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Index

BEGINNING OF DUBLIN Quem quaeritis, FROM BODLEIAN RAWLINSON LITURGICAL MS. D. 4 (14TH CENTURY)
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THE
MEDIAEVAL STAGE

BY
E. K. CHAMBERS

VOLUME I

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Oxford University Press, Amen House, London E.C.4

GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON
BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI LAHORE DACCA
CAPE TOWN SALISBURY NAIROBI IBADAN ACCRA
KUALA LUMPUR HONG KONG

FIRST EDITION 1903
REPRINTED LITHOGRAPHICALLY IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY LOWE & BRYDONE, PRINTERS, LTD., LONDON
FROM SHEETS OF THE FIRST EDITION
1925, 1948, 1954, 1963

To N. C.

PREFACE

Some years ago I was thinking of a little book, which now may or may not ever get itself finished, about Shakespeare and the conditions, literary and dramatic, under which Shakespeare wrote. My proper task would have begun with the middle of the sixteenth century. But it seemed natural to put first some short account of the origins of play-acting in England and of its development during the Middle Ages. Unfortunately it soon became apparent that the basis for such a narrative was wanting. The history of the mediaeval theatre had never, from an English point of view, been written. The initial chapter of Collier’s Annals of the Stage is even less adequate than is usual with this slovenly and dishonest antiquary. It is with some satisfaction that, in spite of the barrier set up by an incorrect reference, I have resolved one dramatic representation elaborately described by Collier into a soteltie or sweetmeat. More scholarly writers, such as Dr. A. W. Ward, while dealing excellently with the mediaeval drama as literature, have shown themselves but little curious about the social and economic facts upon which the mediaeval drama rested. Yet from a study of such facts, I am sure, any literary history, which does not confine itself solely to the analysis of genius, must make a start.

An attempt of my own to fill the gap has grown into these two volumes, which have, I fear, been unduly swelled by the inclusion of new interests as, from time to time, they took hold upon me; an interest, for example, in the light-hearted and coloured life of those poverelli of letters, the minstrel folk; a very deep interest in the track across the ages of certain customs and symbols of rural gaiety which bear with them the inheritance of a remote and ancestral heathenism. I can only hope that this disproportionate treatment of parts has not wholly destroyed the unity of purpose at which, after all, I aimed. If I may venture to define for myself the formula of my work, I would say that it endeavours to state and explain the pre-existing conditions which, by the latter half of the sixteenth century, made the great Shakespearean stage possible. The story is one of a sudden dissolution and a slow upbuilding. I have arranged the material in four Books. The First Book shows how the organization of the Graeco-Roman theatre broke down before the onslaught of Christianity and the indifference of barbarism, and how the actors became wandering minstrels, merging with the gleemen of their Teutonic conquerors, entertaining all classes of mediaeval society with spectacula in which the dramatic element was of the slightest, and in the end, after long endurance, coming to a practical compromise with the hostility of the Church. In the Second Book I pass to spectacula of another type, which also had to struggle against ecclesiastical disfavour, and which also made their ultimate peace with all but the most austere forms of the dominant religion. These are the ludi of the village feasts, bearing witness, not only to their origin in heathen ritual, but also, by their constant tendency to break out into primitive forms of drama, to the deep-rooted mimetic instinct of the folk. The Third Book is a study of the process by which the Church itself, through the introduction of dramatic elements into its liturgy, came to make its own appeal to this same mimetic instinct; and of that by which, from such beginnings, grew up the great popular religious drama of the miracle-plays, with its offshoots in the moralities and the dramatic pageants. The Fourth and final Book deals summarily with the transformation of the mediaeval stage, on the literary side under the influence of humanism, on the social and economic side by the emergence from amongst the ruins of minstrelsy of a new class of professional players, in whose hands the theatre was destined to recover a stable organization upon lines which had been departed from since the days of Tertullian.

I am very conscious of the manifold imperfections of these volumes. They are the work, not of a professed student, but of one who only plays at scholarship in the rare intervals of a busy administrative life. They owe much to the long-suffering officials of the British Museum and the London Library, and more recently to the aid and encouragement of the Delegates of the Clarendon Press and their accomplished staff. The literary side of the mediaeval drama, about which much remains to be said, I have almost wholly neglected. I shall not, I hope, be accused of attaching too much importance in the first volume to the vague and uncertain results of folk-lore research. One cannot be always giving expression to the minuter shades of probability. But in any investigation the validity of the inferences must be relative to the nature of the subject-matter; and, whether I qualify it in words or not, I do not, of course, make a statement about the intention, say, of primitive sacrifice, with the same confidence which attaches to one about matters of historic record. The burden of my notes and appendices sometimes appears to me intolerable. My excuse is that I wanted to collect, once for all, as many facts with as precise references as possible. These may, perhaps, have a value independent of any conclusions which I have founded upon them. And even now I do not suppose that I have been either exhaustive or accurate. The remorseless ideal of the historian’s duties laid down in the Introduction aux Études Historiques of MM. Langlois and Seignobos floats before me like an accusing spirit. I know how very far I am from having reached that austere standard of scientific completeness. To begin with, I had not the necessary training. Oxford, my most kindly nurse, maintained in my day no École des Chartes, and I had to discover the rules of method as I went along. But the greater difficulty has been the want of leisure and the spacious life. Shades of Duke Humphrey’s library, how often, as I jostled for my turn at the crowded catalogue-shelves of the British Museum, have I not envied those whose lot it is to tread your ample corridors and to bend over your yellowing folios! Amongst such happy scholars, the canons of Clio may claim implicit obedience. A silent company, they ‘class’ their documents and ‘try’ their sources from morn to eve, disturbed in the pleasant ways of research only by the green flicker of leaves in the Exeter garden, or by the statutory inconvenience of a terminal lecture.—

‘Tanagra! think not I forget!’

E. K. C.

London, May, 1903.

