Illustrations of Exotic Entomology, Volume 3

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

EXOTIC ENTOMOLOGY,

CONTAINING

UPWARDS OF SIX HUNDRED AND FIFTY

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF

FOREIGN INSECTS,

INTERSPERSED WITH

REMARKS AND REFLECTIONS ON THEIR NATURE AND PROPERTIES.

BY DRU DRURY.

A NEW EDITION,

BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT STATE OF THE SCIENCE,
WITH THE SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERS OF EACH SPECIES, SYNONYMS, INDEXES,
AND OTHER ADDITIONAL MATTER.

BY J. O. WESTWOOD, F.L.S.

SOC. CÆS. NAT. CUR. MOSQ. SOC.
ETC. ETC.

VOL. III.

LONDON:

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

MDCCCXXXVII.

MR. DRURY'S PREFACE

TO THE FIRST EDITION.

VOL. III.

Grateful for the favourable reception the two preceding volumes of this work have met from the lovers of Natural History, it is with pleasure that I now present them, though late, with this my third and last volume, which has been completed in opposition to greater disadvantages and disappointments than attended either of the others.

It may not be superfluous to inform my readers, that this publication is the result of such leisure hours only as could be spared from an indispensable assiduity to immediate business, and a necessary attention, at that time, to an impaired constitution.

This being taken into consideration, little apology will be required for the length of time I have been in bringing it out, by those who know what trouble we must necessarily have with the various artists, who are employed in executing the different parts of such a work, and with what scrupulous exactness and care every minute part ought to be examined and corrected. This unavoidable delay, however, has been productive of another circumstance, which compels me to entreat all their candour and indulgence.

I have always made it a rule of my conduct to promote Natural History by every method in my power. My cabinet has therefore been open to all those gentlemen, from whatever part of the world they came, who made Entomology their study. In consequence of this permission, descriptions of many of the insects now published have got abroad some time since, and even figures of several of them have made their appearance. This I did not expect, as many of my plates were entirely finished some months, and even years, before those above-mentioned could have got forth. This will account for the seeming contradiction in many places, upon comparing the descriptions with the Index, where many insects are described and mentioned as new ones, but in the Index have their synonyms given in various authors. The truth is, the descriptions were made about the year 1775, between which time and the present those authors published their respective works.

But who can foresee disappointments, or avoid their effects? It may be urged, that these plates might have been omitted, and others substituted. In so doing, however, I could not have been justified, either to the purchasers of the former volumes, or to myself. Many of them, there is no doubt, would not have the figures of those insects alluded to, unless in this work; and, as to my part, without considering the loss, neither my business, my health, nor my leisure, would have enabled me to supply their place. This very circumstance I have mentioned in the Preface to my last volume, wherein I bespoke the candour of my readers for an anticipation of a similar kind, which got abroad before I could bring out that volume. In the present case, I have the greatest reason to request the same indulgence from a motive still stronger, which is, that almost all the figures given by other authors, and which I have quoted in the index, were taken from specimens originally in my possession. As it is, I hope, the novelty, the beauty, and the curiosity of the other insects herein published, will, by affording large gratification to the inquisitive naturalist, make some amends, and that the nature of my situation will procure me a full acquittal from any kind of premeditated imposition.

In regard to the manners and economy of the insects now published, I have been able to get little information. There are very few, even of those who collect abroad, who will give themselves the trouble of making observations; and such as do not want inclination or ability, and even travel expressly for the purpose, find great, and to us almost inconceivable impediments.

Mr. Smeathman, who has been many years in Africa and the West Indies, has furnished me with a few remarks on this subject, together with observations on some particular insects, published in the preceding volumes as well as this. These observations, I am of opinion, will afford information and entertainment to my readers, and, at the same time, throw some light on the nature, qualities, or dispositions of many kinds of insects, of which, hitherto, we know nothing more than the external figure. He informs me, that in hot climates, especially such as are not well settled, the difficulties attending every kind of study, and every species of collecting, are infinitely greater than those who have not visited them can possibly suppose. In those countries, either from the scarcity and high price of the materials, or the dearness of labour, the traders or settlers are obliged to calculate for little more than necessary house-room, with such conveniences only as are absolutely necessary for their different occupations and pursuits; in which they are, from these circumstances, frequently much cramped and embarrassed. If this is the case with those who have all the best means in their power of providing for themselves, how must it be with transient persons and speculative travellers, who are seldom profitable visitors, and whose studies consequently meet with little partiality from such as are assiduously engaged in the sole pursuit of wealth or power?

As to the breeding of insects, and observing their changes and dispositions with care and circumspection, it seems almost impossible in the nature of things to be practised, except, comparatively speaking, with a very few.

(The ravages of the tropical ants and cock-roaches are then detailed from the information given by Mr. Smeathman, which I have thought it more interesting to introduce with the descriptions of those insects in the second volume.)

