except on the surface, soft pale wood, nodding leading shoots, slender scattered horizontal often pendulous branches, the secondary branches three or four times irregularly pinnately ramified, with slender round glabrous or pubescent ultimate divisions, the whole forming graceful pendant masses of foliage, and minute winter-buds. Leaves flat or angular, obtuse and often emarginate or acute at apex, spirally disposed, usually appearing almost 2-ranked by the twisting of their petioles, those on the upper side of the branch then much shorter than the others, abruptly narrowed into short petioles jointed on ultimately woody persistent bases, with stomata on the lower surface; on one species not 2-ranked, and of nearly equal length, with stomata on both surfaces. Flowers solitary, the male in the axils of leaves of the previous year, globose, composed of numerous subglobose anthers, with connectives produced into short gland-like tips, the female terminal, erect, with nearly circular scales slightly longer or shorter than their membranaceous bracts. Fruit an ovoid-oblong, oval, or oblong-cylindric obtuse usually pendulous nearly sessile green or rarely purple cone becoming light or dark reddish brown, with concave suborbicular or ovate-oblong scales thin and entire on the margins, much longer than their minute bracts, persistent on the axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds. Seeds furnished with resin-vesicles, ovoid-oblong, compressed, nearly surrounded by their much longer obovate-oblong wings; outer seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown, and lustrous; cotyledons 3—6, much shorter than the inferior radicle.

Tsuga is confined to temperate North America, Japan, central and southwestern China, Formosa, and the Himalayas; nine species have been distinguished.

Tsuga is the Japanese name of the Hemlock-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves flat, obtuse or emarginate at apex, with stomata only on the lower surface; cones ovoid, oblong or oblong-ovoid. Cones stalked. Cone-scales broad-obovate, about as wide as long, their bracts broad and truncate.1. [T. canadensis] (A). Cone-scales narrow-oval, much longer than wide, their bracts obtusely pointed.2. [T. caroliniana] (A). Cones sessile; cone-scales oval, often abruptly contracted near the middle, their bracts gradually narrowed to an obtuse point.3. [T. heterophylla] (B, F, G). Leaves convex or keeled above, bluntly pointed, with stomata on both surfaces; cones oblong-cylindric, their scales oblong-obovate, longer than broad, much longer than their acuminate short-pointed bracts.4. [T. Mertensiana] (B, F, G).

1. [Tsuga canadensis] Carr. Hemlock.

Leaves, rounded and rarely emarginate at apex, dark yellow-green, lustrous and obscurely grooved especially toward the base on the upper surface, marked on the lower surface by 5 or 6 rows of stomata on each side of the low broad midrib, ⅓′—⅔′ long, about ¹/₁₆′ wide, deciduous in their third season from dark orange-colored persistent bases. Flowers: male light yellow; female pale green, with broad bracts coarsely laciniate on the margins and shorter than their scales. Fruit on slender puberulous stalks often ¼′ long, ovoid, acute, ½′—¾′ long, with broad-obovate scales almost as wide as long, and broad truncate bracts slightly laciniate on the margins, opening and gradually losing their seeds during the winter and mostly persistent on the branches until the following spring; seeds ¹/₁₆′ long, usually with 2 or 3 large oil-vesicles, nearly half as long as their wings broad at the base and gradually tapering to the rounded apex.

A tree, usually 60°—70°, and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 2°—4° in diameter, gradually and conspicuously tapering toward the apex, long slender horizontal or pendulous branches, persistent until overshadowed by other trees, and forming a broad-based rather obtuse pyramid, and slender light yellow-brown pubescent branchlets, growing darker during their first winter and glabrous and dark red-brown tinged with purple in their third season. Winter-buds obtuse, light chestnut-brown, slightly puberulous, about ¹/₁₆′ long. Bark ½′—¾′ thick, deeply divided into narrow rounded ridges covered with thick closely appressed scales varying from cinnamon-red to gray more or less tinged with purple. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable when exposed to the air, light brown tinged with red, with thin somewhat darker sapwood; largely manufactured into coarse lumber employed for the outside finish of buildings. The astringent inner bark affords the largest part of the material used in the northeastern states and Canada in tanning leather. From the young branches oil of hemlock is distilled.

Distribution. Scattered through upland forests and often covering the northern slopes of rocky ridges and the steep rocky banks of narrow river-gorges from Nova Scotia to eastern Minnesota (Carleton County), and southward through the northern states to Newcastle County, Delaware, cliffs of Tuckahoe Creek, Queen Anne’s County, Maryland, southern Michigan, southern Indiana (bank of Back Creek near Leesville, Laurence County), southwestern Wisconsin, and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia, and in northern Alabama; most abundant and frequently an important element of the forest in New England, northern New York, and western Pennsylvania; attaining its largest size near streams on the slopes of the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

Largely cultivated with numerous seminal varieties as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and in western and central Europe.

2. [Tsuga caroliniana] Engelm. Hemlock.

Leaves retuse or often emarginate at apex, dark green, lustrous and conspicuously grooved on the upper surface, marked on the lower surface by a band of 7 or 8 rows of stomata on each side of the midrib, ⅓′—¾′ long, about ¹/₁₂′ wide, deciduous from the orange-red bases during their fifth year. Flowers: male tinged with purple; female purple, with broadly ovate bracts, scarious and erose on the margins and about as long as their scales. Fruit on short stout stalks, oblong, 1′—1½′ long, with narrow-oval scales gradually narrowed and rounded at apex, rather abruptly contracted at base into distinct stipes, thin, concave, puberulous on the outer surface, twice as long as their broad pale bracts, spreading nearly at right angles to the axis of the cone at maturity, their bracts rather longer than wide, wedge-shaped, pale, nearly truncate or slightly pointed at the broad apex; seeds ⅙′ long, with numerous small oil-vesicles on the lower side, and one quarter as long as the pale lustrous wings broad or narrow at the base and narrowed to the rounded apex.

A tree, usually 40°—50°, or occasionally 70° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2° in diameter, short stout often pendulous branches forming a handsome compact pyramidal head, and slender light orange-brown pubescent branchlets, usually becoming glabrous and dull brown more or less tinged with orange during their third year. Winter-buds obtuse, dark chestnut-brown, pubescent, nearly ⅛′ long. Bark of the trunk ¾′—1¼′ thick, red-brown, and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges covered with thin closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, pale brown tinged with red, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Rocky banks of streams usually at elevations between 2500° and 3000° on the Blue Ridge from southwestern Virginia to northern Georgia, generally singly or in small scattered groves of a few individuals.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and in western Europe.

3. [Tsuga heterophylla] Sarg. Hemlock.

Leaves rounded at apex, conspicuously grooved, dark green and very lustrous on the upper surface, marked below by broad white bands of 7—9 rows of stomata, abruptly contracted at the base into slender petioles, ¼′—¾′ long and ¹/₁₆′—¹/₁₂′ wide, mostly persistent 4—7 years. Flowers: male yellow; female purple and puberulous, with broad bracts gradually narrowed to an obtuse point and shorter than their broadly ovate slightly scarious scales. Fruit oblong-ovoid, acute, sessile, ¾′—1′ long, with slightly puberulous oval scales, often abruptly narrowed near the middle, and dark purple puberulous bracts rounded and abruptly contracted at apex; seeds ⅛′ long, furnished with occasional oil-vesicles, one third to one half as long as their narrow wings.

A tree, frequently 200° high, with a tall trunk 6°—10° in diameter, and short slender usually pendulous branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, and slender pale yellow-brown branchlets ultimately becoming dark reddish brown, coated at first with long pale hairs, and pubescent or puberulous for five or six years. Winter-buds ovoid, bright chestnut-brown, about ¹/₁₆′ long. Bark on young trunks thin, dark orange-brown, and separated by shallow fissures into narrow flat plates broken into delicate scales, becoming on fully grown trees 1′—1½′ thick and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges covered with closely appressed brown scales more or less tinged with cinnamon-red. Wood light, hard and tough, pale brown tinged with yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood; stronger and more durable than the wood of the other American hemlocks; now largely manufactured into lumber used principally in the construction of buildings. The bark is used in large quantities in tanning leather; from the inner bark the Indians of Alaska obtain one of their principal articles of vegetable food.

Distribution. Southeastern Alaska, southward near the coast to southern Mendocino County, California, extending eastward over the mountains of southern British Columbia, northern Washington, Idaho and Montana, to the western slopes of the continental divide, and through Oregon to the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, sometimes ascending in the interior to elevations of 6000° above the sea; most abundant and of its largest size on the coast of Washington and Oregon; often forming a large part of the forests of the northwest coast.

Frequently planted as an ornamental tree in temperate Europe.

4. [Tsuga Mertensiana] Sarg. Mountain Hemlock. Black Hemlock.

Leaves standing out from all sides of the branch, remote on leading shoots and crowded on short lateral branchlets, rounded and occasionally obscurely grooved or on young plants sometimes conspicuously grooved on the upper surface, rounded and slightly ribbed on the lower surface, bluntly pointed, often more or less curved, stomatiferous above and below, with about 8 rows of stomata on each surface, light bluish green or on some individuals pale blue, ½′—1′ long, about ¹/₁₆′ wide, abruptly narrowed into nearly straight or slightly twisted petioles articulate on bases as long or rather longer than the petioles; irregularly deciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male borne on slender pubescent drooping stems, violet-purple; female erect, with delicate lustrous dark purple or yellow-green bracts gradually narrowed above into slender often slightly reflexed tips and much longer than their scales. Fruit sessile, oblong-cylindric, narrowed toward the blunt apex and somewhat toward the base, erect until more than half grown, pendulous or rarely erect at maturity, ⅝′—3′ long, with thin delicate oblong-obovate scales gradually contracted from above the middle to the wedge-shaped base, rounded at the slightly thickened more or less erose margins, puberulous on the outer surface, usually bright bluish purple or occasionally pale yellow-green, four or five times as long as their short-pointed dark purple or brown bracts; seeds light brown, ⅛′ long, often marked on the surface next their scales with 1 or 2 large resin-vesicles, with wings nearly ½′ long, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed below, slightly or not at all oblique at the rounded apex.

A tree, usually 70°—100° but occasionally 150° high, with a slightly tapering trunk 4°—5° in diameter, gracefully pendant slender branches furnished with drooping frond-like lateral branches, their ultimate divisions erect and forming an open pyramid surmounted by the long drooping leading shoot, and thin flexible or sometimes stout rigid branchlets light reddish brown and covered for two or three years with short pale dense pubescence, becoming grayish brown and very scaly. Winter-buds acute, about ⅛′ long, the scales of the outer ranks furnished on the back with conspicuous midribs produced into slender deciduous awl-like tips. Bark 1′—1½′ thick, deeply divided into connected rounded ridges broken into thin closely appressed dark cinnamon scales shaded with blue or purple. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, pale brown or red, with thin nearly white sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. Exposed ridges and slopes at high altitudes along the upper border of the forest from southeastern Alaska, southward over the mountain ranges of British Columbia to the Olympic Mountains of Washington, and eastward to the western slopes of the Selkirk Mountains in the interior of southern British Columbia, and along the Bitter Root Mountains to the headwaters of the Clearwater River, Idaho; along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, on the mountain ranges of northern California, and along the high Sierra Nevada to the cañon of the south fork of King’s River, California; in Alaska occasionally descending to the sea-level, and toward the southern limits of its range often ascending to elevations of 10,000°.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, and rarely in the eastern United States.

5. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr.

Pyramidal trees, with thick deeply furrowed bark, hard strong wood, with spirally marked wood-cells, slender usually horizontal irregularly whorled branches clothed with slender spreading lateral branches forming broad flat-topped masses of foliage, ovoid acute leaf-buds, the lateral buds in the axils of upper leaves, their inner scales accrescent and marking the branchlets with ring-like scars. Leaves petiolate, linear, flat, rounded and obtuse or acuminate at apex, straight or incurved, grooved on the upper side, marked on the lower side by numerous rows of stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, spreading nearly at right angles with the branch. Flowers solitary, the male axillary, scattered along the branches, oblong-cylindric, with numerous globose anthers, their connectives terminating in short spurs, the female terminal or in the axils of upper leaves, composed of spirally arranged ovate rounded scales much shorter than their acutely 2-lobed bracts, with midribs produced into elongated slender tips. Fruit an ovoid-oblong acute pendulous cone maturing in one season, with rounded concave rigid scales persistent on the axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds, and becoming dark red-brown, much shorter than the 2-lobed bracts with midribs ending in rigid woody linear awns, those at the base of the cone without scales and becoming linear-lanceolate by the gradual suppression of their lobes. Seeds nearly triangular, full, rounded and dark-colored on the upper side and pale on the lower side, shorter than their oblong wings infolding the upper side of the seeds in a dark covering; outer seed-coat thick and crustaceous, the inner thin and membranaceous; cotyledons 6—12, much shorter than the inferior radicle.

Pseudotsuga is confined to western North America, southern Japan, southwestern China and Formosa. Four species are recognized.

Pseudotsuga, a barbarous combination of a Greek with a Japanese word, indicates the relation of these trees with the Hemlocks.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves usually rounded and obtuse at apex, dark yellow-green or rarely blue-green; cones 2′—4½′ long, their bracts much exserted.1. [P. taxifolia] (B, E, F, G, H). Leaves acuminate at apex, bluish gray; cones 4′—6½′ long, their bracts slightly exserted.2. [P. macrocarpa] (G).

1. [Pseudotsuga taxifolia] Britt. Douglas Spruce. Red Fir.

Pseudotsuga mucronata Sudw.

Leaves straight or rarely slightly incurved, rounded and obtuse at apex, or acute on leading shoots, ¾′—1¼′ long, ¹/₁₆′—¹/₁₂′ wide, dark yellow-green or rarely light or dark bluish green, occasionally persistent until their sixteenth year. Flowers: male orange-red; female with slender elongated bracts deeply tinged with red. Fruit pendant on long stout stems, 4′—6½′ long, with thin slightly concave scales rounded and occasionally somewhat elongated at apex, usually rather longer than broad, when fully grown at midsummer slightly puberulous, dark blue-green below, purplish toward the apex, bright red on the closely appressed margins, and pale green bracts becoming slightly reflexed above the middle, ⅕′—¼′ wide, often extending ½′ beyond the scales; seeds light reddish brown and lustrous above, pale and marked below with large irregular white spots, ¼′ long, nearly ⅛′ wide, almost as long as their dark brown wings broadest just below the middle, oblique above and rounded at the apex.

A tree, often 200° high, with a trunk 3°—4° in diameter, frequently taller, with a trunk 10°—12° in diameter, but in the dry interior of the continent rarely more than 80°—100° high, with a trunk hardly exceeding 2°—3° in diameter, slender crowded branches densely clothed with long pendulous lateral branches, forming while the tree is young an open pyramid, soon deciduous from trees crowded in the forest, often leaving the trunk naked for two thirds of its length and surmounted by a comparatively small narrow head sometimes becoming flap-topped by the lengthening of the upper branches, and slender branchlets pubescent for three or four years, pale orange color and lustrous during their first season, becoming bright reddish brown and ultimately dark gray-brown. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, the terminal bud often ¼′ long and nearly twice as large as the lateral buds. Bark on young trees smooth, thin, rather lustrous, dark gray-brown, usually becoming on old trunks 10′—12′ thick, and divided into oblong plates broken into great broad rounded and irregularly connected ridges separating on the surface into small thick closely appressed dark red-brown scales. Wood light, red or yellow, with nearly white sapwood; very variable in density, quality, and in the thickness of the sapwood; largely manufactured into lumber in British Columbia, western Washington and Oregon, and used for all kinds of construction, fuel, railway-ties, and piles; known commercially as “Oregon pine.” The bark is sometimes used in tanning leather.

Distribution. From about latitude 55° north in the Rocky Mountains and from the head of the Skeena River in the coast range, southward through all the Rocky Mountain system to the mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, and of northern Mexico, and from the Big Horn and Laramie Ranges in Wyoming and from eastern base of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to the Pacific coast, but absent from the arid mountains in the great basin between the Wahsatch and the Sierra Nevada ranges and from the mountains of southern California; most abundant and of its largest size near the sea-level in the coast region of southern British Columbia and of Washington and Oregon, and on the western foothills of the Cascade Mountains; ascending on the California Sierras to elevations of 5500°, and on the mountains of Colorado to between 6000° and 11,000°, above the sea.

Often planted for timber and ornament in temperate Europe, and for ornament in the eastern and northern states, where only the form from the interior of the continent flourishes. (P. glauca Mayr.)

2. [Pseudotsuga macrocarpa] Mayr. Hemlock.

Leaves acute or acuminate, terminating in slender rigid callous tips, apparently 2-ranked by the conspicuous twist of their petioles, incurved above the middle, ¾′—1¼′ long, about ¹/₁₆′ wide, dark bluish gray. Flowers: male pale yellow, inclosed for half their length in conspicuous involucres of the lustrous bud-scales; female with pale green bracts tinged with red. Fruit produced on the upper branches and occasionally on those down to the middle of the tree, short-stalked, with scales near the middle of the cone 1½′—2′ across, stiff, thick, concave, rather broader than long, rounded above, abruptly wedge-shaped at the base, puberulous on the outer surface, often nearly as long as their comparatively short and narrow bracts with broad midribs produced into short flattened flexible tips; seeds full and rounded on both sides, rugose, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black and lustrous above, pale reddish brown below, ½′ long, ⅜′ wide, with a thick brittle outer coat, and wings broadest near the middle, about ½′ long, nearly ¼′ wide, and rounded at the apex.

A tree, usually 40°—50° and rarely 90° high, with a trunk 3°—4° in diameter, remote elongated branches pendulous below, furnished with short stout pendant or often erect laterals forming an open broad-based symmetrical pyramidal head, slender branchlets dark reddish brown and pubescent during their first year, becoming glabrous and dark or light orange-brown and ultimately gray-brown. Winter buds ovoid, acute, usually not more than ⅛′ long, often nearly as broad as long. Bark 3′—6′ thick, dark reddish brown, deeply divided into broad rounded ridges covered with thick closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, not durable; occasionally manufactured into lumber; largely used for fuel.

Distribution. Steep rocky mountain slopes in southern California at elevations of 3000°—5000° above the sea, often forming open groves of considerable extent, from the Santa Inez Mountains in Santa Barbara County to the Cuyamaca Mountains.

6. ABIES Link. Fir.

Tall pyramidal trees, with bark containing numerous resin-vesicles, smooth, pale, and thin on young trees, often thick and deeply furrowed in old age, pale and usually brittle wood, slender horizontal wide-spreading branches in regular remote 4 or 5-branched whorls, clothed with twice or thrice forked lateral branches forming flat-topped masses of foliage gradually narrowed from the base to the apex of the branch, the ultimate divisions stout, glabrous or pubescent, and small subglobose or ovoid winter branch-buds usually thickly covered with resin, or in one species large and acute, with thin loosely imbricated scales. Leaves linear, sessile, on young plants and on lower sterile branches flattened and mostly grooved on the upper side, or in one species 4-sided, rounded and usually emarginate at apex, appearing 2-ranked by a twist near their base or occasionally spreading from all sides of the branch, only rarely stomatiferous above, on upper fertile branches and leading shoots usually crowded, more or less erect, often incurved or falcate, thick, convex on the upper side, or quadrangular in some species and then obtuse, or acute at apex and frequently stomatiferous on all sides; persistent usually for eight or ten years, in falling leaving small circular scars. Flowers axillary, from buds formed the previous season on branchlets of the year, surrounded at the base by conspicuous involucres of enlarged bud-scales, the male very abundant on the lower side of branches above the middle of the tree, oval or oblong-cylindric with yellow or scarlet anthers surmounted by short knob-like projections, the female usually on the upper side only of the topmost branches, or in some species scattered also over the upper half of the tree, erect, globose, ovoid or oblong, their scales imbricated in many series, obovate, rounded above, cuneate below, much shorter than their acute or dilated mucronate bracts. Fruit an erect ovoid or oblong-cylindric cone, its scales closely imbricated, thin, incurved at the broad apex and generally narrowed below into long stipes, decreasing in size and sterile toward the ends of the cone, falling at maturity with their bracts and seeds from the stout tapering axis of the cone long-persistent on the branch. Seeds furnished with large conspicuous resin-vesicles, ovoid or oblong, acute at base, covered on the upper side and infolded below on the lower side by the base of their thin wing abruptly enlarged at the oblique apex; seed-coat thin, of 2 layers, the outer thick, coriaceous, the inner membranaceous; cotyledons 4—10, much shorter than the inferior radicle.

Abies is widely distributed in the New World from Labrador and the valley of the Athabasca River to the mountains of North Carolina, and from Alaska through the Pacific and Rocky Mountain regions to the highlands of Guatemala, and in the Old World from Siberia and the mountains of central Europe to southern Japan, central China, Formosa, the Himalayas, Asia Minor, and the highlands of northern Africa. Thirty-three species are now recognized. Several exotic species are cultivated in the northern and eastern states; of these the best known and most successful as ornamental trees are Abies Nordmanniana, Spach, of the Caucasus, Abies cilicica Carr., of Asia Minor, Abies cephalonica Loud., a native of Cephalonia, Abies Veitchii Lindl., and Abies homolepis S. & Z., of Japan, and Abies pinsapo, Boiss., of the Spanish Sierra Nevada.

Abies is the classical name of the Fir-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Winter-buds subglobose, with closely imbricated scales. Leaves flat and grooved above, with stomata on the lower surface (in Nos. 3 and 5, also on the upper surface), rounded and often notched, or on fertile branches frequently acute at apex. Leaves on sterile branches spreading, not crowded. Cones purple. Leaves dark green and lustrous above, pale below. Bracts of the cone-scales much longer than their scales, reflexed.1. [A. Fraseri] (A). Bracts of the cone-scales shorter or rarely slightly longer than their scales.2. [A. balsamea] (A). Leaves pale blue-green, stomatose above.3. [A. lasiocarpa] (B, F, G). Cones green (green, yellow, and purple in No. 5). Leaves dark green and lustrous above, pale below.4. [A. grandis] (B, G). Leaves pale blue or glaucous, often stomatose above on the upper surface.5. [A. concolor] (F, G, H). Leaves on sterile branches pointing forward, densely crowded, dark green and lustrous above, pale below.6. [A. amabilis] (B, G). Leaves often 4-sided, with stomata on all surfaces, blue-green, usually glaucous, bluntly pointed or acute, incurved and crowded on fertile branches; cones purple. Leaves of sterile branches flattened and distinctly grooved above; bracts of the cone-scales rounded and fimbriate above, long-pointed, incurved, light green, much longer than and covering their scales.7. [A. nobilis] (G). Leaves of sterile branches 4-sided; bracts of the cone-scales acute or acuminate or rounded above, with slender tips shorter or longer than their scales.8. [A. magnifica] (G). Winter-buds acuminate, with loosely imbricated scales; bracts of the cone-scales produced into elongated ridged flat tips many times longer than the obtusely pointed scales; leaves acuminate, dark yellow-green above, white below, similar on sterile and fertile branches.9. [A. venusta] (G).

1. [Abies Fraseri] Poir. Balsam Fir. She Balsam.

Leaves obtusely short-pointed or occasionally slightly emarginate at apex, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, marked on the lower surface by wide bands of 8—12 rows of stomata, ½′ to nearly 1′ long, about ¹/₁₆′ wide. Flowers: male yellow tinged with red; female with scales rounded above, much broader than long and shorter than their oblong pale yellow-green bracts rounded at the broad apex terminating in a slender elongated tip. Fruit oblong-ovoid or nearly oval, rounded at the somewhat narrowed apex, dark purple, puberulous, about 2½′ long, with scales twice as wide as long, at maturity nearly half covered by their pale yellow-green reflexed bracts; seeds ⅛′ long, with dark lustrous wings much expanded and very oblique at apex.

A tree, usually 30°—40° and rarely 70° high, with a trunk occasionally 2½° in diameter, and rather rigid branches forming an open symmetrical pyramid and often disappearing early from the lower part of the trunk, and stout branchlets pubescent for three or four years, pale yellow-brown during their first season, becoming dark reddish brown often tinged with purple, and obtuse orange-brown winter-buds. Bark ¼′—½′ thick, covered with thin closely appressed bright cinnamon-red scales, generally becoming gray on old trees. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, pale brown, with nearly white sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.

Distribution: Appalachian Mountains; Cheat Mountain, near Cheat Bridge, Randolph County, West Virginia, and from southwestern Virginia to western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, often forming forests of considerable extent at elevations between 4000° and 6000° above the sea-level.

Occasionally planted in the parks and gardens of the northern states and of Europe, but short-lived in cultivation and of little value as an ornamental tree.

2. [Abies balsamea] Mill. Balsam Fir.

Leaves dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, silvery white on the lower surface, with bands of 4—8 rows of stomata, ½′ long on cone-bearing branches to 1¼′ long on the sterile branches of young trees, straight, acute or acuminate, with short or elongated rigid callous tips, spreading at nearly right angles to the branch on young trees and sterile branches, on the upper branches of older trees often broadest above the middle, rounded or obtusely short-pointed at apex, occasionally emarginate on branches at the top of the tree. Flowers: male yellow, more or less deeply tinged with reddish purple; female with nearly orbicular purple scales much shorter than their oblong-obovate serrulate pale yellow-green bracts emarginate with a broad apex abruptly contracted into a long slender recurved tip. Fruit oblong-cylindric, gradually narrowed to the rounded apex, puberulous, dark rich purple, 2′—4′ long, with scales usually longer than broad, generally almost twice as long; rarely not as long as their bracts, (var. phanerolepis Fern.); seeds about ¼′ long and rather shorter than their light brown wings.

A tree, 50°—60° high, with a trunk usually 12′—18′; or rarely 30′ in diameter, spreading branches forming a handsome symmetrical slender-pyramid, the lower branches soon dying from trees crowded in the forest, and slender branchlets pale yellow-green and coated with fine pubescence at first, becoming light gray tinged with red, and often when four or five years old with purple. Winter-buds nearly globose, ⅛′—¼′ in diameter, with lustrous dark orange-green scales. Bark on old trees often ½′ thick, rich brown, much broken on the surface into small plates covered with scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, perishable, pale brown streaked with yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood; occasionally made into lumber principally used for packing-cases. From the bark of this tree oil of fir used in the arts and in medicine is obtained.

Distribution. From the interior of the Labrador peninsula westward to the shores of Lesser Slave Lake, southward through Newfoundland, the maritime provinces of Canada, Quebec and Ontario, northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan to the shores of Saginaw Bay, and northern Minnesota and northeastern Iowa, and along the Appalachian Mountains from western Massachusetts and the Catskills of New York to the high mountains of southwestern Virginia; common and often forming a considerable part of the forest on low swampy ground; on well-drained hillsides sometimes singly in forests of spruce or forming small almost impenetrable thickets; in northern Wisconsin and vicinity occurs a form with longer and more crowded leaves and larger cones (var. macrocarpa Kent); near the timber-line on the mountains of New England and New York reduced to a low almost prostrate shrub.

Sometimes planted in the northern states in the neighborhood of farmhouses, but usually short-lived and of little value as an ornamental tree in cultivation; formerly but now rarely cultivated in European plantations; a dwarf form (var. hudsonica Englm.) growing only a few inches high and spreading into broad nests is often cultivated.