CONTENTS

LIST OF AUTHORITIES

[General Bibliographical Note. I mention here only a few works of wide range, which may be taken as authorities throughout these two volumes. Others, more limited in their scope, are named in the preliminary notes to the sections of the book on whose subject-matter they bear.—An admirable general history of the modern drama is W. Creizenach’s still incomplete Geschichte des neueren Dramas (Band i, Mittelalter und Frührenaissance, 1893; Bände ii, iii, Renaissance und Reformation, 1901-3). R. Prölss, Geschichte des neueren Dramas (1881-3), is slighter. The earlier work of J. L. Klein, Geschichte des Dramas (13 vols. 1865-76), is diffuse, inconvenient, and now partly obsolete. A valuable study is expected from J. M. Manly in vol. iii of his Specimens of the Pre-Shakespearean Drama, of which two volumes, containing selected texts, appeared in 1897. C. Hastings, Le Théâtre français et anglais (1900, Eng. trans. 1901), is a compilation of little merit.—Prof. Creizenach may be supplemented for Germany by R. Froning, Das Drama des Mittelalters (1891). For France there are the exhaustive and excellent volumes of L. Petit de Julleville’s Histoire du Théâtre en France au Moyen Âge (Les Mystères, 1880; Les Comédiens en France au Moyen Âge, 1885; La Comédie et les Mœurs en France au Moyen Âge, 1886; Répertoire du Théâtre comique au Moyen Âge, 1886). G. Bapst, Essai sur l’Histoire du Théâtre (1893), adds some useful material on the history of the stage. For Italy A. d’ Ancona, Origini del Teatro italiano (2nd ed., 1891), is also excellent.—The best English book is A. W. Ward’s History of English Dramatic Literature to the death of Queen Anne (2nd ed., 1899). J. P. Collier, History of English Dramatic Poetry (new ed., 1879), is full of matter, but, for various reasons, not wholly trustworthy. J. J. Jusserand, Le Théâtre en Angleterre (2nd ed., 1881), J. A. Symonds, Shakespeare’s Predecessors in the English Drama (1884), and G. M. Gayley, Representative English Comedies (1903), are of value. Texts will be found in Manly’s and Gayley’s books, and in A. W. Pollard, English Miracle Plays, Moralities and Interludes (3rd ed., 1898); W. C. Hazlitt, Dodsley’s Old Plays (15 vols. 1874-6); A. Brandl, Quellen des weltlichen Dramas in England (1898). F. H. Stoddard, References for Students of Miracle Plays and Mysteries (1887), and K. L. Bates and L. B. Godfrey, English Drama; a Working Basis (1896), are rough attempts at bibliographies.—In addition the drama of course finds treatment in the general histories of literature. The best are: for Germany, R. Kögel, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur bis zum Ausgange des Mittelalters (1894-7, a fragment); K. Gödeke, Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung aus den Quellen (2nd ed., 1884-1900); W. Scherer, Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur (8th ed., 1899): for France, L. Petit de Julleville (editor), Histoire de la Langue et de la Littérature françaises (1896-1900); G. Paris, La Littérature française au Moyen Âge (2nd ed., 1890): for Italy, A. Gaspary, Geschichte der italienischen Litteratur (1884-9, Eng. transl. 1901): for England, T. Warton, History of English Poetry (ed. W. C. Hazlitt, 1871); B. Ten Brink, History of English Literature (Eng. trans. 1893-6); J. J. Jusserand, Literary History of the English People (vol. i. 1895); W. J. Courthope, History of English Poetry (vols. i, ii. 1895-7); G. Saintsbury, Short History of English Literature (1898), and, especially for bibliography, G. Körting, Grundriss der Geschichte der englischen Litteratur (3rd ed., 1899). The Periods of European Literature, edited by Prof. Saintsbury, especially G. Gregory Smith, The Transition Period (1900), and the two great Grundrisse, H. Paul, Grundriss der germanischen Philologie (2nd ed., 1896-1903), and G. Gröber, Grundriss der romanischen Philologie (1888-1903), should also be consulted.—The beginnings of the mediaeval drama are closely bound up with liturgy, and the nature of the liturgical books referred to is explained by W. Maskell, A Dissertation upon the Ancient Service-Books of the Church of England (in Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiae Anglicanae, 2nd ed., 1882, vol. iii); H. B. Swete, Church Services and Service-Books before the Reformation (1896); Procter-Frere, New History of the Book of Common Prayer (1901). The beginnings of Catholic ritual are studied by L. Duchesne, Origines du Culte chrétien (3rd ed., 1902, Eng. trans. 1903), and its mediaeval forms described by D. Rock, The Church of our Fathers (1849-53), and J. D. Chambers, Divine Worship in England in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries (1877).

The following list of books is mainly intended to elucidate the references in the footnotes, and has no claim to bibliographical completeness or accuracy. I have included the titles of a few German and French dissertations of which I have not been able to make use.]

Aberdeen Records. Extracts from the Council Register of the Burgh of Aberdeen. Edited by J. Stuart. 2 vols. 1844-8. [Spalding Club, xii, xix.]

Acta SS. Acta Sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur, quas collegit I. Bollandus. Operam continuavit G. Henschenius [et alii], 1734-1894. [In progress.]

Ahn. English Mysteries and Miracle Plays. By Dr. Ahn. Trier, 1867. [Not consulted.]

Alcuin. See Dümmler.

Allard. Julien l’Apostat. Par P. Allard. 3 vols. 1900-3.

Allen. The Evolution of the Idea of God: an Enquiry into the Origins of Religion. By Grant Allen, 1897.

Alt. Theater und Kirche in ihrem gegenseitigen Verhältniss. Von H. Alt, 1846.

Anal. Hymn. Analecta Hymnica Medii Aevi. Ediderunt C. Blume et G. M. Dreves. 37 parts, 1886-1901. [In progress.]

Ancona. Origini del Teatro italiano. Per A. d’Ancona, 2nd ed. 2 vols. 1891.

Ancona, Sacr. Rappr. Sacre Rappresentazioni dei secoli xiv, xv e xvi, raccolte e illustrate per cura di A. d’Ancona, 1872.

Anglia. Anglia: Zeitschrift für englische Philologie. 24 vols. 1878-1903. [In progress.]

Ann. Arch. Annales Archéologiques, dirigées par Didron aîné. 28 vols. 1844-81.