The termites are another genus of insects, which some time or other injure the traveller, and at least add to the number of his cares. These wonderful creatures were little known till Mr. Smeathman developed their extraordinary history. They were generally supposed to be a species of ant, and in consequence so frequently confounded with the natural history of that great genus of insects, that it has thrown much obscurity into both.

The ravages of these insects are so insidious, that travellers frequently suffer irreparable damage before they are aware of them. When they are previously informed, the depredations of those insects may be greatly prevented; but constant care and caution are required, which is no small addition to the number of cares that a collector must always have upon his mind. I shall not pretend to go any further into the history of this genus of insects, as I must necessarily borrow it from my ingenious friend's very entertaining account of them, published last year in the seventy-first volume, Part I. of the Philosophical Transactions, to which I refer my reader.

To these obstacles, Mr. Smeathman adds others, some of which we can have little idea of in these climates. The Norway rats are so numerous and so bold, that they will come and feed by the side of the table at supper, and during the still hours of night, search every corner for plunder, making a continual uproar, and often, in a kind of furor, carry away small utensils, and other articles, which they can turn to no advantage either for food or shelter. They are very mischievous to the naturalist's collection of plants and seeds, tearing them and the books, in which they are kept, to pieces, as it were in wantonness, and carrying away such as are edible, in which they are often assisted by the land-crabs. These amphibious insects frequently make holes for themselves, or use those made by the rats under ground, and enter through the floors of the negroes' cottages.

In the rainy seasons many small animals are apt to take shelter in the thatch; among others, various species of snakes, who most probably get there in pursuit of the rats. Mr. Smeathman when on the African shore observed, that the former were very harmless; and, as he found the latter very mischievous and destructive, he would not suffer the snakes to be killed or hunted out. The patient natives there, it seems, as well as the rational travellers, are not without consolation amidst this heterogeneous crowd of inmates. They see with pleasure the spiders always on the watch for the wasps and cock-roaches, the last of which are intolerable. The lizards, again, attack all sorts of insects, the large Tarantula, as it is called, not excepted. The lizards not unfrequently fall a prey to the fowls, and the rats to the snakes. Hence lizards, rats, snakes, and land-crabs occasionally serve as delicious repasts to the improvident inhabitants, who thus "thrive under evil."

Sometimes indeed the land-crab becomes, as in the West Indies, a part of the stock of the provident and luxurious inhabitants, who inclose a small piece of ground in the manner of a yard, and feed them with fruit, herbs, Indian corn, and other grain, on which they fatten exceedingly, and stewed in any manner are most delicious eating.

Thus a speculative man can find few opportunities of securing his collections, or of making observations, while surrounded by the hospitable chief, the trader, the planter, and their families, who scarce finding room enough in their houses for themselves, think all time lost that is not spent in lucrative business, active pleasures, or social festivity. If to this we add frequent sickness, the want of boats or cattle for conveyance in cases where moving without is impracticable; the want of information, of guides, of assistance, the means of transporting things, of candlelights, or even a table to write on, it will not be surprising we have so little knowledge of the uncultivated tropical regions. Even travellers, who go expressly to make observations, have other great difficulties to encounter. They are sometimes obliged to pass much of their time in providing the mere necessaries of life, and some in securing themselves from danger, while their industry is always exposed to the avarice, the neglect, or the ill-will of ignorant people, whose services, though poor, are not to be easily dispensed with.

Sometimes the cottages have no windows, and the larger houses, which they contrive to form in such manner as to receive the breezes, are generally without glass; so that the student frequently has his subject, his pen, or his paper blown away, with various other disappointments and vexations too numerous and too trivial to mention, but altogether distressing, and in many instances insurmountable.

As this is the case, we have not much reason to wonder that our accounts of some foreign countries, and their natural productions, are so short and imperfect. We must content ourselves with slight sketches, which, repeated and corroborated by various travellers, may at last amount to one great descriptive and useful work, of which those contained in this Preface are offered only as so many scattered seeds.

(The various observations upon the economy of different species figured in these Illustrations, and inserted in this Preface, have been respectively introduced under the species to which they belonged.)

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

EXOTIC ENTOMOLOGY.

PLATE I.

PAPILIO ANTIMACHUS.

Plate [I].

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna, Latr. Family: Papilionidæ, Leach.

Genus. Papilio, Linn. (Section Equit. Troj.) &c.

Papilio Antimachus. Alis nigris, anticis elongatis maculis fulvis, posticis subdentatis disco radiato rufo, nigro punctato; apice nigro lunulis marginalibus fulvis. (Expans. Alar. 8½ unc.)

Syn. Papilio Antimachus, Drury, App. vol. 3. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. pt. 1. p. 11. No. 31. Donov. Nat. Repos. pl. 100. & 101. God. and Latr. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 28. No. 8. Esper. Aus. Schm. t. 22. f. 2. Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep. 1. p. 188.

Habitat: Sierra Leone (Drury).

