THE
FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA

THE
FLOWERING PLANTS
OF AFRICA

AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
OF AFRICAN PHANEROGAMS
BY
FR. THONNER
WITH 150 PLATES AND A MAP
DULAU & CO., LTD.
37 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON
1915

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PREFACE

THE flora of Africa being now comparatively well known, the author of the present work considered the time opportune to present to the public an analytical key for determining in an easy way the generic name of every phanerogamous plant growing wild, whether indigenous or naturalized, or cultivated upon a large scale within the geographical limits of Africa including the islands.

The names and limits of the genera and families adopted in this work are those accepted in ENGLER & PRANTL’S “Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien,” the most recent work containing the description of all genera of flowering plants, and its supplement “Genera Siphonogamarum” by DALLA TORRE & HARMS.

As the present work is intended for the use not only of botanists, but also of colonists and travellers in Africa, who take an interest in botany, I have used, wherever it was possible, as distinctive characters, those which are visible to the naked eye in a plant in flower, being careful, however, not to deviate too much from the natural system.

Besides the diagnostic characters of the genera, I have also indicated the approximative number of the species described to the end of the year 1910, their geographical distribution, their uses, and their more important synonyms.

As to the terms used in indicating the geographical distribution of African plants, “North Africa” (including North-west-and North-east Africa) means all northern extratropical Africa, “South Africa” (including South-west and South-east Africa) southern extratropical Africa, “tropical Africa” Africa within the tropics, including all islands, whereas the continent of Africa within the tropics including only the small islands in the proximity of the coast, is designated by “Central Africa.”

The present work was originally published in German under the title “Die Blütenpflanzen Africas” (Berlin, R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1908). A new edition being desirable, I have preferred the English language, and I am indebted to Dr. A. B. RENDLE, of the British Museum, for revising my translation.

The plates were drawn by the Vienna artist JOSEPH FLEISCHMANN from herbarium specimens kindly lent from the collections of the Hofmuseum at Vienna and the Jardin botanique de l’Etat at Brussels by their respective keepers Dr. A. ZAHLBRUCKNER and Dr. E. DE WILDEMAN. Drawings already published have been used for a few plates only; these are duly indicated.

FRANZ THONNER.

VIENNA (AUSTRIA), September 1913.

LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED

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C. G. De Dalla Torre & H. Harms, Genera Siphonogamarum (Leipzig, 1900-1907).

A. Engler, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 6. ed. (Berlin, 1909).

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—Die Vegetation Afrikas (Berlin, 1908-1910).

G. Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Genera plantarum (London, 1862-1883).

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A. De Candolle, Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis (Paris, 1824-1873).

C. S. Kunth, Enumeratio plantarum (Stuttgart, 1833-1850).

G. Walpers, Repertorium botanices systematicae (Leipzig, 1842-1847).

—Annales botanices systematicae (Leipzig, 1848-1868).

A. & C. De Candolle, Monographiae phanerogamarum (Paris, 1878-1896).

H. Baillon, Histoire des plantes (Paris, 1867-1895).

Th. Durand & H. Schinz, Conspectus florae Africae (Bruxelles, 1895-1898).

R. Delile, Flore d’Egypte (Paris, 1810).

E. Boissier, Flora orientalis (Basel, 1867-1888).

P. Ascherson & G. Schweinfurth, Illustrations de la flore d’Egypte (Le Caire, 1887).

E. Sickenberger, Contributions à la flore d’Egypte (Le Caire, 1901).

E. Durand & G. Barratte, Florae Libycae prodromus (Genève, 1910).

J. A. Battandier & Trabut, Flore de l’Algérie (Alger, 1888-1910).

—Flore de l’Algérie et de la Tunisie (Alger, 1902).

W. Trelease, Botanical observations on the Azores (St. Louis, 1897).

R. T. Lowe, A manual flora of Madeira (London, 1868).

Ph. Barker-Webb & S. Berthelot, Phytographia Canariensis (Paris, 1836-1840).

J. Pitard & L. Proust, Les îles Canaries (Paris, 1908).

D. Oliver & W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Flora of tropical Africa (London, 1868-1910).

J. Mildbread, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Central-Africa-Expedition; Botanik (Berlin, 1910).

A. Engler, Die Pflanzenwelt Ostafrikas (Berlin, 1895).

A. Richard, Tentamen florae Abyssinicae (Paris, 1847).

R. Pirotta, Flora della colonia Eritrea (Roma, 1903-1908).

J. A. Grant & D. Oliver, The botany of the Speke and Grant expedition. (London, 1872-1875).

W. Peters, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mozambik (Berlin, 1862-1864).

Th. Sim, Forest flora and forest resources of Portuguese East Africa (Aberdeen, 1909).

J. B. Balfour, Botany of Socotra (Edinburgh, 1888).

H. Forbes, The natural history of Socotra and Abdelkuri (Liverpool, 1903).

F. Vierhapper, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flora Südarabiens und der Inseln Socotra, Semha und Abdelkuri (Wien, 1907).

J. A. Schmidt, Beiträge zur Flora der kapverdischen Inseln (Heidelberg, 1852).

J. A. Guillemin, S. Perrotet, & A. Richard, Florae Senegambiae tentamen (Paris, 1830-1833).

J. Palisot Beauvois, Flore d’Oware et de Benin (Paris 1804).

W. J. Hooker, Niger flora (London, 1849).

H. Pobeguin, Essai sur la flore de la Guinée française (Paris, 1906).

Th. Durand & E. De Wildeman, Matériaux pour la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1897-1901).

E. De Wildeman & Th. Durand, Contributions a la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1900).

—— Reliquiae Dewevreanae (Bruxelles, 1901).

—— Illustrations de la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1898-1904).

—— Plantae Thonnerianae Congolenses (Bruxelles, 1900).

E. De Wildeman, Etudes sur la flore du Katanga (Bruxelles, 1902-1903).

—Etudes sur la flore du Bas-et du Moyen-Congo (Bruxelles, 1903-1910).

—Mission E. Laurent (Bruxelles, 1905-1907).

—Notice sur des plantes utiles ou interessantes de la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1903-1906).

—Plantae novae horti Thenensis (Bruxelles, 1904-1910).

—Companie du Kasai (Bruxelles, 1909).

Th. & H. Durand, Sylloge florae Congolanae (Bruxelles, 1909).

W. P. Hiern, Catalogue of the African plants collected by Welwitsch (London, 1896-1901).

O. Warburg, Die Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition (Berlin, 1903).

J. C. Mellis, St. Helena (London, 1875).

A. Grandidier & Drake Del Castillo, Histoire naturelle de Madagascar (Paris, 1886-1902).

P. Baron, Compendium des plants malgaches (Paris, 1901-1906).

J. Palacky, Catalogus plantarum Madagascariensium (Prag, 1906).

J. G. Baker, Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles (London, 1877).

J. B. Balfour, Flora of the Island of Rodriguez (London, 1879).

J. De Cordemoy, Flore de l’île de la Réunion (Paris, 1895).

A. Voeltzkow, Die von Aldabra bis jetzt bekannte Flora und Fauna (Frankfurt, 1902).

W. Harvey, The genera of South-African plants, 2. ed. (Capetown, 1868).

W. Harvey. O. W. Sonder &. W. Thiselton-Dyer, Flora Capensis (London, 1859-1910).

W. Harvey, Thesaurus Capensis (Dublin, 1859-1863).

H. Bolus & A. H. Wolley-Dod, A list of the flowering plants of the Cape peninsula (Capetown, 1903).

Th. Sim, The forests and forest flora of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope (Aberdeen, 1907).

J. M. Wood, Handbook to the flora of Natal (Durban, 1907).

—Natal plants (Durban, 1898-1910).

H. Schinz, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der afrikanischen Flora (Genève, 1892-1908).

—Die Pflanzenwelt Deutsch-Südwestafrikas. (Genève, 1896-1900).

A. Zahlbruckner, Plantae Pentherianae (Wien, 1900-1905).

Challenger Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. “Challenger” (London, 1885).

H. Schenk, Vergleichende Darstellung der Pflanzengeographie der subantarktischen Inseln (Jena, 1905).

Linnean Society, Journal. Botany. (London, 1857-1910).

Kew Gardens, Bulletin of miscellaneous information. (London, 1892-1910).

W. Curtis, The Botanical Magazine (London, 1793-1910).

W. J. & J. D. Hooker, Icones plantarum (London, 1837-1910).

B. Seemann & J. Britten, The Journal of Botany (London, 1853-1910).

A. Engler, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (Leipzig, 1881-1910).

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K. Schumann & F. Fedde, Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht (Leipzig, 1873-1910).

F. Fedde, Repertorium novarum specierum regni vegetabilis (Berlin, 1906-1910).

Botanisches Centralblatt (Leiden, 1880-1910).

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G. Beauverd, Bulletin de l’herbier Boissier, 2me série (Genéve, 1901-1908).

R. Pirotta, Annuario del istituto botanico di Roma (Milano, 1885-1908).

—Annali di Botanica (Roma, 1904-1910).

Sociedade Broteriana, Boletim (Coimbra, 1883-1910).

J. Lindley & Th. Moore, The treasury of botany (London, 1884).

J. C. Willis, A manual and dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, 3. ed. (Cambridge, 1908).

J. Wiesner, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs, 2. Aufl. (Leipzig, 1900).

G. Dragendorff, Die Heilpflanzen (Stuttgart, 1898).

L. Lewin, Lehrbuch der Toxikologie, 2. Aufl. (Wien, 1897).

F. Macmillan, A handbook of tropical gardening and planting (Colombo, 1910).

M. Woodrow, Gardening in the tropics (Paisley, 1910).

A. Voss, Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei (Berlin, 1896).

A. Moloney, Sketch of the forestry of West Africa (London, 1887).

J. H. Holland, The useful plants of Nigeria (London, 1908).

R. Sadebeck, Die Kulturgewächse der deutschen Kolonien (Jena, 1899).

J. L. De lanessan, Les plantes utiles des colonies françaises (Paris, 1886).

G. Niederlein, Ressources végétales des colonies françaises (Paris, 1902).

A. Sebire, Les plantes utiles du Senegal (Paris, 1899).

A. Chevalier, Les végétaux utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française (Paris, 1905-1910).

E. Heckel, Les plantes utiles de Madagascar (Paris, 1910).

L. Cuoco, Fauna e flora medica ed industriale della colonia Eritrea (Napoli, 1897).

C. De Ficalho, Plantas uteis da Africa portugueza (Lisboa, 1884).

B. D. Jackson, A glossary of botanic terms, 2. ed. (London, 1905).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF PLATES

MAP

Map of Africa, 1:49,000,000, with list of floral regions and provinces.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES

EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA
(PHANEROGAMAE)

1. Ovules naked, borne on a floral axis without carpels, or on open carpels without a stigma. Perianth simple or none. Flowers unisexual. Stem
woody. [Subdivision GYMNOSPERMAE.] 2
Ovules encased in the ovary formed by stigma-bearing carpels and nearly always closed to the top, rarely (Resedaceae) open above. [Subdivision
ANGIOSPERMAE.] 5
2. Leaves pinnately compound or dissected, forming a crown at the top of the stem. Stem simple or scantily branched towards the top. Juice mucilaginous. Perianth none. Stamens with numerous pollen-sacs. Embryo with 2 more or less connate cotyledons. [Class CYCADALES.] 1. Cycadaceae.
Leaves undivided, scattered along the branches of the stem, rarely (Gnetaceae) leaves 2, arising from the top of an undivided turnip-shaped stem and sometimes splitting lengthwise. Stamens with 1-9 pollen-sacs.
Embryo with 2-15 free cotyledons 3
3. Perianth present. Juice not resinous. Leaves not needle-shaped. Shrubs.
[Class GNETALES.] 4. Gnetaceae.
Perianth absent. Juice resinous, rarely scarcely so, but then leaves needle-shaped.
Leaves needle- or scale-shaped. [Class CONIFERAE.] 4
4. Seeds overtopping the fleshy or rudimentary carpels and surrounded by a fleshy aril. Carpels with 1 ovule 2. Taxaceae.
Seeds concealed between the carpels, without an aril. Carpels usually with
2 or more ovules 3. Pinaceae.
5. (1.) Embryo with a single cotyledon, rarely undivided. Vascular bundles scattered in the stem. Leaves usually parallel-veined (net-veined in many Araceae Dioscoreaceae and Taccaceae and a few Hydrocharitaceae
Liliaceae and Orchidaceae), generally narrow entire and sessile with a dilated base. Flowers usually 3-merous. [Class MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.] 6
Embryo with 2 cotyledons, rarely with only one well-developed cotyledon or undivided. Vascular bundles of the stem nearly always disposed in
a cylinder. Leaves usually net-veined, rarely sessile with a dilated base and a narrow entire blade. Flowers usually 4- or 5-merous. [Class
DICOTYLEDONEAE.] 52
6. Perianth wanting or rudimentary, that is, reduced to small, hypogynous, free or partially-united scales, rarely (Potamogetonaceae) replaced by sepaloid appendages of the connective. 7
Perianth well developed, calyx- or corolla-like or consisting of calyx and corolla, rarely (Eriocaulaceae and Restionaceae) wanting in the female flowers. 15
7. Flowers in the axils of membranous or more or less dry bracts (glumes) in spikelets consisting of one or several flowers and one or several empty glumes and nearly always arranged in spikes, racemes, panicles, or heads.
Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants. Carpel solitary, with a single basal or laterally attached ovule 8
Flowers in spadices with a fleshy rachis and surrounded by one or several spathes, more rarely solitary or in glomerules, heads, or spikes; in the latter case (Potamogetonaceae) saltwater 9
8. Embryo enclosed in the lower part of the albumen. Seed and ovule attached at the base, free from the pericarp and the wall of the ovary. Style 1, with 1-3 stigmas. Anthers usually affixed at the base. Sheaths of the cauline and inner radical leaves closed all round, usually without a ligule. Stem usually triangular solid and without nodes. 17. Cyperaceae.
Embryo outside the albumen, at its base. Seed and ovule attached laterally, but often near the base, usually adnate to the pericarp or the wall of the ovary. Style 1, with 1-6 stigmas, or styles 2. Anthers usually affixed at the back. Sheaths of the leaves nearly always split on one side and ending in a ligule. Stem usually cylindrical and hollow between the nodes. 16. Gramineae.
9. Plants without differentiation into stem and leaves, consisting of small floating leaf- or granule-like shoots. Flowers 2-3 together in cavities of the shoots 20. Lemnaceae.
Plants differentiated into stem and leaves 10
10. Flowers solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves. Carpel solitary. Naias, 9. Naiadaceae.
Flowers in spikes, spadices, or heads, rarely (Potamogetonaceae) solitary or in glomerules, but then several separate carpels 11
11. Male flowers in panicles, female in heads or spadices. Flowers dioecious.
Leaves narrow, usually serrate or prickly. Stem usually woody. Pandanus, 6. Pandanaceae.
Male or all flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, or cymes 12
12. Flowers in globose heads Sparganium, 7. Sparganiaceae.
Flowers solitary or in spikes, spadices, or cymes 13
13. Ovaries several, separate, rarely ovary solitary, and then marine plants, very rarely freshwater-plants with hermaphrodite flowers. If flowers in spadices or spikes, then hermaphrodite or polygamous with 1 or several one-ovuled ovaries 8. Potamogetonaceae.
Ovary solitary. Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants; the latter with unisexual flowers. Flowers in spadices, unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, but then with a several-ovuled ovary. 14
14. Flowers monoecious; male inflorescence, at least when young, separated from the female by a deciduous spathe. Flowers usually surrounded by hairs. Ovule 1, pendulous. Seed-coat not fleshy. Typha, 5. Typhaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual; if monoecious, then male inflorescence in uninterrupted connexion with the female, or separated from it by an empty interval or by barren flowers, but not by a spathe. Seed-coat fleshy. 19. Araceae.
15. (6.) Ovary superior. 16
Ovary inferior or half-inferior. 37
16. Carpel solitary or carpels connate and forming a single entire or slightly lobed ovary. 17
Carpels several, separate or cohering only at the base. 33
17. Perianth calyx-like, sometimes slightly coloured, but firmly membranous or leathery, or differentiated by size or coalescence into an inner and an outer whorl of segments, all of which are sepaloid. 18
Perianth corolla-like or consisting of outer sepaloid and inner petaloid segments. 25
18. Leaves folded in the bud, subsequently splitting into pinnately or palmately disposed segments, rarely only 2-cleft. Stem woody, but sometimes very short. Flowers in spadices or panicles with spathes. 18. Palmae.
Leaves undivided, rarely divided, but then not folded and springing from a herbaceous stem. 19
19. Flowers in spadices with a spathe forming sometimes a continuation of the stem. 19. Araceae.
Flowers not in spadices. 20
20. Stamen 1. Ovule 1, erect. Stigmas several. Flowers solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves. Naias, 9. Naiadaceae.
Stamens 2-6. 21
21. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with 1 ascending ovule in each cell and with several sessile stigmas. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous. Triglochin, 11. Scheuchzeriaceae.
Anthers turned inwards. Seeds albuminous. 22
22. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers unisexual, in spikelets usually arranged in spikes or panicles. Perianth dry. Stamens 2-3. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. 22. Restionaceae.
Anthers 2-celled. If flowers unisexual and in spikelets, then perianth not dry. 23
23. Flowers monoecious, in heads surrounded by an involucre. Ovary with
1 pendulous ovule in each cell. 25. Eriocaulaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or dioecious. 24
24. Style 1 with 3 long and thin stigmas. Perianth dry. Leaves linear. 31. Juncaceae.
Style 1 with 3 thick or short stigmas or with a single stigma, or styles 3.
Perianth usually herbaceous. 32. Liliaceae.
25. (17.) Perianth corolla-like. Usually ovules inverted and embryo or its radicle placed next to the hilum, more rarely ovules straight and embryo or its radicle remote from the hilum, and then albumen fleshy or cartilaginous. 26
Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla. Ovules straight. Embryo small, remote from the hilum. Albumen more or less mealy. 31
26. Seeds with mealy albumen. 27
Seeds with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. 29
27. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a large embryo enclosed in the albumen. 29. Pontederiaceae.
Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a small embryo appressed to the albumen. Perianth white or yellow. 28
28. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas
3. Fruit a berry. Stem climbing. Leaves scattered, ending in tendrils. Flowers in panicles. Flagellaria, 21. Flagellariaceae.
Perianth-segments united below into a tube. Anthers opening by apical pores. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule. Stem erect. Leaves all radical.
Flowers in heads. Maschalocephalus, 26. Rapateaceae.
29. Stamens 3. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Perianth yellow. 33. Haemodoraceae.
Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3, but then ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 30
30. Anthers opening at the apex. Stamens affixed to the perianth. Ovary adnate to the perianth at the base. Ovules numerous in each cell.
Perianth blue. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Walleria, 34. Amaryllidaceae.
Anthers opening lengthwise, rarely at the apex, but then stamens (at least some of them) and ovary free from the perianth. 32. Liliaceae.
31. (25.) Ovary 2-3-celled. Fertile stamens 2-6. 28. Commelinaceae.
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions. Ovules numerous.
Fertile stamens 3. Flowers in heads, short spikes, or umbels. 32
32. Sepals 3, subequal. Anthers opening by a terminal lid. Staminodes none.
Stigma 1. Leaves scattered. Flowers in umbels. Mayaca, 23. Mayacaceae.
Sepals 3, very unequal, or 2. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes
3. Stigmas 3. Leaves all radical. Flowers in heads or spikes. Xyris, 24. Xyridaceae.
33. (16.) Leaves divided. Woody plants. Seeds albuminous. 18. Palmae.
Leaves undivided. Herbaceous plants. 34
34. Plants without green colour, growing upon mould. Leaves reduced to scales.
Perianth of 6 petaloid segments. Seeds albuminous. Sciaphila, 15. Triuridaceae.
Plants of green colour, growing in the water. Leaves well developed.
Perianth of 6 segments differentiated into sepals and petals, or of 1-3
segments. Seeds exalbuminous. 35
35. Perianth consisting of 1-3 coloured segments. Aponogeton, 10. Aponogetonaceae.
Perianth consisting of 6 segments more or less distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals, rarely in the female flowers only of 3 greenish segments. 36
36. Ovules numerous, covering the whole inner surface of the carpels. 13. Butomaceae.
Ovules 1-2, rarely more, and then all inserted at the upper suture of the carpels. 12. Alismataceae.
37. (15.) Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. 38
Stamens 2-18. Flowers usually regular. 41
38. Staminodes small or wanting. Ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules.
Style adnate to the filament. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually with longitudinal nervation. 44. Orchidaceae.
Staminodes, at least some of them, petal-like. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule or more frequently 3-celled. Seeds albuminous. Leaves with pinnate nervation. 39
39. Anthers 2-celled. Sepals united below. Flowers symmetrical. 40. Zingiberaceae.
Anthers 1-celled. Sepals free. Flowers asymmetrical. 40
40. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cell. Seeds with straight embryo.
Leaf-stalk not thickened. Canna, 41. Cannaceae.
Ovules solitary in each cell. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaf-stalk thickened towards the apex or throughout its whole length. 42. Marantaceae.
41. Stamens 2-4, usually 3. 42
Stamens 5-18, usually 6. 45
42. Perianth-segments sepal-like or the outer sepal-, the inner petal-like. Ovary
1-celled, sometimes incompletely 6-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Water plants. 14. Hydrocharitaceae.
Perianth-segments petal-like. Ovary usually 3-celled. Seeds albuminous.
Land- or marsh-plants. 43
43. Stamens opposite the outer perianth-segments. Anthers opening outwards or laterally. 38. Iridaceae.
Stamens alternating with the outer or with all perianth-segments. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. 44
44. Leaves well developed, green. Inner perianth-segments about equalling the outer. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 3, linear, or stigma single. 33. Haemodoraceae.
Leaves scale-like, not green, rarely well-developed and green, but then inner perianth-segments much smaller than the outer or wanting, anthers provided with an enlarged connective and opening transversely, and stigmas 3, short and thick. 43. Burmanniaceae.
45. Ovary incompletely 6-15-celled with 6-15 stigmas, more rarely completely
1-celled with 3 stigmas. Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, more rarely only of 3 petal-like segments. Water-plants with submerged or floating leaves. 14. Hydrocharitaceae.
Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then stigmas 6. Perianth usually of 6 petaloid segments. Land-plants. 46
46. Ovary 1-celled. Style umbrella-shaped, 6-lobed. Tacca, 36. Taccaceae.
Ovary 3-celled. 47
47. Ovules in each ovary-cell 2, one above the other. Flowers unisexual, regular.
Stem climbing. 37. Dioscoreaceae.
Ovules in each ovary-cell 1, 2 side by side, or more. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual but irregular. 48
48. Perianth distinctly differentiated into calyx and corolla. Leaves toothed.
Inflorescence spadix-like. Ananas, 27. Bromeliaceae.
Perianth more or less corolla-like. 49
49. Flowers distinctly irregular, in fascicles usually arranged in spikes or racemes.
Stamens 5, rarely 6. Seeds with more or less mealy albumen. Leaves with pinnate nervation. Tall plants. 39. Musaceae.
Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens 6 or more. Seeds with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. Leaves nearly always with longitudinal nervation. 50
50. Flowers solitary, terminal. No bulb or tuber; usually a short woody trunk.
Placentas much projecting, thickened, shield-shaped. Barbacenia, 35. Velloziaceae.
Flowers in umbels, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely solitary, but then underground stem a bulb or a tuber. Placentas not much projecting and thickened. 51
51. Ovary half-inferior, with 2 basal ovules in each cell. Anthers opening at the apex. Seeds with a large embryo adjoining the albumen. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Cyanastrum, 30. Cyanastraceae.
Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then with more than two ovules in each cell. Seeds with a small embryo enclosed in the albumen. 34. Amaryllidaceae.
52. (5.) Perianth wanting or simple or consisting of a calyx and a choripetalous corolla; petals, if present, free, more rarely cohering at the apex or in the middle, but free at the base. [Subclass Archichlamydeae.] 53
Perianth consisting of a calyx and a sympetalous corolla; petals more or less united, at least at the base. [Subclass Metachlamydeae or
Sympetalae.] 551
53. Perianth wanting or simple, that is, consisting of similar segments, more rarely of 2-7 somewhat dissimilar ones without a distinct differentiation into sepals and petals. [Apetalae.] 54
Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla, more rarely consisting of 8 or more slightly dissimilar segments not distinctly separated into sepals and petals. [Choripetalae.] 188
54. Perianth absent in the hermaphrodite and female flowers, but sometimes
replaced by bracteoles. Ovary naked. 55
Perianth present in the hermaphrodite and female flowers. 69
55. Ovary completely 1-celled. 56
Ovary 2-4-celled, at least in its lower half. 65
56. Ovule solitary, rarely (Balanophoraceae) ovules 3. 57
Ovules numerous, rarely (Casuarinaceae) 2. 63
57. Ovule basal or attached by a basal funicle. 58
Ovule apical or adnate to the wall of the ovary. 62
58. Ovule straight. 59
Ovule incurved or inverted. 61
59. Flowers in fascicles, the male with a perianth. Stamens 1-5. Stigma 1.
Fruit dry. Seed albuminous. 54. Urticaceae.
Flowers in spikes, the male without a perianth, but sometimes with 2-6 bracteoles. Stamens 2-12. Fruit succulent. 60
60. Flowers unisexual. Stigmas 2, thread-like. Fruit a drupe. Seed exalbuminous.
Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves without stipules. Myrica, 48. Myricaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, more rarely unisexual, but then leaves stipulate. Fruit a berry. Seed with copious albumen. 46. Piperaceae.
61. Ovule incurved. Stigmas 2-5. Seed with curved embryo. Flowers usually in glomerule-, or spike-like cymes. 67. Chenopodiaceae.
Ovule inverted. Stigmas 1-2. Seed with straight embryo. Flowers usually in heads. 226. Compositae.
62. Leaves well-developed, stipulate. Green plants. Ovule solitary, free. 53. Moraceae.
Leaves scale-like. Coloured (not green) herbaceous plants. 62. Balanophoraceae.
63. (56.) Ovules 2, ascending, straight. Male flowers with a 2-parted perianth.
Stamen 1. Fruit a nut. Trees or shrubs. Leaves whorled, scale-like.
Male flowers in spikes, female in heads. Casuarina, 45. Casuarinaceae.
Ovules numerous, inverted. Male flowers without a perianth, but sometimes with a disc. Fruit a capsule. Leaves well developed. Flowers in spikes or catkins. 64
64. Flowers with a disc sometimes replaced by scales. Stamens 2 or more.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed, stipulate. 47. Salicaceae.
Flowers without a disc. Stamen 1 (or stamens 2 with united filaments.)
Aquatic herbs. Hydrostachys, 94. Hydrostachyaceae.
65. (55.) Ovary 2-celled at the base, with 1 ovule in each incomplete cell. Styles
2. Stamens 4. Trees or shrubs. Flowers in spikes or catkins. 50. Betulaceae.
Ovary completely 2-4-celled. 66
66. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 67
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite.
Male flowers without a perianth. 68
67. Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules with a double coat. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Ovary 4-celled. Ovules with a single coat. Styles 2. Stamen 1. Male flowers without a perianth. Fruit a drupe. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Callitriche, 123. Callitrichaceae.
68. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. Stamens
2. Fruit a nut. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Fraxinus, 197. Oleaceae.
Ovary 3-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Styles 3-4. Stamens
3-8. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Myrothamnus, 99. Myrothamnaceae.
69. (54.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 70
Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 153
70. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 71
Ovaries 2 or more, distinct or united at the base only. 146
71. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 72
Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled. 118
72. Ovule 1. 73
Ovules 2 or more. 103
73. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle. 74
Ovule pendulous or descending. 94
74. Ovule straight. 75
Ovule incurved or inverted. 80
75. Style 1 or none; stigma solitary or stigmas 2 or more, contiguous at the base. Stamens 1-12. 76
Styles 2-4, free or united at the base; stigmas not contiguous at the base.
Stamens 4-50. 79
76. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Seed with fleshy albumen. Shrubs or trees. Leaves without stipules. Exocarpus, 56. Santalaceae.
Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, but then herbs and stigma penicillate. 77
77. Leaves exstipulate. Stamens 2-12. Stigmas 2. Seed without albumen. Myrica, 48. Myricaceae.
Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then stigma 1. Stamens 1-5. 78
78. Stamens straight in bud. Juice milky. Trees. 53. Moraceae.
Stamens incurved in bud. Juice not milky. 54. Urticaceae.
79. Leaves simple, entire toothed lobed or cleft, with a stem-clasping sheath at the base. Seed with copious mealy albumen. 66. Polygonaceae.
Leaves compound, exstipulate. Stamens 5. Seed without albumen. Pistacia, 127. Anacardiaceae.
80. (74.) Ovule incurved. Embryo distinctly curved; albumen usually mealy. 81
Ovule inverted. Embryo straight or nearly so; albumen usually fleshy
or wanting. 87
81. Perianth-segments 6, petal-like, free. Stamens 8-10. Style 3-4-cleft.
Flowers dioecious. Spiny trees. Didierea, 134. Sapindaceae.
Perianth-segments 1-5. 82
82. Perianth with valvate and folded aestivation, lobed, enlarged in fruit.
Stamens hypogynous, united at the base. 69. Nyctaginaceae.
Perianth with imbricate or open aestivation, rarely with valvate not folded aestivation; in the latter case deeply divided. 83
83. Stamens 1-10, perigynous, rarely (Queria) 10, hypogynous. Stipules present, rarely absent, and then leaves opposite and styles 2-3. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
Stamens 1-5, hypogynous or nearly so, rarely distinctly perigynous, but then stipules wanting and leaves alternate or style 1. 84
84. Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less (3-5), alternating with them, hypogynous. Flowers hermaphrodite. 85
Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less, but opposite to them, or considerably fewer, or in greater number. Leaves without stipules. 86
85. Flowers in cymes, 5-merous. Perianth membranous. Embryo hooked.
Leaves whorled, usually stipulate. Adenogramma, 72. Aizoaceae.
Flowers in spikes or racemes, with bracteoles. Perianth herbaceous.
Embryo nearly ring-shaped. Leaves alternate, usually exstipulate. 71. Phytolaccaceae.
86. Perianth more or less scarious or papery. Seed albuminous; embryo ring- or horseshoe-shaped. Flowers with bracteoles. 68. Amarantaceae.
Perianth more or less herbaceous or membranous. Stigmas 2-5. 67. Chenopodiaceae.
87. (80.) Leaves stipulate. 88
Leaves exstipulate. 89
88. Leaves opposite, undivided. Stamens 2-5. Seed albuminous. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
Leaves alternate. Seed exalbuminous. 103. Rosaceae.
89. Stem herbaceous. Flowers in heads, unisexual. Stamens as many as and alternate with the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2 in the female flowers. Seed exalbuminous. 226. Compositae.
Stem woody. Stigma 1. 90
90. Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous, free or nearly so. Seed exalbuminous. Calophyllum, 149. Guttiferae.
Perianth with valvate aestivation. 91
91. Stamens attached to the perianth, as many as its segments, 4, rarely 5; filaments free. Seed exalbuminous. 92
Stamens free from the perianth, as many as its segments or more often in greater number; filaments more or less united. Seed albuminous. 93
92. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments. Flowers in spikes or heads. 55. Proteaceae.
Stamens alternate with the perianth-segments. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Elaeagnus, 172. Elaeagnaceae.
93. Stamens 5-15; filaments united at the base only. Anthers opening laterally. Perianth 5-toothed. Style slender. Seed without an aril; embryo large. Pisonia, 69. Nyctaginaceae.
Stamens very numerous or with the filaments united throughout their length. Anthers opening outwards. Perianth 2-4-, rarely 5-lobed.
Seed with an aril; embryo small. 82. Myristicaceae.
94. (73.) Ovule straight. 95
Ovule incurved or inverted. 96
95. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Seed without albumen. Shrubs or trees.
Flowers in spikes or heads. 55. Proteaceae.
Perianth 9-12-parted. Stamens 12-16. Seed with a thin albumen.
Herbs. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. Ceratophyllum, 77. Ceratophyllaceae.
96. Leaves stipulate. 97
Leaves exstipulate. 100
97. Leaves compound, but sometimes with one leaflet only. Ovary tightly enclosed by the perianth. Seed exalbuminous. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 103. Rosaceae.
Leaves simple, but sometimes (Moraceae) dissected. 98
98. Anthers 3-4-celled. Seed albuminous. Macaranga, 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Anthers 2-celled. Seed usually exalbuminous. 99
99. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Stamens straight in the bud. Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. 52. Ulmaceae.
Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or heads, or inserted upon a dilated and often concave receptacle, rarely in fascicles, but then stamens bent inwards in the bud. Shrubs or trees with a milky juice or herbs. 53. Moraceae.
100. Anthers opening by valves. Perianth-segments 4 or 6. Seed without albumen. Trees or shrubs. 84. Lauraceae.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 101
101. Stamens numerous. Flowers unisexual. Seed with copious fleshy albumen.
Trees or shrubs. 83. Monimiaceae.
Stamens 8-10. 102
102. Style simple. Seed with a straight embryo and a fleshy albumen or without albumen. 171. Thymelaeaceae.
Styles 2. Seed with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Flowers in panicles. Galenia, 72. Aizoaceae.
103. (72.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a central placenta. 104
Ovules parietal or suspended from the apex of the cell. 108
104. Perianth of 2-3 minute scales. Ovules numerous, inserted upon a central placenta. Water-plants. 93. Podostemonaceae.
Perianth of 4-5 segments. 105
105. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 4-merous. Ovules 2. Stigma 1.
Seeds without albumen; embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Empleurum, 115. Rutaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with mealy albumen; embryo more or less curved. Usually herbs. 106
106. Leaves alternate. Stamens 5. 68. Amarantaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled. 107
107. Stigma 1, rarely stigmas 2, and then ovules 2-4. Stamens 5 or more, perigynous. 72. Aizoaceae.
Stigmas 3-5, more rarely 2, but then ovules numerous or stamens 1-3. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
108. (103.) Ovules 2, suspended side by side from the apex of the cell or from
a central placenta. Fruit drupaceous, usually one-seeded. 109
Ovules 2, one above the other, or more than 2, affixed to one or more parietal placentas. 112
109. Stamens as many as, and alternate with the perianth-segments. Leaves exstipulate. 132. Icacinaceae.
Stamens as many as, and opposite the perianth-segments, or in greater number. 110
110. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves exstipulate. 59. Olacaceae.
Flowers unisexual. Leaves stipulate. 111
111. Stamens very numerous. Perianth 4-5-parted. Flowers fascicled. Guya, 159. Flacourtiaceae.
Stamens 2-8, rarely more, but then perianth 6-8-parted. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
112. Ovules 2 or more, attached to a single placenta. Stamens more or less perigynous. Fruit a legume. Leaves compound or reduced to the dilated foot-stalk, usually stipulate. 105. Leguminosae.
Ovules 3 or more, attached to 2 or more placentas, rarely to a single one, but then fruit a berry and leaves simple and undivided. 113
113. Style simple, or a sessile stigma. 114
Styles, style-branches, or sessile stigmas 2 or more. 116
114. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud. Stamens 10 or more. Ovary sessile. Seeds albuminous. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
Perianth-segments valvate in bud, more rarely imbricate, but then ovary stalked. Seeds exalbuminous. 115
115. Stamens more or less perigynous. Ovary sessile or short-stalked.
Perianth-segments valvate in bud. Leaves exstipulate. Seeds with straight embryo. 173. Lythraceae.
Stamens hypogynous, more rarely perigynous, but then ovary long-stalked and leaves stipulate. Seeds with curved embryo. 87. Capparidaceae.
116. Ovary at first open at the apex. Styles or sessile stigmas 3, free. Stamens
10-30. Perianth 5-6-cleft about halfway down. Seeds exalbuminous;
embryo curved. Ochradenus, 89. Resedaceae.
Ovary closed. Stamens 4 or more; if 10 or more, then perianth deeply divided. 117
117. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, 4-6, surrounded by a corona.
Styles 3, free or united at the base. 161. Passifloraceae.
Stamens more than perianth-segments, 6-40. Shrubs or trees. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
118. (71.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 119
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 129
119. Ovules erect or ascending. 120
Ovules pendulous or descending. 124
120. Style 1, with 1-3 stigmas. Stamens inserted within the disc or at its edge. Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Seeds albuminous. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. 134. Sapindaceae.
Styles 2-10, free or united below. Seeds albuminous, rarely exalbuminous, but then leaves stipulate. Leaves undivided or lobed. 121
121. Perianth-segments 3 or 6. Stamens 3. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
Dwarf shrubs. 125. Empetraceae.
Perianth-segments 4-5. Stamens 4 or more. 122
122. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit drupaceous. Styles 2-4, united below. Stamens 4-5, perigynous. Perianth valvate in bud. Shrubs.
Leaves stipulate, alternate. 137. Rhamnaceae.
Seeds with curved embryo and mealy albumen. Fruit dry, rarely baccate.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs, but then leaves exstipulate. 123
123. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Herbs or undershrubs. 72. Aizoaceae.
Flowers in spikes or racemes. 71. Phytolaccaceae.
124. Stamens hypogynous. 125
Stamens perigynous. 127
125. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 2, 4, or 6.
Ovary-cells 2. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. Herbs. Leaves exstipulate. Lepidium, 88. Cruciferae.
Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, but then perianth-segments 5, ovary-cells 5, and leaves stipulate. 126
126. Flowers unisexual. Leaves simple or palmately compound. Ovary usually 3-celled. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, but then leaves pinnate and ovary surrounded by large scales. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves compound, stipulate. 113. Zygophyllaceae.
127. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Perianth of the male flowers consisting of calyx and corolla, that of the female and hermaphrodite flowers simple, valvate in bud. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit capsular.
Embryo straight. Leaves stipulate. Trichocladus, 101. Hamamelidaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth simple. Leaves exstipulate. 128
128. Style and stigma simple. Embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. 171. Thymelaeaceae.
Styles or stigmas 2-5. Embryo curved. 72. Aizoaceae.
129. (118.) Flowers unisexual or polygamous. 130
Flowers hermaphrodite. 136
130. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. Perianth 4-partite. Flowers polygamous. Leaves opposite, pinnate, exstipulate. Trees. Fraxinus, 197. Oleaceae.
Stamens 3 or more, rarely 2, but then flowers unisexual. Leaves simple or digitate, rarely pinnate, but then alternate. 131
131. Leaves with a pitcher-shaped appendage. Style absent; stigma 4-partite.
Ovary 4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Nepenthes, 91. Nepenthaceae.
Leaves without pitchers. Style present. 132
132. Style 1, with 2-6 stigmas. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, without stipules. 134. Sapindaceae.
Styles 2 or more, free at the base, towards the apex, or throughout. 133
133. Perianth-segments valvate in bud, united below. Filaments united. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Perianth-segments imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then free and filaments also free. 134
134. Ovules with ventral raphe, 2 in a cell. Fruit usually opening septicidally and loculicidally. Leaves usually stipulate. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Ovules with dorsal raphe. Shrubs or trees. 135
135. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4-6. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Leaves opposite, without stipules. 124. Buxaceae.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10 or more. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Leaves alternate. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
136. (129.) Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous or nearly so. 137
Perianth-segments evidently united. Stamens usually perigynous. 142
137. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 138
Stem woody throughout its length. 140
138. Perianth-segments 2-3. Stamens 1-4. Water-plants. 93. Podostemonaceae.
Perianth-segments 4-5. Land-plants. Seeds with curved embryo. 139
139. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 1-6. Ovary-cells 2. Style 1. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves exstipulate. 88. Cruciferae.
Perianth-segments 5. Ovary-cells 3-7. Styles 3-7. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves stipulate. 72. Aizoaceae.
140. Ovary long-stalked. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate or imbricate in bud; in the latter case stamens 4-8. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. 87. Capparidaceae.
Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Stamens 10 or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. 141
141. Perianth-segments 5, valvate in bud. Grewia, 141. Tiliaceae.
Perianth-segments; 3-8, imbricate or open in bud. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
142. (136.) Styles or sessile stigmas 2-5. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. 72. Aizoaceae.
Style 1 or a sessile stigma. Seeds exalbuminous or with a straight embryo. 143
143. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 144
Stigmas or stigma-lobes 4. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Flowers
4-merous. Leaves opposite, stipulate. 145
144. Stamens 1-16. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Embryo straight.
Leaves without stipules. 173. Lythraceae.
Stamens very numerous. Ovary long-stalked. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate, with small stipules. Maerua, 87. Capparidaceae.
145. Perianth with valvate aestivation. Stamens 4. Ovules ascending, at least the lower ones. Seeds exalbuminous. 169. Penaeaceae.
Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8. Ovules pendulous.
Seeds albuminous. Geissoloma, 168. Geissolomataceae.
146. (70.) Ovules solitary in each carpel. 147
Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 152
147. Ovules erect, incurved. Perianth regular, 4-5-parted. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Leaves undivided, without stipules. 148
Ovules pendulous or affixed laterally, rarely erect, but then perianth irregular and strap-shaped or surrounded by an epicalyx. 149
148. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Fruit succulent, baccate. Phytolacca, 71. Phytolaccaceae.
Flowers in cymes. Fruit dry. 72. Aizoaceae.
149. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous. 150
Perianth-segments obviously united, at least in the female flowers. Stamens usually perigynous. 151
150. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as perianth-segments. Fruits fleshy, drupaceous. 80. Menispermaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens usually more than perianth-segments. Fruits usually dry. 78. Ranunculaceae.
151. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. Flowers unisexual.
Stamens 10 or more. Seeds with copious albumen. 83. Monimiaceae.
Leaves more or less deeply divided or compound, stipulate. Seeds without albumen. 103. Rosaceae.
152. Perianth of 6 free segments, imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous, free. Herbs. Leaves floating, peltate, exstipulate. Brasenia, 76. Nymphaeaceae.
Perianth 4-8-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 4 or more, united at the base. Trees. Leaves stipulate. 144. Sterculiaecae.
153. (69.) Ovary 1-celled. 154
Ovary, at least after fertilisation, completely or almost completely 2- or
more-celled. 177
154. Ovule 1. 155
Ovules 2 or more. 167
155. Ovule erect, ascending, attached by an erect funicle, or adnate to the ovary-wall. 156
Ovule pendulous or descending. 162
156. Ovule adnate to the ovary-wall. Style simple; stigma entire. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments. Perianth valvate in bud. Leaves without stipules. Shrubs growing upon trees. 61. Loranthaceae.
Ovary free from the ovary-wall. Trees or shrubs growing on the ground, or herbaceous plants. 157
157. Ovule straight. Embryo straight. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or more. 158
Ovule incurved or inverted. Embryo curved, more rarely straight, but then stamens as many as and alternating with the perianth-segments. 159
158. Stamens 1-5. Leaves simple or digitate, stipulate. 54. Urticaceae.
Stamens numerous. Stigmas 2. Trees. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Juglans, 49. Juglandaceae.
159. Ovule inverted. Stamens as many as and alternating with the perianth-segments.
Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. 226. Compositae.
Ovule incurved. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. Herbs. 160
160. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate in bud. Stamens
10-30. Stigma 1. Fruit drupaceous. Cynocrambe, 70. Cynocrambaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens
5. Stigmas 2-5. Fruit opening by a lid or bursting irregularly. 161
161. Style short, with long stigmas. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers in spike- or panicle-like inflorescences. Beta, 67. Chenopodiaceae.
Style long, with 2 short stigmas. Leaves opposite, linear, stipulate.
Flowers in heads. Sclerocephalus, 75. Caryophyllaceae.
162. (155.) Ovule straight. Style simple. Stamen 1. Flowers polygamous.
Reddish-brown herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves reduced to scales. Cynomorium, 184. Cynomoriaceae.
Ovule incurved or inverted. Green plants. Leaves well developed. 163
163. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or fewer. 164
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as and alternate with the perianth-segments or more. Leaves exstipulate. 166
164. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers unisexual. Leaves stipulate. 53. Moraceae.
Anthers opening by valves. Leaves exstipulate. 165
165. Flowers unisexual. Leaves penninerved. Hypodaphnis, 84. Lauraceae.
Flowers polygamous. Leaves palminerved. Gyrocarpus, 85. Hernandiaceae.
166. Stamens 2. Styles 2. Embryo straight. Leaves radical. Gunnera, 183. Halorrhagaceae.
Stamens 3-5. Styles 4, or a single style. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate. 72. Aizoaceae.
167. (154.) Ovules 2-5. 168
Ovules numerous. 174
168. Ovules adnate to the ovary-wall. Stamens 2-6. Shrubs parasitic on the stem of trees. 61. Loranthaceae.
Ovules free from the ovary-wall. Plants growing on the ground or parasitic upon roots. 169
169. Ovules suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Stamens 8-10, rarely 4-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads. 179. Combretaceae.
Ovules inserted on a central, sometimes subparietal, placenta. Seeds albuminous. 170
170. Styles 4. Ovules 4. Stamens 4. Perianth of the male flowers consisting of calyx and corolla. Herbs or undershrubs. Laurembergia, 183. Halorrhagaceae.
Style 1. Perianth of all flowers simple. 171
171. Stigma 6-10-lobed. Stamens 5. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Octoknema, 60. Octoknemataceae.
Stigma entire or 2-5-lobed. 172
172. Stamens 8, twice as many as the perianth-segments. Embryo with inferior radicle. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Grubbia, 58. Grubbiaceae.
Stamens 2-6, as many as, or fewer than, the perianth-segments. Embryo with superior radicle or undivided. 173
173. Stem and leaves or scales green. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. 56. Santalaceae.
Stem and leaves not green; stem herbaceous; leaves scale-like. Flowers unisexual, in spikes or heads. Embryo without cotyledons. 62. Balanophoraceae.
174. (167.) Placentas apical. Style wanting. Stamens 3-4, united. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stem herbaceous, not green, bearing neither leaves nor scales. Hydnora, 65. Hydnoraceae.
Placentas parietal. Style present. Stem bearing leaves or scales. 175