Antiquarian Repertory. The Antiquarian Repertory: A Miscellaneous assemblage of Topography, History, Biography, Customs and Manners. Compiled by F. Grose and T. Astle. 2nd ed. 4 vols. 1807.

Arbois de Jubainville, Civ. Celt. La Civilisation des Celtes et celle de l’Épopée homérique. Par H. d’Arbois de Jubainville, 1899. [Vol. vi of Cours de littérature celtique.]

Arbois de Jubainville, Cycl. Myth. Le Cycle mythologique irlandais et la Mythologie celtique. Par H. d’Arbois de Jubainville, 1884. [Vol. ii of same.]

Archaeologia. Archaeologia: or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London. 57 vols. 1770-1901. [In progress.]

Arnold. The Customs of London, otherwise Arnold’s Chronicle. Edited by F. Douce, 1811.

Ashton. A Righte Merrie Christmasse!!! By J. Ashton, n. d.

Bahlmann, Ern. Die Erneuerer des antiken Dramas und ihre ersten dramatischen Versuche: 1314-1478. Von P. Bahlmann, 1896.

Bahlmann, L. D. Die lateinischen Dramen von Wimpheling’s Stylpho bis zur Mitte des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts: 1480-1550. Von P. Bahlmann, 1893.

Bale. Scriptorum illustrium maioris Britanniae, quam nunc Angliam et Scotiam vocant, Catalogus. Autore Ioanne Baleo Sudouolgio Anglo. 2 vols. Basileae, Oporinus, 1557-9. [Enlarged from the edition in one vol. of 1548.]

Bale, Index. Index Britanniae Scriptorum quos ex variis bibliothecis non parvo labore collegit Ioannes Baleus. Edited by R. L. Poole and M. Bateson, 1902. [Anecdota Oxoniensia, Mediaeval and Modern Series, ix, from a MS. compiled 1549-1557.]

Bapst. Essai sur l’Histoire du Théâtre. Par G. Bapst, 1893.

Barbazan-Méon. Fabliaux et Contes des Poètes françois des xi, xii, xiii, xiv et xv siècles. Publiés par E. Barbazan. Nouvelle édition, par M. Méon. 4 vols. 1808.

Barrett. Riding Skimmington and Riding the Stang. By C. R. B. Barrett, 1895. [Journal of British Archaeological Association, N. S. vol. i.]

Barthélemy. Rational ou Manuel des divins Offices de Guillaume Durand, Évêque de Mende au treizième siècle. Traduit par M. C. Barthélemy. 5 vols. 1854.

Bartsch. Altfranzösische Romanzen und Pastourellen. Par K. Bartsch, 1870.

Bates. The English Religious Drama. By K. L. Bates, 1893.

Bates-Godfrey. English Drama: a Working Basis. By K. L. Bates and L. B. Godfrey, 1896.

Bede, D. T. R. Venerabilis Bedae Opera quae Supersunt Omnia. Edidit J. A. Giles. 12 vols. 1843-4. [The De Temporum Ratione forms part of vol. vi.]

Bede, E. H. See Plummer.

Bédier. Les Fabliaux. Études de Littérature populaire et d’Histoire littéraire du Moyen Âge. Par J. Bédier, 2nd ed. 1895.

Belethus. Rationale Divinorum Officiorum Auctore Joanne Beletho Theologo Parisiensi, 1855. [In P. L. ccii.]

Bell. Ancient Poems, Ballads, and Songs of the Peasantry of England. Edited by R. Bell, 1857.

Bérenger-Féraud. Superstitions et Survivances étudiées au point de vue de leur Origine et de leurs Transformations. Par L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud. 4 vols. 1896.

Bernhard. Recherches sur l’Histoire de la Corporation des Ménétriers ou Joueurs d’Instruments de la Ville de Paris. Par B. Bernhard. [Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, iii. 377, iv. 525, v. 254, 339.]

Bertrand. Nos Origines: iv. La Religion des Gaulois; Les Druides et le Druidisme. Par A. Bertrand, 1897.

Bibl. des Chartes. Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes. Revue d’Érudition consacrée spécialement à l’étude du Moyen Âge. [I quote the numbers of the annual volumes, without regard to the Séries.]

Bingham. The Works of Joseph Bingham. Edited by R. Bingham. New ed. 10 vols.

Blomefield. An Essay towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk. By F. Blomefield. 2nd ed. 11 vols. 1805-10.

Böhck. Die Anfänge des englischen Dramas. Von Dr. Böhck, 1890. [Not consulted.]

Bolton. The Counting-Out Rhymes of Children. By H. C. Bolton, 1888.

Boretius. Capitularia Regum Francorum. Ediderunt A. Boretius et V. Krause. 2 vols. 1883-7. [M. G. H. Leges, Sectio ii.]

Bourquelot. Office de la Fête des Fous. Publié par F. Bourquelot, 1858. [Bulletin de la Société archéologique de Sens, vol. vi. Not consulted at first hand.]

Bower. The Elevation and Procession of the Ceri at Gubbio. By H. M. Bower, 1897. [F. L. S.]

Brand. Observations on Popular Antiquities, chiefly illustrating the Origin of our Vulgar Customs, Ceremonies, and Superstitions. By J. Brand. Enlarged by Sir H. Ellis. 3 vols. 1841-2.

Brand-Hazlitt. Observations on Popular Antiquities. By J. Brand. Edited with additions by W. C. Hazlitt. 3 vols. 1870.

Brandl. Quellen des weltlichen Dramas in England vor Shakespeare. Ein Ergänzungsband zu Dodsley’s Old English Plays. Herausgegeben von A. Brandl, 1898. [Quellen und Forschungen, lxxx.]

Brewer. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. Arranged and catalogued by J. S. Brewer [and afterwards J. Gairdner and R. H. Brodie]. 18 vols. 1862-1902. [Calendars of State Papers.]

Brooke. The History of Early English Literature: being the History of English Poetry to the Accession of King Alfred. By S. A. Brooke. 2 vols. 1892.