Upper Side. Antennæ brown. Head black, with eight whiteish spots on the top. Thorax black, with four white spots at the base of the anterior wings. Abdomen black at the base and at top, clay-coloured on the sides and extremity. Anterior wings black at the base, but at the extremities more of a brown colour, with eighteen different shaped marks and spots; those next the body dark orange, the others yellow clay-coloured, some being so faint as to be hardly discernible. Posterior wings slightly dentated, the inner scollops being edged with clay-coloured crescents. These wings, next the body, are of a dark orange; the remainder clay-coloured, with a broad black border running round each wing, from the upper corners to the abdominal ones; the inner sides being deeply indented, and the outer ones scolloped, with eight roundish black spots near the middle of each wing, one of which is supposed to be hid in the figure.

Under Side. Head black, with two white spots in front. Palpi scarcely discernible. Breast and sides black, spotted with yellow. Abdomen clay-coloured. The middle of the superior wings has a black patch, on which are three orange-coloured spots, answering to three on the upper side; a long angular dark orange mark joins the anterior edges next the body, close to which are two roundish black spots; the extreme parts of these wings are of a dark greyish ash colour, the ribs being black. Posterior wings clay-coloured, with eight black spots, answering to those on the upper side: the black border being narrower on this side, and the inner edges much deeper indented.

This magnificent butterfly is so exceedingly rare that M. Boisduval, whose knowledge of the European Collections is very extensive, questions whether there exists any other specimen than that originally figured by Drury. Mr. Jones also, whose splendid Collection of Drawings are so frequently quoted by Fabricius, copied this insect, figuring both the upper and under sides, which figures have been lately published by Mr. Donovan in his Naturalist's Repository. Mr. Donovan also adds, that from the manuscripts of Mr. Drury, "we find that he received this insect in 1775, from Mr. Smeathman, an assiduous and very intelligent naturalist stationed at Sierra Leone."

"From the observations of Mr. Smeathman it may be imagined that this insect is not unfrequent in that particular part of Africa, but that its capture is attended with considerable difficulty, as well from the manner of its flight, as the time when it appears on the wing; it is seen only in mid-day, when every exertion under the direct influence of a vertical sun must be painful to an European. Its flight is also remarkable for its velocity, and to increase the difficulty of taking it, the insect frequents only the upper branches of the trees, from whence it darts and glances from one branch to another, and never descends nearer to the ground than the height of eight feet. Mr. Smeathman observes also, that it turns its head about instantly to the glade or path, and will not suffer any person to approach within 'striking distance' of it, but will dart away on the least motion of the body; if the naturalist however exerts his patience, it will at last become more familiar and careless, and is then to be caught upon some particular branch, to which it will appear more attached than to another."

Mr. Donovan however suggests, that the insect must be not only exceedingly local, but also of great rarity.

PLATE II.

HEPIALUS CRASSUS.

Plate [II]. fig. 1.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Hepialidæ, Steph.

Genus. Hepialus, Fabr. Hepiolus, Illiger. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.

Hepialus Crassus. Alis anticis albis, fusco, cinereo, badioque variis, apice irregulariter albo, lunulâ magnâ fuscâ; posticis griseo-fuscantibus. (Expans. Alar. 7 unc.)

Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) crassa, Drury, App. vol. 3.

Habitat: Sierra Leone.

Upper Side. Antennæ filiform, whiteish at the base, black at the tips. Head whiteish, small. Thorax whiteish, having two black tufts of hair on the shoulders, and two next the abdomen; upper part yellowish brown. Abdomen dark brown, almost black, being ringed and edged with dark grey. Anterior wings whiteish, intermixed with many patches and irregular spots of grey and dark brown. Posterior wings darkish grey brown, but lighter along the posterior edges.

Under Side. All the parts on this side are of a dark yellow brown, of the same colour with the upper side of the inferior wings. Abdomen rather lighter, with a dark brown line running along its middle from the thorax to the anus.

SPHINX IDRIEUS.

Plate [II]. fig. 2.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Crepuscularia. Family: Sphingidæ, Leach.

Genus. Sphinx, Linn.

Sphinx Idrieus. Corpore alisque anticis viridibus, posticis fulvis margine nigro. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)

Syn. Sphinx Idrieus, Drury, App. vol. 3. (1783.)

Sphinx Medea, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 363. No. 23. (1793.)

Habitat: Africa (Drury). "Africa æquinoctiali" (Fabr.).

Upper Side. Antennæ yellow brown. Head olive green, with a cream-coloured stripe running on each side to the wings. Thorax and abdomen olive green; the latter having six small cream-coloured spots on each side near the anus. Anterior wings entirely olive green. Posterior orange-coloured, edged with black.

Under Side. Tongue spiral. Sides, breast, and abdomen paler green than on the upper side. Wings next the shoulders dark orange, but green at the extremities. Posterior wings greenish and mottled, the fringes being yellow.

ÆGERIA? PLUMIPES.