3. [Abies lasiocarpa] Nutt. Balsam Fir.

Leaves marked on the upper surface but generally only above the middle with 4 or 5 rows of stomata on each side of the conspicuous midrib and on the lower surface by 2 broad bands each of 7 or 8 rows, crowded, nearly erect by the twist at their base, on lower branches 1′—1¾′ long, about ¹/₁₂′ wide, and rounded and occasionally emarginate at apex, on upper branches somewhat thickened, usually acute, generally not more than ½′ long, on leading shoots flattened, closely appressed, with long slender rigid points. Flowers: male dark indigo-blue, turning violet when nearly ready to open; female with dark violet-purple obovate scales much shorter than their strongly reflexed bracts contracted into slender tips. Fruit oblong-cylindric, rounded, truncate or depressed at the narrowed apex, dark purple, puberulous, 2½′—4′ long, with scales gradually narrowed from the broad rounded or nearly truncate apex to the base, usually longer than broad, about three times as long as their oblong-obovate red-brown bracts laciniately cut on the margins, rounded, emarginate and abruptly contracted at the apex into long slender tips; seeds ¼′ long, with dark lustrous wings covering nearly the entire surface of the scales.

A tree, usually 80°—100°, occasionally 175°, or southward rarely more than 50° high, with a trunk 2°—5° in diameter, short crowded tough branches, usually slightly pendulous near the base of the tree, generally clothing the trunks of the oldest trees nearly to their base and forming dense spire-like slender heads, and comparatively stout branchlets coated for three or four years with fine rufous pubescence, or rarely glabrous before the end of their first season, pale orange-brown, ultimately gray or silvery white. Winter-buds subglobose, ⅛′—¼′ thick, covered with light orange-brown scales. Bark becoming on old trees ¾′—1½′ thick, divided by shallow fissures and roughened by thick closely appressed cinnamon-red scales; on the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona, thicker and spongy (var. arizonica Lem.). Wood light, soft, not strong, pale brown or nearly white, with light-colored sapwood; little used except for fuel.

Distribution. High mountain slopes and summits from about latitude 61° in Alaska, southward along the coast ranges to the Olympic Mountains of Washington, over all the high mountain ranges of British Columbia and Alberta, and southward along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to the neighborhood of Crater Lake, over the mountain ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon, and of Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah to the San Francisco peaks of northern Arizona, and on the Sandia and Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern United States and in northern Europe, but of little value in cultivation.

4. [Abies grandis] Lindl. White Fir.

Leaves thin and flexible, deeply grooved very dark green and lustrous on upper surface, silvery white on lower surface, with two broad bands of 7—10 rows of stomata, on sterile branches remote, rounded and conspicuously emarginate at apex, 1½′—2¼′ long, usually about ⅛′ wide, spreading in two ranks nearly at right angles to the branch, on cone-bearing branches more crowded, usually 1′—1½′ long, less spreading or nearly erect, blunt-pointed or often notched at apex, on vigorous young trees ½′—¾′ long, acute or acuminate, usually persistent 4—10 years. Flowers: male pale yellow sometimes tinged with purple; female light yellow-green, with semiorbicular scales and short-oblong bracts emarginate and denticulate at the broad obcordate apex furnished with a short strongly reflexed tip. Fruit cylindric, slightly narrowed to the rounded and sometimes retuse apex, puberulous, bright green, 2′—4′ long, with scales usually about two thirds as long as wide, gradually or abruptly narrowed from their broad apex and three or four times as long as their short pale green bracts; seeds ⅜′ in length, light brown, with pale lustrous wings ½′—⅝′ long and nearly as broad as their abruptly widened rounded apex.

A tree, in the neighborhood of the coast 250°—300° high, with a slightly tapering trunk often 4° in diameter, long somewhat pendulous branches sweeping out in graceful curves, and comparatively slender pale yellow-green puberulous branchlets becoming light reddish brown or orange-brown and glabrous in their second season; on the mountains of the interior rarely more than 100° tall, with a trunk usually about 2° in diameter, often smaller and much stunted at high elevations. Winter-buds subglobose, ⅛′—¼′ thick. Bark becoming sometimes 2′ thick at the base of old trees and gray-brown or reddish brown and divided by shallow fissures into low flat ridges broken into oblong plates roughened by thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, not strong nor durable, light brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber in western Washington and Oregon and used for the interior finish of buildings, packing-cases, and wooden-ware.

Distribution. Northern part of Vancouver Island southward in the neighborhood of the coast to northern Sonoma County, California, and along the mountains of northern Washington and Idaho to the western slopes of the continental divide in northern Montana, and to the mountains of eastern Oregon; near the coast scattered on moist ground through forests of other conifers; common in Washington and northern Oregon from the sea up to elevations of 4000°; in the interior on moist slopes in the neighborhood of streams from 2500° up to 7000° above the sea; in California rarely ranging more than ten miles inland or ascending to altitudes of more than 1500° above the sea.

Occasionally planted in the parks and gardens of temperate Europe, where it grows rapidly and promises to attain a large size; rarely planted in the United States.

5. [Abies concolor] Lindl. & Gord. White Fir.

Leaves crowded, spreading in 2 ranks and more or less erect from the strong twist at their base, pale blue or glaucous, becoming dull green at the end of two or three years, with 2 broad bands of stomata on the lower, and more or less stomatiferous on the upper surface, on lower branches flat, straight, rounded, acute or acuminate at apex, 2′—3′ long, about ¹/₁₆′ wide, on fertile branches and on old trees frequently thick, keeled above, usually falcate, acute or rarely notched at apex, ¾′—1½′ long, often ⅛′ wide. Flowers: male dark red or rose color; female with broad rounded scales, and oblong strongly reflexed obcordate bracts laciniate above the middle and abruptly contracted at apex into short points. Fruit oblong, slightly narrowed from near the middle to the ends, rounded or obtuse at apex, 3′—5′ long, puberulous, grayish green, dark purple or bright canary-yellow, with scales much broader than long, gradually and regularly narrowed from the rounded apex, rather more than twice as long as their emarginate or nearly truncate bracts broad at the apex and terminating in short slender tips; seeds ⅓′—½′ long, acute at base, dark dull brown, with lustrous rose-colored wings widest near the middle and nearly truncate at apex.

A tree, on the California sierras 200°—250° high, with a trunk often 6° in diameter or in the interior of the continent rarely more than 125° tall, with a trunk seldom exceeding 3° in diameter, a narrow spire-like crown of short stout branches clothed with long lateral branches pointing forward and forming great frond-like masses of foliage, and glabrous lustrous comparatively stout branchlets dark orange color during their first season, becoming light grayish green or pale reddish brown, and ultimately gray or grayish brown. Winter-buds subglobose, ⅛′—¼′ thick. Bark becoming on old trunks sometimes 5′—6′ thick near the ground and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the surface into irregularly shaped plate-like scales. Wood very light, soft, coarse-grained and not strong nor durable, pale brown or sometimes nearly whiter occasionally manufactured into lumber, in northern California used for packing-cases and butter-tubs.

Distribution. Rocky Mountains of southern Colorado, westward to the mountain ranges of California, extending northward into northern Oregon, and southward over the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona into northern Mexico and Lower California (Mt. San Pedro Mártir Mountains); the only Fir-tree in the arid regions of the Great Basin, of southern New Mexico and Arizona, and of the mountain forests of southern California.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in Europe (the California form usually as A. Lowiana Murr.) and in the eastern states where it grows more vigorously than other Fir-trees.

6. [Abies amabilis] Forbes. White Fir.

Leaves deeply grooved, very dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, silvery white on the lower, with broad bands of 6 or 8 rows of stomata between the prominent midribs and incurved margins, on sterile branches obtuse and rounded, or notched or occasionally acute at apex, ¾′—1¼′ long, ¹/₁₆′—¹/₁₂′ wide, often broadest above the middle, erect by a twist at their base, very crowded, those on the upper side of the branch much shorter than those on the lower and usually parallel with and closely appressed against it, on fertile branches acute or acuminate with callous tips, occasionally stomatiferous on the upper surface near the apex, ½′—¾′ long; on vigorous leading shoots acute, with long rigid points, closely appressed or recurved near the middle, about ¾′ long and nearly ⅛′ wide. Flowers: male red; female with broad rounded scales and rhombic dark purple lustrous bracts erose above the middle and gradually contracted into broad points. Fruit oblong, slightly narrowed to the rounded and often retuse apex, deep rich purple, puberulous, 3½′—6′ long, with scales 1′—1⅛′ wide, nearly as long as broad, gradually narrowed from the rounded apex and rather more than twice as long as their reddish rhombic or oblong-obovate bracts terminating in long slender tips; seeds light yellow-brown, ½′ long, with oblique pale brown lustrous wings about ¾′ long.

A tree, often 250° tall, or at high altitudes and in the north usually not more than 70°—80° tall, with a trunk 4°—6° in diameter, in thick forests often naked for 150°, but in open situations densely clothed to the ground with comparatively short branches sweeping down in graceful curves, and stout branchlets clothed for four or five years with soft fine pubescence, light orange-brown in their first season, becoming dark purple and ultimately reddish brown. Winter-buds nearly globose, ⅛′—¼′ thick, with closely imbricated lustrous purple scales. Bark on trees up to 150 years old thin, smooth, pale or silvery white, becoming near the ground on old trees 1½′—2½′ thick, and irregularly divided into comparatively small plates covered with small closely appressed reddish brown or reddish gray scales. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, pale brown, with nearly white sapwood; in Washington occasionally manufactured into lumber used in the interior finish of buildings.

Distribution. High mountain slopes and benches from southeastern Alaska (Boca de Quadra Inlet and Sandfly Bay), to Vancouver Island and southward along the coast ranges to Saddle Mountain near Astoria, Oregon, and on the Cascade Mountains to the slopes of Old Bailey Mountain, Oregon, ranging from the sea level at the north to elevations of from 3000°—6000° southward; attaining its largest size on the Olympic Mountains of Washington, where it is the most common Fir-tree.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and in western Europe, but without developing the beauty which distinguishes this species in its native forests.

7. [Abies nobilis] Lindl. Red Fir.

Leaves marked on the upper surface with a deep sharply defined groove, rounded and obscurely ribbed on the lower surface, stomatiferous above and below, dark or light blue-green, often very glaucous during their first season, crowded in several rows, those on the lower side of the branch two-ranked by the twisting of their bases, the others crowded, strongly incurved, with the points erect or pointing away from the end of the branch, on young plants and on the lower sterile branches of old trees flat, rounded, usually slightly notched at apex, 1′—1½′ long, about ¹/₁₆′ wide, on fertile branches much thickened and almost equally 4-sided, acuminate, with long rigid callous tips, ½′—¾′ long, on leading shoots flat, gradually narrowed from the base, acuminate, with long rigid points, about 1′ long. Flowers: male reddish purple; female often scattered over the upper part of the tree, with broad rounded scales much shorter than their nearly orbicular bracts erose on the margins and contracted above into slender elongated strongly reflexed tips. Fruit oblong-cylindric, slightly narrowed but full and rounded at apex, 4′—5′ long, purple or olive-brown, pubescent, with scales about one third wider than long, gradually narrowed from the rounded apex to the base, or full at the sides, rounded and denticulate above the middle and sharply contracted and wedge-shaped below, nearly or entirely covered by their strongly reflexed pale green spatulate bracts full and rounded above, fimbriate on the margins, with broad midribs produced into short broad flattened points; seeds ½′ long, pale reddish brown, about as long as their wings, gradually narrowed from below to the nearly truncate slightly rounded apex.

A tree, in old age with a comparatively broad somewhat rounded head, usually 150°—200° and occasionally 250° high, with a trunk 6°—8° in diameter, short rigid branches, short stout remote lateral branches standing out at right angles, and slender reddish brown branchlets puberulous for four or five years and generally pointing forward. Winter-buds ovoid-oblong, red-brown, about ⅛′ long. Bark becoming on old trunks 1′—2′ thick, bright red-brown, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges irregularly broken by cross fissures and covered with thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, hard, strong, rather close-grained, pale brown streaked with red, with darker colored sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used under the name of larch for the interior finish of buildings and for packing-cases.

Distribution. Slopes of Mt. Baker in northern Washington and southward to the valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, and the Siskiyou Mountains, California, at elevations of from 2000°—5000° above the sea; most abundant and often forming extensive forests on the Cascade Mountains of Washington; less abundant and of smaller size on the eastern and northern slopes of these mountains. In Oregon sometimes called Larch.

Often planted in western and central Europe as an ornamental tree, and in the eastern states hardy in sheltered positions as far north as Massachusetts.

8. [Abies magnifica] A. Murr. Red Fir.

Leaves almost equally 4-sided, ribbed above and below, with 6—8 rows of stomata on each of the 4 sides, pale and very glaucous during their first season, later becoming blue-green, persistent usually for about ten years; on young plants and lower branches oblanceolate, somewhat flattened, rounded, bluntly pointed, ¾′—1½′ long, ¹/₁₆′ wide, those on the lower side of the branch spreading in 2 nearly horizontal ranks by the twist at their base, on upper, especially on fertile branches, much thickened, with more prominent midribs, acute, with short callous tips, ⅓′ long on the upper side of the branch to 1¼′ long on the lower side, crowded, erect, strongly incurved, completely hiding the upper side of the branch, on leading shoots ¾′ long, erect and acuminate, with long rigid points pressed against the stem. Flowers: male dark reddish purple; female with rounded scales much shorter than their oblong pale green bracts terminating in elongated slender tips more or less tinged with red. Fruit oblong-cylindric, slightly narrowed to the rounded, truncate, or retuse apex, dark purplish brown, puberulous, from 6′—9′ long, with scales often 1½′ wide and about two thirds as wide as long, gradually narrowed to the cordate base, somewhat longer or often two thirds as long as their spatulate acute or acuminate bracts slightly serrulate above the middle and often sharply contracted and then enlarged toward the base; seeds dark reddish brown, ¾′ long, about as wide as their lustrous rose-colored obovate cuneate wings nearly truncate and often ¾′ wide at apex.

A tree, in old age occasionally somewhat round-topped, frequently 200° high, with a trunk 8°—10° in diameter and often naked for half the height of the tree, comparatively short small branches, the upper somewhat ascending, the lower pendulous, and stout light yellow-green branchlets pointing forward, slightly puberulous during their first season, becoming light red-brown and lustrous and ultimately gray or silvery white. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, ¼′⅓′ long, their bright chestnut-brown scales with prominent midribs produced into short tips. Bark becoming 4′—6′ thick near the ground, deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken by cross fissures and covered by dark red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, comparatively durable, light red-brown, with thick somewhat darker sapwood; largely used for fuel, and in California occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber employed in the construction of cheap buildings and for packing-cases.

Distribution. Cascade Mountains of southern Oregon, southward over the mountain ranges of northern California (summits of the Trinity and Salmon Mountains and on the inner north coast ranges), and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the divide between White and Kern Rivers; common in southern Oregon at elevations between 5000° and 7000° above the sea, forming sometimes nearly pure forests; very abundant on the Sierra Nevada, and the principal tree in the forest belt at elevations between 6000° and 9000°; ascending towards the southern extremity of its range to over 10,000°. Small stunted trees from the neighborhood of Meadow Lake, Sierra County, California, with yellowish cones have been described as var. xancocarpa Lemm.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, and sometimes hardy in the United States as far north as eastern Massachusetts.

A distinct form is

Abies magnifica var. shastensis Lemm. Red Fir.

On the mountains of southern Oregon and at high elevations on those of northern California, and on the southern Sierra Nevada, occurs this form distinguished only by the longer rounded or obtusely pointed (not acute) bright yellow bracts which sometimes cover nearly half their scales.

9. [Abies venusta] K. Koch. Silver Fir.

Abies bracteata D. Don.

Leaves thin, flat, rigid, linear or linear-lanceolate, gradually or abruptly narrowed toward the base, often falcate, especially on fertile branches, acuminate, with long slender callous tips, dark yellow-green, lustrous and slightly rounded on the upper surface marked below the middle with an obscure groove, silvery white or on old leaves pale on the lower surface, with bands of 8—10 rows of stomata between the broad midrib and the thickened strongly revolute margins, 2-ranked from the conspicuous twist near their base and spreading at nearly right angles to the branch, or pointing forward on upper fertile branches, 1½′—2¼′ long, on leading shoots standing out at almost right angles, rounded on the upper surface, more or less incurved above the middle, 1½′—1¾′ long, about ⅛′ wide. Flowers: male produced in great numbers near the base of the branchlets on branches from the middle of the tree upward, pale yellow; female near the ends of the branchlets of the upper branches only, with oblong scales rounded above and nearly as long as their cuneate obcordate yellow-green bracts ending in slender elongated awns. Fruit on stout peduncles sometimes ½′ long, oval or subcylindric, full and rounded at apex, glabrous, pale purple-brown, 3′—4′ long, with thin scales strongly incurved above, obtusely short-pointed at apex, obscurely denticulate on the thin margins, about one third longer than their oblong-obovate obcordate pale yellow-brown bracts terminating in flat rigid tips 1′—1¾′ long, above the middle of the cone pointing toward its apex and often closely appressed to its sides, below the middle spreading toward its base and frequently much recurved, firmly attached to the cone-scales and deciduous with them from the thick conical sharp-pointed axis of the cone; seeds dark red-brown, about ⅜′ long, and nearly as long as their oblong-obovate pale reddish brown lustrous wings rounded at the apex.

A tree, 100°—150° high, with a trunk sometimes 3° in diameter, comparatively short slender usually pendulous branches furnished with long sinuous rather remote lateral branches sparsely clothed with foliage, forming a broad-based pyramid abruptly narrowed 15°—20° from the top of the tree into a thin spire-like head, and stout glabrous light reddish brown branchlets covered at first with a glaucous bloom. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, ¾′—1′ long, ¼′—⅓′ thick, with very thin, loosely imbricated, pale chestnut-brown, acute, boat-shaped scales. Bark becoming near the base of the tree ½′—¾′ thick, light reddish brown, slightly and irregularly fissured and broken into thick closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, not hard, coarse-grained, light brown tinged with yellow, with paler sapwood.

Distribution. In the moist bottoms of cañons and on dry rocky summits, usually at elevations of about 3000° above the sea on both slopes of the outer western ridge of the Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, California.

Occasionally and successfully grown as an ornamental tree in the milder parts of Great Britain and in northern Italy; not hardy in the eastern United States.

7. SEQUOIA Endl.

Resinous aromatic trees, with tall massive lobed trunks, thick bark of 2 layers, the outer composed of fibrous scales, the inner thin, close and firm, soft, durable, straight-grained red heartwood, thin nearly white sapwood, short stout horizontal branches, terete lateral branchlets deciduous in the autumn, and scaly or naked buds. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or linear and spreading in 2 ranks especially on young trees and branches, or linear, acute, compressed, keeled on the back and closely appressed or spreading at apex, the two forms appearing sometimes on the same branch or on different branches of the same tree. Flowers minute, solitary, monœcious, appearing in early spring from buds formed the previous autumn, the male terminal in the axils of upper leaves, oblong or ovoid, surrounded by an involucre of numerous imbricated ovate, acute, and apiculate bracts, with numerous spirally disposed filaments dilated into ovoid acute subpeltate denticulate connectives bearing on their inner face 2—5 pendulous globose 2-valved anther-cells; the female terminal, ovoid or oblong, composed of numerous spirally imbricated ovate scales abruptly keeled on the back, the keels produced into short or elongated points closely adnate to the short ovule-bearing scales rounded above and bearing below their upper margin in 2 rows 5—7 ovules at first erect, becoming reversed. Fruit an ovoid or short-oblong pendulous cone maturing during the first or second season, persistent after the escape of the seeds, its scales formed by the enlargement of the united flower and ovuliferous scales, becoming woody, bearing large deciduous resin-glands, gradually enlarged upward and widening at the apex into a narrow thickened oblong disk transversely depressed through the middle and sometimes tipped with a small point. Seeds 5—7 under each scale, oblong-ovoid, compressed; seed-coat membranaceous, produced into broad thin lateral wings; cotyledons 4—6, longer than the inferior radicle.

Sequoia, widely scattered with several species over the northern hemisphere during the cretaceous and tertiary epochs, is now confined to the coast of Oregon and California and the mountains of California, where two species exist.

The name of the genus is formed from Sequoiah, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves mostly spreading in 2 ranks; cones maturing in one season; buds scaly.1. [S. sempervirens] (G). Leaves slightly spreading or appressed; cones maturing in their second season; buds naked.2. [S. gigantea] (G).

1. [Sequoia sempervirens] Endl. Redwood.

Leaves of secondary branches and of lower branches of young trees lanceolate, more or less falcate, acute or acuminate and usually tipped with slender rigid points, slightly thickened on the revolute margins, decurrent at the base, spreading in 2 ranks by a half-turn at their base, ¼′—½′ long, about ⅛′ wide, obscurely keeled and marked above by 2 narrow bands of stomata, glaucous and stomatiferous below on each side of their conspicuous midrib, on leading shoots disposed in many ranks, more or less spreading or appressed, ovate or ovate-oblong, incurved at the rounded apiculate apex, thickened, rounded, and stomatiferous on the lower surface, concave, prominently keeled and covered with stomata on the upper surface, usually about ¼′ long; dying and turning reddish brown at least two years before falling. Flowers opening in December or January; male oblong, obtuse; female with about 20 broadly ovate acute scales tipped with elongated and incurved or short points. Fruit ripening in October, oblong, ¾′—1′ long, ½′ broad, its scales gradually enlarged from slender stipes abruptly dilated above into disks penetrated by deep narrow grooves, and usually without tips; seeds about ¹/₁₆′ long, light brown, with wings as broad as their body.

A tree, from 200°—340° high, with a slightly tapering and irregularly lobed trunk usually free of branches for 75°—100°, usually 10°—15°, rarely 28° in diameter at the much buttressed base, slender branches, clothed with branchlets spreading in 2 ranks and forming while the tree is young an open narrow pyramid, on old trees becoming stout and horizontal, and forming a narrow rather compact and very irregular head remarkably small in proportion to the height and size of the trunk, and slender leading branchlets covered at the end of three or four years after the leaves fall with cinnamon-brown scaly bark; when cut producing from the stump numerous vigorous long-lived shoots. Buds with numerous loosely imbricated ovate acute scales persistent on the base of the branchlet. Bark 6′—12′ thick, divided into rounded ridges and separated on the surface into long narrow dark brown fibrous scales often broken transversely and in falling disclosing the bright cinnamon-red inner bark. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, easily split and worked, very durable in contact with the soil, clear light red; largely manufactured into lumber and used for shingles, fence-posts, railway-ties, wine-butts, and in buildings.

Distribution. Valley of the Chetco River, Oregon, 8 miles north of the California state line, southward near the coast to Monterey County, California; rarely found more than twenty or thirty miles from the coast, or beyond the influence of the ocean fogs, or over 3000° above the sea-level; often forming in northern California pure forests occupying the sides of ravines and the banks of streams; southward growing usually in small groves scattered among other trees; most abundant and of its largest size north of Cape Mendocino.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the temperate countries of Europe, and occasionally in the southeastern United States.

2. [Sequoia gigantea] Decne. Big Tree.

Sequoia Wellingtonia Seem.

Leaves ovate and acuminate, or lanceolate, rounded and thickened on the lower surface, concave on the upper surface, marked by bands of stomata on both sides of the obscure midrib, rigid, sharp-pointed, decurrent below, spreading or closely appressed above the middle, ⅛′—¼′ or on leading shoots ½′ long. Flowers opening in late winter and early spring; male in great profusion over the whole tree, oblong-ovoid, with ovate acute or acuminate connectives; female with 25—40 pale yellow scales slightly keeled on the back and gradually narrowed into long slender points. Fruit maturing in the second year, ovoid-oblong, 2′—3½′ long, 1½′—2¼′ wide, dark reddish brown, the scales gradually thickened upward from the base to the slightly dilated apex, ¾′—1¼′ long, and ¼′—½′ wide, deeply pitted in the middle, often furnished with an elongated reflexed tip and on the upper side near the base with two or three large deciduous resin-glands; seeds linear-lanceolate, compressed, ⅛′—¼′ long, light brown, surrounded by laterally united wings broader than the body of the seed, apiculate at the apex, often very unequal.

A tree, at maturity usually about 275° high, with a trunk 20° in diameter near the ground, occasionally becoming 320° tall, with a trunk 35° in diameter, much enlarged and buttressed at base, fluted with broad low rounded ridges, in old age naked often for 150° with short thick horizontal branches, slender leading branchlets becoming after the disappearance of the leaves reddish brown more or less tinged with purple and covered with thin close or slightly scaly bark and naked buds. Bark 1°—2° thick, divided into rounded lobes 4°—5° wide, corresponding to the lobes of the trunk, separating into loose light cinnamon-red fibrous scales, the outer scales slightly tinged with purple. Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle and coarse-grained, turning dark on exposure; manufactured into lumber and used for fencing, in construction, and for shingles.

Distribution. Western slopes of the Sierra Nevada of California, in an interrupted belt at elevations of 5000°—8400° above the level of the sea, from the middle fork of the American River to the head of Deer Creek just south of latitude 36°; north of King’s River in isolated groves, southward forming forests of considerable extent, and best developed on the north fork of the Tule River.

Universally cultivated as an ornamental tree in all the countries of western and southern Europe; and occasionally in the middle eastern United States.

8. TAXODIUM Rich. Bald Cypress.

Resinous trees, with furrowed scaly bark, light brown durable heartwood, thin white sapwood, erect ultimately spreading branches, deciduous usually 2-ranked lateral branchlets, scaly globose buds, and stout horizontal roots often producing erect woody projections (knees). Leaves spirally disposed, pale and marked with stomata below on both sides of the obscure midrib, dark green above, linear-lanceolate, spreading in 2 ranks, or scale-like and appressed on lateral branchlets, the two forms appearing on the same or on different branches of the same tree or on separate trees, deciduous. Flowers unisexual, from buds formed the previous year; male in the axils of scale-like bracts in long terminal drooping panicles, with 6—8 stamens opposite in 2 ranks, their filaments abruptly enlarged into broadly ovate peltate yellow connectives bearing on their inner face in 2 rows 4—9 2-valved pendulous anther-cells; female scattered near the ends of the branches of the previous year, subglobose, composed of numerous ovate spirally arranged long-pointed scales, adnate below to the thickened fleshy ovuliferous scales bearing at their base 2 erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit a globose or obovoid short-stalked woody cone maturing the first year and persistent after the escape of the seeds, formed from the enlargement and union of the flower and ovule-bearing scales abruptly dilated from slender stipes into irregularly 4-sided disks often mucronate at maturity, bearing on the inner face, especially on the stipes, large dark glands filled with blood-red fragrant liquid resin. Seeds in pairs under each scale, attached laterally to the stipes, erect, unequally 3-angled; seed-coat light brown and lustrous, thick, coriaceous or corky, produced into 3 thick unequal lateral wings and below into a slender elongated point; cotyledons 4—9, shorter than the superior radicle.

Taxodium, widely distributed through North America and Europe in Miocene and Pliocene times, is now confined to the southern United States and Mexico. Two species are distinguished.

The generic name, from τάξος and εῖδος, indicates a resemblance of the leaves to those of the Yew-tree.