Brooke, Eng. Lit. English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest. By S. A. Brooke, 1898.

Brotanek. Die englischen Maskenspiele. Von R. Brotanek, 1902. [Wiener Beiträge zur englischen Philologie, xv.]

Brown. Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts relating to English Affairs, in the Archives and Collections of Venice and in other Libraries of North Italy. Edited by H. F. Brown and R. Brown. 10 vols. 1864-1900.

Brylinger. Comoediae et Tragoediae aliquot ex Novo et Vetere Testamento desumptae. Basileae, Brylinger, 1540.

Burchardus. Burchardi Wormaciencis Ecclesiae Episcopi Decretorum Libri xx, 1853. [In P. L. cxl.]

Burne-Jackson. Shropshire Folk-lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings. Edited by C. S. Burne, from the collections of G. F. Jackson, 1883.

Burnet. A History of the Reformation of the Church of England. By G. Burnet. Edited by N. Pocock. 7 vols. 1865.

Burton. Rushbearing. By A. Burton, 1891.

Bury-Gibbon. See Gibbon.

Campbell. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry VII, from documents in the Public Record Office. By W. Campbell. 2 vols. 1873-7. [R. S. lx.]

Canel. Recherches historiques sur les Fous des Rois de France. Par A. Canel, 1873.

Captain Cox. See Laneham.

Carmina Burana. See Schmeller.

Caspari. Eine Augustin fälschlich beilegte Homilia de Sacrilegiis. Herausgegeben von C. P. Caspari, 1886. [Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Christiania.]

Cassiodorus. Cassiodori Senatoris Variae. Recensuit Theodorus Mommsen, 1894. [M. G. H. Auctores Antiquissimi, vol. xii.]

Catholicon Anglicum. Catholicon Anglicum: an English-Latin Wordbook (1483). Edited by S. J. Herrtage, 1881. [C. S. N. S. xxx.]

Cavendish. The Life of Cardinal Wolsey. By J. Cavendish. Edited by S. W. Singer. 2 vols. 1825.

Chambers. Divine Worship in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, contrasted with the Nineteenth. By J. D. Chambers, 1877.

Champollion-Figeac. See Hilarius.

Chappell. Old English Popular Music. By W. Chappell. A new edition by H. E. Wooldridge. 2 vols. 1893.

C. H. B. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae. Editio emendatior, consilio B. G. Niebuhrii instituta, 1828-97.

Chérest. Nouvelles Recherches sur la Fête des Innocents et la Fête des Fous. Par A. Chérest, 1853. [Bulletin de la Société des Sciences de l’Yonne, vol. vii.]

Child. The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Edited by F. J. Child. 10 vols. 1882-98.

Christmas Prince. See Higgs.

C. I. C. Corpus Iuris Civilis. Editio altera, 1877-95. [Vol. i contains the Institutiones, ed. P. Krueger, and the Digesta, ed. Th. Mommsen; vol. ii the Codex Iustiniani, ed. P. Krueger; vol. iii the Novellae Iustiniani, ed. Schoell and Kroll.]

C. I. Can. Corpus Iuris Canonici. Editio Lipsiensis secunda: post A. L. Richter curas ... instruxit A. Friedberg. 2 vols. 1879-81. [Contains the Decretum of Gratian (†1139), the Decretales of Gregory IX (1234), the Liber Sextus of Boniface VIII (1298), the Decretales of Clement V and John XXII (1317), and the Extravagantes (down to 1484).]

Civis. Minutes, collected from the ancient Records and Accounts in the Chamber of Canterbury. [By C. R. Bunce or W. Welfitt. These documents, bound in B. M. under press-mark 10,358, h. i., appear to be reprints or proof-sheets of articles, signed Civis, in the Kentish Chronicle for 1801-2.]

Clarke. The Miracle Play in England, an account of the Early Religious Drama. By S. W. Clarke, n. d.

Clédat. Le Théâtre en France au Moyen Âge. Par L. Clédat, 1896. [Classiques Populaires.]

Clément. Histoire générale de la Musique religieuse. Par F. Clément, 1860.

Clément-Hémery. Histoire des Fêtes civiles et religieuses du Département du Nord. Par Mme Clément (née Hémery), 1832.

Cloetta. Beiträge zur Litteraturgeschichte des Mittelalters und der Renaissance. Von W. Cloetta. i. Komödie und Tragödie im Mittelalter, 1890. ii. Die Anfänge der Renaissancetragödie, 1892.

Cod. Th. Codex Theodosianus. Edidit G. Haenel, 1844. [Corpus Iuris Romani Ante-Iustiniani, vol. ii.]

Collier. The History of English Dramatic Poetry to the Time of Shakespeare: and Annals of the Stage to the Restoration. By J. P. Collier. New ed. 1879.

Collier, Five Plays. Five Miracle Plays, or Scriptural Dramas. Edited by J. P. Collier, 1836.

Collier, P. J. Punch and Judy, with illustrations by G. Cruikshank. Accompanied by the Dialogue of the Puppet-Show, an account of its Origin, and of Puppet-Plays in England. [By J. P. Collier.] 5th ed. 1870.

Conybeare. The History of Christmas. By F. C. Conybeare, 1899 [Journal of American Theology, vol. iii.]

Conybeare, Key of Truth. The Key of Truth: a Manual of the Paulician Church. Edited and translated by F. C. Conybeare, 1898.

Cortet. Essai sur les Fêtes religieuses, et les Traditions populaires qui s’y rattachent. Par E. Cortet, 1867.

Cotgrave. A French-English Dictionary, with another in English and French. By R. Cotgrave, 1650.

County Folk-Lore. Examples of printed Folk-Lore. Vol. i (Gloucestershire, Suffolk, Leicestershire, and Rutland), 1892-5. Vol. ii (North Riding of Yorkshire, York, and the Ainsty), 1901. [F. L. S.]

Courthope. A History of English Poetry. By W. J. Courthope. Vols. i, ii. 1895-7. [In progress.]

Coussemaker. Drames liturgiques du Moyen Âge. Par E. de Coussemaker, 1860.