Plate [II]. fig. 3.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Crepuscularia? Family: Ægeriidæ, Steph.

Genus. Ægeria, Fabr.? Sesia, Latr. Sphinx, Drury.

Ægeria? Plumipes. Alis cyaneis, abdomine fulvo-cingulato, apice barbato; pedibus fulvis, femorum posticorum apice plumoso. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Sphinx plumipes, Drury, App. vol. 3.

Habitat: Africa.

Upper Side. Antennæ black, smallest at the tips. Eyes grey and shining. Palpi black. Head and thorax black. Abdomen black, with orange-coloured rings; the extremity being very small and long, and furnished with a tuft of hairs expanding like a star.

Under Side. Tongue spiral. Head and palpi orange. Breast black. Legs orange, furnished with long tibial spurs; the two hinder thighs having tufts of black hairs issuing from the tips above. Abdomen orange, sides black.

PLATE III.

COSSUS LAOCOON.

Plate [III]. fig. 1.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Hepialidæ, Steph.

Genus. Cossus, Fabr. Phalæna (Bombyx), Linn.

Cossus Laocoon. Alis rufo-badiis, apice obscurioribus maculâ mediâ albidâ, nigro punctatâ, lunulisque submarginalibus pallidis. (Expans. Alar. 6 unc. 3 lin.)

Syn. Phalæna (Attacus) Laocoon, Drury. Cramer, pl. 117. B.?

Habitat: Rio Janeiro, Brazil.

Upper Side. Antennæ brown, and filiform. Head brown, with two white spots beneath the antennæ. Thorax cream-coloured, with a red-brown spot arising at the head. Abdomen red-brown, with cream-coloured rings. Wings red-brown; the anterior ending along the external edges in a greyish brown, where there is a row of faint cream-coloured crescents; at the shoulders there is also a round cream-coloured spot, and in the middle, near the anterior edges, is another large patch of that colour, with darker marks thereon; several other spots are likewise dispersed on these wings. Posterior wings, along the external edges, grey brown; but next the body cream-coloured, with a row of faint cream-coloured crescents along the bottom, and two small spots on the abdominal edges.

Under Side. Breast and legs red-brown; the two fore legs having two cream-coloured spots on the fore joints. Abdomen red-brown, and cream intermixed. Wings, next the body, cream-coloured, but towards their extremities red-brown, more strongly marked than on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.

ARCTIA? MENEA.

Plate [III]. fig. 2.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Arctiidæ, Stephens.

Genus. Arctia? Schrank. Callimorpha, Latr.? Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.

Arctia? Menea. Flava, alis anticis basi, fasciâ latâ mediâ apiceque margineque postico posticarum nigris. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)

Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Menea, Drury, App. vol. 3.

Habitat: Brazil.

Upper Side. Antennæ filiform and black. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow. Wings yellow and black. Anterior having two round black spots at the shoulders, and two long ones at the tips. Posterior having a broad black border, beginning at the abdominal corners and running round the wings, crossing the fore wings and ending at the anterior edges.

Under Side. Palpi and tongue black. Legs black. Breast and abdomen yellow. Wings coloured as on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.

CALLIMORPHA? MOPSA.

Plate [III]. fig. 3.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Arctiidæ, Steph.

Genus. Callimorpha? Latr. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.

Callimorpha? Mopsa. Alis anticis fuscis fasciâ rectâ subapicali; posticis sanguineis, basi, fasciâ mediâ undatâ margineque nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Mopsa, Drury, App. vol. 2.

Habitat: Madras.

Upper Side. Antennæ filiform and black. Thorax and abdomen chocolate, the latter edged with red. Anterior wings entirely of a dun chocolate colour, having a lemon-coloured streak crossing them from the lower corners to near the middle of the anterior edges. Posterior wings next the body almost black; the remainder carmine, with a waved black line crossing them from the upper to the abdominal corners.

Under Side. Palpi grey. Breast red, with two black spots on each side. Legs grey. Wings coloured as on the upper side; the red colour on the inferior ones reaching to the body. Margins of the wings entire.

PLATE IV.

VANESSA ANACARDII.

Plate [IV]. fig. 1, 2.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Vanessa, Fabricius, Latr. God. Hamadryades, Hübn. Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.) Drury. (Dan. Cand.) Linn.

Vanessa Anacardii. Alis subdentatis; suprà margaritaceis extimumque versùs nigro punctatis, anticis falcatis, posticis extùs caudatis ocelloque ad angulum ani notatis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Anacardii, Linn. Syst. Nat. 11. 758. No. 74.? Fabr. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 183. 567.?

Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.) Parrhasius, Drury, App. vol. 3.

Papilio Æthiops, Pal. Beauv. Lep. pl. 3. fig. 1. 2.

Papillon Opale, Pal. Beauv. texte. p. 22.

Vanessa Aglatonice, Latr. God. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 299. 8.

Habitat: Sierra Leone (Drury). "In Anacardio Americes," (Linn.) an recte?