1. [Taxodium distichum] Rich. Bald Cypress. Deciduous Cypress.

Leaves on distichously spreading branchlets, apiculate, ½′—¾′ long, about ¹/₁₂′ wide, light bright yellow-green or occasionally silvery white below; or on the form with pendulous compressed branchlets long-pointed, keeled and stomatiferous below, concave above more or less spreading at the free apex, about ½′ long; in the autumn turning with the branchlets dull orange-brown before falling. Flowers: panicles of staminate flowers 4′—5′ long, 1½′—2′ wide, with slender red-brown stems, obovoid flower-buds nearly ⅛′ long, pale silvery-gray during winter and purple when the flowers expand in the spring. Fruit usually produced in pairs at the end of the branch or irregularly scattered along it for several inches, nearly globose or obovoid, rugose, about 1′ in diameter, the scales generally destitute of tips; seeds with wings nearly ¼′ long, ⅛′ wide.

A tree, with a tall lobed gradually tapering trunk, rarely 12° and generally 4°—5° in diameter above the abruptly enlarged strongly buttressed usually hollow base, occasionally 150° tall, in youth pyramidal, with slender branches often becoming elongated and slightly pendulous, in old age spreading out into a broad low rounded crown often 100° across, and slender branchlets light green when they first appear, light red-brown and rather lustrous during their first winter, becoming darker the following year, the lateral branchlets deciduous, 3′—4′ long, spreading at right angles to the branch, or in the form with acicular leaves pendulous or erect and often 6′ long. Bark 1′—2′ thick, light cinnamon-red and divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into long thin closely appressed fibrous scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, easily worked, light or dark brown, sometimes nearly black; largely used for construction, railway-ties, posts, fences, and in cooperage.

Distribution. River swamps usually submerged during several months of the year, low wet banks of streams, and the wet depressions of Pine-barrens from southern New Jersey and southern Delaware southward generally near the coast to the Everglade Keys, southern Florida, and through the Gulf-coast region to the valley of Devil River, Texas, through Louisiana to southern Oklahoma, through southern and western Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, and through western and northern Mississippi to Tishomingo County, and in western Tennessee and Kentucky to southern Illinois and southwestern Indiana; most common and of its largest size in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, often covering with nearly pure forests great river swamps. From the coast of North Carolina to southern Florida, southern Alabama and eastern and western Louisiana the form with acicular leaves (Taxodium distichum var. imbricarium, Sarg.) is not rare as a small tree in Pine-barren ponds and swamps.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northern United States, and in the countries of temperate Europe, especially the var. imbricarium (as Glyptostrobus sinensis Hort. not Endl.).

9. LIBOCEDRUS Endl.

Tall resinous aromatic trees, with scaly bark, spreading branches, flattened branchlets disposed in one horizontal plane and forming an open 2-ranked spray and often ultimately deciduous, straight-grained durable fragrant wood, and naked buds. Leaves scale-like, in 4 ranks, on leading shoots nearly equally decussate, closely compressed or spreading, dying and becoming woody before falling, on lateral flattened branchlets much compressed, conspicuously keeled, and nearly covering those of the other ranks; on seedling plants linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flowers monœcious, solitary, terminal, the two sexes on different branchlets; male oblong, with 12—16 decussate filaments dilated into broad connectives usually bearing 4 subglobose anther-cells; female oblong, subtended at base by several pairs of leaf-like scales slightly enlarged and persistent under the fruit, composed of 6 acuminate short-pointed scales, those of the upper and middle ranks much larger than those of the lower rank, ovate or oblong, fertile and bearing at the base of a minute accrescent ovuliferous scale 2 erect ovules. Fruit an oblong cone maturing in one season, with subcoriaceous scales marked at the apex by the free thickened mucronulate border of the enlarged flower-scales, those of the lowest pair ovate, thin, reflexed, much shorter than the oblong thicker scales of the second pair widely spreading at maturity; those of the third pair confluent into an erect partition. Seeds in pairs, erect on the base of the scale; seed-coat membranaceous, of 2 layers, produced into thin unequal lateral wings, one narrow, the other broad, oblique, nearly as long as the scale; cotyledons 2, about as long as the superior radicle.

Libocedrus is confined to western North America, western South America, where it is distributed from Chile to Patagonia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Formosa, and southwestern China. Eight species are distinguished.

Libocedrus, from λιβάς and Cedrus, relates to the resinous character of these trees.

1. [Libocedrus decurrens] Torr. Incense Cedar.

Leaves oblong-obovate, decurrent and closely adnate on the branchlets except at the callous apex, ⅛′ long on the ultimate lateral branchlets to nearly ½′ long on leading shoots, those of the lateral ranks gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, keeled and glandular on the back, and nearly covering the flattened obscurely glandular-pitted and abruptly pointed leaves of the inner ranks. Flowers appearing in January on the ends of short lateral branchlets of the previous year; male tingeing the tree with gold during the winter and early spring, ovate, nearly ¼′ long, with nearly orbicular or broadly ovate connectives, rounded, acute or acuminate at the apex and slightly erose on the margins; female subtended by 2—6 pairs of leaf-like scales, with ovate acute light yellow-green slightly spreading scales. Fruit ripening and discharging its seeds in the autumn, oblong, ¾′—1′ long, pendulous, light red-brown; seeds oblong-lanceolate, ⅓′—½′ long, semiterete and marked below by a conspicuous pale basal hilum; inner layer of the seed-coat penetrated by elongated resin-chambers, filled with red liquid balsamic resin.

A tree, usually 80°—100° or rarely 150° high, with a tall straight slightly and irregularly lobed trunk tapering from a broad base, 3° or 4° or occasionally 6° or 7° in diameter, slender branches erect at the top of the tree, below sweeping downward in bold curves, forming a narrow open feathery crown becoming in old age irregular in outline by the greater development of a few ultimately upright branches forming secondary stems, and stout branchlets somewhat flattened and light yellow-green at first, turning light red-brown during the summer and ultimately brown more or less tinged with purple, the lateral branchlets much flattened, 4′—6′ long, and usually deciduous at the end of the second or third season. Bark ½′—1′ thick, bright cinnamon-red, and broken into irregular ridges covered with closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained very durable in contact with the soil, light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood; often injured by dry rot but largely used for fencing, laths and shingles, the interior finish of buildings, for furniture, and in the construction of flumes.

Distribution. Singly or in small groves from the southeastern slope of Mt. Hood, Oregon, and southward along the Cascade Mountains; on the high mountains of northern California, on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and in Alpine County on their eastern slope, on the Washoe Mountains, western Nevada, in the California coast ranges from the Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County to the high mountains in the southern part of the state; on the Sierra del Pinal and the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size on the Sierra Nevada, of central California at elevations of 5000°—7000° above the sea.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, where it grows rapidly and promises to attain a large size; hardy and occasionally planted in the New England and middle Atlantic states.

10. THUJA L. Arbor-vitæ.

Resinous aromatic trees, with thin scaly bark, soft durable straight-grained heartwood, thin nearly white sapwood, slender spreading or erect branches, pyramidal heads, flattened lateral pendulous branchlets disposed in one horizontal plane, forming a flat frond-like spray and often finally deciduous, and naked buds. Leaves decussate, scale-like, acute, stomatiferous on the back, on leading shoots appressed or spreading, rounded or slightly keeled on the back, narrowed into long slender points, on lateral branchlets much compressed in the lateral ranks, prominently keeled and nearly covering those of the other ranks; on seedling plants linear-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed. Flowers minute, monœcious, from buds formed the previous autumn, terminal, solitary, the two sexes usually on different branchlets; male ovoid, with 4—6 decussate filaments, enlarged into suborbicular peltate connectives bearing on their inner face 2—4 subglobose anther-cells; female oblong, with 8—12 oblong acute scales opposite in pairs, the ovuliferous scales at their base bearing usually 2 erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit an ovoid-oblong erect pale cinnamon-brown cone maturing in one season, its scales thin (thick in one species), leathery, oblong, acute, marked near the apex by the thickened free border of the enlarged flower-scales, those of the 2 or 3 middle ranks largest and fertile. Seeds usually 2, erect on the base of the scale, ovoid, acute, compressed, light chestnut-brown; seed-coat membranaceous, produced except in one species into broad lateral wings distinct at the apex; cotyledons 2, longer than the superior radicle.

Thuja is confined to northeastern and northwestern America, to Japan, Korea and northern China. Five species are recognized. Of the exotic species the Chinese Thuja orientalis, L., with many varieties produced by cultivation, is frequently planted in the United States, especially in the south and west, for the decoration of gardens, and is distinguished from the other species by the thick umbonate scales of the cone, only the 4 lower scales being fertile, and by the thick rounded dark red-purple seeds without wings.

Thuja is the classical name of some coniferous tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Fruit with usually 4 fertile scales.1. [T. occidentalis] (A). Fruit with usually 6 fertile scales.2. [T. plicata] (B, F, G).

1. [Thuja occidentalis] L. White Cedar. Arbor-vitæ.

Leaves on leading shoots often nearly ¼′ long, long-pointed and usually conspicuously glandular, on lateral branchlets much flattened, rounded and apiculate at apex, without glands or obscurely glandular-pitted, about ⅛′ long. Flowers opening in April and May, liver color. Fruit ripening and discharging its seeds in the early autumn, ⅓′—½′ long; seeds ⅛′ long, the thin wings as wide as the body.

A tree, 50°—60° high, with a short often lobed and buttressed trunk, occasionally 6° although usually not more than 2°—3° in diameter, often divided into 2 or 3 stout secondary stems, short horizontal branches soon turning upward and forming a narrow compact pyramidal head, light yellow-green branchlets paler on the lower surface than on the upper, changing with the death of the leaves during their second season to light cinnamon-red, growing darker the following year, gradually becoming terete and abruptly enlarged at the base and finally covered with smooth lustrous dark orange-brown bark, and marked by conspicuous scars left by the falling of the short pendulous lateral branchlets. Bark ¼′—⅓′ thick, light red-brown often tinged with orange color and broken by shallow fissures into narrow flat connected ridges separating into elongated more or less persistent scales. Wood light, soft, brittle, very coarse-grained, durable, fragrant, pale yellow-brown; largely used in Canada and the northern states for fence-posts, rails, railway-ties, and shingles. Fluid extracts and tinctures made from the young branchlets are sometimes used in medicine.

Distribution. Frequently forming nearly impenetrable forests on swampy ground or often occupying the rocky banks of streams, from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, northwestward to the mouth of the Saskatchewan, and southward through eastern Canada to southern New Hampshire, central Massachusetts, New York, central Ohio, northern Indiana and Illinois, and Minnesota; occasionally on the high mountains of Virginia, West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee, and on the mountains of western Burke County, North Carolina, at an altitude of 3000 feet; very common at the north, less abundant and of smaller size southward.

Often cultivated, with many, often dwarf, forms produced in nurseries, as an ornamental tree and for hedges; and in Europe from the middle of the sixteenth century.

2. [Thuja plicata] D. Don. Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar.

Leaves on leading shoots ovate, long-pointed, often conspicuously glandular on the back, frequently ¼′ long, on lateral branchlets ovate, apiculate, without glands or obscurely glandular-pitted, usually not more than ⅛′ long, mostly persistent 2—5 years. Flowers about ¹/₁₂′ long, dark brown. Fruit ripening early in the autumn, clustered near the ends of the branches, much reflexed, ½′ long, with thin leathery scales, conspicuously marked near the apex by the free border of the flower-scale furnished with short stout erect or recurved dark mucros; seeds often 3 under each fertile scale, rather shorter than their usually slightly unequal wings about ¼′ long.

A tree, frequently 200° high, with a broad gradually tapering buttressed base sometimes 15° in diameter at the ground and in old age often separating toward the summit into 2 or 3 erect divisions, short horizontal branches, usually pendulous at the ends, forming a dense narrow pyramidal head, and slender much compressed branchlets often slightly zigzag, light bright yellow-green during their first year, then cinnamon-brown, and after the falling of the leaves, lustrous and dark reddish brown often tinged with purple, the lateral branchlets 5′—6′ long, light green and lustrous on the upper surface, somewhat paler on the lower surface, turning yellow and falling generally at the end of their second season. Bark bright cinnamon-red, ½′—¾′ thick, irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into broad ridges rounded on the back and broken on the surface into long narrow rather loose plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, easily split, dull brown tinged with red; largely used in Washington and Oregon for the interior finish of buildings, doors, sashes, fences, shingles, and in cabinet-making and cooperage. From this tree the Indians of the northwest coast split the planks used in the construction of their lodges, carved the totems which decorate their villages, and hollowed out their great war canoes, and from the fibres of the inner bark made ropes, blankets, and thatch for their cabins.

Distribution. Singly and in small groves on low moist bottom-lands or near the banks of mountain streams, from the sea-level to elevations of 6000° in the interior, from Baranoff Island, Alaska, southward along the coast ranges of British Columbia, western Washington, and Oregon, where it is the most abundant and grows to its largest size, and through the California-coast region to Mendocino County, ranging eastward along many of the interior ranges of British Columbia, northern Washington, Idaho, and Montana to the western slope of the continental divide.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the parks and gardens of western and central Europe where it has grown rapidly and vigorously, and occasionally in the middle and north Atlantic states.

11. CUPRESSUS L. Cypress.

Resinous trees, with bark often separating into long shred-like scales, fragrant durable usually light brown heartwood, pale yellow sapwood, stout erect branches often becoming horizontal in old age, slender 4-angled branchlets, and naked buds. Leaves scale-like, ovate, acute, acuminate, or bluntly pointed at apex, with slender spreading or appressed tips, thickened, rounded, and often glandular on the back, opposite in pairs, becoming brown and woody before falling; on vigorous leading shoots and young plants needle-shaped or linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flowers minute, monœcious, terminal, yellow, the two sexes on separate branchlets; the male oblong, of numerous decussate stamens, with short filaments enlarged into broadly ovate connectives bearing 2—6 globose pendulous anther-cells; female oblong or subglobose, composed of 6—10 thick decussate scales bearing in several rows at the base of the ovuliferous scale numerous erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit an erect nearly globose cone maturing in the second year, composed of the much thickened ovule-bearing scales of the flower, abruptly dilated, clavate and flattened at the apex, bearing the remnants of the flower-scales developed into a short central more or less thickened mucro or boss; long-persistent on the branch after the escape of the seeds. Seeds numerous, in several rows, erect, thick, and acutely angled or compressed, with thin lateral wings; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thin and membranaceous, the inner thicker and crustaceous; cotyledons 3 or 4, longer than the superior radicle.

Cupressus with ten or twelve species is confined to Pacific North America and Mexico in the New World and to southeastern Europe, southwestern Asia, the Himalayas, and China in the Old World. Of the exotic species Cupressus sempervirens L., of southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, and especially its pyramidal variety, are often planted for ornament in the south Atlantic and Pacific states.

Cupressus is the classical name of the Cypress-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES

Leaves dark green. Leaves eglandular or obscurely glandular on the back. Leaves obtusely pointed; cones puberulous, 1′—1½′ in diameter; seeds light chestnut-brown.1. [C. macrocarpa] (G). Leaves acutely pointed; cones ½′—⅔′ in diameter; seeds dark brown or black.2. [C. Goveniana] (G). Leaves glandular-pitted on the back, acute. Cones ⅔′—1′ in diameter; seeds brown, often glaucous.3. [C. Sargentii] (G). Cones ½′—1′ in diameter, often covered with a glaucous bloom; seeds dark chestnut-brown.4. [C. Macnabiana] (G). Leaves pale bluish green. Leaves obtusely pointed, with small gland-pits; bark of the trunk smooth, lustrous, mahogany brown; branches bright red.5. [C. guadaloupensis] (G). Leaves acute, eglandular or occasionally obscurely glandular (in var. glabra conspicuously glandular); bark of the trunk dark brown, separating into long narrow persistent fibres; branchlets gray.6. [C. arizonica] (H).

1. [Cupressus macrocarpa] Gord. Monterey Cypress.

Leaves dark green, bluntly pointed, eglandular, and ¼′—½′ long; deciduous at the end of three or four years. Flowers opening late in February or early in March, yellow. Fruit clustered on short stout stems subglobose, slightly puberulous, 1′—1½′ in diameter, composed of 4 or 6 pairs of scales, with broadly ovoid thickened or occasionally on the upper scales subconical bosses, the scales of the upper and lower pairs being smaller than the others and sterile; seeds about 20 under each fertile scale, angled, light chestnut-brown, about ¹/₁₆′ long.

A tree, often 60°—70° high, with a short trunk 2°—3° or exceptionally 5°—6° in diameter, slender erect branches forming a narrow or broad bushy pyramidal head, becoming stout and spreading in old age into a broad flat-topped crown, and stout branchlets covered when the leaves fall at the end of three or four years with thin light or dark reddish brown bark separating into small papery scales. Bark ¾′—1′ thick and irregularly divided into broad flat connected ridges separating freely into narrow elongated thick persistent scales, dark red-brown on young stems and upper branches, becoming at last almost white on old and exposed trunks. Wood heavy, hard and strong, very durable, close-grained.

Distribution. Coast of California south of the Bay of Monterey, occupying an area about two miles long and two hundred yards wide from Cypress Point to the shores of Carmel Bay, with a small grove on Point Lobos, the southern boundary of the bay.

Universally cultivated in the Pacific states from Vancouver Island to Lower California, and often used in hedges and for wind-breaks; occasionally planted in the southeastern states; much planted in western and southern Europe, temperate South America, and in Australia and New Zealand.

2. [Cupressus Goveniana] Gord.

Cupressus pygmæa Sarg.

Leaves acutely pointed, dark green. Flowers: male obscurely 4-angled, with broadly ovate peltate connectives: female with 6—10 ovate pointed scales. Fruit usually sessile, subglobose ¼′—⅞′ in diameter, its scales terminating in small bosses; seeds compressed, black, or dark brown, papillose, about ⅛′ long.

A tree rarely 75° high, with a tall trunk up to 2°10′ in diameter, often not more than 25° high, more often a shrub with numerous stems 1°—15° tall, ascending branches, and comparatively stout bright reddish brown branchlets, becoming purple and ultimately dark reddish brown; often beginning to produce fertile cones when only 1° or 2° tall. Bark bright reddish brown, about ¼′ thick, and divided by shallow fissures into flat ridges separating on the surface into long thread-like scales. Wood soft, very coarse-grained, pale reddish brown.

Distribution. California: pine barrens on the western slope of Point Pinos Ridge two miles west of Monterey, and on alkaline soil in a narrow belt beginning about three quarters of a mile from the shore of Mendocino County and extending inland for three or four miles from Ten Mile Run on the north to the Navarro River on the south; arborescent and also of its smallest size only in this northern station.

3. [Cupressus Sargentii] Jeps. Sargent’s Cypress.

Cupressus Goveniana Engelm., not Gord. (Silva N. Am. x. 107 t. 527)

Leaves obscurely glandular or without glands, dark green, pungently aromatic, ¹/₁₆′—⅛′ long, turning bright red-brown in drying and falling at the end of three or four years; on young plants ⅛′—¼′ long. Flowers: male with thin slightly erose connectives: female of 6 or 8 acute slightly spreading scales. Fruit often in crowded clusters, short-stalked, subglobose, ½′—1′ in diameter, reddish brown or purple, lustrous, puberulous, its 6 or 8 scales with broadly ovoid generally rounded and flattened and rarely short-obconic bosses; seeds brown, lustrous, often glaucous, with an acute margin, ⅙′ long, about 20 under each fertile scale.

A tree, shrub, or small bushy tree rarely more than 15° or 16° high, with a short trunk 2° in diameter, slender erect or spreading branches forming a handsome open head, and thin branchlets covered with close smooth bark, at first orange-colored, becoming bright reddish brown, and ultimately purple or dark brown. Bark ¼′—½′ thick, dark grayish brown, irregularly divided into narrow ridges covered with thin persistent oblong scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. California: dry mountain slopes usually between altitudes of 1300° and 2300° in few widely isolated stations, Red Mountain, Mendocino County, to Mt. Tamalpais, Marin County; Cedar Mountain, Alameda County; Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Cruz County; Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County; often covering great areas on the hills of Marin County with dense thickets only a few feet high.

Occasionally cultivated as C. Goveniana in western and southern Europe as an ornamental tree.

4. [Cupressus Macnabiana] A. Murr. Cypress.

Cupressus Bakeri Jeps.
Cupressus nevadensis Abrams.

Leaves acute or rounded at apex, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the back, deep green, often slightly glaucous, usually not more than ¹/₁₆′ long. Flowers in March and April, male nearly cylindric, obtuse, with broadly ovate rounded connectives: female subglobose, with broadly ovate scales short-pointed and rounded at apex. Fruit oblong, subsessile or raised on a slender stalk, ½′—1′ long, dark reddish brown more or less covered with a glaucous bloom, slightly puberulous, especially along the margins of the 6 or rarely 8 scales, their prominent bosses thin and recurved on the lower scales, and much thickened, conical, and more or less incurved on the upper scales; seeds dark chestnut-brown, usually rather less than ¹/₁₆′ long, with narrow wings.

A tree in Oregon occasionally 80° high with a tall trunk sometimes 3½° in diameter, southward rarely more than 30° high, with a short trunk 12′—15′ in diameter, slender branches covered with close smooth compact bark, bright purple after the falling of the leaves, soon becoming dark brown; more often a shrub with numerous stems 6°—12° tall forming a broad open irregular head. Bark thin, dark reddish brown, broken into brown flat ridges, and separating on the surface into elongated thin slightly attached long-persistent scales. Wood light, soft, very close-grained.

Distribution. Rare and local, usually in small groves; dry ridges of Mount Steve and adjacent mountains up to altitudes of 5300°, Josephine County, southwestern Oregon; California; on lava beds, southeastern Siskiyou and southwestern Mono Counties (C. Bakeri); dry hills and low slopes, Mt. Ætna, in central Napa County; through Lake County to Red Mountain on the east side of Ukiah Valley, Mendocino County; in Trinity County between Shasta and Whiskeytown; and on the Sierra Nevada (Red Hill, Piute Mountains near Bodfish) Kern County, at an altitude of 5000° (C. nevadensis).

Occasionally cultivated in western and southern Europe as an ornamental tree.

5. [Cupressus guadaloupensis] S. Wats. Tecate Cypress.

Leaves acute, rounded and minutely glandular-pitted or eglandular on the back, light blue-green, about ¹/₁₆′ long. Fruit on stout stems ¼′—⅓′ in length, subglobose to short-oblong, ¾′—1¼′ in diameter, puberulous especially along the margins of the six or eight scales, with prominent flattened or conic acute often incurved bosses; seeds about 70 under each scale, short-oblong, nearly square, light chestnut-brown up to ¼′ in length, with a narrow wing.

A tree in California sometimes 20°—25° in height, with a short slender or on exposed mountain slopes a trunk occasionally 2° or 3° in diameter, few short spreading or ascending branches forming an open head, and light red-brown lustrous branchlets becoming purplish. Bark smooth, lustrous, without resin or fibres, mahogany brown, the thin scales in falling leaving pale marks.

Distribution. San Diego County, California, rare and local; valley of the San Luis Rey River between Valley Centre and Pala; at altitudes between 1100° and 4000° in the gulches and on the summit of Mt. Tecate on the border between the United States and Lower California; on a mountain below Descanso and Pine Valley; in Cedar Cañon between El-nido and Dulzura; in Lower California on San Pedro Mártir Mountain and Guadaloupe Island. The insular form is a larger tree often with larger gland-pits on the leaves, and now often cultivated in California, western Europe, and in other countries with temperate climates.

6. [Cupressus arizonica] Greene. Cypress.

Leaves obtusely pointed, rounded, eglandular or rarely glandular-pitted on the back, pale green, ¹/₁₆′ long, dying and turning red-brown in their second season, generally falling four years later. Flowers: male oblong, obtuse, their 6 or 8 stamens with broadly ovate acute yellow connectives slightly erose on the margins: female not seen. Fruit on stout pedicels ¼′—½′ in length, subglobose, rather longer than broad, wrinkled, dark red-brown and covered with a glaucous bloom, the six or eight scales with stout flattened incurved prominent bosses; seeds oblong to nearly triangular, dark red-brown, ¹/₁₆′—⅛′ long with a thin narrow wing.

A conical tree 40°—70° high with a trunk 2°—4° in diameter, and stout spreading branches covered with bark separating into thin plates, leaving a smooth red surface, and branchlets dark gray after the leaves fall. Bark on young trunks separating into large irregular curling thin scales, on old trees becoming dark red-brown and fibrous.

Distribution. Mountains above Clifton, Greenlee County, eastern Arizona; on the San Francisco Mountains, Socorro County, and San Luis Mountains, Grant County, western New Mexico; and in Chihuahua. Passing into

Cupressus arizonica var. bonita Lemm.

Cupressus glabra Sudw.

Differing from the type in the prominent oblong or circular glandular depressions on the backs of the leaves.

A tree 30°—70° high, with a trunk 18′—24′ or rarely 5° in diameter, erect branches forming a rather compact conical head. Bark of the trunk and large branches thin, smooth, dark reddish brown, separating into small curled scale-like plates, becoming on old trees dark gray and fibrous. Wood heavy, hard, pale straw color with lighter-colored sapwood, durable in contact with the ground, somewhat used for fence-posts, corral-piles, mine-timbers and in log cabins.

Distribution. Gravelly slopes and moist gulches often in groups of considerable size at altitudes between 4000° and 7000°, Arizona; near Camp Verde, Tonto Basin; Natural Bridge, Payson, etc.; on the Chiracahua Mountains (J. W. Toumey, July, 1894); on the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains, and in Oak Creek Cañon twenty miles south of Flagstaff (P. Lowell, June, 1911).

Now often cultivated in western Europe as C. arizonica.

12. CHAMÆCYPARIS.

Tall resinous pyramidal trees, with thin scaly or deeply furrowed bark, nodding leading shoots, spreading branches, flattened, often deciduous or ultimately terete branchlets 2-ranked in one horizontal plane, pale fragrant durable heartwood, thin nearly white sapwood, and naked buds. Leaves scale-like, ovate, acuminate, with slender spreading or appressed tips, opposite in pairs, becoming brown and woody before falling, on vigorous sterile branches and young plants needle-shaped or linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flowers minute, monœcious, terminal, the two sexes on separate branchlets; the male oblong, of numerous decussate stamens, with short filaments enlarged into ovate connectives decreasing in size from below upward and bearing usually 2 pendulous globose anther-cells; the female subglobose, composed of usually 6 decussate peltate scales bearing at the base of the ovuliferous scales 2—5 erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit an erect globose cone maturing at the end of the first season, surrounded at the base by the sterile lower scales of the flowers, and formed by the enlargement of the ovule-bearing scales, abruptly dilated, club-shaped and flattened at the apex, bearing the remnants of the flower-scales as short prominent points or knobs; persistent on the branches after the escape of the seeds. Seeds 1—5, erect on the slender stalk-like base of the scale, subcylindric and slightly compressed; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thin and membranaceous, the inner thicker and crustaceous, produced into broad lateral wings; cotyledons 2, longer than the superior radicle.