Coussemaker, Harm. Histoire de l’Harmonie au Moyen Âge. Par E. de Coussemaker, 1852.

Cox. Introduction to Folk-Lore. By M. R. Cox. 2nd ed. 1897.

C. P. B. Corpus Poeticum Boreale: the Poetry of the Old Northern Tongue from the Earliest Times to the Thirteenth Century. Edited by G. Vigfusson and F. Y. Powell. 2 vols. 1883.

Creizenach. Geschichte des neueren Dramas. Von W. Creizenach. Vols i-iii, 1893-1903. [In progress.]

Crowest. The Story of British Music, from the Earliest Times to the Tudor Period. By F. J. Crowest, 1896.

C. S. Camden Society, now incorporated with the Royal Historical Society.

C. S. E. L. Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum. Editum consilio Academiae Litterarum Caesareae Vindobonensis. 41 vols. 1866-1900. [In progress.]

Cumont. Textes et Monuments figurés relatifs aux Mystères de Mithra. Par F. Cumont. 2 vols. 1896-9.

Cunliffe. The Influence of Seneca on Elizabethan Tragedy. An Essay by J. W. Cunliffe, 1893. [Manchester dissertation.]

Cunningham. Extracts from the Accounts of Revels at Court in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I. By P. Cunningham, 1842. [Shakespeare Society.]

Cushman. The Devil and the Vice in the English Dramatic Literature before Shakespeare. By L. W. Cushman, 1900. [Studien zur englischen Philologie, vi.]

Cutts. Parish Priests and their People in the Middle Ages in England. By E. L. Cutts, 1898.

Dankó. Die Feier des Osterfestes. Von J. Dankó, 1872. [Not consulted.]

Dankó, Hymn. Vetus Hymnarium Ecclesiasticum Hungariae. Edidit J. Dankó, 1893.

David. Études historiques sur la Poésie et la Musique dans la Cambrie. Par E. David, 1884.

Davidson. Studies in the English Mystery Plays. By C. Davidson, 1892. [Yale dissertation, in Transactions of Connecticut Academy, ix. 1.]

Davies. Extracts from the Municipal Records of the City of York during the Reigns of Edward IV, Edward V, and Richard III. By R. Davies, 1843.

Dawson. Christmas: Its Origin and Associations. By W. F. Dawson, 1902.

D. C. A. A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. Edited by Sir W. Smith and S. Cheetham. 2 vols. 1875-80.

Deimling. The Chester Plays. Re-edited from the MSS. by the late H. Deimling, 1893. [E. E. T S., Part i, with Plays 1-13, only published.]

De la Fons-Melicocq. Cérémonies dramatiques et anciens Usages dans les Églises du Nord de la France. Par A. de la Fons-Melicocq, 1850.

Denifle. Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis. Collegit H. Denifle. 4 vols. 1889-97.

Desjardins. Histoire de la Cathédrale de Beauvais. Par G. Desjardins, 1865.

Deslyons. Traitez singuliers et nouveaux contre le Paganisme du Roy Boit. Par J. Deslyons, 1670.

Devrient. Geschichte der deutschen Schauspielkunst. Von E. Devrient. 2 vols. 1848.

Didron. See Annales Archéologiques.

Dieterich. Pulcinella; pompejanische Wandbilder und römische Satyrspiele. Von A. Dieterich, 1897.

Diez. Die Poesie der Troubadours. Von F. C. Diez, 1826.

Diez-Bartsch. Leben und Werke der Troubadours. Von F. C. Diez. Zweite Auflage, von K. Bartsch, 1882.

Digby Plays. See Furnivall; Sharp.

Dill. Roman Society in the last Century of the Western Empire. By S. Dill. 2nd ed. 1899.

Ditchfield. Old English Customs extant at the present Time. By P. H. Ditchfield, 1896.

Dixon. A History of the Church of England from the Abolition of the Roman Jurisdiction. By R. W. Dixon. 6 vols. 1878-1902.

D. N. B. Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by L. Stephen and S. Lee. 66 vols. 1885-1901.

Doran. A History of Court Fools. By J. Doran, 1858.

Douce. Illustrations of Shakspeare, and of Ancient Manners: with Dissertations on the Clowns and Fools of Shakspeare, and on the English Morris Dance. By F. Douce, 1839.

Douhet. Dictionnaire des Mystères. Par Jules, Comte de Douhet, 1854. [J. P. Migne, Encyclopédie Théologique, Series II, vol. xliii.]

Drake. Shakespeare and his Times. By N. Drake. Paris, 1838.

Dreux de Radier. Histoire des Fous en titre d’Office. Par J. F. Dreux de Radier, 1768. [In Récréations Historiques.]

Dreves. Zur Geschichte der Fête des Fous. Von G. M. Dreves, 1894. [Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, vol. xlvii.]

See also Analecta Hymnica.

Ducange. Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis conditum a Du Cangio, auctum a monachis Ordinis S. Benedicti, cum supplementis Carpenterii suisque digessit G. A. L. Henschel. Editio nova, aucta a L. Favre. 10 vols. 1883-7.

Duchesne. Origines du Culte chrétien: Étude sur la Liturgie avant Charlemagne. Par l’Abbé L. Duchesne. 2nd ed. 1898. [A 3rd ed. was published in 1902, and a translation, by M. L. McLure, under the title of Christian Worship: its Origin and Evolution, in 1903.]

Dugdale. Origines Iuridiciales: or, Historical Memorials of the English Laws ... Inns of Court and Chancery. By W. Dugdale. 2nd ed. 1671.

Dugdale, Monasticon. Monasticon Anglicanum: or, the History of the Ancient Abbies and other Monasteries, Hospitals, Cathedral and Collegiate Churches in England and Wales. By Sir W. Dugdale. A new edition by J. Caley, Sir H. Ellis, and the Rev. B. Bandinel. 6 vols. 1846.

Du Méril. Origines latines du Théâtre moderne, publiées et annotées par M. Édélestand Du Méril, 1849. [Has also a Latin title-page, Theatri Liturgici quae Latina superstant Monumenta, etc. A facsimile reprint was issued in 1896.]