Upper Side. Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen dark green, the sides being white. Wings of a beautiful changeable colour, exhibiting, according to the direction in which the light falls upon them, a purple, red, blue, green, and white, the two latter being the predominant colours. Anterior wings, along the external edges, black, with two pale blueish spots thereon near the tips, and two round black spots on the light part of the wings near the lower corners. Posterior wings with two tails, and edged with a border of a brownish blue running from the upper to the abdominal corners, having thereon a row of small black angular marks placed between the tendons; three round black spots are also placed near the upper corners, the lowest being the smallest; and at the abdominal corners is a small eye, whose pupil is red, and iris black.

Under Side. Palpi, breast, legs, and abdomen white. The beautiful changeable colour is not seen on this side, all the wings being of a pale green. The anterior having two small eyes, the pupil being red, the iris white; the smallest of which is placed near the tips, the other lower, and towards the middle of the wing. A round black spot is also placed on these wings near the body, which in the figure is hid. A shade of a darker green, resembling a line, rises on these wings near the middle, and, crossing the inferior ones, meets below the abdomen. Posterior wings with two little eyes, placed near the upper and abdominal corners, having a faint resemblance of a border of a brighter green placed along the external edges. Wings angulated.

Linnæus appears to have confounded this African insect with an American butterfly, figured by Mad. Merian, giving the name to the African species, with the additional habits of the American one. The copy of Drury's work, which belonged to Linnæus, late in the library of Sir J. E. Smith (by whom the collections of the great Swede were purchased), and now in that of the Linnæan Society, contains a pencil note, by its late possessor, of reference of this figure to the Anacardii of Linnæus.

PLATE V.

CALLIMORPHA? CAFRA.

Plate [V]. fig. 1.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Arctiidæ, Steph.

Genus. Callimorpha? Latr. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.

Callimorpha? Cafra. Alis albis, anticis strigis duabus transversis, unâ humerali alterâ mediâ, apiceque marginali nigricantibus, posticis lunulis punctisque submarginalibus atris. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)

Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx) Cafra, Drury, App. vol. 3.

Habitat: Sierra Leone.

Upper Side. Antennæ deeply pectinated and brown. Head white. Thorax and abdomen yellowish grey. Anterior wings white, edged with a dull blackish colour, and a large patch of the same at the tips, with two streaks also running from the anterior edges almost across the wings; one near the shoulders, the other in the middle, both narrowing as they go, and ending in points. A little group of spots is also placed at the lower corners. Posterior wings white, but next the body yellow, with a very irregular dark border running along the external edges, on which are several white spots unevenly dispersed, and of various forms.

Under Side. Palpi white, tipped with black. Fore legs red underneath, and black above, the ends being black: the other legs grey, the tips black. Breast and abdomen yellow grey. Wings coloured as on the upper side, but fainter. Margins of the wings entire.

CALLIMORPHA? NERINA.

Plate [V]. fig. 2.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Arctiidæ, Steph.

Genus. Callimorpha? Latr. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.

Callimorpha? Nerina. Alis anticis nigris, nervis basalibus luteis, fasciis duabus punctisque submarginalibus albidis, posticis fulvo-brunneis apice nigro, punctis submarginalibus albis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)

Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx) Nerina, Drury, App. vol. 3.

Habitat: Sierra Leone.

Upper Side. Antennæ strongly pectinated and brown. Head brown, the front being white. Thorax brown, with two white streaks along it. Abdomen brown. Wings black, streaked with light brown from the shoulders along the tendons, and two light yellowish patches, almost crossing the wings from the anterior edges, with a row of white coloured spots placed along the external edges. Posterior wings dark yellow, with a deep black border running along the external edges from the upper to the abdominal corners.

Under Side. Palpi black. Mouth white. Neck and breast yellow. Legs brown, and yellow at top, and white beneath. Abdomen white, streaked longitudinally with brown. Anus yellow. Wings coloured as on the upper side, but brighter. Margins of all the wings entire.

PLATE VI.

NYMPHALIS DECIUS.

Plate [VI]. fig. 1, 2.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), Drury.

Nymphalis Decius. Alis supra fuscis, fasciâ communi albâ; posticis caudatis, ad angulum ani rufis ocellis duobus. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3 lin.)

Syn. Papilio Decius, Cram. pl. 114. A. B. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 67. No. 210. Herbst. tab. 56. f. 112. Nymphalis D., Enc. Méth. ix. p. 363. Donovan Nat. Repos. 4. 109.

Habitat: Sierra Leone (Drury). Interior, near the Gold Coast (Donovan).

Upper Side. Antennæ black. Eyes, head, thorax, and abdomen brown. One-third of the superior wings next the body brown; apical half brownish black. These two colours divided by a white band or bar, which, beginning at the anterior edges, crosses these wings, and runs half way down the posterior ones, being edged with blue. Posterior wings furnished with two tails, the lower part of them being of a dark orange; next the body brown, and next the upper corners almost black. There are also two small eyes on these wings; one near the abdominal corners, the other at the middle of the external edges.