Chamæcyparis is confined to the Atlantic and Pacific coast regions of North America, and to Japan and Formosa. Six species are distinguished. Of exotic species the Japanese Retinosporas, Chamæcyparis obtusa Endl., and Chamæcyparis pisifera Endl., with their numerous abnormal forms are familiar garden plants in all temperate regions.

Chamæcyparis is from χαμαί, on the ground, and κυπάρισσος, cypress.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Bark thin, divided into flat ridges; Branchlets slender, often compressed; leaves dull blue-green, usually conspicuously glandular.1. [C. thyoides] (A, C). Branchlets stout, slightly flattened or terete; leaves dark blue-green, usually without glands.2. [C. nootkatensis] (B, G). Bark thick, divided into broad rounded ridges; branchlets slender, compressed; leaves bright green, conspicuously glandular.3. [C. Lawsoniana] (G).

1. [Chamæcyparis thyoides] B. S. P. White Cedar.

Cupressus thyoides L.

Leaves closely appressed, or spreading at the apex especially on vigorous leading shoots, keeled and glandular or conspicuously glandular-punctate on the back, dark dull blue-green or pale below, at the north becoming russet-brown during the winter, ¹/₁₆′—⅛′ long, dying during the second season and then persistent for many years. Flowers: male composed of 5 or 6 pairs of stamens, with ovate connectives rounded at apex, dark brown below the middle, nearly black toward the apex: female subglobose, with ovate acute spreading pale liver-colored scales and black ovules. Fruit ¼′ in diameter, sessile on a short leafy branch, light green, covered with a glaucous bloom when fully grown, later bluish purple and very glaucous, finally becoming dark red-brown, its scales terminating in ovate acute, often reflexed bosses; seeds 1 or 2 under each fertile scale, ovoid, acute, full and rounded at the base, slightly compressed, gray-brown, about ⅛′ long, with wings as broad as the body of the seed and dark red-brown.

A tree, 70°—80° high, with a tall trunk usually about 2 and occasionally 3°—4° in diameter, or northward much smaller, slender horizontal branches forming a narrow spire-like head, and 2-ranked compressed branchlets disposed in an open fan-shaped more or less deciduous spray, the persistent branchlets gradually becoming terete, light green tinged with red, light reddish brown during their first winter, and then dark brown, their thin close bark separating slightly at the end of three or four years into small papery scales. Bark ¾′—1′ thick, light reddish brown, and divided irregularly into narrow flat connected ridges often spirally twisted round the stem, separating on the surface into elongated loose or closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, slightly fragrant, light brown tinged with red; largely used in boat-building and cooperage, for wooden ware, shingles, the interior finish of houses, fence-posts, and railway-ties.

Distribution. Cold swamps usually immersed during several months of the year, often forming dense pure forests; near Concord, New Hampshire, southern Maine, southward only near the coast to northern Florida, and westward to southwestern Mississippi; most abundant south of Massachusetts Bay; comparatively rare east of Boston and west of Mobile Bay.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and in the countries of temperate Europe.

2. [Chamæcyparis nootkatensis] Sudw. Yellow Cypress. Sitka Cypress.

Cupressus nootkatensis Lamb.

Leaves rounded, eglandular or glandular-pitted on the back, dark blue-green, closely appressed, about ⅛′ long, on vigorous leading branchlets somewhat spreading and often ¼′ long, with more elongated and sharper points, beginning to die at the end of their second year and usually falling during the third season. Flowers: male on lateral branchlets of the previous year, composed of 4 or 5 pairs of stamens, with ovate rounded slightly erose light yellow connectives: female clustered near the ends of upper branchlets, dark liver color, the fertile scales each bearing 2—4 ovules. Fruit ripening in September and October. nearly ½′ in diameter, dark red-brown, with usually 4 or 6 scales tipped with prominent erect pointed bosses and frequently covered with conspicuous resin-glands; seeds 2—4 under each scale, ovoid, acute, slightly flattened, about ¼′ long, dark red-brown, with thin light red-brown wings often nearly twice as wide as the body of the seed.

A tree, frequently 120° high, with a tall trunk 5°—6° in diameter, horizontal branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, stout distichous somewhat flattened or terete light yellow branchlets often tinged with red at first, dark or often bright red-brown during their third season, ultimately paler and covered with close thin smooth bark. Bark ½′—¾′ thick, light gray tinged with brown, irregularly fissured, and separated on the surface into large thin loose scales. Wood hard, rather brittle, very close-grained, exceedingly durable, bright clear yellow, with very thin nearly white sapwood; fragrant with an agreeable resinous odor; used in boat and shipbuilding, the interior finish of houses, and the manufacture of furniture.

Distribution. Islands of Prince William Sound, Alaska, and southward over the coast mountains of Alaska and British Columbia, and along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to the northeastern slopes of Mt. Jefferson, extending eastward to the headwaters of the Yakima River on the eastern slope of the range; on Whiskey Peak of the Siskiyou Mountains in the southeastern corner of Josephine County, Oregon and about two miles from the California line; most abundant and of its largest size near the coast of Alaska and northern British Columbia, ranging from the sea-level up to altitudes of 3000°; at high elevations on the Cascade Mountains sometimes a low shrub.

Occasionally cultivated, with its several abnormal forms, as an ornamental tree in the middle Atlantic states and in California, and commonly in the countries of western and central Europe.

3. [Chamæcyparis Lawsoniana] Parl. Port Orford Cedar. Lawson Cypress.

Cupressus Lawsoniana A. Murr.

Leaves bright green or pale below, conspicuously glandular on the back, usually not more than ¹/₁₆′ long on lateral branchlets, on leading shoots often spreading at the apex, ⅛′ to nearly ¼′ long, usually dying, turning bright red-brown and falling during their third year. Flowers: male with bright red connectives bearing usually 2 pollen-sacs: female with dark ovate acute spreading scales, each bearing 2—4 ovules. Fruit clustered on the upper lateral branchlets and produced in great profusion, ripening in September and October, about ⅓′ in diameter, green and glaucous when full grown, red-brown and often covered with a bloom at maturity, its scales with thin broadly ovate acute reflexed bosses; seeds 2—4 under each fertile scale, ovoid, acute, slightly compressed, ⅛′ long, light chestnut-brown, with broad thin wings.

A tree, often 200° high, with a tall trunk frequently 12° in diameter above its abruptly enlarged base, a spire-like head of small horizontal or pendulous branches clothed with remote flat spray frequently 6′—8′ long. Bark often 10′ thick at the base of old trees and 3′—4′ thick on smaller stems, dark reddish brown, with 2 distinct layers, the inner ⅛′—¼′ thick, darker, more compact, and firmer than the outer, divided into great broad-based rounded ridges separated on the surface into small thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, hard, strong, very close-grained, abounding in fragrant resin, durable, easily worked, light yellow, or almost white, with hardly distinguishable sapwood; largely manufactured into lumber used for the interior finish and flooring of buildings, railway-ties, fence-posts, and boat and shipbuilding, and on the Pacific coast almost exclusively for matches. The resin is a powerful diuretic.

Distribution. Usually scattered in small groves from the shores of Coos Bay, southwestern Oregon, south to the mouth of the Klamath River, California, ranging inland usually for about thirty miles; near Waldorf, in Josephine County, Oregon, on the slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, and on the southern flanks of Mt. Shasta, California; most abundant north of Rogue River on the Oregon coast and attaining its largest size on the western slopes of the Coast Range foothills, forming between Point Gregory and the mouth of the Coquille River a nearly continuous forest belt twenty miles long.

Often cultivated with the innumerable forms originated in nurseries, in the middle Atlantic states and California, in all the temperate countries of Europe, and in New Zealand.

13. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper.

Pungent aromatic trees or shrubs, with usually thin shreddy bark, soft close-grained durable wood, slender branches, and scaly or naked buds. Leaves sessile, in whorls of 3, persistent for many years, convex on the lower side, concave and stomatiferous above, linear-subulate, sharp-pointed, without glands (Oxycedrus); or scale-like, ovate, opposite in pairs or ternate, closely imbricated, appressed and adnate to the branch, glandular or eglandular on the back, becoming brown and woody on the branch, but on young plants and vigorous shoots often free and awl-shaped (Sabina). Flowers minute, diœcious, axillary or terminal on short axillary branches from buds formed the previous autumn on branches of the year; the male solitary, oblong-ovoid, with numerous stamens decussate or in 3’s, their filaments enlarged into ovate or peltate yellow scale-like connectives bearing near the base 2—6 globose pollen-sacs; the female ovoid, surrounded at the base by many minute scale-like bracts persistent and unchanged under the fruit, composed of 2—6 opposite or ternate pointed scales alternate with or bearing on their inner face at the base on a minute ovuliferous scale 1 or 2 ovules. Fruit a berry-like succulent fleshy blue, blue-black, or red strobile formed by the coalition of the flower-scales, inclosed in a membranaceous skin covered with a glaucous bloom, ripening during the first, second, or rarely during the third season, smooth or marked by the ends of the flower-scales, or by the pointed tips of the ovules, closed, or open at the top and exposing the apex of the seeds. Seeds 1—12, ovoid, acute or obtuse, terete or variously angled, often longitudinally grooved by depressions caused by the pressure of resin-cells in the flesh of the fruit, smooth or roughened and tuberculate, chestnut-brown, marked below by the large conspicuous usually 2-lobed hilum; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thick and bony, the inner thin, membranaceous or crustaceous; cotyledons 2, or 4—6, about as long as the superior radicle.

Juniperus is widely scattered over the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to the highlands of Mexico, Lower California, and the West Indies in the New World, and to the Azores and Canary Islands, northern Africa, Abyssinia, the mountains of east tropical Africa, Sikkim, central China, Formosa, Japan and the Bonin Islands in the Old World. About thirty-five species are now distinguished. Of the exotic species cultivated in the United States the most common are European forms of Juniperus communis L. with fastigiate branches, and dwarf forms of the European Juniperus Sabina L., and of Juniperus chinensis L.

Juniperus is the classical name of the Juniper.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Flowers axillary; stamens decussate; ovules 3, alternate with the scales of the flower, their tips persistent on the fruit; seeds usually 3; leaves ternate, linear-lanceolate, prickle-pointed, jointed at the base, eglandular, dark yellow-green, channeled, stomatose, and glaucous above; fruit maturing in the third year, subglobose, bright blue, covered with a glaucous bloom; buds scaly (Oxycedrus).1. [J. communis.] Flowers terminal on short axillary branchlets; stamens decussate or in 3’s; ovules in the axils of small fleshy scales often enlarged and conspicuous on the fruit; seeds 1—12; leaves ternate or opposite, mostly scale-like, crowded, generally closely appressed, free and awl-shaped on vigorous shoots and young plants; buds naked (Sabina). Fruit red or reddish brown. Bark of the trunk separating into long thin persistent scales; fruit maturing in one season. Leaves closely appressed to the branchlet, obtusely pointed. Leaves conspicuously glandular-pitted, ternate or opposite; fruit red, subglobose, ¼′ in diameter.2. [J. Pinchotii] (C, H). Leaves eglandular or slightly glandular; fruit reddish brown. Leaves ternate, rarely opposite; fruit short-oblong, ¼′—½′ in diameter.3. [J. californica] (G). Leaves opposite, rarely ternate; fruit subglobose, ⅛′—¼′, in one form ¾′ in diameter.4. [J. utahensis] (F, G). Leaves not closely appressed, spreading at the apex, long-pointed, glandular or eglandular; fruit subglobose, ⅓′—½′ in diameter.5. [J. flaccida] (L). Bark of the trunk divided into thick nearly square plates; leaves eglandular or occasionally glandular-pitted; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, ½′ in diameter, ripening at the end of its second season.6. [J. pachyphlæa] (H). Fruit blue or blue-black, with resinous juicy flesh, subglobose to short-oblong, ¹/₁₂′—⅓′ in diameter; seeds, 1—4; cotyledons 2. Leaves denticulately fringed, opposite or ternate; fruit maturing in one season. Branchlets about ¹/₁₂′ in diameter; leaves acute, conspicuously glandular; fruit short-oblong, ¼′—⅓′ in diameter; seeds 2 or 3.7. [J. occidentalis] (B, G). Branchlets not more than ¹/₂₄′ in diameter; leaves usually ternate; fruit short-oblong. Seeds 1 or rarely 2, pale chestnut-brown, obtuse, prominently ridged; leaves acute or acuminate, usually glandular.8. [J. monosperma] (F). Seeds 1 or 2, dark chestnut-brown, acute, obscurely ridged; leaves obtusely pointed, often eglandular.9. [J. mexicana] (C). Leaves naked on the margins, mostly opposite, glandular or eglandular; fruit subglobose. Fruit ripening at the end of the first season. Fruit ¼′—⅓′ in diameter; seeds 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4; leaves acute or acuminate; branches spreading or erect.10. [J. virginiana] (A, C). Fruit ¹/₁₂′—⅙′ in diameter; seeds 1 or 2; leaves acute; branches usually pendulous.11. [J. lucayana] (C). Fruit ripening at the end of the second season, ¼′—⅓′ in diameter; seeds 1 or 2; leaves acute or acuminate.12. [J. scopulorum] (B, F).

1. [Juniperus communis] L. Juniper.

Leaves spreading nearly at right angles to the branchlets, ⅓′—½′ long, about ¹/₃₂′ wide, turning during winter a deep rich bronze color on the lower surface, persistent for many years. Flowers: male composed of 5 or 6 whorls each of 3 stamens, with broadly ovate acute and short-pointed connectives, bearing at the very base 3 or 4 globose anther-cells; female surrounded by 5 or 6 whorls of ternate leaf-like scales, composed of 3 slightly spreading ovules abruptly enlarged and open at the apex, with 3 minute obtuse fleshy scales below and alternate with them. Fruit maturing in the third season, subglobose or short-oblong, about ¼′ in diameter, with soft mealy resinous sweet flesh and 1—3 seeds; often persistent on the branches one or two years after ripening; seeds ovoid, acute, irregularly angled or flattened, deeply penetrated by numerous prominent thin-walled resin-glands, about ⅛′ long, the outer coat thick and bony, the inner membranaceous.

In America only occasionally tree-like and 10°—20° tall, with a short eccentric irregularly lobed trunk rarely a foot in diameter, erect branches forming an irregular open head, slender branchlets, smooth, lustrous, and conspicuously 3-angled between the short nodes during their first and second years, light yellow tinged with red, gradually growing darker, their dark red-brown bark separating in the third season into small thin scales, and ovoid acute buds about ⅛′ long and loosely covered with scale-like leaves; more often a shrub, with many short slender stems prostrate at the base and turning upward and forming a broad mass sometimes 20° across and 3° or 4° high (var. depressa Pursh.); at high elevations and in the extreme north prostrate, with long decumbent stems and shorter and more crowded leaves (var. montana Ait.) passing into the var. Jackii Rehdr. with long trailing branches and broader incurved leaves. Bark about ¹/₁₆′ thick, dark reddish brown, separating irregularly into many loose papery persistent scales. Wood hard, close-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, light brown, with pale sapwood. In northern Europe the sweet aromatic fruit of this tree is used in large quantities to impart its peculiar flavor to gin; occasionally employed in medicine.

Distribution. Occasionally arborescent in New England, eastern Pennsylvania, and on the high mountains of North Carolina; the var. depressa, common in poor rocky soil, Newfoundland to southern New England, and to the shores of the Great Lakes and northwestward; the var. montana from the coast of Greenland to northern New England, on the high Appalachian Mountains, North Carolina, and to northern Nebraska, along the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to western Texas, and on the Pacific coast from Alaska, southward along mountain ranges to the high Sierras of central California, extending eastward to the mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, and on the high peaks of northern Arizona up to altitudes of 10,000°—11,500° (P. Lowell); the var. Jackii on the coast mountains from northern California to Vancouver Island; in the Old World widely distributed in many forms through all the northern hemisphere from arctic Asia and Europe to Japan, the Himalayas and the mountains of the Mediterranean Basin.

Often planted, especially in several of its pyramidal and dwarf forms, in the eastern United States and in the countries of western, central, and northern Europe.

2. [Juniperus Pinchotii] Sudw.

Leaves ternate, obtusely pointed, rounded and glandular-pitted on the back, ¹/₁₆′ long, dark yellow-green, turning light red-brown before falling; on vigorous shoots and seedling plants linear-lanceolate, thin, acuminate, eglandular, ¼′—⅓′ in length. Fruit ripening in one season, subglobose, bright red, ¼′ in diameter, with a thin skin and thick dry mealy resinous flesh and 1 seed; seed ovoid, bluntly pointed, deeply grooved, irregularly marked by the usually two-lobed hilum, ⅙′—¼′ long and 2 cotyledons.

A tree rarely 20 feet high, with a trunk 1 foot in diameter, stout wide-spreading branches forming an open irregular head and thick branchlets covered with dark gray-brown scaly bark, their ultimate divisions about ¹/₁₂′ in diameter; more often a shrub with several stems 1° to 12° tall. Bark thin, light brown, separating into long narrow persistent scales.

Distribution. Dry rocky slopes and the rocky sides of cañons, Panhandle of western Texas (Armstrong, Potter and Hartley Counties), and in Hardaman, Garza, Tom Green, Kemble, Valverde and Menard Counties; on Comanche Peak near Granbury, Hood County, Texas; in central and on the mountains of southern Arizona.

3. [Juniperus californica] Carr. Desert White Cedar. Sweet-berried Cedar.

Leaves usually in 3’s, closely appressed, thickened, slightly keeled and conspicuously glandular-pitted on the back, pointed at apex, cartilaginously fringed on the margins, light yellow-green, about ⅛′ long, dying and turning brown on the branch at the end of two or three years; on vigorous shoots linear-lanceolate, rigid, sharp-pointed, ¼′—½′ long, whitish on the upper surface. Flowers from January to March; male of 18—20 stamens, disposed in 3’s, with rhomboidal short-pointed connectives; scales of the female flower usually 6, ovate, acute, spreading, obliterated or minute on the fruit. Fruit short-oblong or ovoid, ½′—¾′ long, reddish brown, with a membranaceous loose skin covered with a thick glaucous bloom, thick fibrous dry sweet flesh, and 1 or 2 seeds; seeds ovoid, obtusely pointed, irregularly lobed and angled, and 4—6 cotyledons.

A conical tree, occasionally 40° high, with a straight, large-lobed unsymmetrical trunk 1°—2° in diameter; more often shrubby, with many stout irregular usually contorted stems forming a broad open head. Bark thin and divided into long loose plate-like scales ashy gray on the outer surface and persistent for many years. Wood soft, close-grained, durable in contact with the soil, light brown slightly tinged with red, with thin nearly white sapwood; used for fencing and fuel. The fruit is eaten by Indians fresh or ground into flour.

Distribution. Dry mountain slopes and hills at altitudes between 400° and 4000°, from Moraga Pass and Mt. Diabolo, Contra Costa County, California, southward on the coast ranges, spreading inland to their union with the Sierra Nevada, and northward at low altitudes along the western slopes of the Sierras to Kern and Mariposa Counties; on the desert slopes of the Tehachapi Mountains, the northern foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains, on the western slopes of the San Jacinto and Cayamaca Ranges, and southward in Lower California to Agua Dulce; arborescent and probably of its largest size on the Mohave Desert.

4. [Juniperus utahensis] Lemm. Juniper.

Leaves opposite or in 3’s, rounded, usually glandular, acute or often acuminate, light yellow-green, rather less than ⅛′ long, persistent for many years. Flowers: male with 18—24 opposite or ternate stamens, their connectives rhomboidal; scales of the female flower acute, spreading, often in pairs. Fruit ripening during the autumn of the second season, subglobose or short-oblong, marked by the more or less prominent tips of the flower-scales, reddish brown, with a thick firm skin covered with a glaucous bloom and closely investing the thin dry sweet flesh, ¼′—⅓′ long, with 1 or rarely 2 seeds; seeds ovoid, acute, obtusely angled, marked to the middle by the hilum, with a hard bony shell, and 4—6 cotyledons.

A bushy tree, rarely exceeding 20° in height, with a short usually eccentric trunk sometimes 2° in diameter, generally divided near the ground by irregular deep fissures into broad rounded ridges, many erect contorted branches forming a broad open head, slender light yellow-green branchlets covered after the falling of the leaves with thin light red-brown scaly bark; more often with numerous stems spreading from the ground and frequently not more than 8°—10° high. Bark about ¼′ thick, ashy gray or sometimes nearly white, and broken into long thin persistent scales. Wood light brown, slightly fragrant, with thick nearly white sapwood; largely used locally for fuel and fencing. The fruit is eaten by Indians fresh, or ground and baked into cakes.

Distribution. Southwestern Wyoming (J. Knightii A. Nels.), southwestern Idaho (Pocatello, Bannock County), western Colorado, eastern Utah, and western New Mexico to northern Arizona and southeastern California at altitudes from 5000° to 8000°; the most abundant and generally distributed tree of the Great Basin, forming in the valleys open forests of stunted trees and shrubs, and on arid slopes more numerous and of larger size in dense nearly pure forests.

A variety (var. megalancocarpa Sarg.) occurs in eastern New Mexico and northern Arizona, with fruit sometimes ¾′ in diameter. A tree often 40° high with a single erect stem sometimes 3° in diameter.

5. [Juniperus flaccida] Schlecht. Juniper.

Leaves opposite, acuminate and long-pointed, spreading at the apex, glandular or eglandular on the back, light yellow-green, about ⅛′ long, turning cinnamon-red and dying on the branch; on vigorous young shoots ovate-lanceolate, sometimes ½′ long, with elongated rigid callous tips. Flowers: male slender, composed of 16—20 stamens, with ovate pointed connectives prominently keeled on the back; female with acute or acuminate spreading scales. Fruit subglobose, dull red-brown, more or less covered with a glaucous bloom, ⅓′—½′ in diameter, with a close firm skin and thick resinous flesh; seeds 4—12, pointed at apex, slightly ridged, often abortive and distorted, ⅛′—¼′ long, with 2 cotyledons.

A tree, occasionally 30° high, with gracefully spreading branches and long slender drooping branchlets, covered after the leaves fall with thin bright cinnamon-brown bark separating into thin loose papery scales; often a shrub. Bark about ½′ thick, reddish brown, separating into long narrow loosely attached scales.

Distribution. In the United States only on the slopes of the Chisos Mountains, in Brewster County, southern Texas; common in northeastern Mexico, growing at elevations of 6000°—8000° on the hills east of the Mexican table-lands.

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of southern France and of Algeria.

6. [Juniperus pachyphlæa] Torr. Juniper. Checkered-bark Juniper.

Leaves appressed, acute and apiculate at apex, thickened, obscurely keeled and glandular on the back, bluish green, rather less than ⅛′ long; on vigorous shoots and young branchlets linear-lanceolate, tipped with slender elongated points, and pale blue-green like the young branchlets. Flowers opening in February and March: the male stout, ⅛′ long, with 10 or 12 stamens, their connectives broadly ovate, obscurely keeled on the back, short-pointed: scales of the female flower, ovate, acuminate, and spreading. Fruit ripening in the autumn of its second season, subglobose to short-oblong, irregularly tuberculate, ⅓′—½′ in diameter, usually marked with the short tips of the flower-scales, occasionally opening and discharging the seeds at the apex, dark red-brown, more or less covered with a glaucous bloom, especially during the first season and then occasionally bluish in color, with a thin skin closely investing the thick dry mealy flesh, and usually 4 seeds; seeds acute or obtusely pointed, conspicuously ridged and gibbous on the back, with a thick shell and 2 cotyledons.

A tree, often 50°—60° high, with a short trunk 3°—5° in diameter, long stout spreading branches forming a broad-based pyramidal or ultimately a compact round-topped head, and slender branchlets covered after the disappearance of the leaves with thin light red-brown usually smooth close bark occasionally broken into large thin scales. Bark ¾′—4′ thick, on young stems reddish brown becoming on old trunks whitish, deeply fissured and divided into nearly square plates 1′—2′ long, and separating on the surface into small thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, clear light red often streaked with yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood; often producing vigorous shoots from the base of the trunk or from the stumps of felled trees.

Distribution. Dry arid mountain slopes usually at elevations of 4000°—6000° above the sea, from the Eagle and Limpio mountains in southwestern Texas, westward along the desert ranges of New Mexico and Arizona, extending northward to the lower slopes of many of the high mountains of northern Arizona, and southward into Mexico.

7. [Juniperus occidentalis] Hook. Juniper.

Leaves opposite or ternate, closely appressed, acute or acuminate, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the back, denticulately fringed, gray-green, about ⅛′ long. Flowers: male stout, obtuse, with 12—18 stamens, their connectives broadly ovoid, rounded, acute or apiculate and scarious or slightly ciliate on the margins: scales of the female flower ovate, acute, spreading, mostly obliterated from the fruit. Fruit subglobose or short-oblong, ¼′—⅓′ in diameter, with a thick firm blue-black skin coated with a glaucous bloom, thin dry flesh filled with large resin-glands, and 2 or 3 seeds; seeds ovoid, acute, rounded and deeply grooved or pitted on the back, flattened on the inner surface, about ⅛′ long, with a thick bony shell, a thin brown inner seed-coat, and 2 cotyledons.

A tree, occasionally 60° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°—3° in diameter, more often not more than 20° in height, with a short trunk sometimes 10° in diameter, enormous branches, spreading at nearly right angles and forming a broad low head, and stout branchlets covered after the leaves fall with thin bright red-brown bark broken into loose papery scales; frequently when growing on dry rocky slopes and toward the northern limits of its range a shrub, with many short erect or semiprostrate stems. Bark about ½′ thick, bright cinnamon-red, divided by broad shallow fissures into wide flat irregularly connected ridges separating on the surface into thin lustrous scales. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, exceedingly durable, light red or brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; used for fencing and fuel. The fruit is gathered and eaten by the California Indians.

Distribution. Mountain slopes and high prairies of western Idaho and of eastern Washington to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains; eastern and southern Oregon up to altitudes of 4500°; along the summits and upper slopes of the Sierra Nevada of California, and southward to the San Bernardino Mountains, here abundant in Bear and Holcomb valleys; attaining its greatest trunk diameter on the wind-swept peaks of the California sierras, usually at altitudes between 6000° and 10,000° above the sea.

8. [Juniperus monosperma] Sarg. Juniper.

Leaves opposite or ternate, often slightly spreading at apex, acute or occasionally acuminate, much thickened and rounded on the back, usually glandular, denticulately fringed, gray-green, rather less than ⅛′ long, turning bright red-brown before falling; on vigorous shoots and young plants ovate, acute, tipped with long rigid points, thin, conspicuously glandular on the back, often ½′ long. Flowers: male with 8—10 stamens, their broadly ovate, rounded or pointed connectives slightly erose on the margins: female with spreading pointed scales. Fruit subglobose or short-oblong, ⅛′—¼′ long, dark blue or perhaps occasionally light chestnut-brown with a thick firm skin covered with a thin glaucous bloom, thin flesh, and 1 or rarely 2 seeds; seeds often protruding from the top of the fruit, ovoid, often 4-angled, somewhat obtuse at apex, with a small hilum, and 2 cotyledons.