175. Filaments united, 8 or more. Style 1. Embryo without cotyledons.
Herbs. Leaves scale-like, not green. Flowers unisexual. 64. Rafflesiaceae.
Filaments free. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Shrubs or trees. Leaves well developed. 176
176. Flowers unisexual. Perianth 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5. Style 1. Grevea, 96. Saxifragaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 7-8-parted. Stamens numerous.
Styles 2-3. Bembicia. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
177. (153.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 178
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 183
178. Ovules erect or ascending. 179
Ovules pendulous or descending. 180
179. Leaves opposite or whorled. Perianth corolla-like. Ovary-cells and styles 2. Embryo curved. 219. Rubiaceae.
Leaves alternate. Perianth calyx-like. Embryo straight. 137. Rhamnaceae.
180. Perianth wanting in the male flowers. Stamens 4. Ovary almost completely
2-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs. Leaves stipulate. Corylus, 50. Betulaceae.
Perianth present in all flowers. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then, as usually, leaves exstipulate. 181
181. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in whorls, and then leaves stipulate.
Perianth-segments 5, alternating with as many stamens. Ovary-cells and styles 2. Seeds with horny albumen; embryo small. 186. Umbelliferae.
Flowers solitary or in axillary fascicles or in spikes. Leaves exstipulate.
Perianth-segments 4, rarely 3 or 5. Seeds with fleshy or mealy albumen.
Herbs or undershrubs. 182
182. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy albumen.
Leaves undivided. Tetragonia, 72. Aizoaceae.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Seeds with a straight embryo and fleshy albumen. Leaves, at least the lower ones, deeply divided. Myriophyllum, 183. Halorrhagaceae.
183. (177.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Styles 3-6. Perianth-segments more or less united. Flowers unisexual, spicate. Leaves stipulate.
Trees or shrubs. 51. Fagaceae.
Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell, rarely (Lecythidaceae) 2-6, but then style 1 and flowers hermaphrodite. 184
184. Perianth-segments obviously united below. Seeds albuminous. Leaves without stipules. 185
Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous. 186
185. Flowers unisexual, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth regular. Fruit a berry. Embryo without cotyledons. Herbs. Leaves scale-like, not green. Cytinus, 64. Rafflesiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or fascicled in the axils of the leaves.
Perianth irregular. Stamens adnate to the style. Fruit a capsule.
Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Leaves well developed, green. Aristolochia, 63. Aristolochiaceae.
186. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Perianth irregular. Stamens numerous.
Styles 2-6, free or united at the base. Leaves stipulate. Begonia, 165. Begoniaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or in racemes or heads. Perianth regular. Style 1, undivided. 187
187. Stamens 3-6. Leaves stipulate. Herbs. Ludwigia, 182. Oenotheraceae.
Stamens numerous. Leaves exstipulate. Trees or shrubs. 176. Lecythidaceae.
188. (53.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 189
Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 481
189. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 190
Ovaries 2 or more, separate or united at the base only. 451
190. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions or containing one or more empty rudimentary cells besides the fertile one. 191
Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, the partitions sometimes not quite reaching the apex; or one cell only fertile, the others empty but well developed. 273
191. Ovule 1. 192
Ovules 2 or more. 214
192. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle. 193
Ovule pendulous or descending. 205
193. Leaves stipulate. Sepals 5. 194
Leaves exstipulate. 198
194. Stigma 1, entire. 195
Stigma 1, five-lobed, or stigmas 2-3. Stamens 1-5, more or less distinctly perigynous. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided. 197
195. Flowers regular. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens
4-5, hypogynous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, undivided. Dovera, 131. Salvadoraceae.
Flowers irregular, rarely regular, but then leaves alternate and corolla with valvate aestivation or stamens more than 5. Stamens more or less distinctly perigynous. 196
196. Style basal or nearly so. 103. Rosaceae.
Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 9-10. 105. Leguminosae.
197. Stigma 5-lobed. Calyx valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Maesopsis, 137. Rhamnaceae.
Stigmas 2-3. Seeds albuminous. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
198. Sepals 2, free or nearly so. 199
Sepals 3-7, free or more or less united, or an entire calyx. 201
199. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 8-10. Style 3-4-cleft. Trees. Leaves undivided. Didierea, 134. Sapindaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 2-7. Herbs or shrubs. 200
200. Corolla regular. Stamens 4-7, free or nearly so. Style 3-parted.
Embryo large, curved. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. Portulacaria, 73. Portulacaceae.
Corolla irregular. Stamens 2, three-cleft (or 6, united in 2 bundles).
Style simple. Embryo small. Herbs. Leaves dissected. 86. Papaveraceae.
201. Stamens numerous. Style 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves opposite. Shrubs or trees. Calophyllum, 149. Guttiferae.
Stamens 1-10, rarely more, but then styles 3 or corolla with valvate aestivation. 202
202. Stamens as many as the petals, 4, opposite and adnate to them. Stigma
1. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Shrubs or trees. 55. Proteaceae.
Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more numerous. 203
203. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. Sepals 4. Petals 4.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with curved embryo. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 88. Cruciferae.
Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, rarely only 1, but then fertile stamens
1, 5, 8, or more. Shrubs or trees. 204
204. Flowers in axillary clusters, hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Petals hooded. Stamens 8-10, with 4-celled anthers (or
16-20 united in pairs). Style and stigma simple. Hua, 144. Sterculiaceae.
Flowers in panicles. Petals not hooded. Stamens neither with 4-celled anthers nor united in pairs. 127. Anacardiaceae.
205. (192.) Leaves stipulate. Stamens 9-10. 206
Leaves exstipulate, rarely (Polygalaceae) stipulate, but then stamens
8. 207
206. Flowers irregular. Stamens more or less perigynous. Style simple. 105. Leguminosae.
Flowers regular. Stamens hypogynous. Styles 3-4, free or partly united. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.
207. Flowers distinctly irregular, hermaphrodite. Stamens 8; filaments united; anthers opening by a pore. Style 1. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Securidaca, 120. Polygalaceae.
Flowers regular or nearly so, rarely distinctly irregular, but then unisexual or with 10 stamens. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 208
208. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or more. Leaves simple or digitate. 80. Menispermaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (Anacardiaceae) unisexual, but then stamens alternating with the petals or leaves pinnate. 209
209. Stamens distinctly perigynous, 4, 8, or 10. Style simple; stigma entire.
Leaves undivided. Shrubs. 171. Thymelaeaceae.
Stamens hypogynous or nearly so, rarely (Anacardiaceae) distinctly
perigynous, but then stigma lobed and leaves pinnate. 210
210. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Calyx little developed, entire or obscurely toothed. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. 57. Opiliaceae.
Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or more. Calyx distinctly developed. 211
211. Stamens 6. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple. 88. Cruciferae.
Stamens 4 or more, rarely 6, but then sepals 3 and petals 3. Shrubs or trees. 212
212. Stamens numerous; filaments united. Style thread-shaped. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves opposite, undivided.
Shrubs. Endodesmia, 149. Guttiferae.
Stamens 4-20; if more than 10, then style short and thick, corolla with valvate aestivation, and leaves pinnate. 213
213. Ovule with ventral raphe. Stamens 10. Leaves with 1-3 transparently dotted leaflets. Eriander, 115. Rutaceae.
Ovule with dorsal raphe. 127. Anacardiaceae.
214. (191.) Ovules 2. 215
Ovules 3 or more. 231
215. Ovules or their funicle erect or ascending. 216
Ovules or their funicle pendulous or descending. 224
216. Ovules attached one above the other, rarely side by side; in the latter case flowers irregular, stamens 9-10, and style terminal or nearly so.
Leaves usually stipulate. 217
Ovules attached one opposite the other or side by side. Flowers regular, more rarely irregular, but then stamens 6 or style basal. Leaves usually exstipulate. 218
217. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, hypogynous. Leaves undivided. Waltheria, 144. Sterculiaceae.
Flowers irregular, more rarely regular, but then, as usually, stamens perigynous or more than 5. Leaves usually compound. 105. Leguminosae.
218. Ovules straight. Stamens 5 or 10, more or less distinctly perigynous.
Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees. 104. Connaraceae.
Ovules incurved or inverted. Leaves simple, undivided or dissected; in the latter case herbs. 219
219. Styles 2, free or united below. Stamens 2-5, hypogynous or nearly so.
Leaves opposite. Herbs or undershrubs. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
Style 1, with a single stigma. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, but then shrubs or trees. 220
220. Style basal. Stamens perigynous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees.
Seeds exalbuminous. 103. Rosaceae.
Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous; rarely perigynous, but then leaves opposite. 221
221. Stamens 5, perigynous. Sepals united below. Leaves opposite. Shrubs or trees. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.
Stamens 6, hypogynous. Sepals free. Leaves alternate. 222
222. Flowers irregular. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Fruit a 2-seeded nut. Herbs.
Leaves dissected. Sarcocapnos, 86. Papaveraceae.
Flowers regular. Sepals 3-6. Leaves undivided. 223
223. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Style distinctly developed. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Undershrubs.
Flowers white. Dipterygium, 87. Capparidaceae.
Perianth of 3-6 sepals, 3 petals, and 6 honey-scales. Anthers opening by valves. Style none. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. Flowers yellow. Berberis, 79. Berberidaceae.
224. (215.) Ovules suspended from a free central placenta. Stamens 4-10.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 59. Olacaceae.
Ovules attached to the wall of the ovary, usually near the apex. 225
225. Ovules one above the other, rarely side by side; in the latter case flowers irregular with 9-10 stamens. Leaves usually compound and stipulate. 105. Leguminosae.
Ovules side by side or one opposite the other. Flowers regular, rarely somewhat irregular, but then stamens 3-6. 226
226. Ovules attached laterally. Stamens 3-5. Flowers usually unisexual.
Embryo large. Leaves exstipulate, usually compound. 115. Rutaceae.
Ovules attached by the apex, rarely laterally, but then stamens more than
5. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Leaves simple. 227
227. Stamens 4-5. Shrubs or trees. Leaves exstipulate. 132. Icacinaceae.
Stamens 6 or more. 228
228. Stamens 6. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Leaves exstipulate. 88. Cruciferae.
Stamens 10 or more. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees. 229
229. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Styles or stigmas 3-4. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.
Stamens 12 or more. 230
230. Style 1, with a single stigma. Stamens 12-20, perigynous. Sepals
5-12. Petals 5-12. Seeds with scanty albumen or without any. 103. Rosaceae.
Styles 2-6 or style 1 with 2 stigmas; in the latter case stamens more then 20. Seeds with copious albumen. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
231. (214.) Ovules basal or attached to a central placenta. 232
Ovules attached to one or more parietal placentas. 244
232. Ovules basal. 233
Ovules attached to a central placenta. 239
233. Style or sessile stigma 1, entire. 234
Styles, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2-6. 236
234. Stamens 10. Calyx closed in bud, subsequently 2-3-parted. Flowers solitary or in pairs. 196. Styracaceae.
Stamens 5-6. Calyx with 3-9 imbricate segments. 235
235. Flowers 5-merous, in cymes. Stamens perigynous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Style present. Leaves opposite. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.
Flowers 6-merous, in racemes. Stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening by valves. Style wanting. Leaves alternate or all radical. 79. Berberidaceae.
236. Stamens very numerous. Anthers linear. Style 2-cleft. Trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Lophira, 147. Ochnaceae.
Stamens 1-20; if more than 10, then styles 5. 237
237. Leaves and flowers clothed with glandular hairs; the former alternate.
Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free. Ovules upon a long funicle. Seeds albuminous, with a minute embryo. Undershrubs. Drosophyllum, 92. Droseraceae.
Leaves and flowers without glandular hairs. Stamens 1-10. Seeds with a large or rather large embryo. 238
238. Leaves alternate. Disc present. Ovules upon a short funicle. Seeds exalbuminous. 153. Tamaricaceae.
Leaves opposite. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
239. (232.) Ovules pendulous. Style 1. Fertile stamens 3-6. 59. Olacaceae.
Ovules ascending or horizontal. 240
240. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals. Style simple; stigma entire or obscurely lobed. 241
Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more numerous. 242
241. Stamens 3. Leaves opposite. Herbs. Pelletiera, 191. Primulaceae.
Stamens 4-7. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees. 190. Myrsinaceae.
242. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Petals perigynous. Style simple with an entire or 2-lobed stigma. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. 173. Lythraceae.
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Petals hypogynous or nearly so.
Style simple with a 3-lobed stigma or with several stigmas, or styles
2 or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved. 243
243. Sepals 2. Stamens 8-30. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3. Leaves alternate. 73. Portulacaceae.
Sepals 4-5. Stamens 1-10. Leaves opposite. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
244. (231.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. 245
Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 248
245. Sepals evidently united, rarely free or nearly so, and then petals 5 or leaves stipulate. Stamens usually perigynous. Stigma 1. Leaves usually compound. 105. Leguminosae.
Sepals free or nearly so. Petals 2-4. Stamens hypogynous. Leaves exstipulate, simple, but often dissected. Herbs or undershrubs. 246
246. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 2-4. Stamens numerous.
Fruit opening at one side. Embryo straight. Delphinium, 78. Ranunculaceae.
Flowers regular or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 8. Petals 4. Stamens 4 or 6.
Fruit opening in two valves or remaining closed. Embryo more or less curved. 247
247. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Albumen abundant.
Leaves dissected. Epimedium, 79. Berberidaceae.
Stamens 6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Albumen scanty or wanting. 88. Cruciferae.
248. (244.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more stigmas contiguous at the base, or 1 sessile stigma. 249
Styles 2-6, free or more or less united with separated stigmas (not contiguous at the base), or 2-6 free sessile stigmas. 266
249. Fertile stamens as many as petals or fewer, 2-10. 250
Fertile stamens more than petals. 257
250. Fertile stamens 10. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards.
Stigmas 5. Sepals 3. Trees. Warburgia, 157. Winteranaceae.
Fertile stamens 2-6. 251
251. Fertile stamens 2-4. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous, with curved embryo. 87. Capparidaceae.
Fertile stamens 5, rarely (Passifloraceae) 4 or 6, but then flowers unisexual.
Seeds rarely exalbuminous, and then with straight embryo. 252
252. Fertile stamens opposite the petals. Shrubs or trees. 253
Fertile stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves simple. Seeds albuminous. 254
253. Flowers irregular. Petals perigynous. Anthers opening by a single slit. Placentas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves pinnate. Moringa, 90. Moringaceae.
Flowers regular. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves simple, undivided. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
254. Sepals united below. Petals perigynous, sometimes nearly hypogynous, and then, as usual, staminodes or a corona interposed between the petals and the stamens. Flowers regular. 161. Passifloraceae.
Sepals free or nearly so. Petals hypogynous or nearly so; in the latter
case neither staminodes nor a corona within them. 255
255. Staminodes present, sometimes petal-like. Placentas 3. Flowers regular.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stipulate. 147. Ochnaceae.
Staminodes wanting. 256
256. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate and then stem herbaceous or suffruticose.
Placentas 3. 158. Violaceae.
Leaves exstipulate. Stem woody. Flowers regular. Placentas 2, rarely
3-5. Pittosporum, 97. Pittosporaceae.
257. (249.) Sepals and petals together 6 (2 sepals and 4 petals), rarely 9 (3 sepals and 6 petals). Stamens 6 or many. Stem herbaceous. Leaves more or less deeply divided. 86. Papaveraceae.
Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely 9, but then stem woody and leaves undivided. 258
258. Sepals and petals together 9; sepals 3, small; petals 6, unequal. Stamens numerous, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Ovules scattered over the inner wall of the ovary. Stigma sessile or nearly so. Albumen ruminate. Trees. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Monodora, 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely (Flacourtiaceae) 9, but then ovules attached to 2-10 placentas and either style distinctly developed or stamens 5-15. 259
259. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals, rarely (Capparidaceae) of 2 sepals and
6 petals or of 5 sepals and 5 petals; in the latter case ovary long-stalked.
Albumen scanty or wanting. 260
Perianth of 3-6 sepals and 4 or more petals, but not of 4 sepals and 4 petals. Ovary sessile or nearly so. 262
260. Filaments united throughout their whole length, 8. Placentas 3-5, with 2 ovules each. Calyx 4-lobed. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. 118. Meliaceae.
Filaments free or united at the base. Placentas 2 or more, in the latter case with numerous ovules. Embryo curved. Leaves simple or digitate. 261
261. Stamens 6, four of them longer than the other two. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Placentas 2. Flowers regular or nearly so. Herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves simple, without stipules. 88. Cruciferae.
Stamens few or many; if 6, then not four longer than the rest. Ovary usually stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Flowers mostly irregular. 87. Capparidaceae.
262. Filaments united in 3-5 bundles. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds ex-albuminous.
Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. 149. Guttiferae.
Filaments all free or united at the base. Seeds albuminous. 263
263. Anthers opening at the apex by pores or very short slits. Sepals 5.
Petals 5. Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually lobed. 264
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire or toothed. 265
264. Anthers curved. Placentas 2. Petals red. Flowers and flower-stalks clothed with minute scales. Bixa, 155. Bixaceae.
Anthers straight. Placentas 3-5. Petals yellow. Flowers and flower-stalks glabrous or clothed with simple hairs. Cochlospermum, 156. Cochlospermaceae.
265. Embryo distinctly curved, folded, or rolled up. Ovules usually straight.
Disc and corona usually wanting. Anthers opening inwards or laterally.
Sepals 3 or 5. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Leaves mostly opposite. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 154. Cistaceae.
Embryo straight or nearly straight. Ovules inverted. Disc or corona usually present. Anthers usually opening outwards. Leaves alternate.
Shrubs or trees. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
266. (248.) Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Land-plants. 267
Leaves alternate or all radical, rarely (Droseraceae) whorled, but then water-plants with 5 stamens and 5 styles. 268
267. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-6. Style 2-3-cleft.
Seeds with abundant albumen. 152. Frankeniaceae.
Sepals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 9 or more. Seeds without albumen. Hypericum, 149. Guttiferae.
268. Herbs with glandular hairs or with whorled leaves. Sepals, petals, and stamens equal in number, 4, 5, or 8. Anthers more or less turned outwards. 92. Droseraceae.
Herbs or undershrubs without glandular hairs or woody plants; if herbs, then anthers turned inwards, at least when young. Leaves alternate or all radical. 269
269. Flowers irregular. Ovary open at the apex. Stigmas sessile. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. 89. Resedaceae.
Flowers regular. Ovary closed. 270
270. Corolla with contorted aestivation, more or less perigynous. Calyx deciduous, callous or glandular within. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5.
Anthers turned inwards. Styles 3. 160. Turneraceae.
Corolla with imbricate, not contorted, or with valvate aestivation, very rarely with contorted aestivation, but then stamens numerous. 271
271. Seeds exalbuminous, rarely albuminous, and then placentas finally separating from the wall of the ovary. Anthers usually turned outwards.
Leaves exstipulate. 153. Tamaricaceae.
Seeds albuminous. Placentas not separating from the wall of the ovary.
Anthers turned inwards, rarely outwards, but then, as usually, leaves stipulate. 272
272. Stem erect, rarely climbing, and then stamens numerous or anthers turned outwards. Corona, if present, simple or double. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, undivided. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
Stem climbing, usually tendril-bearing, rarely erect, but then corona 3- or more-fold or ovary distinctly stalked. Stamens 4-10. Anthers turned inwards. Sepals 4-6, more or less united, imbricate in bud.
Petals as many as sepals. 161. Passifloraceae.
273. (190.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 274
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 319
274. Ovules erect or ascending. 275
Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal. 288
275. Disc outside the stamens, sometimes one-sided or broken up into several glands. Leaves alternate, compound, rarely simple and then stamens
8-10. 276
Disc or separate glands within or between the stamens or wanting, rarely outside the stamens, but then leaves simple and stamens 4-6. 277
276. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals 5. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 4-celled.
Seeds with abundant albumen; embryo straight. Bersama, 135. Melianthaceae.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds without albumen; embryo more or less curved. 134. Sapindaceae.
277. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 278
Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Leaves simple, stipulate.
Shrubs or trees. 285
278. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or 6. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. 279
Sepals 4 or 5, rarely 2. Petals 3-5. 280
279. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening outwards.
Ovary many-celled. Styles numerous. 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 3. Anthers opening laterally.
Ovary 2-9-celled. Style 2-9-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. 125. Empetraceae.
280. Sepals valvate in bud, 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments united. Stigmas several. Leaves simple, stipulate. 281
Sepals imbricate in bud, rarely valvate, but then only 2. Leaves exstipulate. 282
281. Anthers 1-celled. Fertile stamens numerous. Ovary 3- or more-celled.
Seeds albuminous. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers 2-celled. Fertile stamens 5, rarely more, but then ovary 2-celled and seeds exalbuminous. 144. Sterculiaceae.
282. Stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Shrubs or trees. 149. Guttiferae.
Stamens 2-10. Stigmas 1-2. Leaves alternate. 283
283. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. Stigma 1. 118. Meliaceae.
Leaves simple. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Embryo
curved. 284
284. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 2-6. Glands present between the stamens. 88. Cruciferae.
Sepals 5. Petals 3-5. Stamens 5-10, united at the base. Limeum, 72. Aizoaceae.
285. (277.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4-5. Stamens 10-20. Ovary 2-celled.
Style basal. Stigma 1. Parinarium, 103. Rosaceae.
Flowers regular. Petals 4-8. Stamens 4-8. Style terminal or nearly so. 286
286. Petals, stamens, and carpels 8 each. Dirachma, 107. Geraniaceae.
Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5. Carpels 2-5. 287
287. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens opposite the petals. Style 1, with a more or less deeply divided stigma, or several styles. 137. Rhamnaceae.
Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Stamens alternate with the petals. Style 1, with an entire or lobed stigma. 129. Celastraceae.
288. (274.) Flowers unisexual. 289
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 293
289. Leaves simple. 290
Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees. 293
290. Sepals 2-3, united below, valvate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-celled. Style wanting; stigma lobed. Shrubs or trees. Carpodiptera, 141. Tiliaceae.
Sepals, at least in the female flowers, 4-6, sometimes almost wholly united. 291
291. Ovary slightly sunk in the receptacle, 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens 5.
Anthers opening by valves. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Shrubs. Trichocladus, 101. Hamamelidaceae.
Ovary wholly superior, usually 3-celled. Styles usually 3. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 292
292. Ovules straight. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Stamens 10. Calyx-limb nearly entire. Fruit drupaceous. Panda, 106. Pandaceae.
Ovules inverted. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
293. Leaves stipulate. Ovary surrounded by scales. Fruit capsular. Spiny shrubs. Neoluederitzia, 113. Zygophyllaceae.
Leaves exstipulate. Fruit usually drupaceous. 127. Anacardiaceae.
294. (288.) Flowers distinctly irregular. 295
Flowers regular or nearly so. 298
295. Leaves compound. Receptacle expanded into a disc or elongated into a stalk. Filaments free. Trees or shrubs. 127. Anacardiaceae.
Leaves simple, undivided. Receptacle small. 296
296. Stamens 10. Shrubs or undershrubs. 119. Malpighiaceae.
Stamens 5-8. 297
297. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Petals 5, perigynous. Style 1; stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. Tropaeolum, 109. Tropaeolaceae.
Filaments united. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Petals hypogynous. 120. Polygalaceae.
298. (294.) Stamens as many as the petals or fewer or more numerous, but less than twice as many, 2-6. 299
Stamens twice as many as the petals or in greater number, rarely (Thymelaeaceae) as many as the petals, but then 8-10. 305
299. Filaments all united below. Fertile and sterile stamens together as many as the petals, 4-6. Disc not distinctly developed. Leaves undivided. 300
Filaments free or united in pairs. 301
300. Stamens all fertile. Seeds albuminous. 110. Linaceae.
Stamens partly sterile (2 fertile, 3 sterile). Seeds exalbuminous. Cottsia, 119. Malpighiaceae.
301. Anthers opening by apical pores. Petals and stamens 5, slightly perigynous.
Ovary 3-celled. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Seeds with abundant albumen. Undershrubs. Leaves rolled inwards when young, undivided, bearing glandular hairs. Roridula, 147. Ochnaceae.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with scanty albumen or without any. 302
302. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple. 88. Cruciferae.
Stamens 5, rarely 4, but then styles 4 and leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. 303
303. Flowers 4-merous. Disc within the stamens. Leaves pinnate. 116. Simarubaceae.
Flowers 5-merous. 304
304. Disc within the stamens. Ovary 3- or 5-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas
3 or 5. Leaves simple. 127. Anacardiaceae.
Disc outside the stamens. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple. Leaves pinnate. Filicium, 134. Sapindaceae.
305. (298.) Filaments free. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. 306
Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base. 312
306. Disc present, more or less ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped. 307
Disc wanting. Leaves undivided. 310
307. Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Leaves compound, exstipulate. 127. Anacardiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then 3-merous. 308
308. Leaves with glandular dots, compound, exstipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled.
Style simple. 115. Rutaceae.
Leaves without dots. 309
309. Leaves stipulate, pinnate with 1-2 pairs of leaflets, more rarely simple and undivided, and then stigma 3-parted. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style simple. 113. Zygophyllaceae.
Leaves rarely stipulate, but then undivided and stigma entire or 2-lobed. 116. Simarubaceae.
310. Sepals united into a minute, entire or toothed calyx. Petals 4-6, valvate in bud. Ovary 3-4-celled. Seeds with abundant albumen. 59. Olacaceae.
Sepals free or united at the base only. Seeds without albumen. 311
311. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. 119. Malpighiaceae.
Petals 8-10, rarely 4-5, scale-like, valvate in bud. Sepals free, petaloid.
Ovary 4-5-celled. Octolepis, 171. Thymelaeaceae.
312. (305.) Stamens numerous. Anthers opening by one slit. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaves simple, stipulate. 142. Malvaceae.
Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-12, rarely (Malpighiaceae) a few more (11-15). Anthers opening by two slits. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 313
313. Style 1, undivided with a single stigma or with two or more stigmas contiguous at the base. 314
Styles 2-5, free or more or less united with separate (not contiguous) stigmas. Stamens 10, rarely 11-15. 316
314. Leaves compound, exstipulate. Seeds without albumen. 118. Meliaceae.
Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10. 315
315. Ovary 5-celled. Disc present. Seeds albuminous. Trees. Leaves exstipulate. Saccoglottis, 111. Humiriaceae.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc wanting. Shrubs or undershrubs. 316
316. Seeds albuminous. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Nectaropetalum, 110. Linaceae.
Seeds exalbuminous. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, rarely solitary.
Sepals usually with glands on the outside. 119. Malpighiaceae.
317. Styles and ovary-cells 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Styles and ovary-cells 2-4. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves undivided. 318
318. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Petals with a scale on the inside. Styles or style-branches 3-4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds usually albuminous.
Leaves alternate, stipulate. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.
Flowers in racemose inflorescences. Sepals usually with glands on the outside. Styles or style-branches 2-3. Seeds exalbuminous. 119. Malpighiaceae.
319. (273.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 320
Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 389
320. Style 1, undivided, or 2 or more styles united to the base of the stigmas, or 1 sessile stigma. 321
Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not up to the base of the stigmas, or 2 or more free sessile stigmas. 371
321. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals. 322
Stamens more than the petals. 339
322. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals. 323
Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals, or fewer. 325
323. Stamens 10. Ovary 10-celled. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Augea, 113. Zygophyllaceae.
Stamens 3-7. Leaves alternate. 324
324. Petals with valvate aestivation. Filaments free. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit
a berry. 138. Vitaceae.
Petals with imbricate-contorted aestivation. Filaments more or less united. Ovary 3- or more-celled. Fruit a capsule. 144. Sterculiaceae.
325. Stamens 2-4. 326
Stamens 5. 333
326. Sepals 2-4. Petals 3-4. 327
Sepals 5. Petals 2-5. 332
327. Leaves marked with glandular dots, at least at the edges. Stipules wanting. 328
Leaves without glandular dots. 329
328. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Disc cushion-shaped.
Stigmas 3. Fruit separating into 3 drupe-like, 2-celled mericarps.
Seeds with curved embryo. Chamaelea, 114. Cneoraceae.
Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then fruit not drupe-like. 115. Rutaceae.
329. Leaves stipulate. Ovules usually erect. Corolla imbricate in bud.
Shrubs or trees. 330
Leaves exstipulate. Ovules usually pendulous. Ovary 2-celled or transversally septate. Flowers hermaphrodite. 331
330. Disc present. 129. Celastraceae.
Disc wanting. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled. Azima, 131. Salvadoraceae.
331. Leaves opposite. Petals valvate in bud. Receptacle without glands.
Shrubs or trees. 197. Oleaceae.
Leaves alternate. Petals imbricate in bud. Receptacle provided with glands. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 88. Cruciferae.
332. (326.) Anthers opening outwards. Stamens 3. Disc present. Ovary
3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. 130. Hippocrateaceae.
Anthers opening inwards. Disc reduced to separate glands or wholly
wanting. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Seeds albuminous. 107. Geraniaceae.
333. (325.) Filaments united, at least at the base. 334
Filaments free. 336
334. Filaments united nearly to the apex. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Stigma 1. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Quivisianthe, 118. Meliaceae.
Filaments united only at the base. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves stipulate. 335
335. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stigma 1. Seeds with an aril.
Shrubs. Leaves undivided. Phyllocosmus, 110. Linaceae.
Petals with imbricate aestivation. Stigmas 5. Seeds without an aril. 107. Geraniaceae.
336. Leaves gland-dotted, exstipulate, but sometimes with axillary spines. 115. Rutaceae.
Leaves not dotted, simple, stipulate. 337
337. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Triumfetta, 141. Tiliaceae.
Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 338
338. Calyx large. Ovules pendulous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
Calyx small. Ovules erect, more rarely pendulous, but then leaves opposite, at least those of the flowering branches. 129. Celastraceae.
339. (321.) Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals, 5-8. 340
Stamens twice as many as the petals, or more. 343
340. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Disc outside the stamens. Stamens
8, rarely 5-6; in the latter case ovary 3-celled. Ovules ascending, at least one of them, or horizontal. Shrubs or trees. 341
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 5-7. Ovary 2- or 5-celled or transversally septate. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 342
341. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite, lobed. Acer, 133. Aceraceae.
Ovary 3-celled. Leaves alternate, pinnate. 134. Sapindaceae.
342. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled or transversally septate.
Stigmas 1-2. Leaves exstipulate. 88. Cruciferae.
Sepals 5. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Leaves stipulate. 107. Geraniaceae.
343. (339.) Stamens twice as many as the petals. 344
Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 359
344. Filaments free. 345
Filaments evidently united, at least at the base. 354
345. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 346
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. 349
346. Leaves gland-dotted, without stipules, but sometimes with axillary spines. 115. Rutaceae.
Leaves not gland-dotted, usually with stipules. 347
347. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Petals valvate in bud.
Stamens perigynous. Shrubs or trees. 177. Rhizophoraceae.
Leaves alternate. 348
348. Leaves simple, stipulate. Stamens hypogynous. 141. Tiliaceae.
Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then, as usual, exstipulate.
Shrubs or trees. 117. Burseraceae.
349. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous. 350
Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 352
350. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 6-toothed involucre. Petals 5. Disc cup-shaped.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Leptochlaena, 140. Chlaenaceae.
Sepals 4-6. Disc ring- or cushion-shaped or reduced to separate scales or wanting. 351
351. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Filaments usually provided with an appendage.
Leaves usually compound. 113. Zygophyllaceae.
Stigmas 5. Filaments without an appendage. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected. Fruit beaked, splitting into 5 nutlets. 107. Geraniaceae.
352. Flowers irregular, 4-merous. Disc outside the stamens, one-sided, sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-3-celled. Leaves pinnate. 134. Sapindaceae.
Flowers regular. 353
353. Bark resinous. Leaves rarely dotted. Ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscing. Seeds exalbuminous.