Under Side. Palpi and tongue yellow brown. Breast and abdomen brown. Legs next the body brown, the extreme joints almost white. Wings next the body brown for about half an inch, when they suddenly become white, and gradually alter in colour to a blueish, and then to a dark brown all along their external edges, where the inferior wings have several small spots and eyes. Wings dappled with an innumerable quantity of small streaks. Wings angulated.

Mr. Smeathman states that this species was taken at a considerable distance from the coast, and that it is exceedingly scarce.

NYMPHALIS EUPALE.

Plate [VI]. fig. 3.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), Drury.

Nymphalis Eupale. Alis supra argenteo-virescentibus, apice saturatiore, subtùs gramineis, punctis marginalibus nigris ocellatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Pleb. Urbic.) Eupale, Drury, App. vol. 3. (1783.)

Papilio (Nymph.) Amasia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 136. No. 419. (1793). Encyclop. Méth. ix. p. 389. (Nymphalis A.)

Habitat: Sierra Leone.

Upper Side. Antennæ black. Head and thorax dark greenish brown. Abdomen light green. Half the anterior wings next the body pea-green, the other half much darker green. The posterior wings also pea-green, but next the body paler, with a row of small different shaped brown spots placed along the external edges.

Under Side. Palpi white. Tips black. Tongue green. Legs, breast, and abdomen white. Wings beautiful pea-green, with some different shaped silver spots, very small and dispersed over different parts, particularly two near the tips. Abdominal groove white. These wings are slightly dentated. The anterior ones are entire.

Mr. Smeathman states, that this species was obtained at a considerable distance from the coast, and that it is frequently seen in company with the groups of Nymph. Erithonius described in vol. ii. pl. [15]. fig. 1.

NYMPHALIS CAMILLUS.

Plate [VI]. fig. 4.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), Drury.

Nymphalis Camillus. Alis albis, fasciis fulvis nigro-marginatis, posticis bicaudatis angulo ani fulvo, punctis nigris albo marginatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Papilio N. Camillus, Fabr. Spec. Ins. tom. 2. p. 11. No. 42. (1781). Enc. Méth. ix. p. 361. No. 39. (Nymphalis C.)

Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Pantheus, Drury, App. vol. 2. (1783.)

Habitat: Sierra Leone.

Upper Side. Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen brown, streaked with white. Wings white, edged with black. Anterior ones having a yellow streak next the shoulders, edged with black. Two others a little broader also rise at the anterior edges, and crossing these wings, are continued down the posterior ones almost to the abdominal corners, where they end in points; tips of these wings brown, edged with black, forming six square white spots. Posterior wings having two tails, abdominal corners yellow, with two round extensions of the wings like tails, with a singular group of small, black, white, and blue spots prettily contrasted.

Under Side. Palpi yellow above, and white beneath, tipped with black. Breast, abdomen, and legs white. Wings nearly coloured as on the upper side; posterior having two remarkable oval black velvety spots at the abdominal corners. Wings dentated.

PLATE VII.

NYMPHALIS ISIS.

Plate [VII]. fig. 1, 2.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), Drury.

Nymphalis Isis. Alis fusco-nigris, anticis integris utrinque maculâ disci chermesinâ; posticis dentatis, suprà strigâ marginali albidâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Dan. Fest.) Isis, Drury, App. vol. 3. (1783.)

Papilio N. Isis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 124. No. 377. (1793.) Donovan Ins. India, pl. 7. fig. 1. 2.

Habitat: Rio Janeiro.

Under Side. Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen brownish black. Wings very dark brown; the anterior having a large triangular patch of carmine red situated near the posterior and external edges. The posterior have also a narrow white streak at the abdominal corners.

Upper Side. Palpi black above, white beneath. Breast, abdomen, and legs ash-coloured. Wings lighter brown than on the upper side; a pale flesh-coloured bar crossing the wings from the anterior to the external edges, being about half an inch broad, between which and the body are several small bloody spots and streaks. Anterior wings entire, the posterior dentated.

It is by mistake that Donovan has introduced this Brazilian species into his work upon the Insects of India.

NYMPHALIS ANTIOCHUS.

Plate [VII]. fig. 3, 4.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), Drury.

Nymphalis Antiochus. Alis supra holosericeo-nigris, fasciâ communi nitidè aurantiâ; anticarum abbreviatâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Dan. Fest.) Antiochus, Linn. Mant. 1. 537. Drury, App. vol. 3. Fabricius Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 44. No. 134. Don. Ins. China, pl.

Papilio Eupalemon, Cramer, tab. 143. fig. B. C. Le Velonté Daubenton pl. Eulum. 68. f. 3. 4.

Habitat: Brazil.