Du Méril, La Com. Histoire de la Comédie. Par É. du Méril. Période primitive, 1864. [All published.]

Dümmler. Epistolae Merowingici et Karolini Aevi. Recensuit E. L. Dümmler. 3 vols. 1892-9. [M. G. H. Epistolae, iii-v. The 2nd vol. contains Alcuin’s letters.]

Durandus. Rationale Divinorum Officiorum editum per ... Gulielmum Duranti. Haec editio a multis erroribus diligenter correcta. [Edidit N. Doard;] Antwerpiae, 1614. See Barthélemy.

Durham Accounts. Extracts from the Account Rolls of the Abbey of Durham. Edited by Canon Fowler. 3 vols. 1898-1901. [Surtees Soc. xcix, c, ciii.]

Dürr. Commentatio Historica de Episcopo Puerorum, vulgo von Schul Bischoff. Von F. A. Dürr, 1755. [In J. Schmidt, Thesaurus Iuris Ecclesiastici (1774), iii. 58.]

Du Tilliot. Mémoires pour servir à l’Histoire de la Fête des Foux. Par M. Du Tilliot, Gentilhomme Ordinaire de S. A. R. Monseigneur le Duc de Berry, 1751.

Dyer. British Popular Customs, Present and Past. By T. F. Thiselton Dyer, 1876.

Ebert. Die englischen Mysterien. Von A. Ebert, 1859. [Jahrbuch für romanische und englische Literatur, vol. i.]

Eckhardt. Die lustige Person im älteren englischen Drama (bis 1642). Von E. Eckhardt, 1903. [Palaestra, xvii; not consulted.]

E. H. Review. The English Historical Review. 18 vols. 1886-1903. [In progress.]

Elton. Origins of English History. By C. I. Elton. 2nd ed. 1890.

Evans. English Masques. With an introduction by H. A. Evans, 1897. [Warwick Library.]

Fabian. The New Chronicles of England and France. By R. Fabyan. Edited by H. Ellis, 1811.

Fairholt. Lord Mayor’s Pageants. Edited by F. W. Fairholt. 2 vols. 1843-4. [Percy Soc. xxxviii, xlviii.]

Feasey. Ancient English Holy Week Ceremonial. By H. J. Feasey, 1897.

Fischer. Zur Kunstentwickelung der englischen Tragödie von ihren ersten Anfängen bis zu Shakespeare. Von R. Fischer, 1893.

Fitch. Norwich Pageants. The Grocers’ Play. From a manuscript in possession of R. Fitch, 1856. [Extract from Norfolk Archaeology, vol. v.]

F. L. Folk-Lore: a Quarterly Review of Myth, Tradition, Institution, and Custom. 14 vols. 1890-1903. [Organ of F. L. S., in progress.]

F. L. Congress. The International Folk-Lore Congress, 1891. Papers and Transactions. Edited by J. Jacobs and A. Nutt, 1892.

F. L. Journal. The Folk-Lore Journal, 7 vols. 1883-9. [Organ of F. L. S.]

F. L. Record. The Folk-Lore Record. 5 vols. 1878-82. [Organ of F. L. S.]

Fleay. C. H. A Chronicle History of the London Stage, 1559-1642. By F. G. Fleay, 1890.

Flögel. Geschichte der Hofnarren. Von C. F. Flögel, 1789.

F. L. S. = Folk-Lore Society.

Fournier. Le Théâtre français avant la Renaissance. Par E. Fournier, 1872.

Fowler. The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: an Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans. By W. W. Fowler, 1899. [Handbooks of Archaeology and Antiquities.]

Foxe. The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe. With a Life of the Martyrologist by G. Townsend. [Edited by S. R. Cattley.] 8 vols. 1843-9.

Frazer. The Golden Bough: a Study in Comparative Religion. By J. G. Frazer. 2nd ed. 3 vols. 1900.

Frazer, Pausanias. Pausanias’s Description of Greece. Translated with a commentary by J. G. Frazer. 6 vols. 1898.

Frere. The Winchester Troper. Edited by W. H. Frere, 1894. [Henry Bradshaw Society.]

Frere, Use of Sarum. The Use of Sarum. Edited by W. H. Frere. 2 vols. 1898-1901.

See also Procter-Frere.

Freymond. Jongleurs und Menestrels. Von E. Freymond, 1883. [Halle dissertation.]

Friedländer. Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms in der Zeit von August bis zum Ausgang der Antonine. Von L. Friedländer. 6th ed. 3 vols. 1888-90. [Das Theater is in vol. ii.]

Froning. Das Drama des Mittelalters. Herausgegeben von R. Froning. 3 Parts, 1891. [Deutsche National-Litteratur, xiv.]

Froude. History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada. By J. A. Froude. 2nd ed. 1889-95.

Furnivall. The Digby Plays, with an Incomplete Morality of Wisdom, who is Christ. Edited by F. J. Furnivall, 1882. [N. S. S. Series vii, 1: re-issue for E. E. T. S. 1896.]

See also Laneham, Mannyng, Stafford, Stubbes.

Furnivall Miscellany. An English Miscellany Presented to Dr. Fumivall in Honour of his Seventy-fifth Birthday, 1901.

Gaidoz. Études de Mythologie gauloise. Par H. Gaidoz. I. Le Dieu gaulois du Soleil et le Symbolisme de la Roue, 1886. [Extrait de la Revue Archéologique, 1884-85.]

Gaspary. The History of Early Italian Literature to the Death of Dante. Translated from the German of A. Gaspary, by H. Oelsner, 1901.

Gasté. Les Drames liturgiques de la Cathédrale de Rouen. Par A. Gasté, 1893. [Extrait de la Revue Catholique de Normandie.]

Gautier. Les Épopées françaises. Par L. Gautier, vol. ii. 2nd edition, 1892. [Lib. ii. chh. xvii-xxi form the section on Les Propagateurs des Chansons de Geste. References to this work may be distinguished from those to Les Tropaires by the presence of a volume-number.]

Gautier, Bibl. Bibliographie des Chansons de Geste. Par L. Gautier, 1897. [A section on Les Propagateurs des Chansons de Geste.]