A tree, occasionally 40°—50° high, with a stout much-lobed and buttressed trunk sometimes 3° in diameter, short stout branches forming an open very irregular head, and slender branchlets covered after the falling of the leaves with light red-brown bark spreading freely into thin loose scales; more often a much branched shrub sometimes only a few feet high. Bark ashy gray, divided into irregularly connected ridges, separating into long narrow persistent shreddy scales. Wood heavy, slightly fragrant, light reddish brown, with nearly white sapwood and eccentric layers of annual growth; largely used for fencing and fuel. The fruit is ground into flour and baked by the Indians, who use the thin strips of fibrous bark in making saddles, breechcloths, and sleeping-mats.

Distribution. Along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains from the valley of the Platte River, Wyoming (near Alcova, Natrona County) and the divide between the Platte and Arkansas rivers in Colorado; western Oklahoma (near Kenton, Cimarron County, common) and western Texas; on the Colorado plateau, northern Arizona; over the mountain ranges of southwestern Wyoming, Nevada, southern New Mexico and Arizona, and southward into northern Mexico; often covering, with the Nut Pine, in southern Colorado and Utah, and in northern and central New Mexico and Arizona, great areas of rolling hills 6000°—7000° above the sea-level; reaching its largest size in northern Arizona.

9. [Juniperus mexicana] Spreng. Cedar. Rock Cedar.

Juniperus sabinoides Nees.

Leaves usually opposite or ternate, thickened and keeled on the back, obtuse or acute at apex, mostly without glands, denticulately fringed, rather more than ¹/₁₆′ long, dark blue-green, on vigorous young shoots and seedling plants lanceolate, long-pointed, rigid, ¼′—½′ long. Flowers: male with 12—18 stamens, their connectives ovoid, obtuse, or slightly cuspidate: scales of the female flower ovate, acute, and spreading, very conspicuous when the fruit is half grown, becoming obliterated at its maturity. Fruit short-oblong to subglobose, ¼′—½′ in diameter, dark blue, with a thin skin covered with a glaucous bloom, sweet resinous flesh, and 1 or 2 seeds; seeds ovoid, acute, slightly ridged, rarely tuberculate, dark chestnut-brown, with a small hilum, a thin outer seed-coat, a membranaceous dark brown inner coat, and 2 cotyledons.

A tree, occasionally 100° but generally not more than 20°—30° high, with a short or elongated slightly lobed trunk seldom exceeding a foot in diameter, small spreading branches forming a wide round-topped open and irregular or a narrow pyramidal head, slender sharply 4-angled branchlets becoming terete after the falling of the leaves, light reddish brown or ashy gray, with smooth or slightly scaly bark; often a shrub, with numerous spreading stems. Bark on old trees ¼′—½′ thick, brown tinged with red, and divided into long narrow slightly attached scales persistent for many years and clothing the trunk with a loose thatch-like covering. Wood light, hard, not strong, slightly fragrant, brown streaked with red; largely used for fencing, fuel, telegraph-poles, and railway-ties.

Distribution. From Brazos County over the low limestone hills of western and southern Texas, and southward into Mexico; forming great thickets and growing to its largest size on the San Bernardo River; much smaller farther westward, and usually shrubby at the limits of vegetation on the high mountains of central Mexico.

10. [Juniperus virginiana] L. Red Cedar. Savin.

Leaves usually opposite, acute or acuminate or occasionally obtuse, rounded and glandular or eglandular on the back, about ¹/₁₆′ long, dark blue-green or glaucous (var. glauca Carr.), at the north turning russet or yellow-brown during the winter, beginning in their third season to grow hard and woody, and remaining two or three years longer on the branches, on young plants and vigorous branchlets linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, light yellow-green, without glands, ½′—¾′ long. Flowers: diœcious or very rarely monœcious: male with 10 or 12 stamens, their connectives rounded and entire, with 4 or occasionally 5 or 6 pollen-sacs; scales of the female flower violet color, acute and spreading, becoming obliterated from the fruit. Fruit subglobose, ¼′—⅓′ in diameter, pale green when fully grown, dark blue and covered with a glaucous bloom at maturity, with a firm skin, thin sweetish resinous flesh, and 1 or 2 or rarely 3 or 4 seeds; seeds acute and occasionally apiculate at apex, ⅙′—⅛′ long, with a comparatively small 2-lobed hilum, and 2 cotyledons.

A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 3°—4° in diameter, often lobed and eccentric, and frequently buttressed toward the base, generally not more than 40°—50° tall, with short slender branches horizontal on the lower part of the tree, erect above, forming a narrow compact pyramidal head, in old age usually becoming broad and round-topped or irregular, and slender branchlets terete after the disappearance of the leaves and covered with close dark brown bark tinged with red or gray; on exposed cliffs on the coast of Maine, sometimes only a few inches high with long branches forming broad dense mats. Bark ⅛′—¼′ thick, light brown tinged with red, and separated into long narrow scales fringed on the margins, and persistent for many years. Wood light, close-grained, brittle, not strong, dull red, with thin nearly white sapwood, very fragrant, easily worked; largely used for posts, the sills of buildings, the interior finish of houses, the lining of closets and chests for the preservation of woolens against the attacks of moths, and largely for pails and other small articles of wooden ware. A decoction of the fruit and leaves is used in medicine, and oil of red cedar distilled from the leaves and wood as a perfume.

Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and rocky ridges, often immediately on the seacoast, from southern Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to the coast of Georgia, the interior of southern Alabama and Mississippi, and westward to the valley of the lower Ottawa River, southern Michigan, eastern North and South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas, and eastern Texas, not ascending the mountains of New England and New York nor the high southern Alleghanies; in middle Kentucky and Tennessee, and northern Alabama and Mississippi, covering great areas of low rolling limestone hills with nearly pure forests of small bushy trees.

Often cultivated, in several forms, in the northern and eastern states as an ornamental tree and occasionally in the gardens of western and central Europe.

11. [Juniperus lucayana] Britt. Red Cedar.

Juniperus barbadensis Sarg., not L.

Leaves usually opposite, narrow, acute, or gradually narrowed above the middle and acuminate, marked on the back by conspicuous oblong glands. Flowers opening in early March: male elongated, ⅛′ to nearly ¼′ long, with 10 or 12 stamens, their connectives rounded, entire, and bearing usually 3 pollen-sacs: female with scales gradually narrowed above the middle, acute at apex, and obliterated from the ripe fruit. Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, dark blue, covered when ripe with a glaucous bloom, about ¹/₂₄′ in diameter, with a thin skin, sweet resinous flesh, and 1 or 2 seeds; seeds acute, prominently ridged.

A tree, sometimes 50° high, with a trunk occasionally 2° in diameter, small branches erect when the tree is crowded in the forest, spreading when it has grown in open ground and forming a broad flat-topped head often 30° or 40° in diameter, long thin secondary branches erect at the top of the tree and pendulous below, and pendulous branchlets about ¹/₂₄′ in diameter, becoming light red-brown or ashy gray at the end of four or five years after the disappearance of the leaves. Bark thin, light red-brown, separating into long thin scales. Wood light, close, straight-grained, fragrant, dull red; formerly exclusively used in the manufacture of the best lead pencils.

Distribution. Inundated river swamps from southern Georgia, southward to the shores of the Indian River, Florida, and on the west coast of Florida from the northern shores of Charlotte Harbor to the valley of the Apalachicola River, often forming great thickets under the shade of larger trees; along streams and creeks in low woods near Houston, Harris County, and Milano, Milano County, Texas (E. J. Palmer); common in the Bahamas, San Domingo, eastern Cuba, and on the mountains of Jamaica and Antigua.

Often planted for the decoration of squares and cemeteries in the cities and towns in the neighborhood of the coast from Florida to western Louisiana, and now often naturalized beyond the limits of its natural range on the Gulf coast; occasionally cultivated in the temperate countries of Europe, and in cultivation the most beautiful of the Junipers.

12. [Juniperus scopulorum] Sarg. Red Cedar.

Leaves usually opposite, closely appressed, acute or acuminate, generally marked on the back by obscure elongated glands, dark green, or often pale and very glaucous. Flowers: male with about 6 stamens, their connectives rounded and entire, bearing 4 or 5 anther-sacs: scales of the female flower spreading, acute or acuminate, and obliterated from the mature fruit. Fruit ripening at the end of the second season, nearly globose, ¼′—⅓′ in diameter, bright blue, with a thin skin covered with a glaucous bloom, sweet resinous flesh, and 1 or usually 2 seeds; seeds acute, prominently grooved and angled, about ³/₁₆′ long, with a thick bony outer coat and a small 2-lobed hilum.

A tree, 30°—40° high, with a short stout trunk sometimes 3° in diameter, often divided near the ground into a number of stout spreading stems, thick spreading and ascending branches covered with scaly bark, forming an irregular round-topped head, and slender 4-angled branchlets becoming at the end of three or four years terete and clothed with smooth pale bark separating later into thin scales. Bark dark reddish brown or gray tinged with red, divided-by shallow fissures into narrow flat connected ridges broken on the surface into persistent shredded scales.

Distribution. Scattered often singly over dry rocky ridges, usually at altitudes of 5000° or 6000° but occasionally ascending in Colorado to 9000° above the sea, from the eastern foothill region of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to the Black Hills of South Dakota, the valley of the Niobrara River, Sheridan County, northwestern Nebraska (J. M. Bates) and to western Texas and eastern and northern New Mexico, and westward to eastern Oregon, Nevada, and northern Arizona; descending to the sea-level in Washington on the shores of the northern part of Puget Sound and on the islands and mainland about the Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia.

II. TAXACEÆ.

Slightly resinous trees and shrubs, producing when cut vigorous stump shoots, with fissured or scaly bark, light-colored durable close-grained wood, slender branchlets, linear-lanceolate entire rigid acuminate spirally disposed leaves, usually appearing 2-ranked by a twist in their short compressed petioles and persistent for many years, and small ovoid acute buds. Flowers opening in early spring from buds formed the previous autumn, diœcious or monœcious, axillary and solitary, surrounded by the persistent decussate scales of the buds, the male composed of numerous filaments united into a column, each filament surmounted by several more or less united pendant pollen-cells; the female of a single erect ovule, becoming at maturity a seed with a hard bony shell, raised upon or more or less surrounded by the enlarged and fleshy aril-like disk of the flower; embryo axile, in fleshy ruminate or uniform albumen; cotyledons 2, shorter than the superior radicle. Of the ten genera widely distributed over the two hemispheres, two occur in North America.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.

Filaments dilated into 4 pollen-sacs united into a half ring; seeds drupe-like, green or purple, ripening at the end of the second season; albumen ruminate.1. [Torreya.] Filaments dilated into a globose head of 4—8 connate pollen-sacs; seeds berry-like, scarlet, ripening at the end of the first season; albumen uniform.2. [Taxus.]

1. TORREYA ARN.

Tumion Raf.

Glabrous fœtid or pungent aromatic trees, with fissured bark and verticillate or opposite spreading or drooping branches. Leaves thin, long-pointed, abruptly contracted at base, dark green, lustrous and slightly rounded above, thickened and revolute on the margins, with pale bands of stomata on each side of the midvein on the lower surface. Flowers diœcious; the male crowded in the axils of adjacent leaves, on shoots of the previous year, oval or oblong, composed of 6 or 8 close whorls each of 4 stamens, subverticillately arranged on a slender axis; filaments stout and expanded above into 4 globose yellow pollen-sacs united into a half ring, their connectives produced above the cells; the female on shoots of the year less numerous and scattered, sessile, the ovule surrounded by and finally inclosed in an ovoid urn-shaped fleshy sac, and becoming at the end of the second season an oblong-ovate yellow-brown seed, rounded and apiculate at apex, acute and marked at base by the large dark hilum; seed-coat thick and woody, its inner layer folded into the thick white albumen, surrounded and finally inclosed in the thick green or purple enlarged disk of the flower composed of thin flat easily separable fibers, splitting longitudinally when ripe into two parts and separating from the basal scales persistent on the short stout stalk of the seed.

Torreya is now confined to Florida and Georgia, western California, Japan, the island of Quelpart, and central and northern China. Four species are recognized. Of the exotic species the Japanese Torreya nucifera S. & Z. is occasionally cultivated in the eastern states.

The genus is named in honor of Dr. John Torrey, the distinguished American botanist.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves slightly rounded on the back, pale below; leaves, branches, and wood fœtid; branchlets gray or yellowish green.1. [T. taxifolia] (C). Leaves nearly flat, green below; leaves, branches and wood pungent-aromatic; branchlets reddish brown.2. [T. californica] (G).

1. [Torreya taxifolia] Arn. Stinking Cedar. Torreya.

Tumion taxifolium Greene.

Leaves slightly falcate, 1½′ long, about ⅛′ wide, somewhat rounded, dark green and lustrous above, paler and marked below with broad bands of stomata. Flowers appearing in March and April; male with pale yellow anthers; female broadly ovoid, with a dark purple fleshy covering to the ovule, ⅛′ long, and inclosed at the base by broad thin rounded scales. Seed fully grown at midsummer, slightly obovoid, dark purple, 1′—1¼′ long, ¾′ thick, with a thin leathery covering, a light red-brown seed-coat furnished on the inner surface with 2 opposite longitudinal thin ridges extending from the base toward the apex, and conspicuously ruminate albumen.

A tree, occasionally 40° high, with a short trunk 1°—2° in diameter, whorls of spreading slightly pendulous branches forming a rather open pyramidal head tapering from a broad base. Bark ½′ thick, brown faintly tinged with orange color, and irregularly divided by broad shallow fissures into wide low ridges slightly rounded on the back and covered with thin closely appressed scales. Wood hard, strong, clear bright yellow, with thin lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fence-posts.

Distribution. On bluffs along the eastern bank of the Apalachicola River, Florida, from River Junction to the neighborhood of Bristol, Liberty County, and in the southwestern corner of Decatur County, Georgia (R. M. Harper). Rare and local.

Now often planted in the public grounds and gardens of Tallahassee, Florida.

2. [Torreya californica] Torr. California Nutmeg.

Tumion californicum Greene.

Leaves slightly falcate, nearly flat, dark green and lustrous on the upper, somewhat paler and marked below with a narrow band of stomata, tipped with slender callous points, 1′—3½′ long, ¹/₁₆′—⅛′ wide. Flowers appearing in March and April; male with broadly ovate acute scales; female nearly ¼′ long, with oblong-ovate rounded scales. Seed ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 1′—1½′ long, light green more or less streaked with purple.

A tree, 50°—70° but occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 1°—2° or rarely 4° in diameter, and whorls of spreading slender slightly pendulous branches forming a handsome pyramidal and in old age a round-topped head. Bark ⅓′—½′ thick, gray-brown tinged with orange color, deeply and irregularly divided by broad fissures into narrow ridges covered with elongated loosely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, clear light yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fence-posts.

Distribution. Borders of mountain streams, California, nowhere common but widely distributed from Mendocino County to the Santa Cruz Mountains in the coast region and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Eldorado to Tulare Counties at altitudes of 3000°—5000° above the sea; most abundant and of its largest size on the northern coast ranges.

Rarely cultivated as an ornamental tree in California and western Europe.

2. TAXUS L. Yew.

Trees or shrubs, with brown or dark purple scaly bark, and spreading usually horizontal branches. Leaves flat, often falcate, gradually narrowed at the base, dark green, smooth and keeled on the upper surface, paler, papillate, and stomatiferous on the lower surface, their margins slightly thickened and revolute. Flowers diœcious or monœcious: the male composed of a slender stipe bearing at the apex a globular head of 4—8 pale yellow stamens consisting of 4—6 conic pendant pollen-sacs peltately connate from the end of a short filament; the female sessile in the axils of the upper scale-like bracts of a short axillary branch, the ovule erect, sessile on a ring-like disk, ripening in the autumn into an ovoid-oblong seed gradually narrowed and short-pointed at apex, marked at base by the much-depressed hilum, about ⅓′ long, entirely or nearly surrounded by but free from the now thickened succulent translucent sweet scarlet aril-like disk of the flower open at apex; seed-coat thick, of two layers, the outer thin and membranaceous or fleshy, the inner much thicker and somewhat woody; albumen uniform.

Taxus with six or seven species, which can be distinguished only by their leaf characters and habit, is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere, and is found in eastern North America where two species occur, in Pacific North America, Mexico, Europe, northern Africa, western and southern Asia, China, and Japan. Of the exotic species the European, African, and Asiatic Taxus baccata L., and its numerous varieties, is often cultivated in the United States, especially in the more temperate parts of the country, and is replaced with advantage by the hardier Taxus cuspidata S. & Z., of eastern Asia in the northern states, where the native shrubby Taxus canadensis Marsh, with monœcious flowers is sometimes cultivated.

Taxus, from τάξος, is the classical name of the Yew-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Leaves usually short, yellow-green.1. [T. brevifolia] (G). Leaves elongated, usually falcate, dark green.2. [T. floridana] (C).

1. [Taxus brevifolia] Nutt. Yew.

Leaves ½′—1′ long, about ¹/₁₆′ wide, dark yellow-green above, rather paler below, with stout midribs, and slender yellow petioles ¹/₁₂′ long, persistent for 5—12 years. Flowers and fruit as in the genus.

A tree, usually 40°—50° but occasionally 70°—80° high, with a tall straight trunk 1°—2° or rarely 4½° in diameter, frequently unsymmetrical, with one diameter much exceeding the other, and irregularly lobed, with broad rounded lobes, and long slender horizontal or slightly pendulous branches forming a broad open conical head. Bark about ¼′ thick and covered with small thin dark red-purple scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, bright red, with thin light yellow sapwood; used for fence-posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast for paddles, spear-handles, bows, and other small articles.

Distribution. Banks of mountain streams, deep gorges, and damp ravines, growing usually under large coniferous trees; nowhere abundant, but widely distributed usually in single individuals or in small clumps from the extreme southern part of Alaska, southward along the coast ranges of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon, where it attains its greatest size; along the coast ranges of California as far south as the Bay of Monterey, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County at altitudes between 5000° and 8000° above the sea-level, ranging eastward in British Columbia to the Selkirk Mountains, and over the mountains of Washington and Oregon to the western slopes of the continental divide in northern Montana; in the interior much smaller than near the coast and often shrubby in habit.

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of western Europe.

2. [Taxus floridana] Chapm. Yew.

Leaves usually conspicuously falcate, ¾′ to nearly 1′ long, ¹/₁₆′—¹/₁₂′ wide, dark green above, pale below, with obscure midribs and slender petioles about ¹/₁₆′ in length. Flowers appearing in March. Fruit ripening in October.

A bushy tree, rarely 25° high, with a short trunk occasionally 1° in diameter, and numerous stout spreading branches; more often shrubby in habit and 12°—15° tall. Bark ⅛′ thick, dark purple-brown, smooth, compact, occasionally separating into large thin irregular plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, dark brown tinged with red, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. River bluffs and ravines on the eastern bank of the Apalachicola River, in Gadsden County, Florida, from Aspalaga to the neighborhood of Bristol.

Class 2. ANGIOSPERMÆ.

Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules and becoming the fruit.

Division 1. Monocotyledons.

Stems with woody fibres distributed irregularly through them, but without pith or annual layers of growth. Parts of the flower in 3’s; ovary superior; embryo with a single cotyledon. Leaves parallel-veined, alternate, long-persistent, without stipules.

III. PALMÆ.

Trees, growing by a single terminal bud, with stems covered with a thick rind, usually marked below by the ring-like scars of fallen leaf-stalks, and clothed above by their long-persistent sheaths; occasionally stemless. Leaves clustered at the top of the stem, plaited in the bud, fan-shaped or pinnate, their rachis sometimes reduced to a narrow border, long-stalked, with petioles dilated into clasping sheaths of tough fibres (vaginas); on fan-shaped leaves, furnished at the apex on the upper side with a thickened concave body (ligule). Flowers minute, perfect or unisexual, in the axils of small thin mostly deciduous bracts, in large compound clusters (spadix) surrounded by boat-shaped bracts (spathes); sepals and petals free or more or less united; stamens usually 6; anthers 2-celled, introrse, opening longitudinally; ovary 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell; styles 1—3. Fruit a drupe or berry; embryo cylindric in a cavity of the hard albumen near the circumference of the seed. Of the 130 genera now usually recognized and chiefly inhabitants of the tropics, seven have arborescent representatives in the United States.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.

Leaves fan-shaped. Leaf-stalks unarmed. Calyx and corolla united into a short 6-lobed perianth. Fruit white, drupaceous; albumen even.1. [Thrinax.] Fruit black, baccate; albumen channeled.2. [Coccothrinax.] Calyx and corolla distinct; fruit baccate.3. [Sabal.] Leaf-stalks armed with marginal spines. Filaments slender, free; fruit baccate.4. [Washingtonia.] Filaments triangular, united into a cup adnate to the base of the corolla; fruit drupaceous.5. [Acœlorraphe.] Leaves pinnate. Flower-clusters produced on the stem below the leaves; fruit violet-blue.6. [Roystonea.] Flower-clusters produced from among the leaves; fruit bright orange-scarlet.7. [Pseudophœnix.]

1. THRINAX Sw.

Small unarmed trees, with stems covered with pale gray rind. Leaves orbicular, or truncate at the base, thick and firm, usually silvery white on the lower surface, divided to below the middle into narrow acuminate parted segments with thickened margins and midribs; rachis a narrow border, with thin usually undulate margins; ligule thick, concave, pointed, lined while young with hoary tomentum; petioles compressed, rounded above and below, thin and smooth on the margins, with large clasping bright mahogany-red sheaths of slender matted fibres covered with thick hoary tomentum. Spadix interfoliar, stalked, its primary branches short, alternate, flattened, incurved, with numerous slender rounded flower-bearing branchlets; spathes numerous, tubular, coriaceous, cleft and more or less tomentose at the apex. Flowers opening in May and June, and occasionally irregularly in the autumn, solitary, perfect; perianth 6-lobed; stamens inserted on the base of the perianth, with subulate filaments thickened and only slightly united at the base, or nearly triangular and united into a cup adnate to the perianth, and oblong anthers; ovary 1-celled, gradually narrowed into a stout columnar style crowned by a large funnel-formed flat or oblique stigma; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a globose drupe with juicy bitter ivory-white flesh easily separable from the thin-shelled tawny brown nut. Seed free, erect, slightly flattened at the ends, with an oblong pale conspicuous subbasilar hilum, a short-branched raphe, a thin coat, and uniform albumen more or less deeply penetrated by a broad basal cavity; embryo lateral.

Thrinax is confined to the tropics of the New World and is distributed from southern Florida through the West Indies to the shores of Central America. Seven or eight species are now generally recognized.

The wood of the Florida species is light and soft, with numerous small fibro-vascular bundles, the exterior of the stem being much harder than the spongy interior. The stems are used for the piles of small wharves and turtle-crawls, and the leaves for thatch, and in making hats, baskets, and small ropes.

Thrinax, from θρῖναξ, is in allusion to the shape of the leaves.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Flowers on elongated pedicels; perianth obscurely lobed; stamens much exserted, their filaments subulate, barely united at base; stigma oblique; cavity of the seed extending to the apex. Perianth obscurely lobed; style abruptly enlarged into a large oblique stigma; leaves silvery white on the lower surface.1. [T. floridana] (D). Perianth deeply lobed; style narrowed gradually into a small oblique stigma; leaves green on both surfaces.2. [T. Wendlandiana] (D). Flowers on short pedicels; lobes of the perianth ovate, acuminate; filaments nearly triangular, united below into a cup; stigma flat; cavity of the seed extending only to the middle. Seeds pale chestnut-brown; spadix about 6° long; leaves 3°—4° in diameter.3. [T. keyensis] (D). Seeds dark chestnut-brown; spadix less than 3° long; leaves not over 2° in diameter.4. [T. microcarpa] (D).

1. [Thrinax floridana] Sarg. Thatch.

Leaves 2½°—3° in diameter, rather longer than broad, yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, silvery white on the lower surface, with a long-pointed, bright orange-colored ligule ¾′ long and broad; petioles 4°—4½° long, pale yellow-green or orange color toward the apex, coated at first with hoary deciduous tomentum, much thickened and tomentose toward the base. Flowers: spadix 3°—3½° long, the primary branches 6′—8′ long and ivory-white, flower-bearing branches 1½′—2′ in length; flowers on slender pedicels nearly ⅛′ long, ivory-white, very fragrant, with an obscurely-lobed perianth, much exserted stamens barely united at the base, and a large stigma. Fruit ⅜′ in diameter, somewhat depressed at the ends; seed from ⅛′ to nearly ¼′ in diameter, dark chestnut-brown.

A tree, with a slightly tapering stem 20°—30° high and 4′—6′ in diameter, clothed to the middle and occasionally almost to the ground with the sheaths of dead leaf-stalks.

Distribution. Florida, dry coral ridges and sandy shores of keys from Long Key to Torch Key, and on the mainland from Cape Romano to Cape Sable.

2. [Thrinax Wendlandiana] Becc. Thatch.

Leaves 2½°—3° in diameter, orbicular, pale yellow-green, lustrous above, with a thick concave ligule, acuminate or rarely rounded at apex; petioles 2°—4° long, much thickened and tomentose toward the base. Flowers: spadix stalked, 2°—4° long, its primary branches short, flattened, incurved, with numerous terete flower-bearing branchlets; flowers on slender pedicels ¹/₁₀′—⅛′ long, with a deeply lobed perianth, the lobes nearly triangular, acuminate, and a small stigma. Fruit ¼′—⅜′ in diameter, globose; seed from ⅛′—¼′ in diameter, dark chestnut-brown.

A tree, in Florida, with a smooth pale trunk 20°—25° high and 3′—4′ in diameter.

Distribution. Florida: Dade County, Madeira Hummock, Pumpkin Key, Flamingo, and northwest of Cape Sable; also in Cuba and on Mugueres Island, Gulf of Honduras.

3. [Thrinax keyensis] Sarg. Thatch.

Leaves rather longer than broad, 3°—4° long, the lowest segments parallel with the petiole or spreading from it nearly at right angles, light yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, with bright orange-colored margins, below coated while young with deciduous hoary tomentum and pale blue-green and more or less covered with silvery white pubescence at maturity, with a thick pointed ligule 1′ long and wide, lined at first with hoary tomentum; petioles flattened above, obscurely ridged on the lower surface, tomentose while young, pale blue-green, 3°—4° long. Flowers: spadix usually about 6° long, spreading and gracefully incurved, with spathes more or less coated with hoary tomentum, large compressed primary branches, and short bright orange-colored flower-bearing branches; flowers on short thick disk-like pedicels, about ⅛′ long, white, slightly fragrant, with a tubular perianth, the lobes broadly ovate and acute, stamens with nearly triangular filaments united at the base, and a flat stigma. Fruit ¹/₁₆′ to nearly ¼′ in diameter; seed brown, ³/₁₆′ in diameter.

A tree, with a stem often 25° high and 10′—14′ in diameter, raised on a base of thick matted roots 2°—3° high and 18′—20′ in diameter, and a broad head of leaves, the upper erect, the lower pendulous and closely pressed against the stem.

Distribution. Dry, sandy soil close to the beach on the north side of the largest of the Marquesas Keys, and on Crab Key, a small island to the westward of Torch Key, one of the Bahia Honda group, Florida; on the Bahamas.

4. [Thrinax microcarpa] Sarg. Silvertop Palmetto. Brittle Thatch.