117. Burseraceae.
Bark not resinous. Leaves gland-dotted. Ovules usually ascending. 115. Rutaceae.
354. (344.) Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves stipulate. 355
Sepals imbricate in bud. 356
355. Leaves opposite or whorled. Petals toothed or slit, valvate in bud. 177. Rhizophoraceae.
Leaves alternate. Petals nearly always imbricate in bud. 144. Sterculiaceae.
356. Stigmas 5. Ovary lobed. Sepals and petals imbricate in bud. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves simple, stipulate. 107. Geraniaceae.
Stigmas 1-3. Shrubs or trees. 357
357. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Petals with contorted aestivation. Disc wanting. 110. Linaceae.
Leaves exstipulate. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. 358
358. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. Disc wanting. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.
Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then ovary 4-20-celled.
Disc usually present. 118. Meliaceae.
359. (343.) Petals with valvate aestivation. Trees or shrubs. 360
Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 362
360. Sepals free. Petals and stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Elaeocarpus, 139. Elaeocarpaceae.
Sepals united below. Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. 361
361. Calyx entire or nearly so. Leaves alternate. 145. Scytopetalaceae.
Calyx more or less deeply divided. Leaves opposite or whorled. 177. Rhizophoraceae.
362. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 363
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. 366
363. Leaves exstipulate, undivided, opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal.
Seeds exalbuminous. 149. Guttiferae.
Leaves stipulate. Petals 5. 364
364. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two slits. 141. Tiliaceae.
Filaments evidently united. 365
365. Anthers opening by a single slit. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers opening by two slits. Stigmas 3 or 5. Dombeya, 144. Sterculiaceae.
366. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. 367
Stem woody throughout. Leaves undivided. 368
367. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas
1-3. Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves entire. 154. Cistaceae.
Sepals and petals with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 15. Ovary 5-celled.
Stigmas 5. Fruit opening septicidally. Leaves stipulate. 107. Geraniaceae.
368. Leaves stipulate. 369
Leaves exstipulate. 370
369. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 3-5-toothed involucre. Disc cup-shaped.
Fruit dehiscent. Sarcochlaena, 140. Chlaenaceae.
Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Fruit indehiscent. 150. Dipterocarpaceae.
370. Leaves alternate. Ovules pendulous. 148. Theaceae.
Leaves opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal. 149. Guttiferae.
371. (320.) Stamens as many to twice as many as petals, 4-12. 372
Stamens more than twice as many as petals. 382
372. Filaments free. 373
Filaments obviously united, at least at the base. 377
373. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous. 374
Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 376
374. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 8-10. 98. Cunoniaceae.
Leaves alternate. 375
375. Style 1, 2-3-cleft, with undivided branches. Stamens 5. Disc present.
Sepals imbricate in bud. Petals usually 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe or nut.
Seeds exalbuminous. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
Styles 2, 3, or 5, free or united at the base, usually 2-cleft. Flowers unisexual. Fruit usually a capsule. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
376. Leaves with glandular dots. Petals 4-5. Stamens as many or twice as many. 115. Rutaceae.
Leaves without glandular dots, lobed, opposite. Petals 5. Stamens 8, inserted at the inner edge of the disc. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Acer, 133. Aceraceae.
377. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals.
Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. 378
378. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Sepals imbricate in bud. 379
379. Petals with a callosity or scale on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3-4. Stamens 10. Flowers solitary or in fascicles.
Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees. 112. Erythroxylaceae.
Petals without an appendage on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 5, more rarely 3-4, but then stamens 4-5 or flowers in racemes or panicles. 380
380. Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5. Stamens 10. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Ovary entire. Stamens 4-5 or 10; in the latter case styles 3 or fruit
a drupe. Leaves simple, undivided. 381
381. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Flowers in panicles. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Small trees or climbing shrubs. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.
Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 5, rarely 3-4, but then stamens
4-5 or flowers in cone-like racemes. 110. Linaceae.
382. (371.) Leaves stipulate, alternate. 383
Leaves exstipulate. 386
383. Calyx imbricate in bud, 4-partite. Stamens 10. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers turned outwards, 2-celled. Flowers unisexual. Trees. Heywoodia, 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Calyx valvate in bud. 384
384. Anthers 1-celled (one half only developed). Filaments united. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers 2-celled (both halves developed, but sometimes finally confluent). 385
385. Filaments united at the base or higher up. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Filaments free or united at the base; in the latter case flowers unisexual. 141. Tiliaceae.
386. Leaves opposite, undivided. Ovules ascending or horizontal. Seeds exalbuminous. 149. Guttiferae.
Leaves alternate. 387
387. Sepals 2. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled.
Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules ascending. Style
1, two-cleft. Talinella, 73. Portulacaceae.
Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules pendulous. Styles
3-5, free or united at the base. 388
388. Flowers unisexual, in glomerules. Petals in the male flowers 3, valvate in bud. Anthers 4-celled. Junodia, 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in panicles. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Anthers
2-celled. 148. Theaceae.
389. (319.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with two or more stigmas contiguous at the base, or one sessile stigma. 390
Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not to the base of the stigmas, or two or more free sessile stigmas. 439
390. Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals. 391
Stamens twice as many as the petals or more. 404
391. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 392
Petals, and usually also the stamens, more or less perigynous. Leaves undivided. 399
392. Stamens 7-9, free. Sepals 3 or 5, petals 5, both with contorted aestivation. Flowers regular. Leaves entire. 154. Cistaceae.
Stamens 2-6. 393
393. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Sepals 4, petals 4. Receptacle with glands. Leaves simple, without stipules, but often with auricles at the base. 88. Cruciferae.
Ovary 3- or more-celled. Stamens 4-5. 394
394. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Filaments usually united. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate. 395
Sepals imbricate or open in bud, free or nearly so, rarely evidently united, but then leaves exstipulate. Filaments free; anthers sometimes united. 396
395. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Leaves palmately compound. Trees. Ceiba, 143. Bombacaceae.
Anthers opening by 2 slits or pores. Leaves simple. 144. Sterculiaceae.
396. Anthers united, opening at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc wanting.
Petals 3 or 5. Sepals 3 or 5, one of them spurred. Herbs. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Impatiens, 136. Balsaminaceae.
Anthers free, opening lengthwise. 397
397. Flowers irregular. Stamens usually fewer than the petals. Disc present.
Ovary 4-5-celled. Albumen abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
alternate, pinnate. Melianthus, 135. Melianthaceae.
Flowers regular. Stamens as many as the petals. Albumen scanty or wanting. 398
398. Disc present. Leaves stipulate, usually opposite or compound. 113. Zygophyllaceae.
Disc wanting. Staminodes in bundles alternating with the fertile stamens.
Sepals united below. Leaves exstipulate, alternate, undivided. Thomassetia, 148. Theaceae.
399. (391.) Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. 173. Lythraceae.
Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 400
400. Stem herbaceous. Leaves without glandular dots, exstipulate. Sepals
4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled. Subularia, 88. Cruciferae.
Stem woody. Stamens 3-5, very rarely 6-8, but then sepals 5 and petals 5. 401
401. Leaves with glandular dots, alternate, exstipulate. Stamens 5-8.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Heteropyxis, 180. Myrtaceae.
Leaves without glandular dots. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 3-7-celled. 402
402. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate and then, as usually, stamens 3. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Filaments dilated. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. 130. Hippocrateaceae.
Leaves alternate. Stamens 4-5, inserted below the edge of the disc.
Seeds albuminous. 403
403. Leaves stipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an aril. 129. Celastraceae.
Leaves exstipulate. Ovary 5-7-celled. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without an aril. Brexia, 96. Saxifragaceae.
404. (390.) Stamens twice as many as the petals. 405
Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 416
405. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 406
Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. Leaves undivided. 413
406. Filaments united in a tube, at least at the base. 407
Filaments free, rarely (Rutaceae) united in several bundles. 408
407. Sepals valvate in bud, very rarely at first imbricate; in this case many ovules in each ovary-cell and leaves undivided. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovules few in each ovary-cell, rarely many, but then leaves pinnate. Disc usually distinctly developed. Leaves exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. 118. Meliaceae.
408. Ovary distinctly stalked, entire. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. 87. Capparidaceae.
Ovary sessile or nearly so. 409
409. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate. 141. Tiliaceae.
Calyx with imbricate, contorted, or open aestivation. 410
410. Calyx with contorted aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves undivided.
Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. 154. Cistaceae.
Calyx with imbricate, not contorted, or with open aestivation. Disc ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped. 411
411. Disc outside the stamens. Flowers usually irregular. Seeds with a copious albumen and straight embryo. Shrubs or trees. 135. Melianthaceae.
Disc within the stamens. Flowers regular. 412
412. Leaves with translucent dots, exstipulate. 115. Rutaceae.
Leaves without dots, stipulate. 113. Zygophyllaceae.
413. (405.) Anthers opening by 1-2 apical pores. Leaves opposite or whorled, exstipulate. 181. Melastomataceae.
Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. 414
414. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 173. Lythraceae.
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 415
415. Flowers polygamous, without bracteoles. Calyx shortly lobed. Filaments free. Anthers attached by the base. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves with translucent dots. Psiloxylon, 180. Myrtaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx deeply divided. Anthers attached by the back. Fruit dehiscing loculicidally. Leaves without dots. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.
416. (404.) Petals and stamens hypogynous. 417
Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. 433
417. Stipules present, but sometimes minute and caducous. 418
Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 428
418. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. 419
Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 425
419. Corolla with valvate aestivation. 420
Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 421
420. Petals toothed or laciniate. Anthers opening by a single pore or slit at the apex. Trees. Leaves undivided. Elaeocarpus, 139. Elaeocarpaceae.
Petals entire or emarginate. Anthers opening by 2 pores or slits. 141. Tiliaceae.
421. Ovary distinctly stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Petals with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. 87. Capparidaceae.
Ovary sessile or nearly so. Petals usually with contorted aestivation. 422
422. Anthers 1-celled, opening by 1 slit or pore. Filaments united. Petals
5. 423
Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2, rarely confluent slits or pores. 424
423. Leaves simple. Flowers with an epicalyx. Filaments united to the apex or nearly so. Pollen-grains spiny. 142. Malvaceae.
Leaves palmately compound. Flowers without an epicalyx. Filaments united below. Pollen-grains smooth or nearly so. Trees. 143. Bombacaceae.
424. Filaments more or less united. Staminodes present. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Filaments free, rarely shortly united at the base, but then staminodes absent. 141. Tiliaceae.
425. (418.) Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6.
Ovary sessile or nearly so. Seeds albuminous. Leaves undivided. 426
Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 427
426. Disc present. Ovules inverted. 140. Chlaenaceae.
Disc absent. Ovules usually straight. 154. Cistaceae.
427. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Style awl-shaped. Ovules ascending. Seeds with copious albumen. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided. Sphaerosepalum, 156. Cochlospermaceae.
Ovary stalked. Seeds without albumen. 87. Capparidaceae.
428. (417.) Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. Petals numerous. Ovary
6-or more-celled. Stigma sessile. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. Nuphar, 76. Nymphaeaceae.
Leaves cauline and radical or all cauline, not floating. Petals 4-5. 429
429. Leaves opposite. Calyx with valvate, open, or imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Filaments usually united in several bundles. Seeds exalbuminous. 149. Guttiferae.
Leaves alternate, more rarely (Cistaceae) opposite, but then calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation, filaments free, and seeds albuminous. 430
430. Leaves compound, with 1-3 leaflets, translucently dotted. Sepals united below. Ovary sessile, 5- or more-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. 115. Rutaceae.
Leaves simple, undivided, not dotted, rarely digitate or dotted, but then ovary stalked. 431
431. Ovary stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Disc usually present. Seeds exalbuminous. 87. Capparidaceae.
Ovary sessile. Disc not distinctly developed. Flowers regular. 432
432. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovules usually straight.
Seeds albuminous. 154. Cistaceae.
Sepals and petals 5, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovules inverted or incurved. Trees or shrubs. 148. Theaceae.
433. (416.) Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. 434
Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves undivided. 438
434. Corolla with valvate, calyx with open aestivation. Ovary 3-8-celled.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate, undivided. Trees or shrubs. 145. Scytopetalaceae.
Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case calyx valvate.
Seeds exalbuminous, rarely with scanty albumen, but then leaves digitate. 435
435. Anthers opening by a single slit. Filaments united. Ovary 5-10-celled, slightly sunk in the receptacle. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Trees. 143. Bombacaceae.
Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, rarely digitate, but then ovary stalked and 2-celled. 436
436. Ovary stalked, 2-celled. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate. 87. Capparidaceae.
Ovary sessile. Embryo straight. Leaves undivided, usually opposite. 437
437. Ovary 2-6-celled. 173. Lythraceae.
Ovary 10-20-celled. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments. Petals linear. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Sonneratia, 174. Sonneratiaceae.
438. Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6. Disc present.
Ovary 3-celled. Style present. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, not peltate. 140. Chlaenaceae.
Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Petals numerous. Disc wanting. Ovary 6- or more-celled. Style wanting.
Herbs. Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.
439. (389.) Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 3-10. 440
Stamens numerous. 446
440. Petals and stamens perigynous or inserted at the base of an hypogynous disc. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles free. Seeds albuminous. 441
Petals and stamens hypogynous. Disc wanting. 442
441. Stem herbaceous. Leaves usually radical or alternate and exstipulate.
Placentas thick. Saxifraga, 96. Saxifragaceae.
Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Ovules in two rows. 98. Cunoniaceae.
442. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Filaments free.
Styles free. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. 151. Elatinaceae.
Leaves alternate or all radical. 443
443. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Leaves stipulate. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. 444
444. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Seeds albuminous. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Trees or
shrubs. Leaves undivided. 445
445. Filaments free. Anthers opening at the apex. Style shortly 3-cleft.
Ovules in several rows. Albumen abundant. Bracteoles absent. Clethra, 188. Clethraceae.
Filaments united at the base. Ovules in two rows. Albumen scanty or wanting. Bracteoles present. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.
446. (439.) Petals and stamens perigynous, adnate to the ovary at the base, numerous. Filaments free. Sepals imbricate in bud. Leaves all radical, stipulate. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.
Petals and stamens hypogynous, free from the ovary. Petals 3-9. 447
447. Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. Seeds exalbuminous. 149. Guttiferae.
Leaves alternate. 448
448. Petals 8. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Styles free.
Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen. Herbs. Leaves dissected, exstipulate. Nigella, 78. Ranunculaceae.
Petals 3-5. Filaments united, at least at the base. 449
449. Sepals 5, free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Albumen scanty or wanting.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 148. Theaceae.
Sepals 3-5, valvate or open in bud. Leaves stipulate. 450
450. Anthers opening by a single slit or pore. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 144. Sterculiaceae.
451. (189.) Styles united below or throughout their whole length. 452
Styles entirely free or loosely cohering above. 457
452. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous. Filaments united. Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, stipulate. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 slits or pores. Calyx with imbricate, more rarely with open or valvate aestivation, in the latter case leaves exstipulate. 453
453. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Trees or shrubs. 454
Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. Leaves exstipulate. 456
454. Receptacle more or less elongated. Stamens 10 or more. Fruits drupaceous.
Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, stipulate. 147. Ochnaceae.
Receptacle expanded into a disc. Leaves exstipulate. 455
455. Stamens inserted within the disc. Ovules ascending. 134. Sapindaceae.
Stamens inserted outside the disc. 116. Simarubaceae.
456. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens numerous. Trees or shrubs. 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-10. Leaves translucently dotted. 115. Rutaceae.
457. (451.) Ovules solitary in each carpel. 458
Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 470
458. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. 459
Leaves alternate or the uppermost whorled, or all radical. 462
459. Stamens 3-10. Carpels 3-9. Albumen scanty. Leaves undivided. 460
Stamens numerous. Carpels 2 or many. Albumen abundant. 461
460. Stamens 3-9. Petals white or reddish. Fruit dehiscent. Crassula, 95. Crassulaceae.
Stamens 10. Petals greenish, fleshy. Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs.
Flowers in racemes. Coriaria, 126. Coriariaceae.
461. Carpels 2. Ovules ascending. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds with an aril.
Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Hibbertia, 146. Dilleniaceae.
Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Seeds without an aril. Clematis, 78. Ranunculaceae.
462. Leaves stipulate. 463
Leaves exstipulate. 467
463. Stamens as many as the petals, 3-8, hypogynous or nearly so. Styles terminal. Flowers unisexual. 464
Stamens twice as many as the petals or more, rarely as many as the petals or fewer, but then distinctly perigynous and styles basal. Ovules inverted. 465
464. Stem erect, tree-like. Leaves lobed. Flowers in heads. Ovules pendulous, straight. Fruit dry. Platanus, 102. Platanaceae.
Stem climbing. Leaves undivided. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Ovules laterally affixed, half-inverted. Fruit fleshy. Tiliacora, 80. Menispermaceae.
465. Petals and stamens perigynous. 103. Rosaceae.
Petals and stamens hypogynous. Leaves undivided. 466
466. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, with united filaments. Disc absent. Trees. Christiania, 141. Tiliaceae.
Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Disc present. Shrubs. Astrocarpus, 89. Resedaceae.
467. Disc present. Sepals 2-5. Albumen scanty or wanting. Stem woody. 116. Simarubaceae.
Disc absent. Albumen abundant, rarely scanty or wanting, but then sepals 6 or more. 468
468. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 6 or more. Stamens usually as many as petals or fewer. Fruits drupaceous. Stem usually climbing. Flowers usually in racemes. 80. Menispermaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then sepals
2-3. Stamens usually more than petals. Albumen abundant. 469
469. Stem woody. Leaves entire or toothed. Sepals 2-3. Albumen
ruminate. 81. Anonaceae.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then leaves lobed or dissected and sepals 4 or more. Albumen uniform. 78. Ranunculaceae.
470. (457.) Leaves stipulate. 471
Leaves exstipulate. 474
471. Petals and stamens perigynous. 103. Rosaceae.
Petals and stamens hypogynous. 472
472. Disc one-sided, scale-like. Ovary stalked. Stamens 10-15. Flowers irregular, 5-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Caylusea, 89. Resedaceae.
Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds albuminous. Shrubs or trees. 473
473. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10 or more. Petal-like staminodes within the stamens 5-10. Flowers regular, 5-merous. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Calyx and corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous.
Leaves undivided. 146. Dilleniaceae.
474. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. 475
Stamens numerous, not exactly twice as many as the petals, hypogynous.
Seeds with abundant albumen. 479
475. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous. Albumen abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. 476
476. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely throughout, but then, as usually, ovules numerous. Albumen scanty or wanting. 95. Crassulaceae.
Stem woody throughout. Ovules 2. 477
477. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets, alternate, rarely dotted and then stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous. Ovules ascending, straight. Seeds with an aril. 104. Connaraceae.
Leaves simple or compound; in the latter case, as usually, leaves translucently dotted and stamens 3-5. Ovules inverted. Seeds without an aril. 478
478. Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 3-5. Seeds albuminous, with a thick and hard coat. Fagara, 115. Rutaceae.
Styles basal or nearly so. Stamens 5-10. Seeds exalbuminous, with
a thin coat. Leaves undivided. Suriana, 116. Simarubaceae.
479. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. 480
480. Seeds with an aril. Sepals persistent. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. 146. Dilleniaceae.
Seeds without an aril. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves more or less
deeply divided or compound. 78. Ranunculaceae.
481. (188.) Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 482
Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, rarely 2 or more distinct ovaries. 507
482. Ovules not distinctly differentiated from the placenta. Shrubs parasitic upon trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Calyx-limb little developed.
Petals 2-6, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals.
Stigma 1. Loranthus, 61. Loranthaceae.
Ovules distinctly developed. Herbs or non-parasitic shrubs or trees. 483
483. Ovule 1. 484
Ovules 2 or more. 490
484. Ovule erect, straight. Stigmas 2. Stamens numerous. Petals 3-4.
Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Leaves pinnate. Trees. Juglans, 49. Juglandaceae.
Ovule pendulous, inverted. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, rarely (Alangiaceae) more, but then petals 6-10 and flowers hermaphrodite. 485
485. Filaments wholly united. Anthers 5, twisted. Flowers unisexual.
Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves angled or lobed. Climbing, tendril-bearing plants. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Filaments free or united at the base only. Plants without tendrils. 486
486. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Seed exalbuminous. Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in panicles. 85. Hernandiaceae.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.
Seed albuminous. 487
487. Flowers 4-merous, in racemes or panicles. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. Fruit a drupe. Polyscias, 185. Araliaceae.
Flowers 5-10-merous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected, and then herbs or undershrubs with the flowers in umbels. 488
488. Flowers in umbels. Leaves more or less deeply divided. Herbs or undershrubs. Fruit a nut. 186. Umbelliferae.
Flowers in heads, spikes, or cymes. Leaves undivided. Shrubs or trees. 489.
489. Flowers in cymes. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit a drupe. Embryo large. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.
Flowers in heads or spikes, 5-merous. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit a nut. Embryo small. 100. Bruniaceae.
490. (483.) Ovules basal or inserted on a free central placenta. 491
Ovules parietal or inserted at the apex of the ovary-cell. 499.
491. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, 2-5.
Fruit a berry or a nut. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 492
Flowers hermaphrodite. 493
492. Flowers 4-merous. Styles or sessile stigmas 4, free. Seeds albuminous.
Herbs. Leaves undivided. Laurembergia, 183. Halorrhagaceae.
Flowers 5-merous. Style 1, entire or cleft. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
493. Sepals 2. Fruit opening by a lid. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Portulaca, 73. Portulacaceae.
Sepals 4-8, sometimes united into an entire calyx. Style simple.
Fruit indehiscent. Trees or shrubs, rarely (Bruniaceae) undershrubs. 494
494. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Ovules 2. Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 103. Rosaceae.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 4-16. Leaves undivided. 495
495. Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-16. Leaves opposite or whorled. 496
Stamens as many as the petals, 4-6. Seeds albuminous. 497
496. Leaves stipulate. Petals 5-8, toothed or lobed, valvate in bud. Anthers without appendages. Seeds albuminous. Carallia, 177. Rhizophoraceae.
Leaves exstipulate. Petals usually 4. Anthers with appendages. Seeds exalbuminous. 181. Melastomataceae.
497. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovules pendulous.
Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate. 59. Olacaceae.
Stamens alternating with the petals. Petals imbricate in bud. 498
498. Stigma 1. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.
Stigmas 2. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 100. Bruniaceae.
499. (490.) Ovules apical. 500
Ovules parietal. 502
500. Ovules numerous, affixed to 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Styles 2-3, free. Stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Fruit capsular. Seeds with abundant albumen. Herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. Vahlia, 96. Saxifragaceae.
Ovules 2-6, suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Style 1, entire or cleft. Seeds without albumen. 501
501. Stamens 2-5. Flowers unisexual. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs, usually climbing or prostrate. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Stamens 8 or more, rarely 4-6, but then flowers hermaphrodite. Style simple. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. 179. Combretaceae.
502. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 503
Flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs or trees. Seeds albuminous. 504
503. Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 2-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves well-developed. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Flowers 6-merous. Stamens 12 or more. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
scale-like. Pilostyles, 64. Rafflesiaceae.
504. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, 5. Petals small.
Style 2-cleft. Ovary inferior. Ovules many. Fruit a berry. Leaves lobed. Ribes, 96. Saxifragaceae.
Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or in greater number. Style simple, more rarely divided, but then ovary half-inferior. Leaves undivided or wanting. 505
505. Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary inferior. Style simple, with several stigmas. Fruit a berry. Succulent, usually leafless plants. 167. Cactaceae.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, or collected in several bundles. Ovary half-inferior. Style simple with an entire or slightly lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided into 2-6 branches. Leafy plants. 506
506. Petals 5-6, lobed or slit, valvate in bud. Stamens twice their number.
Style simple. Ovules 6. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite or whorled. Ceriops, 177. Rhizophoraceae.
Petals 4-8, imbricate in bud. Stamens placed singly or in pairs or bundles opposite the petals; if in pairs or bundles, then style divided.
Fruit a capsule. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
507. (481.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 508
Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. 527
508. Ovules erect or ascending. 509
Ovules pendulous or descending. 513
509. Stamens 10 or more. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary 4-10-celled. Styles or style-branches 2-10. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate. 103. Rosaceae.
Stamens 2-5. 510
510. Flowers 2-merous. Herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Circaea, 182. Oenotheraceae.
Flowers 4-5-merous. 511
511. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the petals, 3.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary-cells and stigmas 3. Flowers unisexual.
Tendril-bearing herbs. Leaves alternate. Cayaponia, 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. 512
512. Stamens alternating with the petals. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 129. Celastraceae.
Stamens opposite the petals. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 137. Rhamnaceae.
513. (508.) Ovary 2-celled. 514
Ovary 3-15-celled. 522
514. Style 1, with a single stigma. Flowers 4-merous. 515
Style 1, with 2-3 stigmas, or styles 2. 517
515. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite, in cymes. Fruit a berry.
Seeds exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Pimenta, 180. Myrtaceae.
Stamens 4. 516
516. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Cornus, 187. Cornaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary. Fruit a nut. Seeds exalbuminous.
Herbs. Leaves radical. Trapa, 182. Oenotheraceae.
517. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Stigmas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Kissenia, 164. Loasaceae.
Stamens as many as the petals. Stigmas 2. Seeds albuminous. 518
518. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut, and then ovary half-inferior. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers in heads or head-like spikes, rarely in racemes or panicles. 519
Fruit a schizocarp (splitting into 2 nutlets), a nut, or a drupe. Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then leaves compound or divided.
Flowers in umbels, more rarely in heads, whorls, spikes, racemes, or panicles. 520
519. Leaves stipulate. Flowers usually 4-merous. Styles 2, free. Fruit a capsule. Albumen scanty. 101. Hamamelidaceae.
Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then style 1. Flowers 5-merous.
Petals clawed, imbricate in bud. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Albumen abundant. 100. Bruniaceae.
520. Fruit a schizocarp splitting into two nutlets, rarely a nut, and then, as usually, stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers 5-merous.
Epigynous disc usually 2-parted. Styles free. 186. Umbelliferae.
Fruit a drupe or a nut. Stem woody throughout. Epigynous disc usually entire. 521
521. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided. Flowers in umbels, spikes, or racemes. Ovules with ventral raphe. 185. Araliaceae.
Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Ovules with dorsal raphe. Fruit a drupe. 187. Cornaceae.
522. (513.) Stem herbaceous. Fruit dry. 523
Stem woody. Fruit more or less succulent. 524
523. Flowers 4-merous. Stamens 2-8. Fruit indehiscent or splitting into
2-4 nutlets. Seeds albuminous. Leaves exstipulate. Water-plants. Myriophyllum, 183. Halorrhagaceae.
Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.
Leaves stipulate. Land-plants. 103. Rosaceae.
524. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided, rarely the upper ones undivided, and then ovary-cells and styles 5. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in spikes or racemes. Stamens as many as petals, 4-16,
rarely twice their number, 10. 185. Araliaceae.
Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or fascicles. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles 1-4. 525
525. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Style simple. Flowers in racemes or fascicles. 59. Olacaceae.
Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many. 526
526. Stamens as many as the petals, 4-10. Seeds albuminous. 187. Cornaceae.
Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-8, but the alternate ones sometimes without anthers. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Styles 3-4.
Flowers polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. 177. Rhizophoraceae.
527. (507.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. 528
Ovules more than 4 in each ovary-cell. 537
528. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer. 529
Stamens twice as many as the petals or more. 533
529. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the petals,
2-4. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual. Ovary inferior. Usually herbaceous and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, free or nearly so. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. 530
530. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovary inferior.
Style simple; stigma entire. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Olinia, 170. Oliniaceae.
Stamens alternating with the petals. Ovary usually half-inferior. Leaves opposite, but stipulate, or alternate. 531
531. Leaves exstipulate, alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous. Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a minute embryo and abundant albumen. 100. Bruniaceae.
Leaves stipulate. 532
532. Calyx large. Petals 5, usually two-cleft. Stigmas 2-3. Ovules pendulous.
Fruit indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
Calyx small. Petals imbricate in bud. Style simple or wanting. Ovules erect, rarely pendulous, but then leaves, at least those of the flowering branches, opposite. 129. Celastraceae.
533. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Style 1. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. 177. Rhizophoraceae.
Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. 534
534. Style 1, with a single stigma. Ovules in the whole ovary 4 or more.
Leaves exstipulate. 535