Gautier, Orig. Origines du Théâtre moderne. Par L. Gautier, 1872. [In Le Monde.]

Gautier, Tropaires. Histoire de la Poésie liturgique au Moyen Âge. Par L. Gautier. Vol. i. Les Tropaires, 1886. [All published.]

Gayley. Representative English Comedies: from the Beginnings to Shakespeare. Edited by C. M. Gayley, 1903.

Gazeau. Les Bouffons. Par A. Gazeau, 1882.

Genée. Die englischen Mirakelspiele und Moralitäten als Vorläufer des englischen Dramas. Von R. Genée, 1878. [Serie xiii, Heft 305 of Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissenschaftlicher Vorträge, herausgegeben von R. Virchow und Fr. v. Holtzendorff.]

Gibbon. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. By E. Gibbon. Edited by J. B. Bury. 7 vols. 1897-1900.

Gilpin. The Beehive of the Romish Church. By G. Gilpin, 1579. [Translated from Isaac Rabbotenu, of Louvain, 1569.]

Gloucester F. L. See County Folk-Lore.

Goedeke. Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung, aus den Quellen. Von K. Goedeke. 2nd ed. 7 vols. 1884-1900. [In progress.]

Golden Legend. The Golden Legend: or, Lives of the Saints, as Englished by W. Caxton. Edited by F. S. Ellis, 1900, &c. [Temple Classics.]

Gölther. Handbuch der germanischen Mythologie. Von W. Gölther, 1895.

Gomme. Ethnology in Folk-lore. By G. L. Gomme, 1892.

Gomme, Brit. Ass. On the Method of determining the Value of Folklore as Ethnological Data. By G. L. Gomme, 1896. [In Report of British Association for the Advancement of Science.]

Gomme, Nature. Christmas Mummers. By G. L. Gomme, 1897. [Nature, vol. lvii.]

Gomme, Vill. Comm. The Village Community: with special Reference to the Origin and Form of its Survivals in Britain. By G. L. Gomme, 1890. [Contemporary Science Series.]

Gomme, Mrs. The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with Tunes. Collected and annotated by A. B. Gomme. 2 vols. 1894-8. [Part i of Dictionary of British Folk-Lore, Edited by G. L. Gomme.]

Googe. See Kirchmayer.

Gracie. The Presentation in the Temple: A Pageant, as originally represented by the Corporation of Weavers in Coventry, 1836. [Edited by J. B. Gracie for the Abbotsford Club.]

Grass. Das Adamsspiel: anglonormannisches Gedicht des xii. Jahrhunderts. Mit einem Anhang ‘Die fünfzehn Zeichen des jüngsten Gerichts.’ Herausgegeben von K. Grass, 1891. [Romanische Bibliothek, vi.]

Gratian. See C. I. Can.

Greenidge. Infamia: Its Place in Roman Public and Private Law. By A. H. J. Greenidge, 1894.

Greg, Masques. A list of Masques, Pageants, &c. Supplementary to a list of English Plays. By W. W. Greg, 1902. [Bibliographical Society.]

Greg, Plays. A List of English Plays written before 1643, and published before 1700. By W. W. Greg, 1900. [Bibliographical Society.]

Gregory. Gregorii Posthuma: on Certain Learned Tracts written by John Gregory. Published by his Dearest Friend J. G. 1683. [Part II of his Works: A separate title-page for Episcopus Puerorum in Die Innocentium: or, A Discovery of an Ancient Custom in the Church of Sarum, of making an Anniversary Bishop among the Choristers.]

Gregory’s Chronicle. The Historical Collections of a Citizen of London in the Fifteenth Century. Edited by J. Gairdner, III, William Gregory’s Chronicle of London. [C. S. N. S. xvii.]

Grein-Wülcker. Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Poesie. Herausgegeben von C. W. M. Grein. Neu bearbeitet, vermehrt und herausgegeben von R. P. Wülcker. 3 vols. 1883-98.

Grenier. Introduction à l’Histoire générale de la Province de Picardie. Par Dom Grenier, 1856. [Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Picardie. Documents inédits, iii.]

Grimm. Teutonic Mythology. By J. Grimm. Translated from the 4th ed. with notes and appendix by J. S. Stallybrass. 4 vols. 1880-8.

Gröber. Zur Volkskunde aus Concilbeschlüssen und Capitularien. Von G. Gröber. 1894.

Gröber, Grundriss. Grundriss der romanischen Philologie. Herausgegeben von G. Gröber. 1888-1902. [In progress. Vol. ii has article by G. Gröber on Französische Litteratur.]

Groos. Play of Animals. The Play of Animals: a Study of Animal Life and Instinct. By K. Groos. Translated by E. L. Baldwin, 1898.

Groos. Play of Man. The Play of Man. By K. Gross. Translated by E. L. Baldwin, 1901.

Grosse. Les Débuts de l’Art. Par E. Grosse. Traduit par E. Dirr. Introduction par L. Marillier. 1902. [Bibliothèque Scientifique Internationale.]

Grove. Dancing. By L. Grove, and other writers. With Musical examples. 1895. [Badminton Library.]

Gummere, B. P. The Beginnings of Poetry. By F. B. Gummere, 1901.

Gummere, G. O. Germanic Origins: a Study in Primitive Culture. By F. B. Gummere, 1892.

Gutch. A Lytell Geste of Robin Hood, with other Ballads relative to Robin Hood. Edited by J. M. Gutch. 2 vols. 1847.

Guy. Essai sur la Vie et les Œuvres littéraires du Trouvère Adan de le Hale. Par H. Guy, 1898.

Haddan-Stubbs. Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland. Edited, after Spelman and Wilkins, by A. W. Haddan and W. Stubbs. 3 vols. 1869-78.

Haddon. The Study of Man. By A. C. Haddon, 1898. [Progressive Science Series.]

Haigh. The Tragic Drama of the Greeks. By A. E. Haigh, 1896.

Hall. The Union of the Families of Lancaster and York. By E. Hall. Edited by H. Ellis. 1809.

Halliwell-Phillipps. Outlines of the Life of Shakespeare. By J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps. 9th ed. 2 vols. 1890.