Leaves 2°—3° across, pale green above, silvery white below, more or less thickly coated while young with hoary tomentum, especially on the lower surface, divided near the base almost to the rachis, with an orbicular thick concave ligule lined with a thick coat of white tomentum; petioles thin and flexuose. Flowers: spadix elongated, with short, compressed erect branches slightly spreading below, numerous slender pendulous flower-bearing branches, and long acute spathes deeply parted at the apex, coriaceous and coated above the middle with thick hoary tomentum; flowers on short thick disk-like pedicels, with a cupular perianth, the lobes broadly ovate and acute, stamens with thin nearly triangular exserted filaments slightly united at base and oblong anthers becoming reversed and extrorse at maturity, and a deep orange-colored ovary narrowed above into a short thick style dilated into a large funnel-formed stigma. Fruit globose, ⅛′ in diameter; seed subglobose, bright to dark chestnut-brown, depressed.

A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a trunk 8′—10′ in diameter.

Distribution. Dry coral soil, on the shores of Sugar Loaf Sound, and on No Name and Bahia Honda keys, Florida; in Cuba.

2. COCCOTHRINAX Sarg.

Small unarmed trees, with simple or clustered stems or rarely stemless. Leaves orbicular, or truncate at base, pale or silvery white on the lower surface, divided into narrow obliquely folded segments acuminate and divided at apex; rachis narrow; ligules thin, free, erect, concave, pointed at the apex; petioles compressed, slightly rounded and ridged above and below, thin and smooth on the margins, gradually enlarged below into elongated sheaths of coarse fibres forming an open network covered while young by thick hoary tomentum. Spadix interfoliar, paniculate, shorter than the leaf-stalks, its primary branches furnished with numerous short slender pendulous flower-bearing secondary branches; spathes numerous, papery, cleft at the apex. Flowers solitary, perfect, jointed on elongated slender pedicels; perianth cup-shaped, obscurely lobed; stamens 9, inserted on the base of the perianth, with subulate filaments enlarged and barely united at the base, and oblong anthers; ovary 1-celled, narrowed into a slender style crowned by a funnel-formed oblique stigma; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a subglobose berry raised on the thickened torus of the flower, with thick juicy black flesh. Seed free, erect, depressed-globose, with a thick hard vertically grooved shell deeply infolded in the bony albumen; hilum subbasilar, minute; raphe hidden in the folds of the seed-coat; embryo lateral.

Coccothrinax is confined to the tropics of the New World. Two species, of which one is stemless, inhabit southern Florida, and at least two other species are scattered over several of the West Indian islands.

Coccothrinax, from κόκκος and Thrinax, is in allusion to the berry-like fruit.

1. [Coccothrinax jucunda] Sarg. Brittle Thatch.

Leaves nearly orbicular, the lower segments usually parallel with the petiole, thin and brittle, 18′—24′ in diameter, divided below the middle of the leaf or toward its base nearly to the ligule, with much-thickened bright orange-colored midribs and margins, pale yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, bright silvery white and coated at first on the lower surface with hoary deciduous pubescence, with a thin undulate obtusely short-pointed dark orange-colored rachis, and a thin concave crescent-shaped often oblique slightly undulate short-pointed and light or dark orange-colored ligule ¾′ wide, ⅓′ deep; petioles slender, pale yellow-green, 2½°—3° long. Flowers: spadix 18′—24′ long, with flattened stalks, slender much-flattened primary branches 8′—10′ long, light orange-colored slender terete flower-bearing branches 1½′—3′ long, and pale reddish brown spathes coated toward the ends with pale pubescence; flowers opening in June and irregularly also in the autumn on ridged spreading pedicels ⅛′ long, with an orange-colored ovary surmounted by an elongated style dilated into a rose-colored stigma. Fruit ripening at the end of six months, from ½′—¾′ in diameter, bright green at first when fully grown, becoming deep violet color, with succulent very juicy flesh, ultimately black and lustrous; seed light tawny brown.

A tree, with a stem slightly enlarged from the ground upward, 15°—25° high, 4′—6′ thick, covered with pale blue rind, and surmounted by a broad head of leaves at first erect, then spreading and ultimately pendulous. Wood used for the piles of small wharves and turtle-crawls. The soft tough young leaves are made into hats and baskets.

Distribution. Dry coral ridges and sandy flats from the shores of Bay Biscayne along many of the southern keys to the Marquesas group (var. marquesensis Becc.) Florida; and on the Bahamas (var. macrosperma Becc.).

3. SABAL Adans. Palmetto.

Unarmed trees, with stout columnar stems covered with red-brown rind. Leaves flabellate, tough and coriaceous, divided into many narrow long-pointed parted segments plicately folded at base, often separating on the margins into narrow threads; rachis extending nearly to the middle of the leaves, rounded and broadly winged toward the base on the lower side, thin and acute on the upper side; ligule adnate to the rachis, acute, concave, with thin incurved entire margins; petioles rounded and concave on the lower side, conspicuously ridged on the upper side, acute and entire on the margins, with elongated chestnut-brown shining sheaths of stout fibres. Spadix interfoliar, stalked, decompound, with a flattened stem, short branches, slender densely flowered ultimate branches, and numerous acuminate spathes, the outer persistent and becoming broad and woody. Flowers solitary, perfect; calyx tabular, unequally lobed, the lobes slightly imbricated in the bud; corolla deeply lobed, with narrow ovate-oblong concave acute lobes valvate at the apex in the bud; stamens 6, those opposite the corolla lobes rather longer than the others, with subulate filaments united below into a shallow cup adnate to the tube of the corolla, and ovoid anthers, their cells free and spreading at the base; ovary of 3 carpels, 3-lobed, 3-celled, gradually narrowed into an elongated 3-lobed style truncate and stigmatic at the apex; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a small black 1 or 2 or 3-lobed short-stemmed berry with thin sweet dry flesh. Seed depressed-globose, marked on the side by the prominent micropyle, with a shallow pit near the minute basal hilum, a thin seed-coat, and a ventral raphe; embryo minute, dorsal, in horny uniform albumen penetrated by a hard shallow basal cavity filled by the thickening of the seed-coat.

Sabal belongs to the New World, and is distributed from the Bermuda Islands and the South Atlantic and Gulf states of North America through the West Indies to Venezuela and Mexico.

Of the eight species now recognized four inhabit the United States; of these two are small stemless plants.

The generic name is of uncertain origin.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Spadix short; fruit subglobose, 1-celled; seed-coat light chestnut color.1. [S. Palmetto] (C). Spadix elongated; fruit often 2 or 3-lobed, with 2 or 3 seeds; seed-coat dark chestnut-brown.2. [S. texana] (E).

1. [Sabal Palmetto] R. & S. Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto.

Leaves 5°—6° long and 7°—8° broad, dark green and lustrous, deeply divided into narrow parted recurved segments, with ligules 4′ long and more or less unsymmetrical at apex; petioles 6°—7° long and 1½′ wide at apex. Flowers: spadix 2°—2½° long, with slender incurved branches, slender ultimate divisions, and thin secondary spathes flushed with red at apex and conspicuously marked by pale slender longitudinal veins; flowers in the axils of minute deciduous bracts much shorter than the perianth, opening in June. Fruit ripening late in the autumn, subglobose or slightly obovoid, gradually narrowed at base, 1-seeded, about ⅓′ in diameter; seed light bright chestnut-colored, ¼′ broad.

A tree, often 40°—50° and occasionally 80°—90° high, with a tall clear trunk often 2° in diameter, sometimes branched by the destruction of the terminal bud, divided by shallow irregular interrupted fissures into broad ridges, with a short pointed knob-like underground stem surrounded by a dense mass of contorted roots often 4° or 5° in diameter and 5° or 6° deep, from which tough light orange-colored roots often nearly ½′ in diameter penetrate the soil for a distance of 15° or 20°, and a broad crown of leaves at first upright, then spreading nearly at right angles with the stem, and finally pendulous. Wood light, soft, pale brown, or occasionally nearly black, with numerous hard fibro-vascular bundles, the outer rim about 2′ thick and much lighter and softer than the interior. In the southern states the trunks are used for wharf-piles, and polished cross sections of the stem sometimes serve for the tops of small tables; the wood is largely manufactured into canes. From the sheaths of young leaves the bristles of scrubbing-brushes are made. The large succulent leaf-buds are cooked and eaten as a vegetable, and coarse hats, mats, and baskets are made from the leaves. Pieces of the spongy bark of the stem are used as a substitute for scrubbing-brushes.

Distribution. Sandy soil in the immediate neighborhood of the coast from the neighborhood of Cape Hatteras and Smith Island at the mouth of Cape Fear River, North Carolina, southward near the coast to northern Florida; in Florida extending across the peninsula and south to Upper Metacomb Key, and along the west coast to Saint Andrews Bay; most abundant and of its largest size on the west coast of the Florida peninsula.

Often planted as a street tree in the cities of the southern states.

2. [Sabal texana] Becc. Palmetto.

Sabal mexicana S. Wats., not Mart.

Leaves dark yellow-green and lustrous, 5°—6° long, often 7° wide, divided nearly to the middle into narrow divided segments, with thickened pale margins separating into long thin fibres, with ligules about 6′ long; petioles 7°—8° long, 1½′ wide at the apex. Flowers: spadix 7°—8° long, with stout ultimate divisions; flowers in Texas appearing in March or April in the axils of persistent bracts half as long as the perianth. Fruit ripening early in the summer, globose, often 2 or 3-lobed; seeds nearly ½′ broad and ¼′ wide, dark chestnut-brown, with a broad shallow basal cavity, and a conspicuous orange-colored hilum.

A tree, with a trunk 30°—50° high, often 2½° in diameter, and a broad head of erect ultimately pendulous leaves. Wood light, soft, pale brown tinged with red, with thick light-colored rather inconspicuous fibro-vascular bundles, the outer rim 1′ thick, soft, and light colored. On the Gulf coast the trunks are used for wharf-piles, and on the lower Rio Grande the leaves for the thatch of houses.

Distribution. Rich soil of the bottom-lands on the Bernado River, Cameron County, and near the mouth of the Rio Grande, Texas, and southward in Mexico in the neighborhood of the coast.

Frequently planted as a street tree in the towns in the lower Rio Grande valley.

4. WASHINGTONIA H. Wendl.

Trees, with stout columnar stems and broad crowns of erect and spreading finally pendulous leaves. Leaves flabellate, divided nearly to the middle into many narrow deeply parted recurved segments separating on the margins into numerous slender pale fibres; rachis short, slightly rounded on the back, gradually narrowed from a broad base, with concave margins furnished below with narrow erect wings, and slender and acute above; ligule elongated, oblong, thin and laciniate on the margins; petioles elongated, broad and thin, flattened or slightly concave on the upper side, rounded on the lower, armed irregularly with broad thin large and small straight or hooked spines confluent into a thin bright orange-colored cartilaginous margin, gradually enlarged at base into thick broad concave bright chestnut-brown sheaths composed of a network of thin strong fibres. Spadix interfoliar, stalked, elongated, paniculate, with pendulous flower-bearing ultimate divisions and numerous long spathes. Flowers perfect, jointed on thick disk-like pedicels; calyx tubular, scarious, thickened at base, gradually enlarged and slightly lobed at apex, the lobes imbricated in the bud; corolla funnel-formed, with a fleshy tube inclosed in the calyx and about half as long as the lanceolate lobes thickened and glandular on the inner surface at the base, imbricated in the bud; stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, with free filaments thickened near the middle and linear-oblong anthers; ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled, with slender elongated flexuose styles stigmatic at apex; ovules lateral, erect. Fruit a small ellipsoidal short-stalked black berry with thin dry flesh. Seed free, erect, oblong-ovoid, concave above, with a flat base depressed in the centre, a minute sublateral hilum, a broad conspicuous rachis, a minute lateral micropyle, and a thin pale chestnut-brown inner coat closely investing the simple horny albumen; embryo minute, lateral, with the radicle turned toward the base of the fruit.

Three species of Washingtonia are known: one inhabits the interior dry region of southern California and the adjacent parts of Lower California, and the others the mountain cañons of western Sonora and southern Lower California.

The genus is named for George Washington.

1. [Washingtonia filamentosa] O. Kuntze. Desert Palm. Fan Palm.

Leaves 5°—6° long and 4°—5° wide, light green, slightly tomentose on the folds; petioles 4°—6° long and about 2′ broad at apex, with sheaths 16′—18′ long and 12′—14′ wide, and ligules 4′ long and cut irregularly into long narrow lobes. Flowers: spadix 10°—12° long, 3 or 4 being produced each year from the axils of upper leaves, the outer spathe inclosing the bud, narrow, elongated, and glabrous, those of the secondary branches coriaceous, yellow tinged with brown, and laciniate at apex; flowers slightly fragrant, opening late in May or early in June. Fruit produced in great profusion, ripening in September, ⅓′ long; seed ¼′ long, ⅛′ thick.

A tree, occasionally 75° high, with a trunk sometimes 50°—60° tall and 2°—3° in diameter, covered with a thick light red-brown scaly rind and clothed with a thick thatch of dead pendant leaves descending in a regular cone from the broad crown of living leaves sometimes nearly to the ground. Wood light and soft, with numerous conspicuous dark orange-colored fibro-vascular bundles. The fruit is gathered and used as food by the Indians.

Distribution. Often forming extensive groves or small isolated clumps in wet usually alkali soil in depressions along the northern and northwestern margins of the Colorado Desert in southern California, sometimes extending for several miles up the cañons of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains; and in Lower California.

Now largely cultivated in southern California, New Orleans, southern Europe, and other temperate regions.

5. ACŒLORRAPHE H. Wendl.

Trees, with tall slender often clustered stems clothed for many years with the sheathing bases of the petioles of fallen leaves. Leaves suborbicular, divided into numerous two-parted segments plicately folded at the base; rachis short, acute; ligule thin, concave, furnished with a broad membranaceous dark red-brown deciduous border; petioles slender, flat or slightly concave on the upper side, rounded and ridged on the lower side, with a broad high rounded ridge, thickened and cartilaginous on the margins, more or less furnished with stout or slender flattened teeth; vagina thin and firm, bright mahogany red, lustrous, closely infolding the stem, its fibres thin and tough. Spadix paniculate, interpetiolar, its rachis slender, compressed, ultimate branches, numerous, slender, elongated, gracefully drooping, hoary-tomentose, the primary branches flattened, the secondary terete in the axils of ovate acute chestnut-brown bracts; spathes flattened, thick and firm, deeply two-cleft and furnished at apex with a red-brown membranaceous border, inclosing the rachis of the panicle, each primary branch with its spathe and the node of the rachis below it inclosed in a separate spathe, the whole surrounded by the larger spathe of the node next below. Flowers perfect, minute, sessile on the ultimate branches of the spadix, in the axils of ovate acute chestnut-brown caducous bracts, solitary toward the end of the branches and in two- or three-flowered clusters near their base; calyx truncate at base, divided into three broadly ovate sepals dentate on the margins, valvate in æstivation, enlarged and persistent under the fruit; corolla three-parted nearly to the base, its divisions valvate in æstivation, oblong-ovate, thick, concave and thickened at apex, deciduous; stamens six, included; filaments nearly triangular, united below into a cup adnate to the short tube of the corolla; anthers short-oblong, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary obovoid, of three carpels, each with two deep depressions on their outer face, united into a slender style; stigma minute, terminal, persistent on the fruit; ovule solitary, erect from the bottom of the cell, anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, subglobose, one-seeded, black and lustrous; exocarp thin and fleshy; endocarp thin, crustaceous; seed erect, free, subglobose, light chestnut-brown; testa thin and hard; hilum small, suborbicular; raphe ventral, oblong, elongated, black, slightly prominent, without ramifications; embryo lateral; albumen homogeneous.

Two species of Acœlorraphe have been distinguished; they inhabit southern Florida, and one species occurs also in Cuba and on the Bahama Islands.

The generic name, from ἀ priv., Κοῖλος and ῥαφη, refers to the character of the seed.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Petioles furnished with stout marginal teeth throughout their entire length; leaves green on both surfaces, their primary divisions extending to the middle, secondary divisions only from 3½′—9′ long; stems forming large thickets.1. [A. Wrightii] (D). Petioles furnished with thinner teeth, usually unarmed toward the apex; leaves green or glaucescent on the lower surface, their primary divisions extending nearly to the base, secondary divisions often 10′ long or more; stems often prostrate.2. [A. arborescens] (D).

1. [Acœlorraphe Wrightii] Becc.

Leaves 30′—36′ in diameter, thin, light green, divided only to the middle, the divisions of the primary lobes 3½′—9′ long; petioles thin, gradually tapering from the base, 40′—60′ in length, armed throughout with stout straight or incurved teeth. Flowers: spadix 4°—6° long; flowers ⅛′—⅙′ long, with a light chestnut-brown calyx and a pale yellow-green corolla. Fruit ¼′ in diameter.

A tree with numerous stems, in Florida sometimes 10 metres high, forming great thickets.

Distribution. Dade County, Florida, from the rear of Madeira Hummock to Cape Sable, in swamps of fresh or brackish water at some distance from the coast; also in Cuba and on the Bahamas.

2. [Acœlorraphe arborescens] Becc.

Serenoa arborescens Sarg.

Leaves about 2° in diameter, light yellow-green on the upper surface, blue-green or glaucescent on the lower surface, divided nearly to the base into numerous lobes slightly thickened at the pale yellow midribs and margins; petioles 18′—24′ long, armed, except toward the apex, with stout flattened curved orange-colored teeth. Flowers: spadix 3°—4° long, with a slender much-flattened stalk, panicled lower branches 18′—20′ in length, and 6—8 thick firm pale green conspicuously ribbed spathes dilated at apex into a narrow border; flowers with a light chestnut-brown calyx and a pale yellow-green corolla. Fruit globose, ⅓′ in diameter; seed somewhat flattened below, with a pale vertical mark on the lower side, and a hilum joined to the micropyle by a pale band.

A tree, from 30°—40° high, with 1 or several clustered erect inclining or occasionally semiprostrate stems 3′—4′ in diameter, covered almost to the ground by the closely clasping bases of the leaf-stalks and below with a thick pale rind.

Distribution. Low undrained soil covered for many months of every year in water from 1′—18′ deep, occasionally occupying almost exclusively areas of several acres in extent or more often scattered among Cypress-trees or Royal Palms, in the swamps and along the hummocks adjacent to the Chokoloskee River and its tributaries and at the head of East River, Whitewater Bay, in southwestern Florida.

6. ROYSTONEA Cook. Royal Palm.

Unarmed trees, with massive stems enlarged near the middle, and terminating in long slender bright green cylinders formed by the densely imbricated sheaths of the leaf-stalks. Leaves equally pinnate, with linear-lanceolate long-pointed unequally cleft plicately-folded pinnæ inserted obliquely on the upper side of the rachis, folded together at the base, with thin midribs and margins; rachis convex on the back, broad toward the base of the leaf and acute toward its apex; petioles semicylindric, gradually enlarged into thick elongated green sheaths. Spadix large, decompound, produced near the base of the green part of the stem, with long pendulous branches and 2 spathes, the outer semicylindric and as long as the spadix, the inner splitting ventrally and inclosing the branches of the spadix. Flowers monœcious, in a loose spiral, toward the base of the branch in 3-flowered clusters, with a central staminate and smaller lateral pistillate flowers, higher on the branch the staminate in 2-flowered clusters; calyx of the staminate flower of minute broadly ovate obtuse scarious sepals imbricated in the bud, much shorter than the corolla; petals nearly equal, valvate in the bud, ovate or obovate, acute, slightly united at the base, coriaceous; stamens 6, 9, or 12, with subulate filaments united below and adnate to the base of the corolla, and large ovate-sagittate anthers, the cells free below; ovary rudimentary, subglobose or 3-lobed; pistillate flowers much smaller, ovoid-conic; sepals obtuse; corolla erect, divided to the middle into acute erect lobes incurved at apex; staminodia 6, scale-like, united into a cup adnate to the corolla; ovary subglobose, obscurely 2 or 3-lobed, 2 or 3-celled, gibbous, the cells crowned with a 3-lobed stigma becoming subbasilar on the fruit; ovule ascending. Fruit a short-stalked drupe with thin crustaceous flesh. Seed oblong-reniform, marked by the conspicuous fibrous reticulate branches of the raphe radiating from the narrow basal hilum, and covered with a thin crustaceous coat; embryo minute, cylindric, lateral, in uniform albumen.

Roystonea is confined to the tropics of the New World, where two or three species occur.

The genus as here limited was named for General Roy Stone of the United States army.

1. [Roystonea regia] Cook. Royal Palm.

Oreodoxa regia H. B. K.

Leaves 10°—12° long, closely pinnate, the pinnæ, 2½°—3° long, 1½′ wide near the base of the leaf, and gradually decreasing in size toward its apex, deep green with slender conspicuous veins, and covered below with minute pale glandular dots; petioles almost terete, concave near the base, with thin edges separating irregularly into pale fibres, and enlarged into bright green cylindrical clasping bases 8° or 9° long and more or less covered with dark chaffy scales. Flowers: spadix about 2° long, with a nearly terete stem and slightly ridged primary and secondary branches compressed above, abruptly enlarged at the base, and simple slender flexuose long-pointed flower-bearing branchlets 3′—6′ long, pendant and closely pressed against the secondary branches; flowers opening in Florida in January and February, the staminate nearly ¼′ long and rather more than twice as long as the pistillate. Fruit oblong-obovoid, full and rounded at apex, narrowed at base, violet-blue, about ½′ long, with a thin outer coat and a light red-brown inner coat, loose and fibrous on the outer surface, and closely investing the thin light brown seed.

A tree, 80°—100° high, with a trunk rising from an abruptly enlarged base, gradually tapering from the middle to the ends and often 2° in diameter, covered with light gray rind tinged with orange color, marked with dark blotches and irregularly broken into minute plates, the green upper portion 8°—10° long, and a broad head of gracefully drooping leaves. Wood of the interior of the stem spongy, pale brown, much lighter than the hard exterior rim, containing numerous dark conspicuous fibro-vascular bundles. The outer portion of the stem is made into canes, and the trunks are sometimes used for wharf-piles and in construction.

Distribution. Florida, hummocks on Rogue River twenty miles east of Caximbas Bay, on some of the Everglades Keys, Long’s Key, and formerly on the shores of Bay Biscayne near the mouth of Little River; common in the West Indies and Central America.

Largely cultivated as an ornamental tree in tropical countries, and often planted to form avenues, for which its tall pale columnar stems and noble heads of graceful foliage make it valuable.

7. PSEUDOPHŒNIX H. Wendl.

A tree, with a slender stem abruptly enlarged at the base or tapering from the middle to the ends, covered with thin pale blue or nearly white rind, and conspicuously marked by the dark scars of fallen leaf-stalks. Leaves erect, abruptly pinnate, with crowded linear-lanceolate acuminate leaflets increasing in length and width from the ends to the middle of the leaf, thick and firm in texture, dark yellow-green above, pale and glaucous below; rachis convex on the lower side, concave on the upper side near the base of the leaf, with thin margins, becoming toward the apex of the leaf flat and narrowed below and acute above, marked on the sides at the base with dark gland-like excrescences; petioles short, concave above, with thin entire margins separating into slender fibres, gradually enlarged into broad thick sheaths of short brittle fibres. Spadix interfoliar, compound, pendulous, stalked, much shorter than the leaves, with spreading primary branches, stout and much flattened toward the base, slender and rounded above the middle, furnished at the base with a thickened ear-like body, slender secondary branches, short thin rigid densely flowered ultimate divisions, and compressed light green double spathes erose on their thin dark brown margins. Flowers on slender pedicels articulate by an expanded base, widely scattered on the ultimate branches of the spadix, staminate and bisexual in the same inflorescence; calyx reduced to the saucer-like rim of the thickened receptacle, undulate on the margin, the rounded angles alternating with the petals; petals 3, valvate in the bud, oblong, rounded at apex, thick conspicuously longitudinally veined, persistent; stamens 6, with short flattened nearly triangular filaments slightly united at the base into a narrow fleshy disk, and triangular cordate anthers attached at the base in a cavity on their outer face, 2-celled, the cells opening by lateral slits; styles of the perfect flower 3-lobed at the apex with obtuse appressed lobes, that of the sterile flower as long or longer than that of the perfect flower, more slender and tapering into a narrow 3-pointed apex. Fruit a stalked globose 2 or 3-lobed orange-scarlet thin-fleshed drupe marked by the lateral style and surrounded below by the withered remnants of the flower; pedicel abruptly enlarged at base, articulate from a persistent cushion-like body furnished in the centre with a minute point penetrating a cavity in the base of the pedicel. Seed subglobose, free, erect, with a basal hilum and a thin light red-brown coat marked by the pale conspicuous ascending 2 or 3-branched raphe; embryo minute, basal, in uniform horny albumen.

Pseudophœnix with a single species inhabits the keys of southern Florida, and the Bahamas.

The generic name is in allusion to a fancied resemblance to Phœnix, a genus of Palms.

1. [Pseudophœnix vinifera] Becc.

Leaves 5°—6° long, with pinnæ often 18′ long and 1′ wide near the middle of the leaf, becoming at its extremities not more than half as long and wide; petioles 6′—8′ in length. Flowers: spadix 3° long and 2½° wide. Fruit ripening in May and June, ½′—¾′ in diameter on a peduncle ¼′ long; seed ¼′ in diameter.

Distribution. Florida, east end of Elliot’s Key, and east end of Key Largo near the southern shore, here forming a grove of 200 or 300 plants; more common on the Bahamas.

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of southern Florida.

IV. LILIACEÆ.

YUCCÆ.

Leaves, alternate, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in terminal panicles; sepals and petals nearly similar, subequal, withering-persistent; ovary with more or less deeply introduced dorsal partitions; ovules numerous, 2-ranked in each cell; embryo subulate, obliquely placed across the seed; cotyledon arched in germination.

Yuccæ as here limited consists of two American genera, Hesperaloe, with two species, low plants of Texas and Mexico, and Yucca.

1. YUCCA L.

Trees with simple or branched stems prolonged by axillary naked buds, dark thick corky bark, light fibrous wood in concentric layers, and large stout horizontal roots; or often stemless. Leaves involute in the bud, at first erect, usually becoming reflexed, abruptly narrowed above the broad thickened clasping base, usually widest near the middle, concave on the upper surface, involute toward the horny usually sharp-pointed apex, convex and often slightly keeled toward the base on the lower surface, the margins serrulate or filamentose, light or dull green. Flowers fertilized by insects and opening for a single night, on slender pedicels in 2 or 3-flowered clusters or singly at the base of the large compound panicle furnished with conspicuous leathery white or slightly colored bracts, those at the base of the pedicels thin and scarious; perianth cup-shaped, with thick ovate-lanceolate creamy white segments more or less united at base, usually furnished with small tufts of white hairs at the apex, those of the outer rank narrower, shorter, and more colored than the more delicate petal-like segments of the inner rank; stamens 6, in 2 series, free, shorter than the ovary (as long in 1), white, with club-shaped fleshy filaments, obtuse and slightly 3-lobed at the apex, and cordate emarginate anthers attached on the back, the cells opening longitudinally, curling backward and expelling the large globose powdery pollen-grains; ovary oblong, 6-sided, sessile or stalked, with nectar-glands within the partitions, dull greenish white, 3-celled, gradually narrowed into a short or elongated 3-lobed ivory-white style forming a triangular stigmatic tube. Fruit oblong or oval, more or less distinctly 6-angled, 6-celled, usually beaked at the apex, baccate and indehiscent or capsular and 3-valved, the valves finally separating at the apex; pericarp of 2 coats, the outer at maturity thick, succulent and juicy, thin, dry and leathery, or thin and woody. Seeds compressed, triangular, obovoid, or obliquely ovoid or orbicular, thick, with a narrow 2-edged rim, or thin, with a wide or narrow brittle margin; seed-coat thin, black, slightly rugose or smooth; embryo in plain or rarely ruminate hard farinaceous oily albumen; cotyledon much longer than the short radicle turned toward the small oblong white hilum.