Style 1, with 2-5 stigmas, or styles 2-5. Sepals 5. Leaves alternate. 536
535. Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. Sepals 4-5. Filaments free or united into several bundles. 180. Myrtaceae.
Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a cup at the base. Fruit indehiscent. 176. Lecythidaceae.
536. Stipules absent. Calyx with open aestivation. Filaments collected in
5 bundles. Ovules in the whole ovary 3, pendulous. Style entire or cleft at the top. Fruit a nut. Kissenia, 164. Loasaceae.
Stipules present. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Ovules ascending.
Style more or less deeply divided. Fruit a berry or a drupe. 103. Rosaceae.
537. (527.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more stigmas contiguous at their base. 538
Styles 2-20, free or united below, the stigmas not contiguous at the base. 546
538. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or fewer, 2-16. 539
Stamens more than twice as many as the petals, or stamens and petals very numerous. 543
539. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by coalescence), rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, herbs with tendrils. Leaves alternate. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Fruit usually succulent and indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Herbs without tendrils, or woody plants. 540
540. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens twice as many, rarely as many as the petals; in the latter case leaves with small stipules. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds exalbuminous. 182. Oenotheraceae.
Sepals imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then either stamens as many as the petals, leaves without stipules, and seeds albuminous, or anthers opening by apical pores. 541
541. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, exstipulate, usually with several longitudinal nerves. Filaments bent down in bud. Anthers usually opening by apical pores. Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. 181. Melastomataceae.
Leaves alternate. Stamens as many as the petals. Fruit capsular.
Seeds albuminous. 542
542. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers or inflorescences in the axils of the leaves or terminal. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 224. Campanulaceae.
Stem woody throughout. Flowers or inflorescences in the axils or on the surface of the leaves. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an aril. 129. Celastraceae.
543. Petals numerous. Stigmas 4-20. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.
Petals 4-8. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 544
544. Sepals 5-8, red, with valvate aestivation. Petals crumpled in the bud.
Ovules at first basal, finally parietal. Leaves not dotted. Punica, 175. Punicaceae.
Sepals 2-4, rarely more, but then with imbricate, open, or closed aestivation.
Ovules axile. 545
545. Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a cup at the base. 176. Lecythidaceae.
Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. 180. Myrtaceae.
546. (537.) Stamens 2-10. 547
Stamens numerous. 548
547. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by coalescence), more rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, tendril-bearing herbs. Styles usually 3. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual or polygamous.
Fruit more or less berry-like. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, and then styles 2 and stem woody, or twice as many. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous, rarely exalbuminous, but then flowers 4-merous. 96. Saxifragaceae.
548. Petals 3-5. Seeds exalbuminous. 549
Petals numerous. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. 550
549. Flowers unisexual. Sepals and petals not distinctly differentiated, together
8-9. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. Begonia, 165. Begoniaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals distinctly differentiated, together 10. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Shrubs. Cydonia, 103. Rosaceae.
550. Sepals nearly hypogynous, 4. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments.
Fruit bursting irregularly. Embryo straight. Leaves radical, floating, peltate or cordate. Flowers solitary. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.
Sepals epigynous, usually 5. Ovules basal or parietal. Fruit opening loculicidally. Embryo curved. Leaves not floating. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.
551. (52.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 552
Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 728
552. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 553
Ovaries 2 or more, separate or cohering at the base only. 719
553. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 554
Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, at least at the time of flowering (sometimes incompletely septate in the bud). 604
554. Ovule 1. 555
Ovules 2 or more. 570
555. Ovule erect or ascending. 556
Ovule pendulous or descending. Style simple. 564
556. Style 1, entire or cleft at the top into 2 or more stigmas (or branches stigmatose on the inside). 557
Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Stamens 5, opposite the petals. 563
557. Stamens free from the corolla or inserted on its base. 558
Stamens inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the corolla. 561
558. Corolla (or corolla-like perianth) with valvate or folded aestivation.
Leaves exstipulate. 69. Nyctaginaceae.
Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case leaves stipulate. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 559
559. Flowers 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Herbs. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Cometes, 75. Caryophyllaceae.
Flowers 4-merous. Stigma 1. 560
560. Flowers unisexual, solitary or in fascicles. Seeds albuminous. Herbs.
Leaves all radical, exstipulate. Litorella, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in racemes or panicles. Seeds exalbuminous.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Salvadora, 131. Salvadoraceae.
561. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Leaves whorled.
Shrubs. 205. Verbenaceae.
Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 562
562. Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla (or the petaloid staminodes). Seeds albuminous. 68. Amarantaceae.
Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla (or petaloid perianth), 4.
Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees. 55. Proteaceae.
563. (556.) Sepals 2. Anthers turned outwards. Styles 3. Seeds with curved embryo. 74. Basellaceae.
Sepals 5. Anthers turned inwards. Styles 5. Seeds with straight embryo. 192. Plumbaginaceae.
564. Petals in the male flowers 2-4, united below, in the female 1-2, free.
Sepals in the male flowers 4, in the female 1-2. Stamens 4-10, with united filaments. 80. Menispermaceae.
Petals united below in the flowers of both sexes, or flowers hermaphrodite. 565
565. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the calyx or corolla, 4. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Flowers 5-merous, irregular. Seeds albuminous. 566
Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely
(Ericaceae) fewer, but then only 3. 567
566. Ovary 1-celled from the beginning. Stigma 2-lobed, rarely entire, and then corolla-lobes very unequal. 215. Globulariaceae.
Ovary originally 2-celled, one cell becoming rudimentary. Stigma entire.
Corolla-lobes almost equal. Microdon, 208. Scrophulariaceae.
567. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla (or corolla-like perianth), 4, inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the corolla. Corolla valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. 55. Proteaceae.
Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer or more numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla or free from it. 568
568. Stamens 10, perigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits.
Flowers regular. 171. Thymelaeaceae.
Stamens 3-8, hypogynous. 569
569. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4. Corolla-lobes 3-4. Anthers opening by two pores or slits. Seeds albuminous. 189. Ericaceae.
Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Corolla-lobes 3 or 5. Stamens 8. Anthers opening by a single pore or slit. Seeds exalbuminous. Securidaca, 120. Polygalaceae.
570. (554.) Ovules 2. 571
Ovules 3 or more. 578
571. Stamens 4, fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Flowers irregular.
Leaves opposite. 572
Stamens 3 or more, as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. 573
572. Anthers opening by pores. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in clusters. Afromendoncia, 216. Acanthaceae.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule or nut. Seeds albuminous. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary. Linariopsis, 210. Pedaliaceae.
573. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 4-5. Leaves simple, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular. 574
Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number, but then, as usually, leaves compound. 576
574. Stamens opposite to the divisions of the corolla. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovules ascending. Leaves stipulate. Waltheria, 144. Sterculiaceae.
Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla. Leaves exstipulate. 575
575. Ovules erect. Style 2-parted, rarely simple, and then herbs. Calyx with imbricate, corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 202. Convolvulaceae.
Ovules pendulous. Style simple or wanting. Shrubs or trees. 132. Icacinaceae.
576. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, but fewer than twice as many, 4-7, usually 6. Anthers opening by pores. Corolla 4-lobed.
Leaves whorled, undivided, linear. Salaxis, 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the divisions of the corolla, or more.
Leaves alternate. 577
577. Corolla regular, 5-partite, with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10, five of them sometimes sterile. Ovules erect, straight. Shrubs or trees.
Leaves compound, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles or racemes. Connarus, 104. Connaraceae.
Corolla regular, with valvate aestivation, or irregular. Ovules inverted.
Leaves usually stipulate. 105. Leguminosae.
578. (570.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a free central placenta. 579
Ovules parietal. 587
579. Ovules 3, pendulous. Style simple. Fertile stamens as many as and opposite the corolla-lobes, 5-6, or fewer, 3. Flowers regular. Fruit
a drupe. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Olax, 59. Olacaceae.
Ovules 3, ascending, or more. 580
580. Style 3-cleft. Stamens more than corolla-lobes, 8-30, rarely fewer, 3.
Sepals 2. Corolla-lobes 5. Herbs or undershrubs. 73. Portulacaceae.
Style simple or 2-cleft, rarely (Caryophyllaceae) 3-cleft, but then sepals, corolla-lobes and stamens 5 each. 581
581. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, 3-7. Style simple. 582
Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer or more numerous. 583
582. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. 191. Primulaceae.
Fruit a nut, berry, or drupe. Shrubs or trees, very rarely herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves alternate, gland-dotted. 190. Myrsinaceae.
583. Stamens 5. Flowers regular. 584
Stamens 2, 4, or 8. 585
584. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Corolla deeply divided, with imbricate aestivation. Styles 1 or 3. Herbs or undershrubs. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Styles 1-2. 202. Convolvulaceae.
585. Stamens 4, free from the corolla, or 8. Flowers regular, 4-merous. Stigma
1. Seeds albuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves whorled, narrow. 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, or 2. 586
586. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stamens 2. Style wanting. Sepals
2 or 5. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves alternate or all radical.
Herbs. 214. Lentibulariaceae.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Style present. Ovules 4.
Leaves opposite or whorled. 205. Verbenaceae.
587. (578.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. Style simple. Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. Leaves alternate, compound or reduced to the dilated petiole. 105. Leguminosae.
Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 588.
588. Style simple or 2-cleft. 589
Style 3-10-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. 603
589. Fertile stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-4. 590
Fertile stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. 595
590. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3. Corolla-lobes 4. Stigma 2-cleft. Herbs.
Leaves opposite, undivided. 199. Gentianaceae.
Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 591
591. Fertile stamens 2. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers irregular. 592
Fertile stamens 4. 594
592. Seeds 4, with thin albumen. Fruit a capsule with a drupaceous rind
Ovules 4-16. Stigma 2-parted. Staminodes 3. Martynia, 211. Martyniaceae.
Seeds numerous, without albumen. Ovules numerous. 593
593. Disc wanting. Ovary and fruit ovate. Placentas little projecting.
Staminodes none. Small water-plants. Leaves opposite. Dintera, 208. Scrophulariaceae.
Disc rarely wanting, and then ovary and fruit linear or oblong and placentas much projecting. 213. Gesneraceae.
594. Placentas 2. Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound. 209. Bignoniaceae.
Placentas 4. Fruit a capsule. Seeds albuminous. Herbs without green colour. Leaves scale-like. Flowers irregular. 212. Orobanchaceae.
595. (589.) Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 3-8. 596
Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla, 7 or more.
Shrubs or trees. 600
596. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened, often 2-lobed apex. Placentas
2. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Flowers regular or nearly so,
5-, rarely 4-merous. Juice milky. 200. Apocynaceae.
Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Juice not milky. 597
597. Leaves and stem without green colour; stem herbaceous, leaves scale-like.
Flowers irregular. Stamens 4. Placentas 4. 212. Orobanchaceae.
Leaves green, rarely (Gentianaceae) without green colour, but then flowers regular, stamens 5 and placentas 2. 598
598. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Stem woody. Bark resinous.
Flowers regular, 5-merous. Stigma 1. Pittosporum, 97. Pittosporaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate or all radical, but then stem herbaceous. 599
599. Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, usually stipulate. Flowers
4-merous. 198. Loganiaceae.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then flowers 5-merous. Leaves exstipulate. 199. Gentianaceae.
600. Stamens 7-18, with united filaments. Placentas 3-5. 601
Stamens 23 or more, with free filaments. Leaves undivided. 602
601. Sepals 3. Corolla-lobes 4-6. Stamens 7-9 or 14-18. Anthers opening outwards. Cinnamosma, 157. Winteranaceae.
Sepals 4-5. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. 118. Meliaceae.
602. Corolla-lobes 6. Sepals 3. Filaments and styles very short. Placentas numerous, confluent. Albumen abundant, ruminate. 81. Anonaceae.
Corolla-lobes 11-14. Sepals 2-4. Filaments and styles long. Placentas
2, two-cleft. Albumen scanty, uniform. Hoplestigma, 194. Hoplestigmataceae.
603. (588.) Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 3-5. Fruit a capsule.
Herbs or undershrubs. 162. Achariaceae.
Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, 10. Fruit a berry. Trees. Carica, 163. Caricaceae.
604. (553.) Ovary 2-celled. 605
Ovary 3- or more-celled. 669
605. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 606
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 621
606. Ovules erect or ascending. 607
Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal. 611
607. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 608
Fertile stamens 5 or 6. 609
608. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous. Fruit capsular. 216. Acanthaceae.
Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle. 205. Verbenaceae.
609. Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening outwards.
Stigma 1. Trees or shrubs. 193. Sapotaceae.
Stamens alternate with the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening inward. 610
610. Stigma 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Rochelia, 204. Borraginaceae.
Stigmas 2. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Gaertnera, 219. Rubiaceae.
611. (606.) Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 612
Fertile stamens 5 or more. 618
612. Stamens 4, free from the corolla. Corolla regular or nearly so, 2-4-lobed.
Seeds with abundant albumen. 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens inserted on the corolla. 613
613. Corolla scarious, regular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 1. Fruit opening by a lid. Seeds albuminous. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Corolla not scarious, more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens
2 or stigmas 2. 614
614. Corolla regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells. Disc wanting. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs. Leaves compound, but sometimes with a single leaflet. Jasminum, 197. Oleaceae.
Corolla more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens 4. Leaves simple. 615
615. Flowers regular. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Style 2-cleft.
Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves alternate. Wellstedia, 204. Borraginaceae.
Flowers more or less irregular. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then anthers opening by a single slit or pore. 616
616. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Anthers opening by a single slit or pore. Seeds albuminous. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled. 617
617. Fruit a capsule. Seeds borne on a hook-like process of the funicle, exalbuminous. 216. Acanthaceae.
Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds not on a hook-like process of the funicle, albuminous. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Herbs. 205. Verbenaceae.
618. (611.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Stamens united at the base with one another and with the corolla. Anthers opening by a single pore. 120. Polygalaceae.
Flowers regular or nearly so. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 619
619. Flowers unisexual. Stamens free from the corolla. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves undivided. 620
620. Calyx and corolla of 2-4 divisions each. Stamens 6-8, free from the corolla or nearly so. 189. Ericaceae.
Calyx and corolla of 5 divisions each. Stamens 5, attached to the corolla; filaments free. Stigmas 2. 200. Apocynaceae.
621. (605.) Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 622
Ovules 3 or more in each cell of the ovary. 640
622. Fertile stamens 2-3. 623
Fertile stamens 4-30. 626
623. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells, rarely 3.
Disc wanting. 197. Oleaceae.
Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens not regularly alternating with the ovary-cells. 624
624. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Style 2-cleft. Petals 2-cleft. Seeds exalbuminous.
Trees or shrubs. Tapura, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
Leaves exstipulate, opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then, as
nearly always, style simple. 625
625. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous. 216. Acanthaceae.
Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, albuminous. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
626. (622.) Fertile stamens 4. 627
Fertile stamens 5-30. 634
627. Corolla with 4 divisions. 628
Corolla with 5 divisions. 632
628. Flowers more or less irregular. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, without stipules. 216. Acanthaceae.
Flowers regular. Seeds albuminous. 629
629. Corolla scarious, regular. Stigma entire. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves sessile. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Corolla not scarious. 630
630. Leaves alternate. Styles or stigmas 2. Ovules erect 202. Convolvulaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled. Shrubs or trees. 631
631. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges. 198. Loganiaceae.
Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base. 197. Oleaceae.
632. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Flowers regular or nearly so.
Corolla white. Stigma entire or 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. 217. Myoporaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely the upper ones alternate, but then flowers irregular, stigma 2-partite and fruit a capsule or nut. 633
633. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. 210. Pedaliaceae.
Seeds without albumen. 216. Acanthaceae.
634. (626.) Stamens 5. 635
Stamens 8-30. 639
635. Style (or styles) stigmatose beneath the thickened and sometimes 2-lobed apex. Corolla with contorted aestivation. 200. Apocynaceae.
Style (or styles) stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 636
636. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate or connected by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. 198. Loganiaceae.
Leaves alternate. 637
637. Ovules erect. Corolla lobed or nearly entire, usually folded in bud. 202. Convolvulaceae.
Ovules pendulous. Styles or stigmas 2. Corolla lobed, but imbricate in bud, or deeply divided. Shrubs or trees. 638
638. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in axillary cymes or panicles. Fruit a drupe. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or heads. Fruit a capsule. Lonchostoma, 100. Bruniaceae.
639. Stamens 8. Style 1. Flowers hermaphrodite. Salaxis, 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens 10-30. Styles 2. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Euclea, 195. Ebenaceae.
640. (621.) Fertile stamens 1-4. 641
Fertile stamens 5-16. 658
641. Flowers more or less irregular. 642
Flowers regular. 652
642. Leaves opposite or whorled. 643
Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. 648
643. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. 198. Loganiaceae.
Leaves rarely with stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base, and then herbs or undershrubs. 644
644. Seeds with distinctly developed albumen. 645
Seeds with very scanty albumen or without any. 646
645. Seeds with funicles provided with a wart-like outgrowth. Placentas remaining attached to the beaked and recurved valves of the capsule.
Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla-lobes
5, with descending aestivation. Anther-halves not confluent. Stigma lobed. Flowers in spikes. 216. Acanthaceae.
Seeds without an outgrowth from the funicle or without a funicle. Placentas usually separating from the valves of the capsule. Disc more or less distinctly developed. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
646. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. Stamens 4. 210. Pedaliaceae.
Seeds without albumen. 647
647. Seeds borne on a large hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, rarely on a small cushion-shaped one, and then herbs. Fruit a capsule, the valves bearing the split dissepiment. Ovules usually few. Leaves simple. 216. Acanthaceae.
Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, more or less distinctly winged or marginate. Fruit a capsule, the valves usually separating from the more or less dilated dissepiment, or a nut or berry. Ovules numerous. Stamens 4. Leaves usually compound. Shrubs or trees. 209. Bignoniaceae.
648 (642.) Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary usually placed obliquely to the median plane of the flower. 207. Solanaceae.
Corolla with imbricate, not folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary usually placed transversely to the median plane of the flower. 649
640. Fruit a drupe. Ovules in each ovary-cell 4-6, in pairs placed one above the other. Stigma 1. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.
Shrubs. Oftia, 217. Myoporaceae.
Fruit a capsule, nut, or berry. Ovules usually numerous. 650
650. Seeds exalbuminous, usually horizontal and winged. Ovules numerous.
Stigmas 2. Stamens 4. Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually compound. 209. Bignoniaceae.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected. 651
651. Albumen very thin, nearly membranous. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 2.
Stamens 4. Plants with glandular hairs. Lower leaves opposite. 210. Pedaliaceae.
Albumen distinctly developed. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
652. (641.) Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 4. 653
Corolla with valvate or imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 654
653. Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees. 200. Apocynaceae.
Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. 199. Gentianaceae.
654. Corolla scarious. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1. Fruit dehiscing by a lid. Flowers in spikes or heads. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Corolla not scarious. Fruit dehiscing lengthwise or indehiscent. 655
655. Anthers with confluent halves, opening by a transverse slit. Disc more or less distinctly developed. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
Anthers with distinct halves, opening by two longitudinal slits or apical pores. 656
656. Leaves alternate, simple, but sometimes dissected. Corolla usually folded in bud. Partition of the ovary usually placed obliquely to the median plane of the flower. Ovules generally numerous. 207. Solanaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then compound.
Corolla not folded. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. 657
657. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges, simple, opposite or whorled. Ovules usually numerous. 198. Loganiaceae.
Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base.
Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc none. 197. Oleaceae.
658. (640.) Leaves opposite or whorled. 659
Leaves alternate. 662
659. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. 198. Loganiaceae.
Leaves without stipules, but sometimes connected by transverse lines; in this case herbs or undershrubs. Stamens 5. 660
660. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose at the entire apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs growing upon trees. Dermatobotrys, 208. Scrophulariaceae.
Corolla with contorted aestivation. 661
661. Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. 199. Gentianaceae.
Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees. 200. Apocynaceae.
662. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 663
Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 665
663. Stamens free from the corolla. Herbs. Lightfootia, 224. Campanulaceae.
Stamens attached to the corolla. 664
664. Corolla almost entire, somewhat irregular. Trees. Humbertia, 202. Convolvulaceae.
Corolla lobed, rarely almost entire, but then herbs or undershrubs. 207. Solanaceae.
665. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened and sometimes 2-lobed apex. 200. Apocynaceae.
Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style (or styles) stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 666
666. Styles 2, free or united at the base. Disc wanting. Corolla regular
Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. Herbs or undershrubs. 203. Hydrophyllaceae.
Style 1, undivided. 667
667. Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Stigmas 2.
Corolla slightly irregular. Shrubs. 209. Bignoniaceae.
Seeds not winged, albuminous. 668
668. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit a capsule opening lengthwise. Stigma
1. Corolla slightly irregular; tube short. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
Seeds with curved embryo. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid, or a berry.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. 207. Solanaceae.
669. (604.) Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell 670
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 685
670. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer. 671
Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. 679
671. Flowers unisexual, regular. Corolla divided almost to the base. Disc wanting. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. 672
672. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers irregular. 120. Polygalaceae.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the apex; in the latter case ovary 4-celled. 673
673. Stamens free from the corolla or scarcely adhering to it, 4. Flowers regular. 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. 674
674. Corolla scarious, 4-lobed, regular. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1.
Ovules pendulous or laterally affixed. Fruit opening by a lid. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Corolla not scarious. 675
675. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation, regular. Stamens 5. Leaves alternate. 202. Convolvulaceae.
Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 676
676. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Ovules with the micropyle directed upwards. Leaves, all or the upper ones, alternate, undivided.
Inflorescences cymose, usually one-sided and coiled when young. 204. Borraginaceae.
Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number, but then ovules with the micropyle directed downwards and leaves opposite or whorled. 677
677. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided. Corolla regular,
5-lobed. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Ovules pendulous, the micropyle directed upwards. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Myoporum, 217. Myoporaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then corolla 2-lipped.
Ovules with the micropyle directed downwards. 678
678. Ovary deeply divided, more rarely slightly lobed, and then, as usually, fruit dry. Inflorescence composed of sometimes one-flowered cymes arranged in false whorls. 206. Labiatae.
Ovary entire, rarely slightly lobed, and then fruit succulent, drupaceous.
Inflorescence usually of the racemose type. 205. Verbenaceae.
679. (670.) Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous.
Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves simple, stipulate. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers 2-celled. 680
680. Style 1, undivided. 681
Styles 2 or more, free or partially united. 683
681. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, 4-8. Fruit a capsule or nut. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla; in the latter case, 12 or more. Fruit a berry. 682
682. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Leaves pinnate. Leea, 138. Vitaceae.
Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Leaves undivided. 193. Sapotaceae.
683. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Corolla 5-partite. Stamens 10.
Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5, free. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous, rarely hermaphrodite, but then sepals
united below and ovary-cells twice as many as the styles. 684
684. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs or trees. Flowers solitary or in cymes, axillary. Corolla with contorted or valvate aestivation. 195. Ebenaceae.
Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then herbs or undershrubs, and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Flowers in racemes or panicles, unisexual. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
685. (669.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 686
Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 701
686. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer. 687
Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. 693
687. Stamens 4. 688
Stamens 5-7, rarely (Dichapetalaceae) 2-3 only fertile. 691
688. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed. Seeds with scanty albumen. Herbs. Leaves opposite, lobed, stipulate. Pretrea, 210. Pedaliaceae.
Corolla regular, 4-lobed or 4-parted. Seeds with abundant albumen.
Leaves opposite and exstipulate, or alternate. 689
689. Flowers unisexual. Corolla deeply divided. Fruit a drupe. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruit a capsule or nut. 690
690. Stamens free from the corolla or slightly adhering to it at the base. 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
691. Ovary 4-8-celled. Disc wanting. Corolla deeply divided. Flowers unisexual. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.
Ovary 3-celled. Disc present. 692
692. Corolla folded in the bud. Ovules erect. Seeds albuminous. Ipomoea, 202. Convolvulaceae.
Corolla not folded in the bud. Ovules pendulous. Stigmas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate. 121. Dichapetalaceae.
693. (686.) Stamens as many to twice as many as the divisions of the corolla. 694
Stamens more than twice as many as the divisions of the corolla. 698
694. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Leaves exstipulate, rarely (Oxalidaceae) stipulate, but then sepals free and imbricate in bud. 695
695. Style 1, undivided. 696
Styles 2-8, free or partially united. 697
696. Stamens 8-10; filaments united; anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 118. Meliaceae.
Stamens 4-8; filaments free, rarely united, but then anthers opening by
apical pores. Leaves undivided. 189. Ericaceae.
697. Sepals free. Corolla deeply divided. Stamens 10. Filaments united in a cup at the base. Styles 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.
Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Sepals united below. Filaments free or united in several bundles. Shrubs or trees. 195. Ebenaceae.
698. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base.
Shrubs or trees. 195. Ebenaceae.
Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then style 1, undivided. 699
699. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Style simple. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. 145. Scytopetalaceae.
Corolla with contorted, calyx with valvate aestivation. 700
700. Anthers 1-celled. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers 2-celled. 144. Sterculiaceae.
701. (685.) Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer. 702
Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. 708
702. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Flowers irregular.
Albumen scanty. 703
Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 704
703. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stigma 1. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves whorled. Shrubs. Bowkeria, 208. Scrophulariaceae.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. 210. Pedaliaceae.
704. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 705
Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 706
705. Leaves opposite or whorled. Calyx and corolla with valvate aestivation.
Ovary 5-7-celled. Embryo straight. Shrubs. Roussea, 96. Saxifragaceae.
Leaves alternate. Corolla with folded aestivation. Embryo curved. 207. Solanaceae.
706. Stamens free from the corolla or adhering to it at the base. 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens attached on the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube. 707
707. Fruit a capsule. Disc wanting. Stamens 4. Leaves without stipules. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Fruit a berry or a drupe. Leaves opposite or whorled, provided with stipules or connected by transverse lines at the base. Shrubs or trees. 198. Loganiaceae.
708. (701.) Stamens 3-12. 709
Stamens numerous. 714
709. Flowers unisexual. Fruit a berry. Trees or shrubs. 710
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 711
710. Flowers monoecious. Calyx subentire. Corolla of the male flowers
with a long tube, of the female ones with free petals. Staminodes absent in the female flowers. Ovary sessile. Style short. Stigmas 5.
Leaves lobed. Cylicomorpha, 163. Caricaceae.
Flowers dioecious. Calyx of free sepals. Corolla with a short tube.
Staminodes present in the female flowers. Ovary shortly stalked. Style long. Stigma 1, lobed. Leaves undivided. Cercopetalum, 87. Capparidaceae.
711. Styles 5, free. Stamens 10, united at the base. Calyx with imbricate, corolla with contorted, aestivation. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Style 1, simple or divided; in the latter case calyx with valvate aestivation. 712
712. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. 189. Ericaceae.
Leaves stipulate. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, aestivation. 713
713. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit, twisted, 5. Leaves digitate.
Trees. Ceiba, 143. Bombacaceae.
Anthers 2-celled, opening by two slits or pores. 144. Sterculiaceae.
714. (708.) Corolla of numerous divisions. Styles 5. Leaves without stipules.
Herbs. Orygia, 72. Aizoaceae.
Corolla of 5 divisions.