Halliwell-Phillipps. Revels. A Collection of Ancient Documents respecting the Office of Master of the Revels, and other Papers relating to the Early English Theatre. [By J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps.] 1870.

Hampson. Medii Aevi Kalendarium: or Dates. Charters and Customs of the Middle Ages, &c. By R. T. Hampson. 2 vols. 1841.

Handlyng Synne. See Mannyng.

Harland. Lancashire Folk-Lore. By J. Harland and T. T. Wilkinson, 1867.

Harris. Life in an Old English Town: a History of Coventry from the Earliest Times. Compiled from Official Records by M. D. Harris, 1898. [Social England Series.]

Hartland. The Legend of Perseus: a Study of Tradition in Story, Custom and Belief. By E. S. Hartland. 3 vols. 1894-6.

Hartland. Fairy Tales. The Science of Fairy Tales: an Inquiry into Fairy Mythology. By E. S. Hartland, 1891. [Contemporary Science Series.]

Hartzheim. See Schannat.

Hase. Miracle Plays and Sacred Dramas. By C. A. Hase. Translated by A. W. Jackson, 1880.

Hastings. Le Théâtre français et anglais: ses Origines grecques et latines. Par C. Hastings, 1900.

Hastings. The Theatre: its Development in France and England. By C. Hastings. Translated by F. A. Welby, 1901.

Hauck. Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands. Von A. Hauck. 2nd ed. 3 vols. 1896-1900.

Havard. Les Fêtes de nos Pères. Par O. Havard, 1898.

Hazlitt. Remains of the Early Popular Poetry of England. Collected and edited, with introductions and notes, by W. Carew Hazlitt. 4 vols. 1864-6. [Library of Old Authors.]

Hazlitt, E. D. S. The English Drama and Stage under the Tudor and Stuart Princes, 1543-1664, illustrated by a series of Documents, Treatises, and Poems. Edited by W. C. Hazlitt, 1869. [Roxburghe Library.]

Hazlitt, Liv. The Livery Companies of London. By W. C. Hazlitt, 1892.

Hazlitt, Manual. A Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old English Plays. By W. C. Hazlitt, 1892.

Hazlitt-Dodsley. A Select Collection of Old Plays. By R. Dodsley. Chronologically arranged, revised and enlarged by W. C. Hazlitt. 4th ed. 15 vols. 1874-6.

Hazlitt-Warton. History of English Poetry, from the Twelfth to the close of the Sixteenth Century. By T. Warton. Edited by W. C. Hazlitt. 4 vols. 1871.

H. B. S. = Henry Bradshaw Society.

Heales. Easter Sepulchres: their Object, Nature, and History. By A. Heales, 1868. [Archaeologia, vol. xlii.]

Heinzel. Beschreibung des geistlichen Schauspiels im deutschen Mittelalter. Von R. Heinzel, 1898. [Beiträge zur Ästhetik, iv.]

Henderson. Notes on the Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders. By W. Henderson. 2nd ed. 1879. [F. L. S.]

Herbert. Antiquities of the Inns of Court and Chancery. By W. Herbert, 1804.

Herbert, Liv. History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies of London. By W. Herbert. 2 vols. 1836-7.

Hereford Missal. Missale ad usum percelebris Ecclesiae Herfordensis. Edidit W. G. Henderson, 1874.

Herford. The Literary Relations of England and Germany in the Sixteenth Century. By C. H. Herford, 1886.

Herrtrich. Studien zu den York Plays. Von O. Herrtrich, 1886. [Breslau dissertation; not consulted.]

Higgs. The Christmas Prince. By Griffin Higgs, 1607. [In Miscellanea Antiqua Anglicana, 1816.]

Hilarius. Hilarii Versus et Ludi. Edidit J. J. Champollion-Figeac, 1838.

Hirn. The Origins of Art: a Psychological and Sociological Enquiry. By Yrjö Hirn, 1900.

Hist. d’Autun. Histoire de l’Église d’Autun. Autun, 1774.

Hist. Litt. Histoire littéraire de la France. Par des Religieux bénédictins de la Congrégation de S. Maur. Continuée par des Membres de l’Institut. 32 vols. 1733-1898. [In progress.]

Hist. MSS. Reports of the Historical Manuscripts Commission, 1883-1902. [In progress.]

Hobhouse. Churchwardens’ Accounts of Croscombe, Pilton, Yatton, Tintinhull, Morebath, and St. Michael’s, Bath, 1349-1560. Edited by E. Hobhouse, 1890. [Somerset Record Society, vol. iv.]

Hodgkin. Italy and her Invaders. By T. Hodgkin. 8 vols. 1892-9.

Hohlfeld. Die altenglischen Kollektivmisterien, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Verhältnisses der York-und Towneley-Spiele. Von A. Hohlfeld, 1889. [Anglia, vol. xi.]

Holinshed. Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 6 vols. 1807-8.

Holthausen. Noah’s Ark: or, the Shipwright’s Ancient Play or Dirge. Edited by F. Holthausen, 1897. [Extract from Göteborg’s Högskola’s Ärsskrift.]

Hone. Ancient Mysteries described, especially the English Miracle Plays, founded on Apocryphal New Testament Story, extant among the unpublished Manuscripts in the British Museum. By W. Hone, 1823.

Hone, E.D.B. The Every Day Book and Table Book. By W. Hone. 3 vols. 1838.

Household Ordinances. A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household, made in divers Reigns from King Edward III to King William and Mary, 1790. [Society of Antiquaries of London.]

Hrotsvitha. Hrotsvithae Opera. Recensuit et emendavit P. de Winterfeld, 1902. [In Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum in usum Scholarum ex Monumentis Germaniae Historicis separatim editi.]

Hubatsch. Die lateinischen Vagantenlieder des Mittelalters. Von O. Hubatsch, 1870.

Indiculus. See Saupe.

Jahn. Die deutschen Opfergebräuche bei Ackerbau und Viehzucht. Ein Beitrag von U. Jahn, 1884. [Germanistische Abhandlungen, herausgegeben von Karl Weinhold, iii.]