Yucca is confined to the New World and is distributed from Bermuda and the eastern Antilles, through the south Atlantic and Gulf states to Oklahoma and Arkansas, and through New Mexico and northward along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to South Dakota, westward to middle California, and southward through Arizona, Mexico, and Lower California to Central America. About thirty species with many varieties and probable hybrids are recognized. Of the species which inhabit the territory of the United States nine assume the habit and attain the size of small trees. The root-stalks of Yucca are used as a substitute for soap, and ropes, baskets, and mats are made from the tough fibres of the leaves. Many of the species are cultivated, especially in countries of scanty rainfall, for their great clusters of beautiful flowers, or in hedges to protect gardens from cattle.

The generic name is from the Carib name of the root of the Cassava.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Flower-clusters usually sessile, or short-stalked. Fruit pendulous, with thick succulent flesh; seeds thick; albumen ruminate. Segments of the perianth slightly united at the base. Panicle glabrous or puberulous. Ovary stipitate; leaves sharply toothed on their horny margins, smooth, dark green, slightly concave.1. [Y. aloifolia] (C). Ovary sessile. Leaves concave, blue-green, rough on the lower surface.2. [Y. Treculeana] (E). Leaves concave above the middle, light yellow-green, smooth. Style elongated.3. [Y. macrocarpa] (E, H). Style short.4. [Y. mohavensis] (G, H). Panicle coated with hoary tomentum; leaves concave, smooth, light yellow-green.5. [Y. Schottii] (H). Segments of the perianth united below into a narrow tube; leaves flat, smooth, dark green.6. [Y. Faxoniana] (E). Fruit erect or spreading, the flesh becoming thin and dry at maturity; seeds thin; albumen entire. Leaves rigid, concave above the middle, blue-green, sharply serrate.7. [Y. brevifolia] (F, G). Leaves thin, flat or concave toward the apex, nearly entire, rough on the lower surface, dull or glaucous green.8. [Y. gloriosa] (C). Flower-clusters long-stalked; fruit capsular, erect, finally splitting between the carpels and through their backs at the apex; seeds thin; albumen entire; leaves thin, flat, filamentose on the margins, smooth, pale yellow-green.9. [Y. elata] (E, H).

1. [Yucca aloifolia] L. Spanish Bayonet.

Leaves 18′—32′ long, 1¼′—2½′ wide, erect, rigid, conspicuously narrowed above the light green base, widest above the middle, slightly concave on the upper surface, smooth, dark rich green, with a stiff dark red-brown tip, and horny finely and irregularly serrate margins; long-persistent. Flowers from June until August on stout pedicels, in nearly sessile glabrous or slightly pubescent panicles 18′—24′ long; perianth 1′—1½′ in length and 3′ or 4′ across when fully expanded, the segments ovate, thick and tumid toward the base, those of the outer rank rounded and often marked with purple at apex, the inner acuminate and short-pointed; stamens as long or sometimes a little longer than the light green ovary raised on a short stout stipe. Fruit ripening from August to October, elongated, ellipsoidal, hexagonal, 3′—4′ long, 1¼′—1½′ thick, light green when fully grown, and in ripening turning dark purple, the outer and inner coats forming a thick succulent mass of bitter-sweet juicy flesh, finally becoming black and drying on its stalk; seeds ¼′—⅓′ wide, about ¹/₁₆′ thick, with a thin narrow ring-like border to the rim.

A tree, occasionally 25° high, usually much smaller, with an erect or more or less inclining simple or branched trunk slightly swollen at base, and rarely more than 6′ in diameter; sometimes with numerous clustered stems. Bark near the base of the trunk thick, rough, dark brown, marked above by scars left by falling leaves.

Distribution. Sand dunes of the coast from North Carolina to eastern Louisiana; west of the Apalachicola River attaining its largest size and sometimes ranging inland through Pine-forests for thirty or forty miles; and in Yucatan (var. yucatana Trel.).

A common garden plant in all countries with a temperate climate, and long naturalized in the southern states far beyond the limits of its natural range, in some of the West Indian islands and on the Gulf coast of Mexico. Forms with leaves variously striped with white, yellow, and red or with recurving leaves are frequent in cultivation.

2. [Yucca Treculeana] Carr. Spanish Bayonet. Spanish Dagger.

Leaves 2½°—4° long, 2′—3¼′ wide, slightly or not at all contracted above the dark red lustrous base, concave, stiff, rigid, dark blue-green, rough on the lower surface, nearly smooth on the upper, with a short stout dark red-brown tip, and dark brown margins roughened by minute deciduous teeth and ultimately separating into slender dark fibres; persistent for many years, the dead leaves hanging closely appressed against the trunk below the terminal crown of closely imbricated living leaves. Flowers in March and April on slender pedicels, in dense many-flowered glabrous or puberulous panicles 2°—4° long and raised on short stout stalks; perianth 1′—2′ long, 2′—4′ in diameter when fully expanded, with narrow elongated ovate-lanceolate to ovate segments, ¼′ wide, acute, thin and delicate, furnished at apex with a conspicuous tuft of short pale hairs; filaments slightly papillose, about as long as the prismatic ovary gradually narrowed above and crowned by the deeply divided stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening in the summer, 3′—4′ long, about 1′ thick, dark reddish brown or ultimately black, with thin succulent sweetish flesh; seeds about ⅛′ wide, nearly ¹/₁₆′ thick, with a narrow border to the rim.

A tree, occasionally 25°—30° high, with a trunk sometimes 2° in diameter and numerous stout wide-spreading branches; usually smaller and often forming broad low thickets 4°—5° tall. Bark on old trunks ¼′—½′ thick, dark red-brown and broken into thin oblong plates covered by small irregular closely appressed scales. Wood light brown, fibrous, spongy, heavy, difficult to cut and work.

Distribution. Shores of Matagorda Bay, southward through western Texas into Nuovo Leon, and through the valley of the Rio Grande to the eastern base of the mountains of western Texas; forming open stunted forests on the coast dunes at the mouth of the Rio Grande; farther from the coast often spreading into great impenetrable thickets.

Cultivated as an ornamental plant in the gardens of central and western Texas and in other southern States, and occasionally in those of southern Europe.

3. [Yucca macrocarpa] Coville. Spanish Dagger.

Leaves 1½°—2° long, 1′—2′ wide, gradually narrowed from the dark red lustrous base to above the middle, rigid, concave, yellow-green, rough on the lower surface and frequently also on the upper surface, with a stout elongated dark tip, and thickened margins separated into stout gray filaments. Flowers in March and April in densely flowered sessile or short-stalked glabrous or occasionally pubescent panicles; perianth usually about 2′ long, with acuminate segments, those of the outer and inner rows nearly of the same size; stamens shorter than the elongated style. Fruit 3′—4′ long, about 1½′ thick, abruptly contracted at apex into a stout point, nearly black when fully ripe, with sweet succulent flesh; seeds about ⅓′ wide, ⅛′ thick, with a narrow border to the rim.

A tree, rarely exceeding 15° in height, with a usually simple stem 6′—8′ in diameter, and often clothed to the ground with living leaves. Bark dark brown and scaly.

Distribution. Arid plains from western Texas to eastern Arizona and southward in Chihuahua.

4. [Yucca mohavensis] Sarg. Spanish Dagger.

Leaves 18′—20′ long, about 1½′ wide, abruptly contracted above the dark red lustrous base, gradually narrowed upward to above the middle, thin and concave except toward the slightly thickened base of the blade, dark green, smooth on both surfaces, with a stout rigid sharp-pointed tip, and entire bright red-brown margins soon separating into numerous pale filaments. Flowers from March to May on slender erect ultimately drooping pedicels 1′—1½′ long, in densely flowered sessile or short-stemmed panicles 12′—18′ in length; perianth 1′—2′ long, the segments united at the base into a short tube, thickened and hood-shaped at the apex, those of the outer rank often deeply flushed with purple, but little longer than the less prominently ribbed usually wider and thinner segments of the inner rank; stamens with more or less pilose filaments nearly as long as the short style. Fruit ripening in August and September, 3′—4′ long, about 1½′ thick, usually much constricted near the middle, abruptly contracted at apex into a short stout point, dark dull brown or nearly black, with flesh often nearly ½′ thick; seeds ⅓′ wide, rather less than ⅛′ thick, with a narrow border to the rim.

A tree, rarely exceeding 15° in height, with a trunk usually simple or occasionally furnished with short spreading branches, and 6′—8′ in diameter, usually surrounded by a cluster of shorter more or less spreading stems and often clothed to the ground with living leaves. Bark dark brown and scaly. Wood soft, spongy, light brown.

Distribution. Southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona across the Mohave Desert to the California coast, extending northward to the neighborhood of Monterey, California, and southward into northern Lower California; common and attaining its largest size on the Mohave Desert, and sometimes ascending arid mountain slopes to altitudes of 4000° above the sea.

5. [Yucca Schottii] Engelm. Spanish Dagger.

Leaves 2½°—3° long, about 1½′ wide, gradually narrowed upward from the comparatively thin lustrous red base to above the middle, flat except toward the apex, smooth, light yellow-green, with a long rigid sharp light red tip, and thick entire red-brown margins finally separating into short thin brittle threads. Flowers from July to September in erect stalked tomentose panicles; perianth 1′—1¾′ long, the broad oval or oblong-obovate thin segments pubescent on the outer surface toward the base and furnished at the apex with conspicuous clusters of white tomentum; stamens about two thirds as long as the ovary, with filaments pilose at the base, and only slightly enlarged at the apex. Fruit ripening in October and November, obscurely angled, 3½′—4′ long, about 1¼′ thick, often narrowed above the middle, with a stout thick point, and thin succulent flesh; seeds ¼′ wide, about ⅛′ thick, with a thin conspicuous marginal rim.

A tree, in Arizona rarely 18°—20° high, with a trunk often crooked or slightly inclining and simple or furnished with 2 or 3 short erect branches, covered below with dark brown scaly bark, roughened for many years by persistent scars of fallen leaves, and clothed above by the pendant dead leaves of many seasons.

Distribution. Dry slopes of the mountain ranges of Arizona near the Mexican boundary usually at altitudes between 5000° and 6000°, and southward into Sonora.

6. [Yucca Faxoniana] Sarg. Spanish Dagger.

Leaves 2½°—4° long, 2½′—3′ wide, abruptly contracted above the conspicuously thickened lustrous base, widest above the middle, flat on the upper surface, thickened and rounded on the lower surface toward the base, rigid, smooth and clear dark green, with a short stout dark tip, and brown entire margins breaking into numerous stout gray or brown fibres short and spreading near the apex of the leaf, longer, more remote, and forming a thick cobweb-like mass at their base. Flowers appearing in April on thin drooping pedicels, in dense many-flowered glabrous panicles 3°—4° long, with elongated pendulous branches; perianth 2½′ long, the segments thin, concave, widest above the middle, narrowed at the ends, united at base into a short tube, those of the outer rank being about half as wide as those of the inner rank and two thirds as long; stamens much shorter than the ovary, with slender filaments pilose above the middle and abruptly dilated at apex; ovary conspicuously ridged, light yellow marked with large pale raised lenticels, and gradually narrowed into an elongated slender style. Fruit ripening in early summer, slightly or not at all angled, abruptly contracted at apex into a long or short hooked beak, 3′—4′ long, 1′—1½′ thick, light orange-colored and lustrous when first ripe, becoming nearly black, with thick succulent bitter-sweet flesh; seeds ¼′ long, about ⅛′ thick, with a narrow nearly obsolete margin to the rim.

A tree, often 40° high, with a trunk sometimes 2° in diameter above the broad abruptly enlarged base, unbranched or divided into several short branches, and covered above by a thick thatch of the pendant dead leaves of many seasons; frequently smaller and until ten or twelve years old clothed from the ground with erect living leaves. Bark near the base of old trees dark reddish brown, ⅓′—½′ thick, broken on the surface into small thin loose scales.

Distribution. Common on the high desert plateau of southwestern Texas.

7. [Yucca brevifolia] Engelm. Joshua Tree.

Yucca arborescens Trel.

Leaves 5′—8′ or on young plants rarely 10′—12′ long, ¼′—½′ wide, rigid, crowded in dense clusters, lanceolate, gradually tapering from the bright red-brown lustrous base, bluish green and glaucous, smooth or slightly roughened, concave above the middle, with a sharp dark brown tip, and thin yellow margins armed with sharp minute teeth; persistent for many years. Flowers appearing from March until the beginning of May, the creamy white closely imbricated bracts of the nearly sessile pubescent panicle forming before its appearance a conspicuous cone-like bud 8′ or 10′ long; perianth globose to oblong, 1′—2′ long, greenish white, waxy, dull or lustrous, its segments slightly united at the base, keeled on the back, thin below the middle, gradually thickened upward into the concave incurved rounded tip, those of the outer rank rather broader, thicker, and more prominently keeled than those of the inner rank, glabrous or pubescent; stamens about half as long as the ovary, with filaments villose-papillate from the base; ovary conic, 3-lobed above the middle, bright green, with narrow slightly developed septal nectar-glands, and a sessile nearly equally 6-lobed stigma. Fruit ripening in May or June, spreading or more or less pendant at maturity, oblong-ovoid, acute, slightly 3-angled, 2′—4′ long, 1½′—2′ thick, light red or yellow-brown, the outer coat becoming dry and spongy at maturity; seeds nearly ½′ long, rather less than ¹/₁₆′ thick, with a broad well-developed margin to the rim, and a large conspicuous hilum.

A tree, 30°—40° high, with a trunk 2°—3° in diameter, rising abruptly from a broad thick basal disk, thick tough roots descending deeply into the soil, and stout branches spreading into a broad, often symmetrical head formed by the continued forking of the branches at the base of the terminal flower-clusters; the stem until 8°—10° high simple and clothed to the ground with leaves erect until after the appearance of the first flowers, then spreading at right angles and finally becoming reflexed. Bark 1′—1½′ thick, deeply divided into oblong plates frequently 2° long. Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work, light brown or nearly white; sometimes cut into thin layers and used as wrapping material or manufactured into boxes and other small articles. The seeds are gathered and eaten by Indians.

Distribution. Southwestern Utah to the western and northern rim of the Mohave Desert in California; most abundant and of its largest size on the foothills on the desert slope of the Tehachapi Mountains, California.

8. [Yucca gloriosa] L. Spanish Dagger.

Leaves 2°—2½° long, gradually narrowed above the broad base and then gradually broadened to above the middle, thin, flat or slightly concave toward the apex, frequently longitudinally folded, dull often glaucous green, roughened on the under surface especially above the middle, with a stout dark red tip, and pale margins serrulate toward the base of the leaf, with minute early deciduous teeth, or occasionally separating into thin fibres. Flowers in October, in pubescent or glabrate panicles, 2°—4° long, on stout stalks sometimes 3°—4° in length, their large creamy white bracts forming before the panicle emerges a conspicuous egg-shaped bud 4′—6′ long; perianth when fully expanded 3½′—4′ across, its segments thin, ovate, acute, or lance-ovate, often tinged with green or purple, slightly united at the base, pubescent at apex; stamens about as long as the ovary, with hispid or slightly papillose filaments and deeply emarginate anthers; ovary slightly lobed, 6-sided, light green, gradually narrowed into the elongated spreading stigmatic lobes. Fruit very rarely produced, prominently 6-ridged, pendulous, 3′ long, 1′ in diameter, cuspidate, raised on a short stout stipe, with a thin leathery almost black outer coat; seeds ¼′ wide and about ¹/₃₆′ thick, with a smooth coat and a narrow marginal rim.

A tree, with a trunk occasionally 6°—8° high and 4′—6′ in diameter, simple or rarely furnished with a few short branches and usually clothed to the base with pendant dead leaves; in cultivation often becoming much larger, with a stout trunk covered with smooth light gray bark, and erect or in one form (var. recurvifolia Engelm.) pendulous leaves.

Distribution. Sand dunes and the borders of beaches of the seacoast from North Carolina to northern Florida.

Often cultivated with many forms in the gardens and pleasure-grounds of all temperate countries.

9. [Yucca elata] Engelm. Spanish Dagger.

1. Yucca radiosa Trel.

Leaves 20′—30′ long, ¼′—½′ wide, rigid, gradually narrowed from the thin base, tapering toward the apex, or sometimes somewhat broadest at the middle, thin, flat on the upper surface, slightly thickened and rounded on the lower surface toward the base, smooth, pale yellow-green, with a slender stiff red-brown tip, and thickened entire pale margins soon splitting into long slender filaments. Flowers in May and June on slender spreading more or less recurved pedicels, in glabrous much-branched panicles 4°—6° long, raised on stout naked stem 3°—7° in length; perianth ovoid and acute in the bud, when fully expanded 3½′—4′ across, its segments united at the base into a short slender distinct tube, ovate or slightly obovate, those of the outer rank usually acute, not more than half as broad as those of the inner rank; stamens as long or a little longer than the ovary, with slender nearly terete filaments; ovary sessile, almost terete, pale green, abruptly contracted into the stout elongated style. Fruit an erect oblong capsule rounded and obtuse at the ends, tipped by a short stout mucro, conspicuously 3-ribbed, with rounded ridges on the back of the carpels, 1½′—2′ long, 1′—1½′ wide, with a thin firm light brown ligneous outer coat closely adherent to the lustrous light yellow inner coat, in ripening splitting from the top to the bottom between the carpels, and through their backs at the apex; seeds ⅓′ wide and about ¹/₃₂′ thick, with a smooth coat and a thin brittle wide margin to the rim.

A tree, with a rough much-branched underground stem penetrating deep into the soil and a trunk often 15°—20° high and 7′—8′ in diameter, covered above with a thick thatch of the pendant dead leaves of many years, simple, or branched at the top with a few short stout branches densely covered with leaves at first erect, then spreading nearly at right angles, and finally pendulous. Bark dark brown, irregularly fissured, broken into thin plates, about ¼′ thick. Wood light, soft, spongy, pale brown or yellow.

Distribution. High desert plateaus from southwestern Texas to southern Arizona; southward into northern Mexico; most abundant and of its largest size on the eastern slope of the continental divide in southern New Mexico and along the northern rim of the Tucson Desert in Arizona.

Division II. Dicotyledons.

Stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing by the addition of an annual layer of wood inside the bark. Parts of the flower mostly in 4’s and 5’s; embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Leaves netted-veined.

Subdivision 1. Apetalæ. Flowers without a corolla and sometimes without a calyx (with a corolla in Olacaceæ).

Section 1. Flowers in unisexual aments (female flowers of Juglans and Quercus solitary or in spikes); ovary inferior (superior in Leitneriaceæ) when calyx is present.

V. SALICACEÆ.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate simple stalked deciduous leaves with stipules, soft light usually pale wood, astringent bark, scaly buds, and often stoloniferous roots. Flowers appearing in early spring usually before the leaves, solitary in the axils of the scales of unisexual aments from buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year, the male and female on different plants; perianth 0; stamens 1, 2 or many, their anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; styles usually short or none; stigmas 2—4, often 2-lobed. Fruit a 1-celled 2—4-valved capsule, with 2—4 placentas bearing below their middle numerous ascending anatropous seeds without albumen and surrounded by tufts of long white silky hairs attached to the short stalks of the seeds and deciduous with them; embryo straight, filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons flattened, much longer than the short radicle turned toward the minute hilum.

The two genera of this family are widely scattered but most abundant in the northern hemisphere, with many species, and are often conspicuous features of vegetation.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Scales of the aments laciniate; flowers surrounded by a cup-shaped often oblique disk; stamens numerous; buds with numerous scales.1. [Populus.] Scales of the aments entire; disk a minute gland-like body; stamens 1, 2 or many; buds with a single scale.2. [Salix.]

1. POPULUS L. Poplar.

Large fast-growing trees, with pale furrowed bark, terete or angled branchlets, resinous winter-buds covered by several thin scales, those of the first pair small and opposite, the others imbricated, increasing in size from below upward, accrescent and marking the base of the branchlet with persistent ring-like scars, and thick roots. Leaves involute in the bud, usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, dentate with usually glandular teeth, or lobed, penniveined, turning yellow in the autumn; petioles long, often laterally compressed, sometimes furnished at the apex on the upper side with 2 nectariferous glands, leaving in falling oblong often obcordate, elliptic, arcuate, or shield-shaped leaf-scars displaying the ends of 3 nearly equidistant fibro-vascular bundles; stipules caducous, those of the first leaves resembling the bud-scales, smaller higher on the branch, and linear-lanceolate and scarious on the last leaves. Flowers in pendulous stalked aments, the pistillate lengthening and rarely becoming erect before maturity; scales obovate, gradually narrowed into slender stipes, dilated and lobed, palmately cleft or fimbriate at apex, membranaceous, glabrous or villose, more crowded on the staminate than on the pistillate ament, usually caducous; disk of the flower broadly cup-shaped, often oblique, entire, dentate or irregularly lobed, fleshy or membranaceous, stipitate, usually persistent under the fruit; stamens 4—12 or 12—60 or more, inserted on the disk, their filaments free, short, light yellow; anthers ovoid or oblong, purple or red; ovary sessile in the bottom of the disk, oblong-conical subglobose or ovoid-oblong, cylindric or slightly lobed, with 2 or 3 or rarely 4 placentas; styles usually short; stigmas as many as the placentas, divided into filiform lobes or broad, dilated, 2-parted or lobed. Fruit ripening before the full growth of the leaves, greenish, reddish brown, or buff color, oblong-conic, subglobose or ovoid-oblong, separating at maturity into 2—4 recurved valves. Seeds broadly obovoid or ovoid, rounded or acute at the apex, light chestnut-brown; cotyledons elliptic.

Populus in the extreme north often forms great forests, and is common on the alluvial bottom-lands of streams and on high mountain slopes, ranging from the Arctic Circle to northern Mexico and Lower California and from the Atlantic to the Pacific in the New World, and to northern Africa, the southern slopes of the Himalayas, central China, and Japan in the Old World. Of the thirty-four species now generally recognized fifteen are found in North America. The wood of many of the American species is employed in large quantities for paper-making, and several species furnish wood used in construction and in the manufacture of small articles of wooden ware. The bark contains tannic acid and is used in tanning leather and occasionally as a tonic, and the fragrant balsam contained in the buds of some species is occasionally used in medicine. The rapidity of their growth, their hardiness and the ease with which they can be propagated by cuttings, make many of the species useful as ornamental trees or in wind-breaks, although planted trees often suffer severely from the attacks of insects boring into the trunks and branches. Of the exotic species, the Abele, or White Poplar, Populus alba L., of Europe and western Asia, and its fastigiate form, and the so-called Lombardy Poplar, a tree of pyramidal habit and a form of the European and Asiatic Populus nigra L., and one of its hybrids, have been largely planted in the United States.

Populus, of obscure derivation, is the classical name of the Poplar.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Stigmas 2, 2-lobed, their lobes filiform; leaf stalks elongated, laterally compressed; buds slightly resinous. Leaves finely serrate; winter-buds glabrous.1. [P. tremuloides] (A, B, F, G). Leaves coarsely serrate; winter-buds tomentose or pubescent.2. [P. grandidentata.] Stigmas 2—4, 2-lobed and dilated, their lobes variously divided; buds resinous. Leaf-stalks round. Leaves tomentose below early in the season, broadly ovate, acute or rounded at apex.3. [P. heterophylla] (A, C). Leaves glabrous or pilose below. Leaves dark green above, pale, rarely pilose below. Ovary and capsule glabrous.4. [P. tacamahacca] (A, B, F). Ovary and capsule tomentose or pubescent.5. [P. trichocarpa] (B, F). Leaves light green on both surfaces, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.6. [P. angustifolia] (F). Leaves rhombic-lanceolate to ovate.7. [P. acuminata] (F). Leaf-stalks laterally compressed. Leaves without glands at apex of the petiole, coarsely serrate, thick. Pedicels shorter than the fruit. Disk cup-shaped. Branchlets stout; capsule ⅓′—½′ long.8. [P. Fremontii] (G, H). Branchlets slender; capsule not more than ¼′ long.9. [P. arizonica] (F, H). Disk minute. Branchlets glabrous; leaves broad-ovate to deltoid, long-pointed and acuminate at apex.10. [P. texana] (C). Branchlets pubescent; leaves broad-ovate, abruptly short-pointed or acute at apex.11. [P. McDougallii] (G, H). Pedicels 2 or 3 times longer than the fruit; leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly short-pointed.12. [P. Wislizenii] (E, F). Leaves furnished with glands at apex of the petiole. Branchlets stout; leaves thick. Winter-buds puberulous; leaves coarsely serrate; branchlets light yellow.13. [P. Sargentii] (F). Winter-buds glabrous; leaves less coarsely serrate; branchlets gray or reddish brown.14. [P. balsamifera] (A, C). Branchlets slender; leaves thin, ovate, cuneate or rounded at base, finely serrate.15. [P. Palmeri] (E).

1. [Populus tremuloides] Michx. Aspen. Quaking Asp.

Leaves ovate to broad-ovate or rarely reniform (var. reniformis Tidestrom) abruptly short-pointed or acuminate at apex rounded or rarely cuneate at the wide base, closely crenately serrate with glandular teeth, thin, green and lustrous above, dull green or rarely pale below, up to 4½′ long and broad with a prominent midrib, slender primary veins and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, compressed laterally, 1½′—3′ long. Flowers: aments 1½′—2½′ long, the pistillate becoming 4′ in length at maturity; scales deeply divided into 3—5 linear acute lobes fringed with long soft gray hairs; disk oblique, the staminate entire, the pistillate slightly crenate; stamens 6—12; ovary conic, with a short thick style and erect stigmas thickened and club-shaped below and divided into linear diverging lobes. Fruit maturing in May and June, oblong-conic, light green, thin-walled, nearly ¼′ long; seeds obovoid, light brown, about ¹/₃₂′ in length.

A tree, 20°—40° high, with a trunk 18′—20′ in diameter, slender remote and often contorted branches somewhat pendulous toward the ends, forming a narrow symmetrical round-topped head, and slender branchlets covered with scattered oblong orange-colored lenticels, bright red-brown and very lustrous during their first season, gradually turning light gray tinged with red, ultimately dark gray, and much roughened for two or three years by the elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds slightly resinous, conic, acute, often incurved, about ¼′ long, narrower than the more obtuse flower-buds, with 6 or 7 lustrous glabrous red-brown scales scarious on the margins. Bark thin, pale yellow-brown or orange-green, often roughened by horizontal bands of circular wart-like excrescences, frequently marked below the branches by large rows of lunate dark scars. Wood light brown, with nearly white sapwood of 25—30 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Southern Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson’s Bay and northwesterly to the mouth of the Mackenzie River, through the northern states to the mountains of Pennsylvania, northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, eastern and central Iowa and northeastern Missouri; common and generally distributed usually on moist sandy soil and gravelly hillsides; most valuable in the power of its seeds to germinate quickly in soil made infertile by fire and of its seedlings to grow rapidly in exposed situations; westward passing into the var. aurea Daniels, with thicker rhombic to semiorbicular or broad-ovate generally smaller leaves, usually pale on the lower surface, rounded or acute and minutely short-pointed at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, often entire with slightly thickened margins, or occasionally coarsely crenately serrate, with inconspicuous reticulate veinlets, turning bright golden yellow in the autumn before falling.