715
715. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Shrubs or trees. 145. Scytopetalaceae.
Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 716
716. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, aestivation. Leaves stipulate. 717
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs or trees. 719
717. Anthers 2-celled. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Anthers 1-celled. Filaments united. Embryo curved. 718
718. Leaves palmately compound. Trees. 143. Bombacaceae.
Leaves simple. 142. Malvaceae.
719. Stamens 15. Style simple, with 5 stigmas. Albumen abundant. Ficalhoa, 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens more than 15. Albumen scanty or wanting. 148. Theaceae.
720. (552.) Style 1, or styles 2 or more, united at the base or apex. 721
Styles 2 or more, entirely free. 725
721. Stamens numerous. Filaments united. Anthers 1-celled. Ovaries 5 or more. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves stipulate. 142. Malvaceae.
Stamens 2-5. Ovaries 2-5. 722
722. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Flowers usually irregular.
Leaves usually opposite or whorled. 206. Labiatae.
Fertile stamens 5. Flowers usually regular. 723
723. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Style or style-branches stigmatose at the apex
or between the apical lobes. Disc present. Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate. 204. Borraginaceae.
Ovaries 2, rarely 3 or 5, very rarely 4, but then 2-ovuled. Style or styles stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Leaves usually opposite. 724
724. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with and adhering to the anthers. Styles 2, united at the top. Pollen-grains cohering.
Disc wanting. 201. Asclepiadaceae.
Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the anthers.
Styles partially or wholly united. Pollen-grains free. 200. Apocynaceae.
725. Styles 2. Ovaries 2 or 4. Ovules together 4. Stamens 5. Corolla with folded or valvate aestivation. Herbs. 202. Convolvulaceae.
Styles 3 or more. Ovaries 3 or more. 726
726. Sepals 2-3. Corolla-lobes 3-6. Stamens 6 or more. Albumen abundant, ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. Albumen scanty or wanting. 727
727. Flowers unisexual. Ovules solitary in each ovary. Fruits indehiscent.
Trees. Leaves alternate, lobed, stipulate. Platanus, 102. Platanaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary, rarely solitary, but then leaves opposite. Fruits dehiscent. Leaves exstipulate. 728
728. Ovules 2 in each ovary. Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate, pinnate.
Shrubs or trees. 104. Connaraceae.
Ovules numerous, rarely 1-2 in each ovary, but then leaves opposite and undivided. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 95. Crassulaceae.
729. (551.) Ovary single, 1-celled. 730
Ovary 2- or more-celled, or 2 separate ovaries. 747
730. Ovules 1-4, not distinctly separated from the tissues of the ovary.
Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Shrubs growing upon trees. Loranthus, 61. Loranthaceae.
Ovules distinctly developed. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or more, or fewer, rarely opposite the divisions, but then ovules numerous. 731
731. Ovule 1. 732
Ovules 2 or more. 740
732. Ovule erect. 733
Ovule pendulous. 734
733. Stigmas 2. Stamens 3-5; anthers coherent. Corolla with valvate or open aestivation. Calyx little developed. Seed exalbuminous. Flowers in heads, rarely in spikes or umbels or solitary. Leaves exstipulate. 226. Compositae.
Stigmas 3. Stamens 9-10; anthers free. Corolla with contorted, calyx with imbricate aestivation. Seed albuminous. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Leaves stipulate. Tendril-bearing shrubs. Ancistrocladus, 166. Ancistrocladaceae.
734. Leaves alternate. 735
Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical. 737
735. Flowers unisexual. Seed exalbuminous. Climbing or prostrate plants.
Stamens 2-5. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Seed albuminous. Erect shrubs. Leaves undivided. 736
736. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 4 or 5. Stigma 1. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Flowers in terminal heads. Berzelia, 100. Bruniaceae.
Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 6 or more. Stigmas 2-6.
Fruit succulent, drupaceous. Flowers in axillary cymes. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.
737. Style 3-parted. Stamens 5. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or trees. Viburnum, 220. Caprifoliaceae.
Style simple with 1-3 stigmas or 2-parted. Herbs or undershrubs. 738
738. Stamens 5. Corolla with valvate aestivation. 219. Rubiaceae.
Stamens 1-4. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. 739
739. Flowers in heads. Calyx surrounded by an epicalyx. Stamens 2-4.
Seed albuminous. 222. Dipsacaceae.
Flowers in cymose inflorescences, without an epicalyx. Stamens 1-3.
Seed exalbuminous. 221. Valerianaceae.
740. (731.) Ovules basal or apical or inserted upon a free central placenta. 741
Ovules inserted upon two or more parietal placentas. 745
741. Calyx of 2, corolla of 4-6 divisions. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla or more. Herbs or undershrubs. Portulaca, 73. Portulacaceae.
Calyx and corolla of 4-5 divisions each. Stamens as many or fewer. 742
742. Ovules basal or apical. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla or fewer. Corolla usually with valvate aestivation. 743
Ovules inserted upon a free central placenta. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. 744
743. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens free. Ovules 4, basal. Stigma
2-lobed. Seeds albuminous. Undershrubs. Merciera, 224. Campanulaceae.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
744. Staminodes alternating with the fertile stamens. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. Samolus, 191. Primulaceae.
Staminodes wanting. Fruit a berry or nut. Shrubs. Maesa, 190. Myrsinaceae.
745. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous. Succulent, usually leafless plants. 167. Cactaceae.
Stamens 2-11. Leafy plants. 746
746. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5-11. Fruit capsular.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. 219. Rubiaceae.
Corolla with valvate, rarely with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 2-5.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Fruit berry- or nut-like. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves nearly always alternate. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
747. (729.) Ovaries 2, distinct. Styles more or less united above, stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Stamens 5. Leaves usually opposite. 748
Ovary 1. 749
748. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with the anthers, to which the pollen united into masses adheres. Styles free below the thickened apex. Disc wanting. 201. Asclepiadaceae.
Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the anthers.
Pollen of free grains. 200. Apocynaceae.
749. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 750
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 758
750. Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical. 751
Leaves alternate. 753
751. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-3. Ovary 3-celled.
Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. 221. Valerianaceae.
Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 752
752. Leaves pinnately dissected. Stamens 5. Anthers opening outwards.
Style 3-5-parted. Fruit a drupe. Sambucus, 220. Caprifoliaceae.
Leaves undivided. 219. Rubiaceae.
753. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. 754
754. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Ovary 3-4-celled. Leaves undivided. 59. Olacaceae.
Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla or more. 755
755. Flowers irregular. Corolla folded in bud. Ovules erect. Stigma 1, enclosed by a cup. Leaves undivided. Scaevola, 225. Goodeniaceae.
Flowers regular. Ovules pendulous. 756
756. Corolla with imbricate aestivation, divided nearly to the base. Styles or stigmas 2. Leaves undivided. 100. Bruniaceae.
Corolla with valvate aestivation. 757
757. Flowers in cymes. Petals slightly cohering at the base. Leaves undivided. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.
Flowers in umbels, heads, racemes, or spikes. Petals usually united throughout their whole length. Leaves usually compound. 185. Araliaceae.
758. (749.) Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of the corolla. 759
Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla. 769
759. Leaves opposite or whorled. 760
Leaves alternate. 764
760. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla, with free filaments. 219. Rubiaceae.
Leaves exstipulate. 761
761. Flowers unisexual. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes. Seeds albuminous. 762
762. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. Corolla with valvate aestivation.
Usually herbs. 224. Campanulaceae.
Stamens evidently inserted upon the corolla, 5. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Usually shrubs or trees. 763
763. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla with imbricate aestivation.
Style stigmatose at the apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. 220. Caprifoliaceae.
Flowers regular. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose below the apex. Ovary 2-celled. 200. Apocynaceae.
764. Leaves stipulate, entire. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then more or less deeply divided or stamens fewer than 5 or ovules numerous. 765
765. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous, regular, rarely somewhat irregular, in the latter case, as usually, stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual or polygamous, but then irregular. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 766
766. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple, stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. 200. Apocynaceae.
Corolla with imbricate (not contorted) or valvate aestivation. Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 767
767. Corolla imbricate in bud, regular. Ovary 2-celled, with 2-4 ovules in each cell. Style simple with 2 stigmas or 2-parted. Shrubs or undershrubs. 100. Bruniaceae.
Corolla valvate in bud, rarely imbricate, but then irregular or ovules
numerous. Style simple. 768
768. Style with hairs or glands in its upper part, rarely without, and then corolla irregular or imbricate in bud. Stigma more or less deeply divided, at least after the period of flowering. 224. Campanulaceae.
Style without hairs or glands. Stigma entire, capitate. Ovary 3-4-celled with numerous ovules. Anthers free. Corolla regular, 5-partite, valvate in bud. Undershrubs. Berenice, 96. Saxifragaceae.
769. (758.) Stamens 8-10. Seeds with a straight embryo and abundant fleshy albumen. Vaccinium, 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens numerous. 770
770. Corolla of numerous petals united at the base. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Herbs or undershrubs. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.
Corolla of 3-6 petals. Shrubs or trees. 771
771. Petals united at the base, imbricate in bud. Filaments united at the base. Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. 176. Lecythidaceae.
Petals united into a hood throughout their whole length, sometimes finally separating. Filaments free or nearly so. 772
772. Ovary half-inferior. Seeds albuminous. Rhaptopetalum, 145. Scytopetalaceae.
Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves gland-dotted. 180. Myrtaceae.

KEY TO THE GENERA

EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA

(PHANEROGAMAE)

SUBDIVISION GYMNOSPERMAE

CLASS I. CYCADALES

[FAMILY 1.] CYCADACEAE

Stem simple, rarely branched at the top, woody, with mucilagineous juice. Leaves pinnate or pinnatisect, forming a tuft at the top of the stem and intermingled with scales. Flowers solitary, terminal, in the shape of a cone (but sometimes overtopped by the continued growth of the stem), dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens bearing many pollen-sacs on their lower side. Ovules 2-8 to each carpel, straight, with a single coat. Seeds drupe-like, albuminous. Embryo with two more or less united cotyledons.—Genera 3, species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 1.)

1. Stem growing through the female flower, covered with the remains of the old leaves. Leaf-segments one-nerved, coiled in bud. Carpels pinnately toothed or cleft, each with 4-8 ascending ovules.—Species 2, one growing wild in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, the other cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various parts of Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants; the fruits are edible and the pith contains starch (sago). [Tribe CYCADEAE.] Cycas L.
Stem not growing through the female flower. Leaf-segments with several nerves, straight in bud. Carpels each with 2 descending ovules. [Tribe
ZAMIEAE.] 2
2. Leaf-segments with pinnate nerves. Stem without remains of old leaves at the base. Cone-scales (stamens and carpels) imbricate.—Species 2.
South-east Africa (Natal). Used as ornamental plants. Stangeria Th. Moore
Leaf-segments with parallel nerves. Stem covered with the remains of old leaves. Cone-scales not imbricate.—Species 20. South and Central
Africa. The pith (Kaffir-bread) and the seeds of some species are eaten and also used for making a sort of beer. Several species yield gum or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 1.) Encephalartos Lehm.

CLASS II. CONIFERAE

[FAMILY 2.] TAXACEAE

Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate. Flowers solitary or the male umbellate, dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens with 2-9 pollen-sacs. Carpels free, one-ovuled, shorter than the seeds, sometimes rudimentary. Seeds 1-2, drupe-like, surrounded by a fleshy aril. Embryo with 2 or more free cotyledons.—Genera 2, species 9. (Under CONIFERAE.)

Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs and a triangular blade. Pollen-grains with air-bladders. Carpels distinctly developed. Ovule inverted, with two coats. Aril enveloping the seed. Leaves with resin-ducts.—Species
8. South and East Africa, Madagascar, Island of St. Thomas. They yield timber and bark for tanning. (Including Nageia Gaertn.) [Subfamily
PODOCARPOIDEAE.] Podocarpus L’ Hér.
Stamens with 5-9 pollen-sacs and a peltate blade. Pollen-grains without air-bladders. Carpels rudimentary. Ovule straight, with one coat.
Aril cup-shaped. Leaves without resin-ducts.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. A poisonous, medicinal and ornamental plant, with hard wood.
“Yew.” [Subfamily TAXOIDEAE]. Taxus L.

[FAMILY 3.] PINACEAE

Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves needle-or scale-like. Flowers unisexual, without a perianth. Stamens in catkins, with 2-5 pollen-sacs below the scale-like limb. Carpels arranged in the shape of a cone or bud, leathery woody or fleshy, when ripe. Ovules 2 or more to each carpel, rarely only 1. Seeds hidden by the carpels, without an aril. Embryo with 2 or more free cotyledons.—Genera 6, species 25. (Under CONIFERAE.) (Plate 2.)

1. Leaves alternate (as are also the floral leaves), but sometimes fascicled, needle-like. Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains with air-bladders.
Carpels divided into an inner and an outer scale, leathery or woody when ripe. Ovules and seeds 2 to each carpel; ovules turned downwards. [Tribe ABIETINEAE.] 2
Leaves opposite or whorled. Stamens with 3-5, very rarely 2 pollen-sacs.
Pollen-grains without air-bladders. Ovules turned upwards.
[Tribe CUPRESSINEAE.] 4
2. Shoots all alike (all long). Leaves solitary, flat. Pollen-sacs opening obliquely or transversely; connective without an appendage. Cones ripening the first year; scales leathery.—Species 2. North-west
Africa. The wood and the resin are used, the latter especially for the preparation of turpentine. “Silver fir.” Abies Juss.
Shoots of two kinds, long and short. Leaves of the short shoots in clusters of two or more, surrounded by scales when young. Pollen-sacs opening longitudinally; connective with an appendage. Cones ripening the second or third year; scales woody. 3

CYCADACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 1.

J. Fleischmann del.

Encephalartos Lemarinelianus De Wild. & Dur.

A Young plant. B Male inflorescence. C Stamen. D Pollen-sacs. E Female inflorescence. F Carpel. (A partly from De Wildeman, Notices sur des plantes utiles ou intéréssantes de la flore du Congo.)

PINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 2.

J. Fleischmann del.

Callitris cupressoides (L.) Schrad.

A Fruiting branch. B Male inflorescence. C Stamen. D Fruit. E Carpel. F Seed.

3. Leaves all needle-like; those of the short shoots in clusters of many; those of the long shoots scattered. Flowers inserted upon short shoots, the males solitary. Cone-scales flat, imbricate, without a terminal appendage, deciduous.—Species 2. North-west Africa. They yield timber and medicinal drugs. “Cedar.” Cedrus Loud.
Leaves of the short shoots needle-like, in clusters of two or three, very rarely solitary; leaves of the long shoots scale-like. Male flowers in spikes replacing short shoots; female flowers towards the end of the branches, replacing long shoots. Cone-scales thick, with a terminal umbonate appendage, persistent.—Species 4. North Africa; also naturalized in South Africa and St. Helena. Wood, bark, and resin are used for carpenters’ and joiners’ work, for tanning and for the manufacture of paper, tar, pitch, colophony, turpentine, and other chemical products, as well as in medicine. The seeds of some species (especially those of the stone-pine, P. Pinea L.) are edible. “Pine.” Pinus L.
4. Fruit fleshy, berry- or drupe-like. Seeds not winged, as many as the carpels or fewer. Leaves usually needle-like.—Species 9. North and East
Africa. They yield wood, bark for tanning, resin, an essential oil, brandy (gin), and medicines; some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Arceuthos Ant. & Kotschy and Sabina Spach). Juniperus L.
Fruit woody, cone-like. Seeds winged, as many as the carpels or more.
Leaves usually scale-like. 5
5. Carpels 4, valve-like, separating at the apex when ripe, 1-10-seeded.—Species
8, one of them only naturalized. North, South, and southern
East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. Some of them (especially
C. quadrivalvis Vent.) yield timber and resin (sandarac) which is used for the preparation of lacquer, varnish, cement, and in medicine. (Including
Tetraclinis Mast. and Widdringtonia Endl.) (Plate 2.) Callitris Vent.
Carpels 8-10, peltate, separating at the margins when ripe, many-seeded.—Species
1. Cultivated in North Africa as an ornamental plant and sometimes naturalized. It yields timber and is used in medicine.
“Cypress.” Cupressus L.

CLASS III. GNETALES

[FAMILY 4.] GNETACEAE

Stem woody. Juice not resinous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Flowers in spikes or panicles or the female solitary, unisexual, but the male sometimes with rudimentary ovules. Perianth of the male flowers tubular or 2-4-parted, of the female bladder-like. Stamens 2-8. Ovule 1, erect, straight. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.—Genera 3 species 8. North and Central Africa.

1. Stem turnip-shaped, very short. Leaves 2, very large, sessile, linear, with
parallel nerves. Flowers in panicled spikes; the male consisting of
a 4-partite perianth, 6 stamens with 3-celled anthers, and a rudimentary ovule. Ovule with a single coat.—Species 1; German South-west
Africa and Angola. (Tumboa Welw.) [Subfamily WELWITSCHIOIDEAE.] Welwitschia Hook. fil.
Stem shrubby or twining. Leaves numerous, not very large. Male flowers consisting of a 2-partite or a tubular, undivided perianth and
2-8 stamens with 1-2-celled anthers, without rudimentary ovules, but sometimes accompanied by sterile female flowers. 2
2. Leaves large, with a short foot-stalk, lanceolate oblong elliptical or oval, penninerved. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes or panicles, the male consisting of a tubular, undivided perianth and 2 stamens with 1-celled anthers. Ovule with two coats.—Species 2. West Africa. The young leaves are used as a vegetable. [Subfamily GNETOIDEAE.] Gnetum L.
Leaves scale-like. Male flowers in spikes or panicles, female solitary or in pairs. Male flowers consisting of a 2-partite perianth and 2-8 stamens with 2-celled anthers. Ovule with a single coat exceeding the perianth.—Species 5. North Africa and northern Central Africa.
The fruits of some species are eaten or used in medicine. [Subfamily
EPHEDROIDEAE.] Ephedra L.

SUBDIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE
CLASS IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

ORDER PANDANALES

[FAMILY 5.] TYPHACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock and simple stems. Leaves in two ranks, linear. Inflorescences spadix-like, cylindrical, superposed, interrupted by bracts, the lower female, the upper male. Flowers unisexual, without a perianth, but usually surrounded by hairs. Stamens 2-7; connective thickened; anthers opening lengthwise by two slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style and stigma simple. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Seed with abundant albumen and a long, axile embryo.

Genus 1, species 4. They are used as ornamental plants and in medicine, and yield potash and also materials for plaiting and stuffing and for the manufacture of paper and felt. The root-stock and the pollen are edible. “Reedmace.” Typha Tourn.

PANDANACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 3.

J. Fleischmann del

Pandanus Candelabrum Beauv.

A Whole plant. B Male inflorescence. C Leaf. D Female inflorescences. E Male flower. A and D (from Palisot-Beauvois Flore d’Oware et de Benin.)

POTAMOGETONACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 4.

J. Fleischmann del

Potamogeton javanicus Hassk.

A Flowering branch. B Fruiting branch. C Flower. D Ovary cut lengthwise. E Fruit cut lengthwise.

[FAMILY 6.] PANDANACEAE

Shrubs or trees, usually with aerial roots. Leaves in three ranks, sword-shaped, usually spiny. Flowers dioecious, without bracts, arranged in solitary or panicled, spike-or head-like spadices, which are inserted in the axil of spathe-like bracts. Perianth none. Ovaries connate, 1-celled. Ovule 1, descending, inverted. Stigma 1, sessile. Fruits drupe-like, congested into a globose or ovoid head. Seed with abundant albumen. (Plate 3.)

Genus 1, species 65. Tropics. They yield timber, fibres, flowers used in perfumery, edible fruits, and medicinal drugs. “Screw-pine.” Pandanus L.

[FAMILY 7.] SPARGANIACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock. Leaves in two ranks, linear. Flowers unisexual, in globular heads, the lower of which are female. Perianth of membranous scales. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple, stigmas 1-2. Fruits drupe-like. Seed with a mealy albumen and a large, axile embryo. (Under TYPHACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. North-west Africa. “Bur-reed.” Sparganium L.

ORDER HELOBIAE

SUBORDER POTAMOGETONINEAE

[FAMILY 8.] POTAMOGETONACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers solitary or spicate, regular, with 1-4-merous whorls. Perianth simple and little developed or wanting. Stamens 1-4. Anthers sessile, opening outwards or laterally. Carpel 1, with a 1-celled ovary, or several distinct or almost distinct carpels. Ovules solitary in each carpel, very rarely 2, pendulous or laterally fixed Fruit indehiscent. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with a strongly developed radicle.—Genera 8, species 35. (Including ZOSTERACEAE, under NAIADACEAE.) (Plate 4.)

1. Flowers in spikes, hermaphrodite or polygamous, without a perianth, but the stamens sometimes provided with a sepal-like connective. 2
Flowers solitary or in cymes, unisexual. 5
2. Spikes with a flat axis, at the time of flowering enclosed in the sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Stamen 1. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpel
1. Stigmas 2, on a short style. Embryo with a very large radicle and a tail-like cotyledon. Submerged marine plants.—Species 2. North and
South Africa and Madagascar. Used for stuffing and as packing material.
“Grass-wrack.” [Tribe ZOSTEREAE.] Zostera L.
Spikes with a cylindrical axis, at the time of flowering not enclosed in the sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Stamens 2-4. Stigma 1, undivided
or many-parted. 3
3. Spikes compound, submerged. Spikelets shorter than their bracts. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 3, rarely 4. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpel 1.
Stigma divided (or provided with narrow appendages). Embryo with
a very large radicle and a straight cotyledon resembling the leaves of the plumule. Marine plants.—Species 1. Mediterranean Sea. The leaves are used for packing and thatching, and also in medicine. [Tribe
POSIDONIEAE.] Posidonia Koen.
Spikes simple, above the water. Flowers hermaphrodite. Pollen-grains globular or bent. Carpels usually 4. Stigma simple, more or less peltate. Embryo with a curved cotyledon. [Tribe POTAMOGETONEAE.] 4
4. Spikes two-flowered. Stamens 2. Anthers with a very short appendage and kidney-shaped cells opening outwards. Pollen-grains bent. Fruit stalked. Embryo with a very thick radicle. Salt-water plants. Leaves subulate.—Species 1. Ruppia L.
Spikes several-flowered. Stamens 4. Anthers with a sepal-like appendage and straight cells opening laterally. Pollen-grains globular. Fruit sessile. Embryo with a slightly thickened radicle.—Species 20. Used for manure; some have edible root-stocks. “Pondweed.” (Plate 4.) Potamogeton Tourn.
5. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpels 2. Stigmas strap-shaped, longer than the style. Embryo with an accumbent cotyledon. Marine plants. [Tribe CYMODOCEAE.] 6
Perianth present, at least in the female flowers. Stamens 1-2. Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 3-9. Stigma shield- or funnel-shaped, shorter than the style. Embryo with a hooked or rolled cotyledon.
Fresh- or brackish-water plants. [Tribe ZANICHELLIEAE.] 7
6. Stigma 1. Anthers inserted at slightly different heights. Ripe carpels scarcely compressed.—Species 2. Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Angola.
(Halodule Endl., under Cymodocea Koen.) Diplanthera Thouars
Stigmas 2. Anthers inserted at the same height. Ripe carpels compressed and keeled.—Species 5. North Africa, Senegambia, East Africa,
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Including Phycagrostis Ascherson) Cymodocea Koen.
7. Perianth in the male flowers none, in the female cup-shaped and undivided.
Anthers stalked, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Carpels usually 4, slightly curved, with a peltate stigma.—Species 1. North and South
Africa, southern West Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Zannichellia Mich.
Perianth in the male flowers 3-toothed, in the female consisting of 1-3 segments. Anthers sessile, opening with one longitudinal slit. Carpels
3, straight, with a funnel-shaped stigma.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Althenia Fr. Petit

APONOGETONACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 5.