Upper Side. Antennæ, head, thorax, and abdomen black. Wings fine velvety black. An orange-coloured bar, about one-fourth of an inch broad, rises in the middle of the superior wings, running circularly and crossing the inferior ones, meeting about the middle of the abdominal edges.

Under Side. Palpi white. Tongue brown. Breast and legs white. Abdomen yellow-brown. Wings shining brown, exhibiting various shades of changeable colours; the tips terminating in an ash colour. Wings scarcely dentated.

Donovan has, in like manner, introduced this species into his work on the insects of China.

HIPPARCHIA CLUENA.

Plate [VII]. fig. 5, 6.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Hipparchia, Fabr. Satyrus, Latr. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), Drury.

Hipparchia Cluena. Alis teneris, cinerascenti-violaceis, posticis dentatis utrinque ocellis quinque atris, subtùs lineis tribus fasciâque brunneis a costâ anticarum deductis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Cluena, Drury, App. vol. 3.

Papilio (Satyrus) Clueria, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 229. No. 716. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 492.

Habitat: Brazil. "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1775" (Drury's MSS.).

Upper Side. Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen grey-brown. Wings blueish grey-brown, with two narrow dark lines crossing the anterior ones from the anterior to the posterior edges; one in the middle of the wings, the other near the thorax; the posterior ones having five oval eyes placed near the external edges, the pupil being white, the iris dark, almost black.

Under Side. Palpi, legs, breast, and abdomen grey. Wings blueish flesh-colour, with a line crossing them, rising at a small distance from the tips, ending a little above the abdominal corners, the external part of it being brown. A small eye is placed near the tips of the superior ones, having a black and yellow iris and white pupil. Five eyes of the same kind are also placed on the inferior ones along the external edges. Margins of the wings slightly dentated.

PLATE VIII.

NYMPHALIS ARETHUSA.

Plate [VIII]. fig. 1, 4.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), Drury.

Nymphalis Arethusa. Alis integris suprà nitidè atris, virescenti-cœruleo multimaculatis; posticis subtùs punctis baseos angulique ani rubris ♂. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3 lin.)

Syn. Papilio Arethusa, Cramer, pl. 77. E. F. (♂.) pl. 130. fig. A. (♀ Pap. Laodamia.) Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 43. No. 130.

Nymphalis Arethusus. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 427. Donovan Nat. Repos. 2. pl. 48. fig. super.

Habitat: Brazil.

Upper Side. Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen black, spotted with light blue. Wings black, having a great number of small light blue spots sprinkled over every part, and variously shaped.

Under Side. Palpi black, with a white streak on each. Tongue, legs, and breast black, the latter with bloody streaks on the side. Abdomen dark brown. Wings reddish dark brown; the anterior ones having two faint blue spots near the lower corners; and the posterior having a little group of bloody spots at the shoulders, with a row of the same coloured spots (five in all) placed along the external edges near the abdominal corners. Margins of the wings entire.

ERYCINA JARBAS.

Plate [VIII]. fig. 2.

Order. Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Lycænidæ? Steph.

Genus. Erycina, Fabr. Latr. God. Papilio (Dan. Fest.), Drury.

Erycina Jarbas. Alis integerrimis atris, cœruleo micantibus singulis utrinque fasciâ fulvâ, transversali, mediâ. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Dan. Fest.) Jarbas, Drury, App. vol. 3. (1783.)

Hesperia (rur.) Perditus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 323. No. 222.

Erycina Perditus, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 590. No. 127.

Habitat: Brazil. "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1775" (Drury's MSS.).

Upper Side. Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen nearly black. Wings brownish black. An orange-coloured bar, about a quarter of an inch broad, crosses the anterior wings from the middle of the anterior edges to the lower corners, from whence another of half that breadth crosses the posterior wings, meeting just below the anus.

Under Side. Tongue, legs, breast, and abdomen dark brown, the latter having a small orange streak on each side. Wings coloured as on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.

ERYCINA MENETAS.

Plate [VIII]. fig. 3.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Lycænidæ? Steph.

Genus. Erycina, Fabr. Latr. God. Papilio (Dan. Fest.), Drury.

Erycina Menetas. Alis chermesinis, limbo tenuissimo nigro, margine antico et externo anticarum latiori, flavoque maculato, posticis triangularibus. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Pleb. urb.) Menetas, Drury, App. vol. 3. (1783.)

Hesperia R. Tacitus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 308. 168. (1793.)

Erycina Tacitus, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 588. Donovan Nat. Reposit. 4. 134.

Habitat: "Brazil, Mr. Bonifas, 1776" (Drury's MSS.). Surinam (Fabricius).

Upper Side. Antennæ black. Front of the head yellow. Thorax black, with two yellow streaks at the base of the wings. Abdomen dark brown. Half of the superior wings black, beginning at the shoulders, and running to the external edges, on which are seven cream-coloured spots variously shaped. The other half of these wings is scarlet, without any marks. Posterior wings entirely scarlet, edged with black.

Under Side. Palpi cream-coloured. Breast and abdomen light yellow. Legs black, but underneath pale yellow. Wings coloured as on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.