A tree occasionally 100° high with a trunk up to 3° in diameter, with pale often white bark, becoming near the base of old stems 2′ thick, nearly black, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into small appressed plate-like scales.

Distribution. Valley of the Yukon River to Saskatchewan, and southward through the mountain ranges of the Rocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico, the San Francisco Mountains of Arizona, and westward to the valley of the Skeena River, British Columbia, western Washington and Oregon, the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and the high mountains of southern California, and eastward to North and South Dakota and western Nebraska; on the mountains of Chihuahua, and on the Sierra de Laguna, Lower California.

Populus tremuloides var. vancouveriana Sarg.

Populus vancouveriana Trel.

Leaves broadly ovate to semiorbicular, abruptly short-pointed or rounded at apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the broad base, coarsely crenately serrate and sometimes obscurely crispate on the margins, when they unfold covered below and on the petioles with a thick coat of long matted pale hairs, and slightly villose, glabrous or nearly glabrous above, soon glabrous, and at maturity thick dark green, lustrous and scabrate on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, 3′—4½′ long and broad, with a prominent midrib and primary veins; petioles slender, compressed, becoming glabrous, 2′—3′ in length. Flowers: staminate aments slightly villose; pedicels pubescent; disk of the flower puberulous toward the base; flowers as in the species; pistillate aments 2′—2¼′ long, becoming 3′—3½′ in length at maturity; the rachis, pedicels and slightly lobed disk of the flower densely villose-pubescent; ovary conic, pubescent, with a short style and stigma divided into narrow divergent lobes. Fruit on pedicel not more than ¹/₂₄′ in length, oblong-conic, pubescent or glabrous, ¼′ long.

A tree 30°—36° high, with a trunk 12′—16′ in diameter, stout spreading branches forming a round-topped head, stout, reddish brown pubescent or puberulous branchlets often becoming glabrous during their first summer. Winter-buds acute, tomentose, pubescent or glabrous.

Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia and shores of Puget Sound; Tualitin, Washington County, and valley of the Willamette River at Corvallis, Benton County, Oregon.

2. [Populus grandidentata] Michex. Poplar.

Leaves semiorbicular to broad-ovate, short-pointed at apex, rounded, abruptly cuneate or rarely truncate at the broad entire base, coarsely repand-dentate above with few stout incurved teeth, covered like the petioles early in the season with white tomentum, soon glabrous, thin and firm in texture, dark green above, paler on the lower surface, 2′—3′ long, 2′—2½′ wide, with a prominent yellow midrib, conspicuously forked veins, and reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, laterally compressed, 1½′—2½′ long. Flowers: aments pubescent, 1½′—2½′ long, the pistillate becoming 4′—5′ long at maturity; scales pale and scarious below, divided above into 5 or 6 small irregular acute lobes covered with soft pale hairs; disk shallow, oblique, the staminate entire, the pistillate slightly crenate; stamens 6—12, with short slender filaments and light red anthers; ovary oblong-conic, bright green, puberulous, with a short style, and spreading stigmas divided nearly to the base into elongated filiform lobes. Fruit ripening before the leaves are fully grown, often more or less curved above the middle, light green and puberulous, thin-walled, 2-valved, about ⅛′ long; pedicel slender, pubescent, about ¹/₁₂′ in length; seeds minute dark brown.

A tree, often 60°—70° high, with a trunk occasionally 2° in diameter, slender rather rigid branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and stout branchlets marked by scattered oblong orange-colored lenticels, coated when they first appear with thick hoary deciduous tomentum, becoming during their first year dark red-brown or dark orange-colored, glabrous, lustrous, or covered with a delicate gray pubescence, and in their second year dark gray sometimes slightly tinged with green and much roughened by the elevated 3-lobed leaf-scars; generally smaller, and usually not more than 30°—40° tall. Winter-buds terete, broadly ovoid, acute, with light bright chestnut-brown scales, pubescent during the winter especially on their thin scarious margins, about ⅛′ long and not more than half the size of the flower-buds. Bark thin, smooth, light gray tinged with green, becoming near the base of old trunks ¾′—1′ thick, dark brown tinged with red, irregularly fissured and divided into broad flat ridges roughened on the surface by small thick closely appressed scales. Wood light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood of 20—30 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Rich moist sandy soil near the borders of swamps and streams; Nova Scotia, through New Brunswick, southern Quebec and Ontario to northern Minnesota, southward through the northern states to Pennsylvania, northern Ohio, and eastern (Muscatine County) and central Iowa, and westward to central Kentucky and Tennessee; passing into the var. meridionalis Tidestrom with broad-ovate acuminate leaves with more numerous teeth, often 4′—5′ long and 3′ wide; the common form in Maryland, northern Delaware, the piedmont region of Virginia and North Carolina, southern Ohio, and southern Indiana and Illinois; rare northward to northern New England.

3. [Populus heterophylla] L. Swamp Cottonwood. Black Cottonwood.

Leaves broadly ovate, gradually narrowed and acute, short-pointed or rounded at apex, slightly cordate or truncate or rounded at the wide base, usually furnished with a narrow deep sinus, finely or coarsely crenately serrate with incurved glandular teeth, covered as they unfold with thick hoary deciduous tomentum, becoming thin and firm in texture, dark deep green above, pale and glabrous below, with a stout yellow midrib, forked veins and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, 4′—7′ long, 3′—6′ wide; petioles slender terete tomentose or nearly glabrous 2½′—3½′ in length. Flowers: staminate aments broad, densely flowered, 1′ long, erect when the flowers first open, becoming pendulous and 2′—2½′ long; scales narrowly oblong-obovate, brown, scarious and glabrous below, divided into numerous elongated filiform light red-brown lobes; disk oblique, slightly concave; stamens 12—20, with slender filaments about as long as the large dark red anthers; pistillate aments slender, pendulous, few-flowered, 1′—2′ long, becoming erect and 4′—6′ long before maturing, their scales concave and infolding the flowers, linear-obovate, brown and scarious, laterally lobed, fimbriate above the middle, caducous; disk thin, irregularly divided in numerous triangular acute teeth, long-stalked; ovary ovoid, terete or obtusely 3-angled, with a short stout elongated style and 2 or 3 much-thickened dilated 2 or 3-lobed stigmas. Fruit on elongated pedicels, ripening when the leaves are about one third grown, ovoid, acute, dark red-brown, rather thick-walled, 2 or 3-valved, about ½′ long; seeds obovoid, minute, dark red-brown.

A tree, 80°—90° high, with a tall trunk 2°—3° in diameter, short rather slender branches forming a comparatively narrow round-topped head, and stout branchlets, marked by small elongated pale lenticels, coated at first with hoary caducous tomentum, becoming dark brown and rather lustrous or ashy gray, or rarely pale orange color and glabrous or slightly puberulous, or covered with a glaucous bloom in their first winter, growing darker in their second year and much roughened by the large thickened leaf-scars; usually much smaller and at the north rarely more than 40° tall. Winter-buds slightly resinous, broadly ovoid, acute, with bright red-brown scales, about ¼′ long and about one half the size of the flower-buds. Bark on young trunks divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into thick plate-like scales, becoming on old trunks ¾′—1′ thick, light brown tinged with red, and broken into long narrow plates attached only at the middle and sometimes persistent for many years. Wood dull brown, with thin lighter brown sapwood of 12—15 layers of annual growth; now often manufactured into lumber in the valley of the Mississippi River and in the Gulf states, and as black poplar used in the interior finish of buildings.

Distribution. Southington, Connecticut, and Northport, Long Island, southward near the coast to southern Georgia, and the valley of the lower Apalachicola River, Florida, through the Gulf states to western Louisiana, and through Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, western Kentucky and Tennessee, southern Illinois and Indiana, and in central and northern Ohio (Williams, Ottawa and Lake Counties); in the north Atlantic states in low wet swamps, rare and local; more common south and west on the borders of river swamps; very abundant and of its largest size in the valley of the lower Ohio and in southeastern Missouri, eastern Arkansas, and western Mississippi.

4. [Populus tacamahacca] Mill. Balsam. Tacamahac.

Populus balsamifera Du Roi, not L.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, cordate or rounded at base, or narrow-elliptic and acute or acuminate at the ends, finely crenately serrate, with slightly thickened revolute margins, coated when they unfold with the gummy secretions of the bud, glabrous, or puberulous on the under side of the midrib, becoming thin and firm in texture, deep dark green and lustrous above, pale green or glaucous and more or less rusty and conspicuously reticulate-venulose below, 3′—5′ long, 1½′—3′ wide, with thin veins running obliquely almost to the margins; petioles slender, terete, 1½′ long, glabrous or rarely puberulous. Flowers: aments long-stalked, the pistillate becoming 4′—5′ long before the fruit ripens, glabrous or pubescent; scales broadly obovate, light brown and scarious, often irregularly 3-parted at apex, cut into short thread-like brown lobes; disk of the staminate flower oblique, short-stalked; stamens 20—30, with short filaments and large light red anthers; disk of the pistillate flower cup-shaped; ovary ovoid, slightly 2-lobed, with two nearly sessile large oblique dilated crenulate stigmas. Fruit ovoid-oblong, acute and often curved at apex, 2-valved, light brown, about ¼′—⅓′ long, nearly sessile or short-stalked, ½′—⅛′ in length; seeds oblong-obovoid, pointed at apex, narrowed and truncate at base, light brown, about ¹/₁₂′ long.

A tree, often 100° high, with a tall trunk 6°—7° in diameter, stout erect branches usually more or less contorted near the end, forming a comparatively narrow open head, and glabrous or occasionally pubescent branchlets marked by oblong bright orange-colored lenticels, much roughened by the thickened leaf-scars, at first red-brown and glabrous or pubescent, becoming bright and lustrous in their first winter, dark orange-colored in their second year, and finally gray tinged with yellow-green; usually much smaller toward the southern limits of its range. Winter-buds saturated with a yellow balsamic sticky exudation, ovoid, terete, long-pointed; terminal 1′ long, ⅓′ broad; axillary about ¾′ long, ¹/₁₆′ broad, with 5 oblong pointed concave closely imbricated thick chestnut-brown lustrous scales. Bark light brown tinged with red, smooth or roughened by dark excrescences, becoming on old trunks ¾′—1′ thick, gray tinged with red, and divided into broad rounded ridges covered by small closely appressed scales. Wood light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Low often inundated river-bottom lands and swamp borders; Labrador to latitude 65° north in the valley of the Mackenzie River, and to the Alaskan coast, south to northern New England and New York, central Michigan, Minnesota (except in southern and southwestern counties), Turtle Mountains, Rolette County, North Dakota, the Black Hills of South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska (basin of Hat Creek), and in Colorado; the characteristic tree on the streams of the prairie region of British America, attaining its greatest size on the islands and banks of the Peace, Athabasca, and other tributaries of the Mackenzie; common in all the region near the northern boundary of the United States from Maine to the western limits of the Atlantic forests; the largest of the sub-Arctic American trees, and in the far north the most conspicuous feature of vegetation; passing into the variety Michauxii Farwell, with more cordate leaves, slightly pilose on the under side of the midrib and veins; common from Aroostook County, Maine, to the Province of Quebec, Newfoundland, and the shores of Hudson Bay.

Often planted at the north for shelter or ornament.

Populus candicans Ait., the Balm of Gilead of which only the pistillate tree is known, has often been considered a variety of the North American Balsam Poplar. This tree has been long cultivated in the northeastern part of the country and has sometimes escaped from cultivation and formed groves of considerable extent, as on the banks of Cullasagee Creek on the western slope of the Blue Ridge in Macon County, North Carolina. The fact that only one sex is known suggests hybrid origin but of obscure and possibly partly of foreign origin.

5. [Populus trichocarpa] Hook. Black Cottonwood. Balsam Cottonwood.

Leaves broad-ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or abruptly cuneate at base, finely crenately serrate, glabrous, dark green above, pale and rusty or silvery white and conspicuously reticulate-venulose below, 3′—4′ long, 2′—2½′ wide; petioles slender, pubescent, puberulous, pilose or rarely glabrous, 1½′—2′ in length. Flowers: aments stalked, villose-pubescent, the staminate densely flowered, 1½′—2′ long, ⅓′ thick, the pistillate loosely flowered, 2½′—3′ long, becoming 4′—5′ long before the fruit ripens; scales dilated at the apex, irregularly cut into numerous filiform lobes, glabrous or slightly puberulous on the outer surface; disk of the staminate flower broad, slightly oblique; stamens 40—60, with slender elongated filaments longer than the large light purple anthers; disk of the pistillate flower deep cup-shaped, with irregularly crenate or nearly entire revolute margins; ovary subglobose, coated with thick hoary tomentum, with 3 nearly sessile broadly dilated deeply lobed stigmas. Fruit subglobose, nearly sessile, pubescent, thick-walled, 3-valved; seeds obovoid, apiculate at the gradually narrowed apex, light brown, puberulous toward the ends, ¹/₁₂′ long.

A tree, 30°—100° high, with a trunk 1°—3° in diameter, erect branches forming an open head, and slender branchlets terete or slightly angled while young, marked by many orange-colored lenticels, glabrous or when they first appear coated with deciduous rufous or pale pubescence, reddish brown during their first year, gradually becoming dark gray, and roughened by the greatly enlarged and thickened elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds resinous, fragrant, ovoid, long-pointed, frequently curved above the middle, ¾′ long and ¼′ thick, with 6 or 7 light orange-brown slightly puberulous scales scarious on the margins. Bark ½′—2½′ thick, ashy gray, deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the surface into thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, dull brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. In California in small groves with widely scattered individuals on the coast ranges, the western slope of the Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 6000°—8000°, and on the southern mountains to Mt. Palomar in San Diego County; on the California islands, and on the western slopes of the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, Lower California.

On the high Sierra Nevada and in northern California passing into the var. hastata A. Henry, differing in its thicker leaves, usually longer in proportion to their width, often long-acuminate, rounded or cordate at base, frequently 5′ or 6′ long and 3′ or 4′ wide, with glabrous petioles and larger sometimes nearly glabrous capsules on glabrous or pubescent aments, sometimes 10′—12′ in length, and in its glabrous young branchlets.

A tree sometimes 200° high, with a trunk 7°—8° in diameter, and the largest deciduous-leaved tree of northwestern North America. The wood is largely used in Oregon and Washington for the staves of sugar barrels and in the manufacture of wooden ware.

Distribution. In open groves on rich bottom lands of streams from Siskiyou County, California, to southern Alaska; eastward in the United States through Oregon and Washington to western and southern Idaho; and to the mountains of western Nevada; in British Columbia to the valley of the Columbia River; on the banks of the east fork of the Kaweah River, Tulare County, California, at 10,000° above the sea.

6. [Populus angustifolia] James. Narrow-leaved Cottonwood.

Populus fortissima A. Nels & Macbr.

Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic or rarely obovate, narrowed to the tapering acute or rounded apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, finely or on vigorous shoots coarsely serrate, thin and firm, bright yellow-green above, glabrous or rarely puberulous and paler below, 2′—3′ long, ½′—1′ wide, or on vigorous shoots occasionally 6′—7′ long, and 1½′ wide, with a stout yellow midrib and numerous slender-oblique primary veins arcuate and often united near the slightly thickened revolute margins; petioles slender, somewhat flattened on the upper side, and in falling leaving small nearly oval obcordate scars. Flowers: aments densely flowered, glabrous, short-stalked, ½′—2½′ long, the pistillate becoming 2½′—4′ long before the fruit ripens; scales broadly obovate, glabrous, thin, scarious, light brown, deeply and irregularly cut into numerous dark red-brown filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower cup-shaped, slightly oblique, short-stalked; stamens 12—20, with short filaments and large light red anthers; disk of the pistillate flower shallow, cup-shaped, slightly and irregularly lobed, short-stalked; ovary ovoid, more or less 2-lobed, with a short or elongated style and 2 oblique dilated irregularly lobed stigmas. Fruit broadly ovoid, often rather abruptly contracted above the middle, short-pointed, thin-walled, 2-valved; pedicels often ⅓′ long; seeds ovoid or obovoid, rather obtuse, light brown, nearly ⅛′ long.

A tree, 50°—60° high, with a trunk rarely more than 18′ in diameter, slender erect branches forming a narrow and usually pyramidal head, and slender glabrous or rarely puberulous branchlets marked by pale lenticels, at first light yellow-green, becoming bright or dark orange color in their first season, pale yellow in their second winter, and ultimately ashy gray. Winter-buds very resinous, ovoid, long-pointed, covered by usually 5 thin concave chestnut-brown scales; terminal ¼′—½′ long and nearly twice as large as the axillary buds. Bark ¾′—1′ thick, light yellow-green, divided near the base of old trees by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges, smooth and much thinner above. Wood light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood of 10—30 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Banks of streams usually at altitudes of 5000°—10,000° above the sea; southern Alberta to the Black Hills of South Dakota and northwestern Nebraska (basin of Hat Creek) westward through Wyoming, Montana and Idaho to Yakima County, Washington, and southward to central Nevada, southwestern New Mexico (Silver City, Grant County) and northern Arizona; the common Cottonwood of northern Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, southern Montana, and eastern Idaho; on the mountains of Chihuahua.

7. [Populus acuminata] Rydb. Cottonwood.

Leaves rhombic-lanceolate to ovate, abruptly acuminate, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate or concave-cuneate, or rarely broad and rounded at the mostly entire base, coarsely crenately serrate except near the apex, dark green and lustrous above, dull green below, 2′—4′ long, ¾′—2′ wide, with a slender yellow midrib, thin remote primary veins and obscure reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, nearly terete, 1′—3′ long. Flowers: aments slender, short-stalked, 2′—3′ long, the pistillate becoming 4′ or 5′ long before the fruit ripens; scales scarious, light brown, glabrous, dilated and irregularly divided into filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower wide, oblique, and membranaceous; stamens numerous, with short filaments and dark red anthers; disk of the pistillate flower deep cup-shaped; ovary broad-ovoid, gradually narrowed above, with large laciniately lobed nearly sessile stigmas. Fruit pedicellate, oblong-ovoid, acute, thin-walled, slightly pitted, about ⅓′ long, 3 or rarely 2-valved; seeds oblong-obovoid, rounded at the apex, light brown, about ¹/₁₂′ in length.

A tree, usually about 40° high, with a trunk 12′—18′ in diameter, stout spreading and ascending branches forming a compact round-topped head, and slender terete or slightly 4-angled pale yellow-brown branchlets roughened for two or three years by the elevated oval horizontal leaf-scars. Winter-buds acuminate, resinous, about ⅓′ long, with 6 or 7 light chestnut-brown lustrous scales. Bark on young stems and large branches smooth, nearly white, becoming on old trunks pale gray-brown, about ½′ thick, deeply divided into broad flat ridges.

Distribution. Banks of streams in the arid eastern foothill region of the Rocky Mountains; Assiniboia to the Black Hills of South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska, eastern Wyoming, southern Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico (Fort Bayard, Grant County); in Colorado crossing the Continental Divide to southeastern Utah; passing into the var. Rehderi Sarg. differing in the larger leaves on longer petioles, and in the pubescent branchlets and winter-buds. Borders of streams southeastern New Mexico.

Sometimes planted as a shade-tree in the streets of cities in the Rocky Mountain region.

× Populus Andrewsii Sarg. intermediate in its character between P. acuminata and P. Sargentii and believed to be a natural hybrid of these species has been found growing naturally near Boulder and Walsenburg, Colorado, and as a street tree in Montrose, Colorado.

8. [Populus Fremontii] S. Wats. Cottonwood.

Leaves deltoid or reniform, generally contracted into broad short entire points, or rarely rounded or emarginate at apex, truncate, slightly cordate or abruptly cuneate at the entire base, coarsely and irregularly serrate, with few or many incurved gland-tipped teeth, coated like the petioles when they unfold with short spreading caducous pubescence, at maturity thick and firm, glabrous bright green and lustrous, 2′—2½′ long, 2½′—3′ wide, with a thin yellow midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of slender veins; petioles flattened, yellow, 1½′—3′ long. Flowers: staminate aments densely flowered, 1½′—2′ long, nearly ½′ thick, with slender glabrous stems, the pistillate sparsely flowered, with stout glabrous or puberulous stems, becoming before the fruit ripens 4′ or 5′ long; scales light brown, thin and scarious, dilated and irregularly cut at apex into filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower broad, oblique, slightly thickened on the entire revolute margin; stamens 60 or more, with large dark red anthers; disk of the pistillate flower cup-shaped; ovary ovoid or ovoid-oblong, with 3 or rarely 4 broad irregularly crenately lobed stigmas. Fruit ovoid, acute or obtuse, slightly pitted, thick-walled, 3 or rarely 4-valved, ⅓′—½′ long; pedicel stout, from ¹/₂₀′—⅙′ long; seeds ovoid, acute, light brown, nearly ⅛′ in length.

A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a short trunk 5°—6° in diameter, stout spreading branches pendulous at the ends and forming a broad rather open graceful head, and slender terete branchlets light green and glabrous, becoming light yellow before winter, dark or light gray more or less tinged with yellow in their second year, and only slightly roughened by the small 3-lobed leaf-scars. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, with light green lustrous scales, the terminal usually about ⅓′ long and usually two or three times as large as the lateral buds. Bark on young stems light gray-brown, thin, smooth or slightly fissured, becoming on old trees 1½′—2′ thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and deeply and irregularly divided into broad connected rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed scales. Wood light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams; valley of the upper Sacramento River southward through western California to the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, Lower California; most abundant in the San Joaquin Valley, and ascending the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada to altitudes of 3000°.

Often planted in southern California as a shade-tree, and for the fuel produced quickly and abundantly from pollarded trees.

In San Bernardino and San Diego Counties, California, generally replaced by the var. pubescens Sarg., differing in its pubescent branchlets and ranging eastward to southwestern Nevada and southern Utah. In southern Arizona and near Silver City, Grant County, New Mexico, represented by the var. Thornberii Sarg., differing from the typical P. Fremontii in the more numerous serratures of the leaves, in the ellipsoidal not ovoid capsules with smaller disk and shorter pedicels, and by the var. Toumeyi Sarg., differing from the type in the shallow cordate base of the leaves, gradually narrowed and cuneate to the insertion of the petiole, and in the larger disk of the fruit (Fig. 124). The var. macrodisca Sarg. with a broad disc nearly inclosing the ellipsoidal fruit is known only in the neighborhood of Silver City.

× Populus Parryi Sarg., a probable hybrid of P. Fremontii and P. trichocarpa, with characters intermediate between those of its supposed parents, grows naturally along Cottonwood Creek on the west side of Owens Lake, Inyo County, and in the neighborhood of Fort Tejon, Kern County, and as a street tree is not rare in San Bernardino, California.

9. [Populus arizonica] Sarg. Cottonwood.

Populus mexicana Sarg., not Wesm.

Leaves deltoid or reniform, gradually or abruptly long-pointed at the acuminate entire apex, truncate or broad-cuneate at the wide base, finely serrate with numerous teeth, as they unfold dark red covered below with pale pubescence, pubescent above, ciliate on the margins, thin, glandular with bright red caducous glands, soon becoming glabrous, at maturity subcoriaceous, bright yellow-green, very lustrous, 1½′—2′ long and broad, with a slender yellow midrib and obscure primary veins; petioles laterally compressed, sparingly villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, 1½′—2′ long; leaves on vigorous leading shoots often rounded at apex, cuneate at base, and often 2′ long and 3′ wide, with petioles often 3′ in length. Flowers: staminate aments dense, cylindric, 1—1½′ long, the pistillate slender, many-flowered, 1½′—2′ long, becoming 3′—4′ long before the fruit ripens; disk of the staminate flower broad-oblong; stamens numerous; disk of the pistillate flower deep cup-shaped, nearly entire; ovary ovoid, rounded at apex, slightly 3 or 4-angled, short-stalked, nearly inclosed in the cup-shaped membranaceous disk. Fruit on short stout pedicels, round-ovoid, buff color, slightly 3 or 4-lobed, deeply pitted, thin-walled, about ¼′ long.

A tree, 50°—70° high, with a trunk occasionally 3° in diameter, gracefully spreading and ascending branches forming a broad open head of wide-spreading branches, and slender often pendulous branchlets, pale green and glabrous or puberulous when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, and light yellow during their first season. Winter-buds narrow, acute, light orange-brown, puberulous toward the base of the outer scales, the terminal about ¼′ long, and two or three times as large as the much-compressed oblong lateral buds. Bark pale gray or rarely white, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges.

Distribution. Banks of mountain streams; southwestern California (Mill Creek, above Forest Home, San Bernardino Mountains) and southern and central Arizona; widely distributed through northern Mexico (var. Jonesii Sarg.); well distinguished from the other Cottonwoods of the United States by its small fruit.

Often planted as a street tree in the towns of southern Arizona.

10. [Populus texana] Sarg.

Leaves thin, glabrous, broadly ovate, gradually narrowed, long-pointed and acuminate at apex, truncate at base, coarsely crenately serrate below the middle, entire above, 3′—3¼′ long and 2¼′—2½′ wide; petioles slender, compressed, 1½′—2½′ in length. Flowers not seen. Fruit: aments slender, glabrous, 2½′—3′ long; fruit oblong-ovoid, acute, deeply pitted, glabrous, thin-walled, 3-valved, ⅓′ in length; disk slightly lobed; pedicel slender, ¹/₁₆′—⅛′ in length; seeds ovoid, acuminate, ¹/₁₆′ long.

A tree up to 60° high, with a trunk sometimes 3° in diameter, stout more or less pendulous branches and stout glabrous pale yellow-brown branchlets. Winter-buds acuminate, glabrous.

In cañons and along the streams of northwestern Texas, where it appears to be the only Cottonwood.

11. [Populus McDougallii] Rose.

Leaves broadly ovate, abruptly short-pointed or acute at apex, broadly or acutely cuneate or truncate, or on vigorous shoots rarely slightly cordate at base, finely or often coarsely crenately serrate, bluish green, thin, pubescent on the under sides of the midrib and primary veins early in the season, otherwise glabrous, 1½′—3′ long and broad, with slender midribs and veins; petioles slender, slightly compressed, pubescent early in the season, becoming glabrous, 1½′—2′ in length. Flowers not seen. Fruit: aments glabrous, short-stalked, 2′—2½′ long; fruit ovoid and acute at apex to ellipsoidal and acute or acuminate at ends, glabrous, slightly pitted, thin-walled, 3-valved, ⁵/₁₂′—½′ long; disk not more than ⅛′ in diameter; pedicels glabrous, ⅛′—⅕′ in length; seeds oblong-ovoid, acuminate, ⅛′ long.