J. Fleischmann del.

Aponogeton leptostachyus E. Mey.

A Plant in flower. B Female flower. C Carpel cut lengthwise.

ALISMATACEAE

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 6.

J. Fleischmann del.

Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq.

A Plant in flower. B Male flower from above. C Male flower cut lengthwise.

[FAMILY 9.] NAIADACEAE

Herbs growing in fresh or brackish water. Leaves linear, toothed or spiny. Flowers axillary, solitary or in glomerules, unisexual. Perianth little developed, in the male flowers simple or double, sack-like, in the female simple and sack-like or wanting. Stamen 1. Anthers 1-or 4-celled. Pollen-grains globular or ovoid. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style 1; stigmas 2-3. Seed with a hard coat, exalbuminous. Embryo straight, with a large radicle and a well developed plumule.

Genus 1, species 10. (Including Caulinia A. Braun) Naias L.

[FAMILY 10.] APONOGETONACEAE

Aquatic herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves radical, narrow, with several longitudinal and many transverse nerves. Flowers in 1-4 spikes connected at the base, enclosed when young in a sheath, and rising above the water. Perianth of 1-3 more or less brightly coloured segments. Stamens 6 or more, hypogynous, free. Anthers attached by the base, opening with two longitudinal slits. Carpels 3-8, distinct. Ovules in each carpel 2-8, basal or sutural, ascending, inverted. Fruits membranous, dehiscent. Seeds 2 or more, erect, exalbuminous, with a straight embryo. (Under NAIADACEAE.) (Plate 5.)

Genus 1, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, especially the lattice-leaf (A. fenestralis Hook. fil.) with perforated leaves. The tubers are edible and contain starch. (Including
Ouvirandra Thouars). Aponogeton Thunb.

[FAMILY 11.] SCHEUCHZERIACEAE

Marsh herbs. Leaves linear, with axillary scales. Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, usually green. Stamens 3-6. Anthers turned outwards; pollen-grains ovoid. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, ascending, inverted. Stigmas sessile. Seeds exalbuminous, with a straight embryo. (JUNCAGINEAE, under NAIADACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 4. North, South, and West Africa. The leaves and fruits of some species are edible. (Juncago Tourn.) Triglochin L.

SUBORDER ALISMATINEAE

[FAMILY 12.] ALISMATACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs, with milky juice. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers regular. Perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals, rarely in the female flowers of 3 sepals only. Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3. Anthers opening outwards. Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 6 or more, rarely 3, distinct or united at the base. Ovules solitary in each carpel, rarely two or more, inverted. Seeds without albumen; embryo curved.—Genera 9, species 15. Tropical and North Africa. (Plate 6.)

1. Carpels on a large and distinctly convex receptacle. Inner perianth-segments petal-like, larger than, or almost as large as the outer. Stamens
6 or more. [Tribe SAGITTARIEAE.] 2
Carpels on a small and almost flat receptacle. 4
2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ripe carpels numerous, slightly compressed, with many ribs.—Species 3. Central and North-west Africa. (Under
Alisma L.) Echinodorus Engelm.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Ripe carpels much compressed laterally. 3
3. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Petals a little longer than the sepals.
Carpels many. Ripe carpels with two crest-like ribs.—Species 1.
Tropics. (Lophiocarpus Miq., under Sagittaria L.) Lophotocarpus Th. Dur.
Flowers dioecious. Petals shorter than the sepals, white. Carpels 7-9.
Ripe carpels with 3 ribs.—Species 1. German South-west Africa. Rautanenia Buchenau
4. Petals much smaller than the sepals or wanting. Stamens 3 or 9. [Tribe
WIESNEREAE.] 5
Petals larger than the sepals, coloured. Stamens 6, rarely 9. [Tribe
ALISMEAE.] 6
5. Flowers dioecious. Petals in the female flowers wanting. Stamens 9.
Carpels about 12.—Species 1. East Africa. Burnatia Mich.
Flowers monoecious. Petals present, but very small and falling off early.
Stamens 3. Carpels 3-6.—Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar.
(Wisneria Mich.) Wiesnera Mich.
6. Carpels 6-8, united at the base and spreading horizontally, containing
2 or more ovules each and opening by a lid when ripe.—Species 2. North
Africa. The root-stock is edible. Damasonium Tourn.
Carpels 6-20, distinct, with a single ovule in each, indehiscent. 7
7. Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Carpels 15-20. Pericarp bony within, hollow on either side. Leaves sagittate.—Species 3. Tropics. (Plate
6.) Limnophyton Miq.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves ovate, cordate, or lanceolate. 8
8. Carpels 6-12, irregularly whorled, slightly compressed and 3-5-ribbed when ripe; pericarp woody within.—Species 2. Tropics and Egypt.
(Under Alisma L.) Caldesia Parl.
Carpels 15-20, distinctly whorled, much compressed and 2-ribbed when ripe; pericarp leathery or parchment-like.—Species 1. North and
East Africa. The root-stock contains starch and is used in medicine.
“Water-plantain.” Alisma L.

SUBORDER BUTOMINEAE

[FAMILY 13.] BUTOMACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Flowers in umbel-like cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, all, or the inner ones only, petal-like. Stamens 9, very rarely fewer. Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 6, very rarely fewer, distinct or united at the base only, opening when ripe along the ventral suture. Ovules on irregularly branched parietal placentas, numerous, inverted. Seeds without albumen.—Genera 2, species 2. North and Central Africa. (Under ALISMACEAE.)

Perianth-segments nearly equal, all petal-like, pink, persistent. Embryo straight. Leaves linear. Juice not milky.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Used as a garden plant. The root-stock is edible.
“Flowering-rush.” Butomus Tourn.
Perianth-segments unequal, outer sepal-like, inner petal-like, white, falling off very early. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Leaves elliptical. Juice milky.—Species 1. Northern part of Central Africa. (Butomopsis
Kunth) Tenagocharis Hochst.

[FAMILY 14.] HYDROCHARITACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers enclosed when young in a one-or several-flowered spathe of one or two bracts, regular, rarely somewhat irregular. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla, rarely simple. Stamens 2-12. Anthers opening outwards or laterally. Ovary inferior, more or less distinctly one-celled, with 2-15 parietal placentas, which sometimes form incomplete dissepiments. Seeds without albumen.—Genera 10, species 40. (Plate 7.)

1. Stigmas 2-5. Placentas as many, slightly raised. 2
Stigmas 6 or more. Placentas as many, much projecting and generally meeting in the centre of the ovary. 6
2. Petals none. Stamens 3. Pollen-grains filiform. Stigmas several times as long as the sepals. Embryo with a strongly developed radicle.
Totally submerged marine plants. Leaves more or less distinctly stalked.—Species 2. Indian Ocean. [Subfamily HALOPHILOIDEAE.] Halophila Thouars
Petals present, but sometimes very small and falling off very early. Pollen-grains globular. Stigmas at most twice as long as the sepals. Embryo with a not very strongly developed radicle. Freshwater plants; flowers raised above the water. Leaves sessile. [Subfamily VALLISNERIOIDEAE.] 3
3. Leaves whorled. Spathes 1-flowered. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 3.—Species
1. Upper Nile, Madagascar, Mauritius. Used in refining sugar. [Tribe HYDRILLEAE.] Hydrilla L. C. Rich.
Leaves spirally arranged. Spathes of the male flowers several-flowered. 4
4. Spathes of the male flowers 2-10-flowered, not breaking away from the stem. Stamens 3-9. Ovules inverted.—Species 3. Madagascar and
Angola. [Tribe BLYXEAE.] Blyxa Noronha
Spathes of the male flowers many-flowered, breaking away from the stem.
Stamens 2-3. Ovules straight. [Tribe VALLISNERIEAE.] 5
5. Male flowers regular, with 3 fertile and 2-4 sterile stamens. Stigmas linear, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Leaves one-nerved. Stem elongated.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa. Lagarosiphon Harv.
Male flowers somewhat irregular, with 2-3 fertile stamens and sometimes
a sterile one. Stigmas ovate, notched or two-toothed. Leaves several-nerved.—Species
2. North and Central Africa. Used in refining sugar. Vallisneria Mich.
6. Leaves in two rows. Ovules inverted, inserted in the angles formed by the placentas and the wall of the ovary. Radicle of the embryo strongly developed. Marine plants. [Subfamily THALASSIOIDEAE.] 7
Leaves in rosettes. Ovules inverted, but inserted on the whole surface of the placentas, or straight. Radicle of the embryo not strongly developed. Freshwater plants. [Subfamily STRATIOTOIDEAE.] 8
7. Scape of the male flowers short, of the female long and at length spirally twisted. Male spathes several-flowered; flowers with 3 petals and 3 stamens.—Species 1. Madagascar and Red Sea. Yields fibres and edible seeds. Enalus L. C. Rich.
Scapes moderately long, not spirally twisted. Male spathes one-flowered; flowers without petals, with 6 stamens.—Species 1. East Africa. Thalassia Soland.
8. Placentas undivided. Ovules straight. Fertile stamens 9. Stem emitting runners. Leaves floating.—Species 1. Algeria and Madagascar.
“Frogbit.” [Tribe HYDROCHARITEAE.] Hydrocharis L.
Placentas two-cleft. Ovules inverted. Seeds very numerous. Fertile stamens 6-12. Stem very short, without runners. Leaves at least partially submerged. [Tribe OTTELIEAE.] 9
9. Flowers hermaphrodite. Spathes one-flowered. Stigmas 6.—Species 9.
Tropics and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables. (Plate 7.) Ottelia Pers.
Flowers dioecious. Spathes of the male flowers several-flowered. Stigmas
9-15.—Species 10. Tropics. Some are used as vegetables. Boottia Wall.

ORDER TRIURIDALES

[FAMILY 15.] TRIURIDACEAE

Small, pale, yellowish or reddish herbs. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in racemes, regular, monoecious. Perianth of 6 petaloid, valvate segments united at the base. Stamens 3; filaments short or wanting; anthers 2-celled, opening transversely. Carpels inserted on a convex or conical receptacle,

HYDROCHARITACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 7.

J. Fleischmann del.

Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.

A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Stamen. D Pistil cut lengthwise.

GRAMINEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 8.

J. Fleischmann del.

Chloris Gayana Kunth

A Plant in flower. B Inflorescence. C Spikelet. D Flower. E Empty glume above the flower.

numerous, distinct; styles lateral; ovules solitary, erect, inverted. Fruits dehiscing by a longitudinal slit.

Genus 1, species 3. West Africa and Seychelles. (Including Seychellaria
Hemsl.) Sciaphila Blume

ORDER GLUMIFLORAE

[FAMILY 16.] GRAMINEAE

Stem usually herbaceous and hollow between the nodes. Leaves alternate, usually linear and furnished at their base with a sheath split open on one side and ending in a ligule. Inflorescence consisting of spikelets, rarely of single flowers, usually enclosed by 2 glumes (outer or empty glumes) and arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Flowers in the axil of the flowering glume (or valve), subtended by the usually 2-keeled palea and sometimes by one or two, rarely more, minute lodicules. Perianth none. Stamens 1-6, usually 3. Anthers opening by 2 slits or pores. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or laterally affixed, slightly curved, with the micropyle turned downwards. Styles 2, rarely 3 or 1. Fruit indehiscent; pericarp usually dry and adnate to the seed. Embryo outside the copious albumen.—Genera 205, species 1600. “Grasses.” (Plate 8.)

1. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, the upper flower fertile, the lower male or barren and inserted immediately below the fertile one. Axis of the spikelet not produced beyond the fertile flower, jointed below the outer glumes or not jointed; ripe spikelets falling entire from their stalk or from the rachis of the spike, sometimes together with a part of it. [Subfamily PANICOIDEAE.] 2
Spikelets either 1-flowered with the axis produced beyond the flower or jointed above the outer glumes, which therefore persist when the spikelet falls off, or 2-flowered with both flowers fertile or with a distinct interval between the flowers or with a continuation of the axis beyond the flowers, or 3- to many-flowered. 65
2. Spikelets distinctly compressed from the side. Stamens usually 6. Seed with a linear hilum. [Tribe ORYZEAE.] 3
Spikelets compressed from front to back or not distinctly compressed.
Stamens usually 1-3. Seed usually with a punctiform hilum. 7
3. Spikelets in terminal clusters of two or three, connate, at length hardened.
Stamens 3. Style undivided, papillose.—Species 1. North Africa.
One source of the Esparto-grass, which is used for plaiting and paper-making. Lygeum L.
Spikelets in panicles. Stamens nearly always 6. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted, with feathery stigmas. 4
4. Spikelets unisexual; 1-2 sessile female and a stalked male on each branch
of the panicle. Flowering glume globose. Stamens 6. Style 1, long, 3-cleft. Leaves broad-lanceolate, stalked.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa. Leptaspis R. Br.
Spikelets bisexual or polygamous. Styles 3, short, free or united at the very base. Leaves linear or narrow lanceolate. 5
5. Outer glumes rudimentary. Flowering glume awnless.—Species 4.
(Homalocenchrus Mieg.) Leersia Swartz
Outer glumes distinctly developed. Stamens 6. 6
6. Flowering glume and palea slightly compressed, awnless. Leaves linear-lanceolate, more or less distinctly stalked.—Species 4. Madagascar and Natal. (Under Potamophila R. Br.) Maltebrunia Kunth
Flowering glume and palea strongly compressed.—Species 3, two wild in
Central Africa, the third (O. sativa L., rice) cultivated in various regions.
The seeds are used for food and for the preparation of meal, starch, oil, and brandy, the straw for plaiting and for the manufacture of paper and brush-ware. Oryza L.
7. (2.) Flowering glume and palea (if present) stiff or at length hardened, firmer than the outer glumes and awnless, at least in the hermaphrodite flowers. Lowest glume usually smaller than the others. Rachis of the spike or raceme or branches of the panicle rarely jointed. [Tribe
PANICEAE.] 8
Flowering glume and palea (if present) membranous, thinner than the outer glumes. 26
8. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. Spikelets in panicles, the male in the lower portion of the panicle or in special panicles. Outer glumes in the male spikelets none, in the female 2. Lodicules 3. Leaves net-veined.—Species
2. Tropical and South-East Africa. Olyra L.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous; in the latter case spikelets arranged in spikes. 9
9. Spikelets partly hermaphrodite, partly male or neuter. 10
Spikelets all hermaphrodite. 11
10. Spikelets in short spikes consisting of a lower hermaphrodite and two or three upper neuter spikelets; spikes unilateral on the flattened, leaf-like rachis of a compound spike. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate, sagittate.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Phyllorhachis Trimen.
Spikelets in a simple spike consisting of 1-2 lower female and 4-6 upper male spikelets; rachis of the spike enlarged at the base, but not leaf-like.
Stem creeping.—Species 1. Madagascar. Thuarea Pers.
11. Spikelets in short spikes sunk in pits on a broad rachis. Stem creeping.—Species
4. Tropical and South Africa. Used for binding the sand on riverbanks or as fodder; also in medicine. Stenotaphrum Trin.
Spikelets not sunk in pits on a broad rachis. 12
12. Spikelets surrounded or subtended singly or 2-3 together by an involucre formed of one or several bristles or spines or of 2 toothed glumes inserted below the two empty glumes. 13
Spikelets without an involucre formed of bristles, spines, or toothed glumes.
Empty glumes 1-3. Stigmas 2, feathery. 16
13. Involucre formed by two toothed glumes. Stigma 1, papillose. Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Odontelytrum Hack.
Involucre formed by one or several bristles or spines. Stigmas 2, feathery. 14
14. Axis of the spikelet jointed above the persistent involucre. Bristles of the involucre stiff and rough. Styles free from the base. Spikelets in spike-like panicles.—Species 30. Some of them (especially S. italica
Beauv.) are cultivated as cereals. Setaria Beauv.
Axis of the spikelet jointed below the involucre or not jointed; involucre falling together with the spikelet; rarely axis jointed above the persistent involucre, but then styles united at the base. 15
15. Bristles of the involucre numerous, stiff, thickened and often united at the base. Spikelets in spikes or racemes.—Species 10. Tropics and Egypt.
Some have edible seeds; several are fodder-grasses. Cenchrus L.
Bristles of the involucre fine, not thickened at the base.—Species 65. Some
(especially the duchn, P. typhoideum Rich.) are cultivated as cereals, as fodder, or as ornamental plants. (Including Gymnothrix Beauv. and
Penicillaria Willd.) Pennisetum Pers.
16. Spikelets with 2 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 1 outer glume and 2 flowers. 17
Spikelets with 3 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 2 outer glumes and 2 flowers. 21
17. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and a male flower, arranged in panicles. Glumes awnless. Styles free.—Species 1. South-west Africa
(Nama-land). Anthaenantia Beauv.
Spikelets 1-flowered, arranged in one-sided, usually digitate or panicled spikes. 18
18. Rachis of the spike prolonged beyond the spikelets. Style 1, with 2 stigmas.—Species
3. North-west and South Africa. Spartina Schreb.
Rachis of the spike not prolonged beyond the spikelets. Styles 2, free or shortly united. 19
19. Styles united at the base. Flowering glume papery. Upper outer glume awned. Spikelets in digitate racemes.—Species 1. East Africa.
(Stereochlaena Hack.) Chloridion Stapf.
Styles free. Flowering glume cartilaginous. 20
20. Lower outer glume decurrent into a callous swelling. Flowering glume mucronate.—Species 6. Central Africa. Eriochloa Kunth
Lower outer glume without a callus at the base.—Species 15. Tropical
and South Africa. Used as fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants.
The seeds of several species (especially those of the fundi P. exile Kippist) are sometime used as food. Paspalum L.
21. Spikelets containing two hermaphrodite flowers. Axis of the spikelet jointed above the persistent outer glumes. Outer glumes awnless.
Spikelets arranged in panicles.—Species 6. Tropics. Isachne R. Br.
Spikelets containing a single hermaphrodite flower and sometimes also a male flower. Axis of the spikelet jointed below the outer glumes; spikelet falling as a whole. 22
22. First (lowest) outer glume awned, as well as the second. Spikelets one-flowered, directed to one side and disposed in panicles.—Species 4.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder. Oplismenus Beauv.
First outer glume awnless. 23
23. Second outer glume apparently removed from the first by a conical or cylindrical, strongly-haired swelling at the base, usually awned or mucronate.
Spikelets in panicles. 25
Second outer glume without a basal swelling. 24
24. First outer glume as large as or larger than the second, papery.—Species 1.
South-west Africa to Angola. (Under Panicum L.). Leucophrys Rendle
First outer glume much smaller than the second.—Species 20. Some are used as ornamental or fodder-plants. (Including Monachyron Parl. and Rhynchelytrum Nees, under Panicum L.) Tricholaena Schrad.
25. Second outer glume bearing, like the third, a long, twisted awn.—Species 1.
German East Africa. Acritochaete Pilger
Second outer glume unawned.—Species 220. Some (especially P. miliaceum
L., millet, and P. sanguinale L.) are cultivated as cereals, others furnish vegetables, syrup, or fodder, or are used for plaiting-work or as ornamental plants. (Including Axonopus Beauv., Digitaria Pers.,
Echinolaena Desv., Sacciolepis Nash, and Syntherisma Walt.) Panicum L.
26. (7.) Outer glumes 3, the lowest smaller than the others, the uppermost sometimes including a male flower. Rachis and branches of the inflorescence not jointed. [Tribe TRISTEGINEAE.] 27
Outer glumes 1-3; if 3, then the lowest larger than the uppermost. 30
27. Spikelets arranged in spikes. First and second outer glume minute, the third awned.—Species 3. Abyssinia. Beckera Fresen.
Spikelets arranged in panicles. Second outer glume not very small.
Flowering glume awnless. 28
28. Lowest outer glume minute, like the second awnless, the third more or less distinctly awned. Spikelets arranged singly along the branches of the panicle.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used as a fodder-grass. Melinis Beauv.
Lowest outer glume not very small; the third awnless, rarely both the second and third awned. 29
29. Outer glumes, at least the second, awned. Spikelets arranged singly along
the branches of the panicle. (See 24.) Tricholaena Schrad.
Outer glumes awnless, the first and second about half the length of the third and the flowering glume. Spikelets in clusters along the branches of the panicle.—Species 2. West Africa and Mascarene Islands. Used as ornamental plants. Thysanolaena Nees
30. (26.) Flowers unisexual. Male and female spikelets in different inflorescences, or male spikelets in the upper, female in the lower portion of the inflorescence. [Tribe MAYDEAE.] 31
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (Andropogon) unisexual, but then male and female spikelets in the same inflorescence and arranged in pairs, the male spikelets sometimes rudimentary. 33
31. Male spikelets in a terminal spike, the female at its base, enclosed singly or
2-3 together by a hardened globose bract. Style not very long, 2-cleft.—Species
1 (C. Lacryma Jobi L., Job’s tears). North-west Africa,
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally and for making ornamental articles and rosaries. Coix L.
Male spikelets in spikes arranged in a terminal panicle, female in spikes or spadices with membranous bracts or spathes. Style very long, undivided or shortly 2-cleft. 32
32. Female spikelets in fascicled spikes with a jointed rachis. Style 2-cleft.
Fruit enclosed when ripe in a cartilagineous case.—Species 1 (E. mexicana Schrad., Teosinte), cultivated as an ornamental or fodder-plant. Euchlaena Schrad.
Female spikelets connate into a spadix with a thick, not jointed rachis.
Fruit projecting beyond the membranous glumes, rarely enclosed by leathery glumes.—Species 1 (Z. Mays L., maize or Indian corn). Cultivated for the grain or as a fodder- or ornamental plant. The seeds are also used for the preparation of starch, oil, and spirituous drinks. The leaves and spathes yield fibre. Zea L.
33. Spikelets in heads surrounded by 2 or 3 involucral bracts, containing a single hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes 2, membranous, awnless, the lower one short. Flowering glume larger than the outer glumes, awnless.
Stamens 2.—Species 1. North Africa and Senegambia. Crypsis Ait.
Spikelets in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 34
34. Spikelets arranged singly or in clusters of 3-6, very rarely in pairs, along the continuous rachis of a spike or raceme. Outer glumes 2.
[Tribe ZOYSIEAE.] 35
Spikelets arranged in pairs, one sessile, the other stalked, more rarely singly or in clusters of 3 or more, along the more or less distinctly jointed rachis of a spike or raceme or along the branches of a sometimes very narrow (spike-like) panicle. Outer glumes usually 3. [Tribe ANDROPOGONEAE.] 42
35. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6, falling as a whole. 36
Spikelets solitary along the rachis, rarely in pairs. 38
36. Clusters of spikelets enclosed by a hard, urn-shaped involucre formed by the lowest outer glumes. Rachis of the spike wavy.—Species 5. Central and South Africa. Anthephora Schreb.
Clusters of spikelets without an involucre. 37
37. Clusters containing 2-4 fertile spikelets and a barren one. Outer glumes
1-2, the upper one with hooked spines on the nerves. Rachis of the spike glabrous.—Species 4. (Nazia Adans.) Tragus Hall.
Clusters containing 1-2 fertile and 2-3 barren, often awn-like spikelets.
Outer glume 1, with rough nerves, awned.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Hereroland). Monelytrum Hack.
38. Styles united at the base; stigmas short, feathery. Outer glumes 2, glabrous, with a long awn or awnless. Flowering glume smaller. Spikelets diverging from the rachis.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa.
Used as fodder-grasses. Perotis Ait.
Styles free or the stigmas elongated and short-haired all round. 39
39. Outer glume 1, compressed, keeled, awnless. Styles free. Spikelets pressed close to the rachis. Leaves stiff.—Species 1. Mascarene
Islands. (Osterdomia Neck.) Zoysia Willd.
Outer glumes 2. 40
40. Outer glumes subulate, with a long awn, short-haired. Flowering glume somewhat shorter, with a rather long awn. Palea slightly shorter than the flowering glume, acuminate. Styles free. Fruit with a large hilum. Spikelets in pairs.—Species 1. Northern East Africa. Tetrachaete Chiovenda
Outer glumes and flowering glume with a short awn or awnless. 41
41. Outer glumes convex, with hooked spines on the back, awnless. Flowering glume much shorter, unarmed or mucronate. Styles free; stigmas feathery. Spikelets with a flattened stalk.—Species 1. Northern part of Central Africa. Latipes Kunth
Outer glumes compressed and keeled, not bearing hooked spines. Flowering glume broad, 3-nerved, mucronate or shortly awned. Stigmas long, short-haired all round.—Species 5. North Africa. Used as ornamental or fodder-plants. “Foxtail grass.” (Including Colobachne
Beauv.) Alopecurus L.
42. (34.) Joints of the rachis much thickened, forming, together with the appressed or adnate pedicels of the stalked spikelets, hollows in which the sessile spikelets are sunk. Flowering glumes awnless. Lowest outer glume leathery or hardened. Sessile spikelets hermaphrodite, stalked ones male or neuter, rarely (Ophiurus) reduced to the adnate pedicel and therefore apparently absent. [Subtribe ROTTBOELLIINAE.] 43
Joints of the rachis not much thickened, nor forming hollows for the reception of the spikelets, rarely slightly concave, but then flowering glumes of the sessile spikelets awned or (Elionurus) the lowest outer glume membranous or papery and marked with two transparent balsamiferous
streaks. 48
43. Lower outer glume awned or tailed, at least in the stalked spikelets. 44
Lower outer glume neither awned nor tailed, rarely tailed in the terminal spikelet only. 46
44. Lower outer glume with a long tail (or soft awn). Racemes digitate.
Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Central Africa. Forming the chief element of the grass-barriers (sudd) of the upper Nile. Vossia Wall. & Griff.
Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns, or in the stalked spikelets with a long awn, in the sessile awnless. Racemes solitary or arranged in racemes. 45
45. Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns. Joints of the rachis horizontally truncate without an appendage.—Species 7. Central Africa. Used for plaiting-work. (Rhytidachne Hack., including Jardinea Steud.) Rhytachne Desv.
Lower outer glume in the sessile spikelets awnless, in the stalked ones with
a long awn or tail. Joints of the rachis obliquely truncate with an appendage at the tip.—Species 5. Central and South Africa. Urelytrum Hack.
46. Lower outer glume globular, pitted. Leaves cordate at the base.—Species
1. Tropics. Used in medicine. (Including Hackelochloa O.
Ktze.) Manisuris Swartz
Lower outer glume more or less ovate, flat or rounded on the back. 47
47. Stalked spikelets reduced to the adnate pedicel and therefore apparently absent.—Species 1. Northern East Africa. (Under Rottboellia L. fil.) Ophiurus Gaertn.
Stalked spikelets containing a male flower or reduced to empty glumes.—Species
15. (Including Hemarthria R. Br.) Rottboellia L. fil.
48. (42.) Sessile spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower male, the upper male or hermaphrodite. Stalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced to empty glumes. 49
Sessile spikelets 1-flowered, rarely all spikelets stalked and 1- or (Imperata)
2-flowered. 52
49. Sessile spikelets containing 2 male flowers, stalked spikelets a male and a female or hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes of the sessile spikelets awned. Flowering glumes awnless. Spikelets in compound racemes.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cyphochlaena Hack.
Sessile spikelets containing a male and an hermaphrodite flower. Flowering glumes of the sessile spikelets nearly always awned. [Subtribe
ISCHAEMINAE.] 50
50. Racemes reduced to the 3 terminal spikelets, surrounded by sheathing bracts, fasciculate; fascicles arranged in panicles. Stamens 2-3.—Species
1. Islands of Réunion and Socotra. Used as an ornamental plant. Apluda L.
Racemes consisting of numerous pairs of spikelets, solitary or digitate; one spikelet of each pair sometimes reduced to the pedicel. Stamens
3. 51
51. Stalked spikelets reduced to the pedicel. Lower outer glume tuberculate.—Species
1. Abyssinia. Thelepogon Roth
Stalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced to empty glumes.—Species 7.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder- or garden plants. Ischaemum L.
52. Spikelets all alike, hermaphrodite. [Subtribe SACCHARINAE.] 53
Spikelets of two kinds, the sessile hermaphrodite, rarely female, the stalked ones male or neuter, sometimes reduced to the pedicel. [Subtribe
ANDROPOGONINAE.] 60
53. Rachis of the raceme jointed. 54
Rachis of the raceme not jointed. 57
54. Racemes more or less palmately arranged on a short main axis, rarely solitary. 55
Racemes arranged in panicles along a slender main axis, silky. Spikelets in pairs. 56
55. Spikelets solitary on the branches of the inflorescence, all sessile. Flowering glumes awned from the back. Leaves cordate-lanceolate.—Species 5.
Tropics. Arthraxon Beauv.
Spikelets in pairs on the branches of the inflorescence, one sessile, the other stalked. Flowering glumes awned from the tip, rarely awnless. Leaves linear or lanceolate with a narrow base.—Species 5. South and East
Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. (Including Eulalia
Kunth) Pollinia Trin.
56. Flowering glume produced into a bristle or awn.—Species 5. South Africa, southern Central Africa, and Algeria. Some are used as ornamental plants or for plaiting mats. Erianthus Michx.
Flowering glume unarmed like the other glumes.—Species 5. One of them
(S. officinarum L., sugar-cane) known only in a cultivated state. It is used for the manufacture of sugar, syrup, rum, and wax, also as a vegetable and a fodder-plant. Saccharum L.
57. Spikelets in pairs along the rachis of the raceme, awnless. Outer glumes 3, membranous, silky. Stamens 1-2.—Species 1 (I. cylindrica P.
Beauv.) Sometimes a noxious weed in plantations, but also used for paper-making, and as a fodder-, medicinal or ornamental plant. Imperata Cyr.
Spikelets scattered along the rachis of the raceme, awned. 58
58. Outer glumes 3, the two lower stiff. Flowering glume very small, ending in a long awn. Panicle spreading, hairy.—Species 2. Central Africa. Cleistachne Benth.
Outer glumes 2. Flowering glume rather large, with a usually short awn in a terminal notch or on the back. Panicle spike-like. 59
59. Stigmas projecting at the tip of the spikelet, short-haired all round. Outer
glumes awnless, rarely with a short awn. (See 41.) Alopecurus L.
Stigmas projecting near the base of the spikelet, feathery. Outer glumes with usually long awns.—Species 6. North Africa, Abyssinia, and
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Beardgrass.” Polypogon Desf.
60. (52.) Racemes bearing at their base a false whorl of 4 male or neuter spikelets and subtended by a spathe-like bract, more rarely without a bract. 61
Racemes without a whorl of male or neuter spikelets at their base, rarely surrounded by an imperfect whorl of spikelets, but then racemes in pairs subtended by a common spathe. 62
61. Hermaphrodite spikelets produced at the base into an appendage decurrent along the rachis, easily separating from the whorl of spikelets below them.—Species
2. (Anthistiria L. fil.). Themeda Forsk.
Hermaphrodite spikelets without a decurrent appendage at the base, falling together with the whorl of spikelets below them.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. (Under Anthistiria L. fil.) Iseilema Anders.
62. Spikelets all stalked, in pairs, the longer-stalked hermaphrodite, the shorter-stalked male. Rachis of the raceme indistinctly jointed. Racemes terminal, solitary or 2-3 together.—Species 1. Tropical and South
Africa. Trachypogon Nees
Spikelets partly sessile, partly stalked. Rachis of the raceme distinctly jointed, fragile at maturity, rarely indistinctly or not jointed, but then spikelets in clusters of three, arranged in panicles. 63
63. Lowest outer glume marked with two transparent balsamiferous streaks, usually 2-toothed. Glumes awnless. Racemes solitary; rachis nearly always silky.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Elionurus Humb. & Bonpl.
Lowest outer glume without balsamiferous streaks. Flowering glumes of the sessile spikelets awned, very rarely awnless and then racemes nearly always panicled. 64
64. Flowering glumes awned from the back. Leaves cordate at the base.
(See 55.) Arthraxon Beauv.
Flowering glumes awned from the tip or awnless. Leaves not cordate.—Species
110. The sorghum or Guinea corn (A. Sorghum Brot.) is cultivated as a cereal and used for manufacturing sugar, spirituous drinks, dyes, and brushware. Other species are used in perfumery (lemon-grass, vetiver-root) and medicine, for plaiting-work, or as fodder- or garden-plants.
(Including Anatherum Beauv., Chrysopogon Trin., Cymbopogon
Spreng., Euclaste Franch., Heterochloa Desv., Heteropogon Pers., Homopogon
Stapf, and Sorghum Pers.) Andropogon L.
65. (1.) Leaf-blade jointed with the sheath and finally separating from it, often contracted at the base into a short stalk, usually transversely
veined. Stem generally woody. [Subfamily BAMBUSOIDEAE.] 66
Leaf-blade passing into the sheath without a joint and without a stalk, rarely transversely veined. Stem herbaceous. [Subfamily POOIDEAE.] 79
66. Stamens 3. Styles 2-3, free. Outer glumes 1-2. Pericarp dry and thin. [Tribe ARUNDINARIEAE.] 67
Stamens 6. 68
67. Spikelets 2-flowered. Upper flowering glume keeled. Herbs.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Microcalamus Franch.
Spikelets many-flowered. Flowering glumes not keeled. Undershrubs or shrubs.—Species 2. East and South Africa. They yield wood, fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, and medicaments. Arundinaria Michx.
68. Fruit a nut or a berry; pericarp thick, free from the seed. Tall shrubs or trees. 69
Fruit a caryopsis; pericarp thin, adnate to the seed. [Tribe BAMBUSEAE.] 72
69. Palea rounded on the back, similar to the flowering glume. Spikelets
1-flowered. [Tribe MELOCANNEAE.] 70
Palea 2-keeled. Fruit a nut. [Tribe DENDROCALAMEAE.] 71
70. Spikelets in one-sided spikes, the axis not continued beyond the flower.
Outer glumes acuminate. Fruit a large apple-like berry. Trees.—Species
1. Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. The fruits are edible; also the wood and the fibres are used. Melocanna Trin.
Spikelets in panicled clusters, the axis continued beyond the flower in the form of a bristle. Outer glumes rolled inwards. Fruit a small wrinkled nut. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. Schizostachyum Nees
71. Spikelets 1-flowered, in scattered heads. Lodicules 2-3, large. Fruit oblong.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cephalostachyum Munro
Spikelets 2- or more-flowered, in panicled glomerules. Lodicules 1-2, very small, or absent. Fruit subglobular, beaked.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. Yields wood, fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, and medicaments, and is also used as an ornamental plant. Dendrocalamus Nees
72. Filaments united into a tube. Palea of the uppermost (hermaphrodite) flower of each spikelet usually 1-keeled. 73
Filaments free. Palea of the uppermost flower 2-keeled, rarely without a keel. 75
73. Spikelets terete. Lodicules none. Tall shrubs.—Species 5. Central
Africa. Oxytenanthera Munro
Spikelets compressed. Herbs. 74
74. Outer glumes 2. Fruit spindle-shaped, furrowed; style much broadened at the base. Spikelets in racemes.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa. Atractocarpa Franch.
Outer glumes 3-4. Fruit subglobular, not furrowed; style not broadened.—Species
5. Equatorial West Africa. Puelia Franch.
75. Spikelets 1-flowered. Outer glumes 6-10. Ovary glabrous. Style
2-3-cleft or -parted. Tall shrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar and
Mascarenes. Nastus Juss.
Spikelets 2- or more-flowered. Outer glumes 1-6. 76
76. Lodicules none. Spikelets 2-flowered, in clusters surrounded by two bracts. Ovary glabrous. Style undivided, hairy.—Species 1. German
East Africa. Oreobambus K. Schum.
Lodicules 2-3. Spikelets without bracts. Ovary hairy. 77
77. Lodicules 2. Outer glume 1. Palea not winged on the keels. Styles 2, free. Spikelets many-flowered. Herbs with 4 large leaves.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Guaduella Franch.) Microbambus K. Schum.
Lodicules 3. Outer glumes usually 2. 78
78. Palea with winged keels. Spikelets strongly flattened. Herbs.—Species
5. Equatorial West Africa. Guaduella Franch.
Palea not winged on the keels. Spikelets slightly flattened. Tall shrubs.—Species
2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized. They yield wood, fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, drinks, and medicaments, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Bamboo.” Bambusa Schreb.
79. (65.) Spikelets sessile in the notches on the rachis of a nearly always equal-sided spike, usually 2-ranked. [Tribe HORDEAE.] 80
Spikelets along a rachis without notches, in usually one-sided spikes or in racemes or panicles. 94
80. Spike one-sided. Spikelets solitary in each notch, 1-flowered. Outer glume 1, minute. Flowering glume awned. Stigma 1. Leaves stiff.—Species
1. Azores. “Matgrass.” [Subtribe NARDEAE.] Nardus L.
Spike equal-sided. Stigmas 2. 81
81. Spikelets solitary in each notch of the spike. 82
Spikelets 2-6 in each notch of the spike. [Subtribe ELYMINAE.] 93
82. Spikelets with the back towards the hollows of the rachis. [Subtribe
LOLIINAE.] 83
Spikelets with the side towards the hollows of the rachis. 88
83. Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, the terminal one with 2 outer glumes, the others with one. 84
Spikelets 2- to many-flowered. 86
84. Flowering glumes with a hairy callus at their base. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved.
Dwarf herbs.—Species 2. South and East Africa. Oropetium Trin.
Flowering glumes with a glabrous, sometimes rudimentary callus. 85
85. Joints of the rachis of the spike produced into wing-like appendages.—Species
1. Island of Socotra. Ischnurus Balf. fil.
Joints of the rachis of the spike without wing-like appendages.—Species 3.
Madagascar, South and North-west Africa. Monerma Beauv.
86. Spikelets 2-flowered. Styles long. Outer glumes 2. Flowering glumes produced into 3 points.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
(Including Kralikiella Coss. et Durieu). Kralikia Coss. et Durieu
Spikelets many-flowered. Styles very short. 87
87. Outer glumes 2, awnless. Flowering glumes with 2 points and a dorsal awn. Lodicules 2-cleft. Fruit hairy at the top.—Species 2. North
Africa. (Including Meringurus Murbeck). Gaudinia Beauv.
Outer glumes in the terminal spikelets 2, in the lateral single. Fruit glabrous.—Species 6. North, South, and East Africa. Two species
(ray-grass) are cultivated on lawns; one (the darnel, L. temulentum L.) is poisonous. (Including Arthrochortus Lowe). Lolium L.
88. Spikelets 1-, very rarely 2-flowered, in a slender spike; joints of the spike separating at maturity together with the lower spikelet. Outer glumes approximate in front. [Subtribe LEPTURINAE.] 89
Spikelets 2- to many-flowered, in usually stout spikes; joints of the spike separating at maturity together with the upper spikelet or not separating at all. Outer glumes opposite one another. [Subtribe TRITICINAE.] 90
89. Outer glume 1, very small. Flowering glumes awned. Stamen 1. Rachis of the spike with but slightly hollowed joints.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Psilurus Trin.
Outer glumes 2, large. Flowering glumes awnless.—Species 4. North
Africa, Abyssinia, Socotra. Lepturus R. Br.
90. Flowering glumes decurrent into a callus limited by a furrow, falling with the fruit when ripe. Fruit adhering to the palea.—Species 7. North
Africa, Abyssinia, South Africa. The quitch grass (A. repens Beauv.) is used for binding the sand, as fodder, for making syrup, and medicinally.
(Including Eremopyrum Jaub. et Spach). Agropyrum Gaertn.
Flowering glumes without a callus at the base, persisting at maturity.
Fruit free. 91
91. Outer glumes ovate, 3- to many-nerved. Fertile spikelets ventricose,
2-5-flowered. Spike usually with a terminal spikelet.—Species 13.
Ten species spontaneous in North Africa and Abyssinia, the others
(especially the wheat, T. sativum Lam. and polonicum L.) cultivated in various regions. The latter are used as cereals and for plaiting-work, other species as ornamental plants. (Including Aegilops L.) Triticum L.
Outer glumes oblong lanceolate or subulate, 1-2-nerved. Spikelets not ventricose, 2-, rarely 3-flowered. Spike without a terminal spikelet. 92
92. Outer glumes truncate, two-keeled, with a long awn. Flowering glumes awned from below the tip. Spike very dense.—Species 2. North-west
Africa. Haynaldia Schur
Outer glumes acuminate, one-nerved. Flowering glumes awned from the
tip. Spike rather loose.—Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, and
South Africa. One of them (the rye, S. cereale L.) is cultivated as a cereal and also used as fodder, for making brandy and paper, and for plaiting-work. Secale L.
93. Spikelets 1-flowered, sometimes with an empty glume above the flower.
Flowering glume awned.—Species 8. North Africa; some species also cultivated or naturalized in Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa.
The barley (H. sativum Jessen) is cultivated as a cereal and for making beer; it is also used as fodder and for medicinal purposes. Other species are used as ornamental plants. Hordeum L.
Spikelets 2-6-flowered.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. “Lymegrass.” Elymus L.
94. (79.) Spikelets in two rows approximated to one another, forming one-sided, sometimes panicled spikes (or spike-like racemes). [Tribe CHLORIDEAE.] 95
Spikelets in sometimes spike-like but equal-sided racemes or more frequently in panicles not consisting of one-sided spikes. 123
95. Spikelets containing 1 hermaphrodite flower. 96
Spikelets containing 2 or more hermaphrodite flowers. 108
96. Spikelets bearing no male flowers or empty glumes above the hermaphrodite flower, but sometimes ending in a short bristle. 97
Spikelets bearing above the hermaphrodite flower a male flower or one or several empty, sometimes very small or awn-like glumes. 101
97. Spikelets awned. 98
Spikelets awnless. 99
98. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with a very long awn. Spikes 1-4, terminal.—Species 3. Central Africa and Egypt. Schoenefeldia Kunth
Flowering glume almost as long as the outer glumes, with a short awn.
Spikes numerous, arranged along a common axis.—Species 4. Southern
West Africa. Willkommia Hack.
99. Spikes solitary, terminal.—Species 3. Central and South Africa. Used in medicine. Microchloa R. Br.
Spikes digitate or in racemes. 100
100. Spikes digitate, 3-5. Flowering glume usually larger than the outer glumes.—Species 5. Some are used as pasture-grasses or in medicine.
“Dogstooth.” Cynodon Pers.
Spikes arranged along a common axis. Rachis of the spike dilated.
Flowering glume much smaller than the outer glumes.—Species 2.
East Africa. Craspedorhachis Benth.
101. Outer glumes 4. Second outer glume and flowering glume awned. Spikes solitary, rarely 2-3 together.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. (Including Campulosus Desv.) Ctenium Panzer
Outer glumes 2. 102
102. Spike 1, terminal. 103
Spikes 2 or more, sometimes fascicle-like. 105
103. Flowering glume many-nerved, awned. Styles united at the base, with shortly bearded, at length spirally twisted stigmas.—Species 1. Central
Africa. Streptogyne Beauv.
Flowering glume 3-nerved. Styles free, with feathery stigmas. 104
104. Spikelets awned, imbricate, in slender spikes.—Species 6. East and
South Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. Enteropogon Nees
Spikelets awnless, crowded, in stout spikes.—Species 1. South Africa. Harpechloa Kunth
105. Spikes in false whorls or closely superposed.—Species 25. Some are used as ornamental or fodder-plants. (Plate 8.) Chloris Swartz
Spikes all distant or the lowest only approximate. 106
106. Spikes very short and very dense. Outer glumes ciliate, with a straight awn. Flowering glume with 3 awns. Several empty glumes above the flowering glume. Low grasses.—Species 1. Northern East Africa. Melanocenchris Nees
Spikes more or less elongated and loose. Flowering glume with 1 awn or awnless. Rather tall grasses. 107
107. Flowering glume awned, 2-toothed. Empty glume above the flowering one awn-like. Spikes very loose, at first erect.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Gymnopogon Beauv.
Flowering glume awnless. Spikes rather dense, spreading.—Species 8.
Central Africa. Some have edible seeds. (Including Cypholepis
Chiov.) Leptochloa Beauv.
108. (95.) Spikes 1-3, terminal. 109
Spikes more than 3. 114
109. Flowering glumes with 3, sometimes very short awns. Spikelets many-flowered.
Spikes long, rather loose.—Species 4. Central Africa. Tripogon Roth
Flowering glumes with one awn or mucro or unarmed. Spikes dense, usually short. 110
110. Flowering glumes with a rather long awn, long-haired on the back. Spikelets
2-3-flowered.—Species 6. Central and North Africa. (Including
Lepidopironia Rich.) Tetrapogon Desf.
Flowering glumes unarmed or mucronate. 111
111. Spikes 2-3 together. Spikelets 3-4-flowered. Fruit almost orbicular.
Leaves rather broad.—Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. (Under Eragrostis
Beauv.) Coelachyrum Nees
Spike solitary. Fruit oblong. Leaves narrow. 112
112. Spikelets 2-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas delicately membranous.—Species
3. South Africa. (Prionanthium Desv.) Prionachne Nees
Spikelets 3- to many-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas firmly
membranous, rather stiff. 113
113. Outer glumes subequal.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Wangenheimia Moench
Outer glumes very unequal or only one present.—Species 50. Some are used for the manufacture of paper or as ornamental or fodder-plants.
Fescue.” (Including Ctenopsis De Not., Nardurus Reichb., and
Vulpia Gmel.) Festuca L.
114. (108.) Outer glumes 4. Spikelets falling entire. 115
Outer glumes 2, usually persisting on the stalk of the spikelet. 116
115. Outer glumes 1-nerved. Flowering glumes 5-nerved. Styles short.—Species
1. South Africa. Tetrachne Nees
Outer glumes 3-8-nerved. Flowering glumes 7-11-nerved. Styles long.—Species 2. South Africa and Angola. (Under Tetrachne Nees). Entoplocamia Stapf
116. Outer glumes shortly awned, much longer than the flowering glumes.
Spikes short, distant, at length bent downward.—Species 2. Central
Africa and Egypt. Used as ornamental grasses. (Dineba Jacq.) Dinebra Jacq.
Outer glumes unarmed or mucronate, shorter than the flowering glumes. 117
117. Spikelets very densely crowded. Spikes digitate, at least the upper. 118
Spikelets not very densely crowded. Spikes distant. 119
118. Spikes ending in a point. Outer glumes mucronate.—Species 6. Used as cereals, fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants, and for making beer.
(Under Eleusine Gaertn.) Dactyloctenium Willd.
Spikes terminated by a spikelet. Outer glumes usually unarmed. Pericarp usually loose.—Species 10. The coracan (E. coracana Gaertn.) is cultivated as a cereal and for the preparation of beer; other species are used as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including Acrachne Wight
Arn.) Eleusine Gaertn.
119. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Pericarp more or less adhering to the palea. (See 113.) Festuca L.
Flowering glumes keeled. Pericarp free. 120
120. Glumes thinly membranous, the outer subequal. 121
Glumes firmly membranous, glabrous, the outer conspicuously unequal. 122
121. Flowering glumes 4-toothed, shortly awned.—Species 3. East and South
Africa. (Under Diplachne Beauv.) Leptocarydium Hochst.
Flowering glumes entire or obscurely 2-3-toothed. (See 107.) Leptochloa Beauv.
122. Spikelets 2-8-flowered, with a jointed, ciliate axis. Lodicules very small.
Fruit linear-oblong, closely enveloped by the glumes.—Species 2. South and East Africa. Used as fodder-grasses. (Under Eragrostis L. or
Leptochloa Beauv.) Pogonarthria Stapf
Spikelets many-flowered, with a tough axis. Lodicules rather large.
Fruit ovate, loosely enveloped by the glumes.—Species 1. East Africa
and Egypt. (Stapfiola O. Ktze., under Eragrostis L.) Desmostachya Stapf
123. (94.) Spikelets 1-flowered. 124
Spikelets 2- or more-flowered. 153
124. Outer glumes 4, rarely 3. Palea usually 1-nerved. [Tribe PHALARIDEAE.] 125
Outer glumes 2, rarely 1 or none. Palea usually 2-nerved. [Tribe
AGROSTIDEAE.] 129
125. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical, transversely veined. Spikelets in pairs on the branches of a panicle. Outer glumes 3.—Species 2. Madagascar. Poecilostachys Hack.
Leaves linear. Flowering glume awnless. 126
126. Upper two outer glumes, or at least the uppermost, larger than the lower.
Stamens 6, rarely 3.—Species 25. South and East Africa, Mascarene
Islands, St. Helena. Ehrharta Thunb.
Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower, more rarely equalling them. Stamens 2-3. 127
127. Upper two outer glumes awnless, smaller than the lower. Flowering glume and palea hardening. Lodicules present. Stamens 3.—Species 10.
North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental grasses. The seeds of Ph. canariensis L. (Canary-seeds) are used as food and in medicine. Phalaris L.
Upper two outer glumes awned; lower two unequal. Flowering glume and palea membranous. Lodicules none. Stamens 2. 128
128. Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower.—Species 5. North-west and Central Africa. The vernal grass (A. odoratum L.) imparts a sweet scent to new-made hay. Anthoxanthum L.
Upper two outer glumes about as large as the lower.—Species 5. South
Africa and Madagascar. “Holygrass.” (Ataxia R. Br., under Anthoxanthum
L.). Hierochloë Gmel.
129. (124.) Stigmas shortly branched all round, protruding between the tips of the slightly gaping glumes. [Subtribe PHLEINAE.] 130
Stigmas feathery, protruding above the base of the spikelet or enclosed in it. 133
130. Flowering glume rather stiff, awned or mucronate. Axis of the spikelet produced beyond the flower into a bristle usually bearing an empty glume.—Species 2. South Africa. Fingerhuthia Nees
Flowering glume thinly membranous, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet rarely produced beyond the flower into a bristle without empty glumes. 131
131. Spikelets in slender simple spikes. Outer glumes obscurely keeled, unarmed. Flowering glume somewhat shorter than the outer. Leaves awl-shaped.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Mibora Adans.
Spikelets in spike-like panicles. Outer glumes distinctly keeled. Leaves
flat. 132
132. Flowering glume somewhat longer than the outer. Outer glumes unarmed.—Species
4. North Africa to Senegambia, East Africa, Madagascar. Heleochloa Host
Flowering glume much shorter than the outer. Outer glumes mucronate or shortly awned.—Species 5. North Africa to Senegambia. Some species have edible seeds or are used as ornamental grasses. Ph. pratense
L. is a valuable fodder-grass. “Timothy-grass.” Phleum L.
133. Flowering glume harder than the outer glumes at maturity, tightly enclosing the fruit. Axis of the spikelet not prolonged beyond the flower. [Subtribe STIPINAE.] 134
Flowering glume thinner than the outer at maturity, loosely enclosing or not enclosing the fruit, rarely harder or tightly enclosing the fruit, but then the axis of the spikelet prolonged into a bristle. 137
134. Flowering glume awnless.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Yields edible seeds and is used as an ornamental grass. Milium L.
Flowering glume awned. 135
135. Flowering glume narrow, with a 3-branched awn, but the lateral branches sometimes very short. Lodicules 2.—Species 80. Some of them have edible seeds or are used as fodder. (Including Arthratherum Beauv.) Aristida L.
Flowering glume with a single awn. 136
136. Flowering glume narrow, with a strong, kneed, usually twisted, persistent awn. Palea not distinctly keeled. Lodicules usually 3.—Species 15.
North Africa, northern East Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa.
The Esparto-grass (St. tenacissima L.) is used for the manufacture of paper, ropes, and in plaiting-work, other species as ornamental grasses
(feather-grass); some have edible seeds. (Stupa L., including Macrochloa
Kunth) Stipa L.
Flowering glume broad, with a fine, short, deciduous awn. Palea 2-keeled.
Lodicules usually 2.—Species 3. North Africa, one species also introduced into South Africa. (Piptatherum Beauv.) Oryzopsis Michx.
137. Fruit not enclosed by the glumes; pericarp usually loose and dehiscing.
Axis of the spikelet not produced beyond the flower. Glumes unarmed.
Flowering glume usually longer than the outer ones.—Species 60. Some of them yield edible seeds or are used as fodder and for plaiting-work.
(Including Triachyrium Hochst. and Vilfa Beauv.) Sporobolus R. Br.
Fruit enclosed by the flowering glume and the palea; pericarp usually adnate to the seed. 138
138. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile surrounded by the sterile, which consist of numerous glumes. Flowering glume 1-nerved, with a dorsal awn.—Species
1. North Africa and Abyssinia; also introduced into South
Africa. Used as an ornamental grass. (Chrysurus Pers.) Lamarckia Moench
Spikelets all alike. 139
139. Outer glumes conspicuously shorter than the flowering glume. Flowering glume firmly herbaceous, 3-5-nerved, with a long, straight, terminal or subterminal awn. Panicle loose.—Species 2. East and South-east
Africa (Kilimandjaro and Transvaal). (Under Brachyelytrum Beauv.) Pseudobromus K. Schum.
Outer glumes almost equalling the flowering glume or exceeding it.
Flowering glume membranous, rarely firmer, but then many-nerved or with a distinctly dorsal awn or awnless. 140
140. Outer glumes feathery, long. Flowering glume with two short terminal awns or with a long dorsal one. Panicles spike- or head-like.—Species 1.
North Africa; introduced in South Africa. Used as an ornamental grass. “Harestail-grass.” Lagurus L.
Outer glumes not feathery. 141
141. Outer glumes bladdery at the base, much longer than the flowering glume.
Panicles spike-like.—Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. “Nitgrass.” Gastridium Beauv.
Outer glumes not bladdery. 142
142. Flowering glume cleft into 9-23 awn-shaped teeth. Panicles spike-like.—Species
13. Some are used as fodder-grasses. (Including
Enneapogon Desv.) Pappophorum Schreb.
Flowering glume with 1-3 awns or awnless. 143
143. Flowering glume with a delicate dorsal awn and two long and thin lateral awns.—Species 2. Egypt and Abyssinia. Trisetaria Forsk.
Flowering glume awnless or with a single awn and sometimes 2 short bristles. 144
144. Flowering glume with a terminal awn, rounded on the back, sometimes keeled towards the tip. (See 113.) Festuca L.
Flowering glume with a dorsal awn or with a short mucro or unarmed. 145
145. Flowering glume decurrent into a callus bearing a tuft of long hairs. 146
Flowering glume with a glabrous or shortly and scantily hairy callus or without a callus. 147
146. Flowering glume papery, unarmed or shortly mucronate. Spikelets large, with a glabrous and bristle-like or a club-shaped prolongation of the axis.—Species 1 (A. arundinacea Host, maram). North Africa.
Used for binding sand-dunes and as a fodder-grass; the root-stock is edible. (Psamma Beauv.) Ammophila Host
Flowering glume membranous, awned from the back, very rarely awnless.
Spikelets rather small, sometimes with a bristle-like and usually hairy prolongation of the axis.—Species 6. Azores, mountains of tropical
Africa, South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Deyeuxia Beauv.) Calamagrostis Roth
147. Axis of the spikelet not distinctly continued beyond the flower. Flowering glume shorter than the outer glumes. 148
Axis of the spikelet produced beyond the flower into a bristle-like appendage
bearing sometimes empty glumes. 149
148. Palea as long as the flowering glume. Panicles few-flowered.—Species
1. South Africa. (Under Agrostis L. or Colpodium Trin.) Poagrostis Stapf
Palea shorter than the flowering glume. Panicles many-flowered.—Species
30. North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Some are used as fodder- or ornamental grasses. “Bent-grass.” Agrostis L.
149. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with 2 bristles at the top and an awn on the back near the base. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet hairy, without glumes. Panicles spike-like.—Species
1. North-west Africa. (Under Gastridium Beauv.) Triplachne Link
Flowering glume slightly shorter or longer than the outer glumes. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet glabrous or bearing empty glumes. 150
150. Flowering glume with a very long awn. Outer glumes unequal. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet without glumes. Panicle loose.—Species
2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental grasses. Apera Adans.
Flowering glume with a short or moderate awn or awnless. Outer glumes subequal. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet usually with empty glumes. 151
151. Lower outer glume 1-nerved. Flowering glume 3-5-nerved, membranous, about as long as the outer glumes. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet with 1-2 empty glumes or without glumes.—Species
10. North Africa, Abyssinia, South Africa. Some are used as fodder-grasses. Koeleria Pers.
Lower outer glume 3-9-nerved. Flowering glume 5- to many-nerved, leathery or longer than the outer glumes. 152
152. Fruit deeply grooved. Flowering glume leathery, rounded on the back, with a kneed dorsal awn. Outer glumes 7-9-nerved.—Species 20.
Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some (especially
A. sativa L.) are cultivated as cereals (oat) or fodder, and yield also oil and medicaments; others are used as ornamental grasses. (Including
Avenastrum Juss.) Avena L.
Fruit not deeply grooved. Flowering glume keeled, longer than the outer ones. Outer glumes 3-7-nerved. Empty glumes above the flower 2 or more.—Species 10. Extra-tropical regions. Some are used as ornamental grasses. Melica L.
153. (123.) Flowering glumes, at least one in each spikelet, bearing a twisted or kneed, generally dorsal awn, usually shorter than the outer glumes, rarely awnless, and then spikelets 2-flowered with a very short axis not prolonged beyond the flowers. [Tribe AVENEAE.] 154
Flowering glumes bearing a straight, terminal or subterminal awn, or unawned, usually longer than the outer glumes. Spikelets 2-flowered, the axis prolonged between the flowers or above them, or 3-many-flowered.
[Tribe FESTUCEAE.] 177
154. Spikelets 2-flowered without a continuation of the axis beyond the upper flower. Flowering glumes usually unawned. 155
Spikelets 2-flowered with a continuation of the axis beyond the upper flower, or 3-many-flowered. Flowering glumes awned. 161
155. Spikelets solitary, enveloped by a spathe. Flowering glumes connate.
Style 1, undivided. Stigma papillose. (See 3.) Lygeum L.
Spikelets in panicles, racemes, or spikes. Flowering glumes free. Styles
2, free. Stigmas feathery. 156
156. Outer glumes with a cartilaginous, pectinately-toothed keel. Panicle spike-like. (See 112.) Prionachne Nees
Outer glumes membranous. 157
157. Outer glumes hemispherical. Panicle spike-like.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Airopsis Desv.
Outer glumes not hemispherical. Panicle spreading. 158
158. Outer glumes shorter than the flowering glumes. Flowering glumes truncate or minutely toothed.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under
Aira L.) Molineria Parl.
Outer glumes somewhat longer than the flowering glumes. 159
159. Flowering glumes blunt, unarmed, hardened at maturity. Axis of the spikelet very short. (See 21.) Isachne R. Br.
Flowering glumes 3-lobed, 2-toothed, or mucronate, usually provided with
a dorsal awn, not hardened at maturity. 160
160. Flowering glumes 3-lobed, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet somewhat elongated between the flowers.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as an ornamental grass. (Under Aira L.) Antinoria Parl.
Flowering glumes 2-toothed or mucronate, nearly always with a dorsal awn. Axis of the spikelet very short.—Species 8. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as ornamental grasses. Aira L.
161. (154.) Flowering glumes with a terminal awn inserted between the apical lobes or teeth. 162
Flowering glume with a dorsal awn inserted below the apex. 168
162. Spikelets 2-flowered; the lower flower male, the upper female or hermaphrodite. 163
Spikelets 2- or more flowered; all flowers hermaphrodite or the uppermost male. Flowering glumes 5-11-nerved. 165
163. Spikelets in clusters of 3 at the tips of the branches of a raceme or panicle.—Species
13. Tropical and South Africa. Tristachya Nees
Spikelets solitary at the tips of the branches of a panicle. 164
164. Palea auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower not distinctly toothed. Spikelets small.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are used for plaiting-work. Arundinella Raddi
Palea not auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower distinctly
toothed. Spikelets large.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Trichopteryx Nees
165. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a minute or bristle-like continuation of the axis. Flowering glumes with 2-4, at least partly bristle-like teeth. 166
Spikelets with 3 or more flowers, the uppermost of which is usually incomplete.
Flowering glumes with 2 rarely bristle-like teeth. 167
166. Fruit globular; pericarp crusty, almost free from the seed.—Species 5.
South Africa. (Under Danthonia DC.) Pentameris Beauv.
Fruit oblong.—Species 40. Southern and tropical Africa. The seeds of some species are eaten or used in medicine. (Under Danthonia DC.) Pentaschistis (Nees) Stapf
167. Spikelets falling entire with a part of their stalk. Lowest flowering glume without, the others with side-bristles.—Species 4. South Africa.
(Under Danthonia DC.) Chaetobromus (Nees) Stapf
Spikelets not falling entire; axis jointed between and below the flowering glumes.—Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. The seeds of several species are eaten or used in medicine. Danthonia DC.
168. (161.) Spikelets in spikes, many-flowered. (See 87.) Gaudinia Beauv.
Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles. 169
169. Lower flowers male, upper hermaphrodite. 170
Lower or all flowers hermaphrodite, upper sometimes male or barren. 171
170. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a bristle-like continuation of the axis. Stamens
3. Styles short.—Species 2. North-west Africa. They yield fodder and edible seeds. Arrhenatherum Beauv.
Spikelets with 3 flowers, one of which is sometimes reduced to a glume, without a continuation of the axis. Stamens in the male flowers 3, in the hermaphrodite 2. Styles long. (See 128.) Hierochloe Gmel.
171. Axis of the spikelets jointed at the base; spikelets falling entire, 2-flowered, the upper flower usually male, the lower hermaphrodite with the flowering glume unarmed.—Species 6. North-west and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental grasses. Holcus L.
Axis of the spikelets jointed above the persistent outer glumes. 172
172. Fruit grooved in front, usually adherent to the glumes. Spikelets large. 173
Fruit not grooved, free. Spikelets usually small. 174
173. Fruit slightly grooved. Styles inserted laterally below the summit of the ovary.—Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are poisonous, others are used as fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants. Bromus L.
Fruit deeply grooved. Styles inserted at or near the summit of the ovary. (See 152.) Avena L.
174. Flowering glumes 2-cleft or 2-toothed to 2-awned. 175
Flowering glumes irregularly and minutely toothed or 2-lobed with toothed lobes or entire. 176
175. Flowering glume of the lower flower awnless, entire. Outer glumes 3-5-nerved.
Spikelets linear-oblong.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria) Ventenata Koeler
Flowering glume of the lower flower awned, 2-toothed. Outer glumes
1-3-nerved. Spikelets lanceolate-elliptical.—Species 20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as fodder- or ornamental grasses. Trisetum Pers.
170. Awns of the flowering glumes jointed, thickened towards the tip.—Species
3. North Africa. (Under Aira L.) Corynephorus Beauv.
Awns of the flowering glumes not jointed, slender throughout.—Species
5. Azores, Canaries, high mountains of Central Africa, subantarctic islands. Used as ornamental grasses. (Under Aira L.) Deschampsia Beauv.
177. (153.) Flowering glumes of the fertile flowers cleft in 3-23 awn-like or awn-bearing lobes. [Subtribe PAPPOPHORINAE.] 178
Flowering glumes entire or 2-lobed, rarely (Triodia) 3-lobed, bearing a single awn or unawned. 182
178. Flowering glumes 3-cleft, with 3 awns. Spikelets 5-15-flowered, in panicles.—Species 9. Southern and Central Africa, Sahara, Egypt.
Some are used as fodder-grasses. Triraphis R. Br.
Flowering glumes 4-many-cleft, with 5 or more awns. Spikelets 2-6-flowered. 179
179. Flowering glumes with 5-9 awns springing from the back of the lobes.
Style 1, short and broad, 2-cleft. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in dense panicles.—Species 1. Egypt. Boissiera Hochst.
Flowering glumes with 5-23 awns springing from the tips of the lobes or from the notches between them. Styles 2, free. 180
180. Flowering glumes with 9-23 awn-like lobes. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in spike-like panicles. (See 142.) Pappophorum Schreb.
Flowering glumes with 5-7 awns or awn-like lobes. 181
181. Flowering glumes with 5-7 subequal, awn-like lobes. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in heads.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Echinaria Desv.
Flowering glumes with 9 lobes, 5 of which are awn-like. Spikelets 4-6-flowered, in rather loose panicles.—Species 3. Central and South
Africa and Egypt. Used as fodder and in medicine. (Antoschmidtia
Steud.) Schmidtia Steud.
182. Axis of the spikelets or flowering glumes covered with long hairs enveloping the glumes. [Subtribe ARUNDINAE.] 183
Axis of the spikelets and flowering glumes glabrous or short-haired. 185
183. Flowering glumes firmly membranous, 5-nerved, hairy like the axis of the spikelets. Ovary hairy at the top. Leaves narrow, more or less rolled up. Low grasses.—Species 1 (A. tenax Link). North Africa.
Used for making paper, in plaiting-work, as fodder, and as an ornamental plant. Ampelodesma Beauv.
Flowering glumes delicately membranous, 3-nerved; if hairy, then axis of the spikelets glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Leaves flat and rather
broad. Tall grasses. 184
184. Flowering glumes glabrous, entire, produced into a fine point. Axis of the spikelets hairy. Lowest flower of each spikelet usually male.
Panicles lax.—Species 2. Used in house-building, for plaiting-work and divers utensils, and as ornamental grasses; the root-stock is edible and used in medicine. “Reed.” (Trichoon Roth) Phragmites Trin.
Flowering glumes hairy, 2-toothed, with a mucro in the notch. Axis of the spikelets glabrous. Flowers all hermaphrodite or the uppermost flower or all flowers of the lower spikelets male. Panicles dense.—Species
5. North Africa, Madagascar, South Africa. Used in house-building, for plaiting-work, and as medicinal, fodder-, and ornamental plants.
Reed.” (Donax Beauv., including Neyraudia Hook. fil.) Arundo L.
185. Stigmas shortly papillose on all sides, projecting between the tips of the flowering glumes; styles long. [Subtribe SESLERINAE.] 186
Stigmas feathery, rather short, projecting near the base of the flowering glumes; styles short or almost wanting. 191
186. Styles united at the base. Stigmas spirally twisted. Spikelets in one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, 2-flowered, very rarely 3-4-flowered.
Glumes many-nerved; the outer ones unarmed, the flowering ones awned. Leaves transversely veined. (See 103.) Streptogyne Beauv.
Styles free. Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles or in heads. 187
187. Spikelets in spike-like panicles, falling singly and entire, 2-flowered, very rarely 3-4-flowered, the uppermost flower male. Glumes awned or mucronate. (See 130.) Fingerhuthia Nees
Spikelets in heads or head-like panicles or in fascicles arranged in spike-like panicles, not falling entire. 188
188. Spikelets in fascicles arranged in slender spike-like panicles, rarely in heads, and then stamen 1. Glumes 1-3-nerved, mucronate or awned.
Spikelets 3-7-flowered.—Species 2. Central Africa. Elytrophorus Beauv.
Spikelets in head-like panicles. Stamens 3. 189
189. Glumes 4-7-nerved, long-awned. Spikelets 3-7-flowered. Panicles enveloped by the sheath of the uppermost leaf. Leaves awl-shaped.—Species
1. South Africa. Urochlaena Nees
Glumes 1-3-nerved, not awned, but sometimes mucronate. Leaves flat. 190
190. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in spikes arranged in heads enveloped by the sheath of the uppermost leaf.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).
(Under Ammochloa Boiss.) Dictyochloa (Murb.) Camus
Spikelets 7-15-flowered. Inflorescence not enveloped by a sheath.
Species 2. North Africa. Ammochloa Boiss.
191. (185.) Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower hermaphrodite, the upper female. Axis of the spikelet elongated between the flowers, but not continued beyond them. Glumes unarmed, with faint nerves. Spikelets
in loose panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar. Coelachne R. Br.
Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers hermaphrodite or the lower flower hermaphrodite, the upper one male or rudimentary, or 3-many -flowered. 192
192. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved. [Subtribes TRIODIINAE and ERAGROSTINAE.] 193
Flowering glumes 5-many-nerved. 207
193. Flowering glumes 2-4-toothed or -cleft, rounded on the back, at least at the base. 194
Flowering glumes entire or obscurely toothed, rarely (Diplachne) distinctly
2-toothed and sometimes awned from the notch, but then keeled. 196
194. Flowering glumes with 3 rather obtuse lobes.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. Triodia R. Br.
Flowering glumes with 2 acute lobes and an awn or mucro between them. 195
195. Flowering glumes with a long awn, the upper ones empty. Outer glumes unequal. Spikes approximate, almost digitate.—Species 1. South
Africa. Lophacme Stapf
Flowering glumes with a short awn or a mucro. Outer glumes subequal.—Species
2. Central and South Africa. (Under Diplachne
Beauv.) Crossotropis Stapf
196. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile 2-3-flowered and surrounded by the sterile consisting of numerous two-ranked glumes, arranged in one-sided spike-like panicles. Flowering glumes awned or mucronate.—Species
8. North and South Africa. Some have edible seeds or are used as fodder or ornamental grasses. “Dogstail.” Cynosurus L.
Spikelets all alike. 197
197. Spikelets in spike-like racemes, laterally flattened, falling as a whole, containing 3-4 fertile flowers and two empty glumes above them.—Species
1. Abyssinia. Harpachne Hochst.
Spikelets in panicles; empty glume above the fertile flowers 1 or none. 198
198. Main branches of the panicles two-ranked, usually branched at their base. 199
Main branches of the panicles not two-ranked. 203
199. Panicles spreading, with long, thin branches. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, with membranous, unarmed glumes. 200
Panicles contracted (more or less spike-like) or with very short, rather thick, but somewhat spreading branches. 201
200. Outer glumes slightly unequal. Perennial, creeping grasses, with flat leaves.—Species 1. North Africa. Catabrosa Beauv.
Outer glumes very unequal the lower very small. Stalk of the spikelet somewhat thickened. Delicate, annual grasses with narrow leaves.—Species
2. North Africa. Sphenopus Trin.
201. Panicles with short, rather thick, more or less spreading branches. Glumes
hard. Spikelets 3-13-flowered.—Species 5. North Africa. Cutandia Willk.
Panicles strongly contracted, dense, more or less spike-like. Glumes membranous. Spikelets 2-5-flowered. 202
202. Upper outer glume much broader and somewhat longer than the flowering glumes. Lower outer glume very short, almost bristle-like. Flowering glumes awned below the tip.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Avellinia Parl.
Upper outer glume neither broader nor longer than the flowering glumes.
Lower outer glume almost equalling the upper one. (See 151.) Koeleria Pers.
203. Branches of the panicle spike-like. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved, usually toothed. 204
Branches of the panicle raceme-like. Flowering glumes 3-nerved, not distinctly toothed, unarmed or mucronate. 205
204. Panicles contracted, spike-like. Flowering glumes entire, acuminate.
Lodicules membranous. Fruit terete.—Species 3. South Africa and southern East Africa. (Triphlebia Stapf, under Lasiochloa Kunth). Stiburus Stapf
Panicles lax. Lodicules fleshy.—Species 9. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as fodder-grasses. Diplachne Beauv.
205. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Spikelets conical, loosely 2-4-flowered; axis jointed, fragile. Fruit oblong, broadly grooved.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used in plaiting-work and as an ornamental grass. Molinia Schrank
Flowering glumes keeled. Spikelets not conical, densely 5-many-flowered. 206
206. Outer glumes unequal, the lower 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved. Axis of the spikelet fragile. Fruit broadly grooved.—Species 1. Coast of East Africa. Halopyrum Stapf
Outer glumes 1-nerved, rarely the upper one 3-nerved. Axis of the spikelet usually tough. Fruit usually ovate and not grooved.—Species 130.
Some are used as fodder- or ornamental grasses, others as sand-binders or for plaiting-work. The tef (E. abyssinica Link) is cultivated in
Abyssinia as a cereal. Eragrostis Host
207. (192.) Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers two or more empty glumes usually forming a club-shaped body. Flowering glumes keeled. Outer glumes 3-5-nerved. (See 152.) [Subtribe MELICINAE.] Melica L.
Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers a single empty glume or none, rarely several, but then flowering glumes rounded on the back. 208
208. Leaves broadly-lanceolate or ovate, with fine transverse veins between the nerves. [Subtribe CENTOTHECINAE.] 209
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, without distinct transverse veins.
[Subtribes FESTUCINAE and BRACHYPODINAE.] 210
209. Spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs on the spike-like branches of a panicle.
Outer glumes 3, the uppermost sometimes bearing a barren spikelet in its axil. (See 125.) Poecilostachys Hack.
Spikelets many-flowered. Outer glumes 2.—Species 4. Tropics. Centotheca Desv.
210. Spikelets in glomerules arranged in panicles. 211
Spikelets not in glomerules. 212
211. Panicles one-sided. Outer glumes unequal, 1-3-nerved. Flowering glumes larger, firmer, 5-nerved, mucronate or awned, ciliate on the keel.—Species 1. North and South Africa. Used as a fodder- and ornamental grass. “Cocksfoot.” Dactylis L.
Panicles equal-sided. Outer glumes subequal, 5-7-nerved, usually hispid.
Flowering glumes shorter, thinner, 7-9-nerved, unarmed.—Species 3.
South Africa. Lasiochloa Kunth
212. Spikelets tightly imbricate in short spikes arranged in racemes or heads.
Flowering glumes broad, 7-9-nerved, somewhat shorter than the palea, mucronate.—Species 4. North and East Africa. Aeluropus Trin.
Spikelets tightly imbricate in solitary spikes or not imbricate. 213
213. Spikelets very tightly imbricate, arranged in a linear false spike. Flowering glumes sharply keeled from the base, 7-nerved, unarmed.—Species 7.
North and South Africa and St. Helena. Used as ornamental plants.
(Brizopyrum Link). Desmazeria Dumort.
Spikelets not very tightly imbricate; if rather tightly, then flowering glumes not keeled. 214
214. Styles inserted on the front of the ovary, conspicuously below the top.
Flowering glumes usually awned. Fruit linear or oblong, adhering to the palea. (See 173.) Bromus L.
Styles inserted on the top of the ovary or close to it. 215
215. Flowering glumes much shorter than the outer ones, 2-lobed or 2-cleft.
Outer glumes with white, membranous margins.—Species 4. South and North Africa. Schismus Beauv.
Flowering glumes slightly shorter or longer than the outer ones. 216
216. Flowering glumes cordate at the base, very concave, scarious, broader than the outer glumes. Fruit strongly compressed.—Species 5. North
Africa, Senegambia, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Quaking-grass.” Briza L.
Flowering glumes not cordate. 217
217. Flowering glumes distinctly keeled. 218
Flowering glumes rounded on the back, sometimes slightly keeled towards the tip. 220
218. Flowering glumes shortly awned, scarious. Panicles spike-like. (See
151.) Koeleria Pers.
Flowering glumes unawned, membranous herbaceous or cartilaginous.
Panicles usually spreading. 219
219. Flowering glumes cartilaginous at the base, herbaceous towards the tip.
Outer glumes unequal. Axis of the spikelet thickened. Panicles one-sided.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Sclerochloa Beauv.
Flowering glumes membranous or herbaceous at the base or throughout.—Species
20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some are used as ornamental grasses. Poa L.
220. Spikelets 2-flowered with very approximate flowers and a bristle-like continuation of the axis beyond them. Outer glumes rather stiff,
1-3-nerved. Flowering glumes somewhat shorter, blunt, awnless.—Species
10. South and East Africa. Achneria Munro
Spikelets 2-flowered, with perceptibly distant flowers and usually membranous outer glumes, or 3-many-flowered. 221
221. Outer glumes 7-11-nerved, membranous. Flowering glumes toothed, usually awnless. Paleas narrow, 2-toothed. Spikelets usually 2-flowered.
Fruit deeply furrowed. (See 152.) Avena L.
Outer glumes 1-5-nerved, rarely 7-9-nerved, and then flowering glumes awned and paleas broad. Spikelets usually 3-many-flowered. 222
222. Flowering glumes 2-cleft, awned, 7-9-nerved. (See 167.) Danthonia DC.
Flowering glumes entire, rarely toothed or 2-cleft, but then unarmed or
5-nerved. Styles very short. 223
223. Side-nerves of the flowering glumes nearly parallel, not joining the middle-nerve, sometimes obscure. Flowering glumes unarmed. Fruit oblong or ovate. 224
Side-nerves of the flowering glumes curved, converging towards the middle-nerve. Fruit oblong or linear. 225
224. Lodicules united. Styles distinctly developed. Fruit free, narrowly or not grooved.—Species 1 (G. fluitans R. Br., manna-grass). North-west
Africa. The seeds are used as food. (Under Poa L.) Glyceria R. Br.
Lodicules free. Styles wanting. Fruit usually adherent to the palea, broadly or not grooved.—Species 4. North-west and South Africa.
(Under Glyceria R. Br.) Atropis Rupr.
225. Paleas with rigidly ciliate keels. Flowering glumes 7-9-nerved. Outer glumes 3-7-nerved, rather stiff. Spikelets in spike-like racemes.—Species
9. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as ornamental grasses. Brachypodium Beauv.
Paleas with finely ciliate or rough keels. Flowering glumes usually
5-nerved. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved. 226
226. Seed with a linear hilum. (See 113.) Festuca L.
Seed with a punctiform hilum. 227
227. Spikelets upon stout stalks in one-sided panicles. Flowering glumes unarmed.—Species 2. North Africa, also introduced into South Africa.
(Under Festuca L.) Scleropoa Griseb.
Spikelets in spike-like racemes.—Species 3. North-west Africa. (Under
Festuca L.) Catapodium Link