Mr. Donovan has lately published figures of the upper and under side of this butterfly (which closely resemble each other) in his Naturalist's Repository. These figures do not however represent the peculiar character of the posterior pair of wings, neither is the author correct in his chronological account of this species, as Drury's account and figure were published ten years previous to the Entomologia Systematica, in which work alone of Fabricius is the species mentioned. I have consequently retained the specific designation imposed by Drury, and adopted by the authors of the Encyclopédie Méthodique.

PLATE IX.

PAPILIO ASCANIUS.

Plate [IX]. fig. 1.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Papilionidæ, Leach.

Genus. Papilio, Auct. Papilio (Equit. Troj.), Linn.

Papilio Ascanius. Alis nigris, fasciâ communi albâ, posticarum rubro inquinatâ; his caudatis, maculis marginalibus chermesinis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)

Syn. Papilio Ascanius, Cramer, pl. 14. fig. A. Fabricius Spec. Ins. tom. 2. p. 2. No. 6. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 3. No. 8. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 73. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1. 306. 141.

Habitat: Brazil. "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1775" (Drury's MSS.).

Upper Side. Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen black, the latter tinged with orange. Anterior wings sootty black, having a broad white bar rising near the middle of the anterior edges, which crossing them and the anterior ones, meets just below the abdomen. These wings are furnished with two tails, and scolloped, the scollops being white. All the lower part of these wings is of a fine deep black, whereon are placed five red streaks between the tendons, running along the external edges. This black margin is separated from the white bar before mentioned by a carmine red one, and the space between the white bar and the shoulders is of a soot black.

Under Side. Palpi reddish. Tongue and legs black. Breast black, with red spots on the sides. Abdomen black, with the sides and anus red. Wings on this side coloured as on the upper side, but rather more brilliant.

ERYCINA AMPYX.

Plate [IX]. fig. 2, 3.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Lycænidæ? Steph.

Genus. Erycina, Fabr. Latr. God. Papilio (Dan. Fest.), Drury.

Erycina Ampyx. Alis subintegris supra fuscis, anticarum maculis duabus flavis; subtus omnibus flavis, maculis ferrugineis auro-pupillatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Pl. urb.) Ampyx, Drury, App. vol. 3.

Erycina Ampyx, Latr. & God. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 586. No. 105.

Habitat: Brazil. "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1776" (Drury's MSS.).

Upper Side. Antennæ white, brown at their extremities. Thorax, abdomen, and wings brown; the anterior wings having two oval straw-coloured spots placed near the middle, and the anterior edges of the posterior ones streaked with the same colour.

Under Side. Palpi, breast, legs, and abdomen straw-coloured. Wings straw-coloured, being spotted and streaked with red brown, each of these markings appearing to have a gold spot or streak in its centre, forming a very beautiful and singular appearance. Margins of the anterior wings entire, but of the posterior ones a little dentated.

PAPILIO AGAVUS.

Plate [IX]. fig. 4.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Papilionidæ, Leach.

Genus. Papilio, Auct. Papilio (Equit. Troj.), Linn.

Papilio Agavus. Alis atris concoloribus; anticis fasciâ, posticis disco, albidis; his caudatis lunulis marginalibus anguloque anali chermesinis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Eq. Achiv.) Agavus, Drury, App. vol. 3. Stoll. Suppl. Cram. pl. 32. 1. 1. A. Latr. & God. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 73. Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep. 1. p. 306. 142.

Papilio Lysander? Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 9.

Habitat: Brazil.

Upper Side. Antennæ black. Neck red. Thorax, abdomen, and wings black. A narrow straw-coloured bar runs from the anterior edges of the superior ones near the tips, and, crossing the posterior edges, terminates in a large spot of the same colour on the posterior wings, situated near the shoulders. Posterior wings furnished with two short and two longer tails, and having two large carmine-coloured spots placed near the abdominal corners, and three others, that are smaller, along the external edges.

Under Side. Palpi and tongue black. Breast the same, the sides having streaks of red on them. Abdomen black, and the sides streaked with red. Wings nearly the same colour as on the upper side; the red spots on the posterior ones being more numerous, and those at the abdominal corners not so large.

PLATE X.

NYMPHALIS (CHARAXES) ETESIPE.

Plate [X].

Order: Lepidoptera, Linn. Section: Diurna, Latr. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swainson.

Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. Papilio (Eq. achiv.) Linn. Drury. Papilio Nymphalis, Fabr. (Subgenus: Charaxes, Boisduval.)

Nymphalis (Charaxes) Etesipe. Alis supra atro-cœruleis, subtus albo griseo nigro ferrugineoque marmoratis; utrinque fasciâ albâ, mediâ, anticarum interruptâ. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)

Syn. Nymphalis Etesipe, Latr. & God. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 355. No. 19.

Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Etheocles, Drury, App. vol. 3. (nec Fabricius.)