[FAMILY 17.] CYPERACEAE

Grass-like herbs, very rarely (Schoenodendron) low trees. Stems usually triangular, rarely jointed. Leaves with a closed sheath, sometimes without a blade. Flowers in genuine or spurious spikelets arranged in spikes, heads, or panicles. Perianth much reduced or wanting. Stamens 1-6. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior or naked, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, inverted. Style simple or with 2-3 branches. Fruit a nut or a drupe. Seed free. Embryo lateral, enclosed by the albumen.—Genera 40, species 880. “Sedges.” (Plate 9.)

1. Flowers unisexual, but sometimes (Bisboeckelerieae) apparently hermaphrodite, single female flowers being surrounded by several male ones; in this case false spikelets branched at the insertion of one of the lowest bracts. 2
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Flowers either in centripetal spikelets without a terminal flower or in centrifugal (false) spikelets branched at the insertion of the uppermost bract below the terminal flower. 13
2. Spikelets unisexual, rarely partly unisexual, partly bisexual; the female
1-flowered, the male 2- or more-flowered. Stamens 1-2, rarely 3.
[Tribe SCLERIEAE.] 3
Spikelets bisexual, rarely 1-flowered and spicate. 8
3. Perianth consisting of scales or bristles. Partial inflorescences panicled. 4
Perianth none. 6
4. Perianth of numerous bristles. Spikelets in spikes.—Species 6. Central
Africa to Transvaal. Eriospora Hochst.
Perianth of 2-5 scales. 5
5. Perianth of 2-3 laciniate scales. Spikelets in head-like clusters. Herbs.—Species
1. West Africa. Microdracoides Hua
Perianth of 3-5 ciliate scales. Spikelets in spikes. Small trees.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). Schoenodendron Engl.
6. Female flowers in the upper portion of the partial inflorescences. Spikelets in panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Eriospora Hochst.) Fintelmannia Kunth
Female flowers in the lower portion of the partial inflorescences or in special partial inflorescences. 7
7. Style thickened and jointed at the base, deeply 3-cleft. Fruit without a distinct disc. Spikelets in panicles. Leaves broad.—Species 3.
Tropics. (Under Scleria Berg) Acriulus Ridl.
Style not thickened at the base. Fruit very hard, surrounded by a disc at the base.—Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including
Diplacrum R. Br.) Scleria Berg
8. (2.) Spikelets consisting of a terminal female flower surrounded by 3 or more male ones. Stamen 1. Female flowers not enclosed by an utricle-like
bracteole. [Tribe BISBOECKELERIEAE, Subtribe CHRYSITRICHINAE.] 9
Spikelets 1-flowered, spicate, rarely 2-flowered or consisting of a basal female flower and several male ones. Stamens usually 3. Female flowers enclosed by an utricle-like bracteole. [Tribe CARICEAE.] 11
9. Male flowers 3. Style-branches 3. Spikelets numerous, in spikes which are sometimes arranged in panicles or heads.—Species 12. Tropics. (Including
Thoracostachyum Kurz) Mapania Aubl.
Male flowers 6 or more. Spikelets in spikes arranged in heads. 10
10. Style-branches 2. Fruit not ribbed. Spikes consisting of numerous spikelets. Leaves reduced to the sheath.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Used for plaiting-work. Lepironia Rich.
Style-branches 3. Fruit many-striate. Spikes consisting of 1-4 spikelets.—Species
3. South Africa. Chrysithrix L.
11. Lateral spikelets consisting of one female flower and 1-6 male inserted above the female flower upon the distinctly developed axis of the spikelet; rarely male flowers reduced to empty glumes or wanting. Utricle usually 2-cleft.—Species 6. South and East Africa. (Including Hemicarex
Benth.) Schoenoxiphium Nees
Lateral spikelets consisting only of 1 female flower and the usually rudimentary axis. Utricle closed, entire or toothed. 12
12. Axis of the spikelet projecting beyond the utricle and hooked at the tip.—Species
2. Subantarctic islands. Uncinia Pers.
Axis of the spikelet enclosed and straight or more frequently rudimentary and usually early disappearing.—Species 80. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Carex L.
13. (1.) Spikelets (false spikelets) centrifugal, with a terminal flower, branched from the uppermost bract, 1-2-, rarely 3-6-flowered. 14
Spikelets centripetal, without a terminal flower, 3-many-, rarely 1-2-flowered; flowers hermaphrodite, a male one sometimes added. 24
14. Spikelets containing 1 terminal male flower and 1-2 lateral hermaphrodite flowers. Style dilated at the base.—Species 30. South Africa.
(Elynanthus Nees, including Macrochaetium Steud.) [Tribe GAHNIEAE.] Tetraria Beauv.
Spikelets containing only hermaphrodite flowers, a male one being sometimes added. [Tribe RHYNCHOSPOREAE.] 15
15. Glumes 2-ranked. Style-branches 3. 16
Glumes not distinctly 2-ranked. 19
16. Perianth-bristles 6, alternately unequal. Fruit crowned by the base of the style. Spikelets in heads.—Species 9. South Africa, Madagascar and
Mascarene Islands. (Under Carpha R. Br.) Asterochaete Nees
Perianth-bristles equal or wanting. 17
17. Perianth-bristles stiff, not feathery, or wanting. Fruit not beaked.—Species
6. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Abyssinia,
North Africa. (Including Epischoenus C.B. Clarke). Schoenus L.
Perianth-bristles feathery. 18
18. Perianth-bristles 3. Glumes 4-5. Style with a thickened, persistent base. Spikelets in spikes or solitary.—Species 3. South Africa.
(Ecklonea Steud.) Trianoptiles Fenzl
Perianth-bristles 6. Glumes numerous. Style slightly thickened. Spikelets in panicles.—Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.
(Under Schoenus L.) Cyclocampe Steud.
19. Style-branches 1-2. Perianth of 6 or more bristles or wanting.—Species
15. (Rynchospora Vahl). Rhynchospora Vahl
Style-branches 3. 20
20. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. 21
Perianth none. 22
21. Perianth of 3 bristles. Upper leaves with red sheaths.—Species 1. South
Africa. (Decalepis Boeck., under Tetraria Beauv.) Boeckeleria Dur.
Perianth of 5-6 bristles. Lowest flower male.—Species 6. Madagascar and South Africa. Costularia C. B. Clarke
22. Partial inflorescences arranged in a panicle.—Species 5. Cladium R. Br.
Partial inflorescences arranged in a head. 23
23. Involucre of the inflorescence short. Stem leafless.—Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Arthrostylis Boeck.) Actinoschoenus Benth.
Involucre of the inflorescence long. Stem leafy.—Species 1. West Africa and Madagascar. Used medicinally. Remirea Aubl.
24. (13.) Bracteoles 1-2. [Tribe HYPOLYTREAE.] 25
Bracteoles none. [Tribe SCIRPEAE.] 28
25. Bracteoles 1-2, parallel with the glume (bract), i.e. placed before or behind or before and behind it. Stamens 1-2. [Subtribe LIPOCARPHINAE.] 26
Bracteoles 2, lateral to the glume, sometimes united. Stamens 2-3.
[Subtribe HYPOLYTRINAE.] 27
26. Bracteole 1, deciduous. Stamen 1. Spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2-3, subtended by a single involucral bract.—Species 2. Central and South
Africa. (Under Scirpus L.) Hemicarpha Nees
Bracteoles 2, persistent. Stamens 1-2. Spikelets in heads surrounded by several involucral bracts.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa.
(Hypaelyptum Vahl). Lipocarpha R. Br.
27. Bracteoles united in front, longer than the glume. Spikelets solitary or in heads. Stem leafy at the base only.—Species 9. Tropical and
South Africa. Ascolepis Nees
Bracteoles free or united behind, as long as or shorter than the glumes.
Spikelets in heads or panicles. Stem leafy throughout its length.—Species
10. Tropics. Hypolytrum Rich.
28. (22.) Glumes distinctly 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences usually arranged in heads or umbels. [Subtribe CYPERINAE.] 29
Glumes not distinctly 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences usually arranged
in spikes or panicles. [Subtribe SCIRPINAE.] 34
29. Perianth consisting of 6 bristles. Spikelets in panicles.—Species 1. Region of the great lakes. (Under Carpha R. Br.) Oreograstis K. Schum.
Perianth none. 30
30. Flowers with a toothed or lobed disc at the base of the ovary. Spikelets solitary or in heads.—Species 3. South Africa. (Under Ficinia
Schrad.) Hemichlaena Schrad.
Flowers without a disc. 31
31. Style-branches 2. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and sometimes also a male flower, arranged in heads.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa. The root-stock of some species is used in perfumery and medicine; others yield fodder. (Plate 9.) Kyllinga Rottb.
Style-branches 3, rarely 1-2, but then spikelets many-flowered. 32
32. Fertile flowers in each spikelet 1-2. Glumes with a winged keel, the lower glume enclosing the upper one. Spikelets in umbellately arranged heads.—Species 2. Tropics to Transvaal. Courtoisia Nees
Fertile flowers in each spikelet 3 or more, rarely 1-2, but then glumes not winged or the lower glume not enclosing the upper one. 33
33. Glumes with the margins united into a cylinder at their base, long acuminate at the top. Spikelets terete, 3-4-flowered, in spikes. Stamens 2.—Species
1. South-east Africa. (Under Mariscus Gaertn. or Cyperus L.) Cylindrolepis Boeck.
Glumes with free margins.—Species 300. The root-stocks of some (especially
C. esculentus L.) are eaten and used for the preparation of oil, perfume, and medicaments; the culms (especially of C. Papyrus L.) are used for making paper and for plaiting-work; some species serve as fodder- or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds. (Including
Galilea Parl., Juncellus Griseb., Mariscus Vahl, Pycreus Beauv., and
Torulinium Desv.) Cyperus L.
34. (28.) Style conspicuously thickened at the base. 35
Style not or slightly thickened at the base. 37
35. Perianth none. Style deciduous.—Species 75. Some are used as fodder.
(Including Abildgaardia Vahl and Bulbostylis Kunth). Fimbristylis Vahl
Perianth consisting of 3-8 bristles. Base of the style usually persistent. 36
36. Spikelets in heads. Glumes in 5 rows.—Species 1. Tropics. (Under
Fuirena Rottb.) Pentasticha Turcz.
Spikelets solitary.—Species 25. Some are used for plaiting-work or yield starch. (Eleocharis R. Br.) Heleocharis R. Br.
37. Flowers with a toothed or lobed, persistent disc at the base of the ovary.
Glumes usually brown or black.—Species 65. South Africa and mountains of East Africa and Madagascar. Ficinia Schrad.
Flowers without a disc. 38
38. Perianth-bristles 6 or more, much elongated after flowering. Spikelets solitary or in umbels.—Species 1. South Africa. The cotton-like
perianth-bristles are used for stuffing cushions. “Cotton-grass.” Eriophorum L.
Perianth-bristles not elongated or wanting. 39
39. Glumes hairy, like the whole plant. Perianth of 3-6 toothed scales or bristles.—Species 20. Fuirena Rottb.
Glumes glabrous.—Species 70. Some are used as ornamental plants or for plaiting-work, others have edible root-stocks, also used in medicine.
(Including Isolepis R. Br. and Schoenoplectus Reichb.) Scirpus L.

ORDER PRINCIPES

[FAMILY 18.] PALMAE

Stem woody, usually simple. Leaves pinnately or palmately split, at least 2-cleft, usually collected in a crown at the top of the stem. Flowers in simple or branched spadices enveloped by spathes, usually unisexual and provided with rudimentary stamens or carpels. Perianth-segments 6, similar in texture, but often unequal in size, leathery or parchment-like, green, white or yellow. Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3, united at the base or adnate below to the perianth. Carpels 3, superior, distinct or united and then forming a 1-3-celled ovary; sometimes 2 carpels empty or reduced to the style. Ovules solitary in each cell, filling the cell and sometimes adhering to its wall. Fruits berry-or drupe-like. Seeds with a small embryo and horny albumen.—Genera 36, species 100. (Plates 10 and 11.)

1. Carpels 3, distinct. Fruit consisting of 1-3 smooth berries. Leaf-segments induplicate in bud. [Subfamily CORYPHOIDEAE.] 2
Carpels 3, united and forming a 1-3-celled ovary, or carpel 1. 3
2. Leaves fan-shaped. Spadices with 2 or more incomplete spathes. Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Perianth of the female flowers as in the male.
Seed ovate, not deeply grooved; albumen ruminate. Stem short, usually branched.—Species 1 (Ch. humilis L.). North-West Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant; the leaf-buds are eaten and the fibres used for making ropes or paper or for stuffing cushions. “Dwarf-palm.”
[Tribe SABALEAE.] Chamaerops L.
Leaves pinnate. Spadices with one complete spathe. Flowers dioecious.
Perianth of the female flowers differing from the male. Seed oblong, with a deep longitudinal groove.—Species 5. Some (especially the date-palm, Ph. dactylifera L.) have edible fruits, also used for making brandy and sugar. They yield also palm-wine, wood, and fibres for plaiting and stuffing, and are used as ornamental plants. [Tribe PHOENICEAE.] Phoenix L.
3. Leaves fan-shaped. Spadices with many incomplete spathes. Fruit a drupe with 1-3 distinct stones; epicarp smooth or minutely dotted.
[Subfamily BORASSOIDEAE, tribe BORASSEAE.] 4
Leaves pinnately dissected or 2-cleft. Fruit berry-like or covered with imbricate scales or containing a single stone; if fruit drupe-like and one-seeded, then spadices with 1-4 complete spathes. 8

CYPERACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 9.

J. Fleischmann del.

Kyllinga alba Nees

A Plant in flower. B Inflorescence. C Flower (the ovary cut lengthwise).

PALMAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 10.

J. Fleischmann del.

Raphia Laurentii De Wild.

A Young plant. B Group of fruits. C Fruit. D Seed. (A from De Wildeman, Expedition Laurent).

4. Male flowers many in each pit of the spadix. 5
Male flowers solitary in each pit of the spadix. 6
5. Male flowers 20-30 in each pit of the spadix. Stamens about 30. Fruit nearly always with a single stone. Seeds deeply 2-lobed.—Species 1.
Seychelles. The fruit (“double cocoa-nut”) is eaten and used in medicine. Lodoicea Labill.
Male flowers 10 in each pit of the spadix. Stamens 6. Fruit with 3 stones.
Seeds emarginate. Species 1 (B. flabellifer L., Palmyra palm). Tropics.
It yields timber, fibre (piassave), starch (sago), gum, vegetables, edible fruits, wine, vinegar, alcohol, sugar, and medicaments. Borassus L.
6. Stamens 15-30. Fruit with 3 stones, very rarely with 1-2. Medium-sized trees.—Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. They furnish fibre for plaiting-work and are used as ornamental plants; one species has edible fruits. Latania Comm.
Stamens 6. Fruit with a single stone. Tall trees. 7
7. Albumen ruminate. Fruit medium-sized (the size of a walnut). Stem simple.—Species 3. Upper Nile and Madagascar. They yield timber, fibre, edible pith, and alcohol. (Including Bismarckia Hildebr. &
Wendl.) Medemia G. de Wuert. & Braun
Albumen homogeneous. Fruit large. Stem usually branched.—Species
13. Tropics to Natal and Egypt. They yield wood, fibre, edible fruits, and wine. “Dum palm.” Hyphaene Gaertn.
8. (3.) Ovary and fruit clothed with imbricate scales. Fruit one-seeded.
Flowers with bracts and bracteoles. Leaf-segments reduplicate in bud. [Subfamily LEPIDOCARYOIDEAE, tribe METROXYLEAE.] 9
Ovary and fruit without scales. Flowers usually without bracts. [Subfamily
CEROXYLOIDEAE.] 15
9. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. [Subtribe CALAMINAE.] 10
Ovary completely 3-celled. [Subtribe RAPHIINAE.] 11
10. Stem erect. Leaves without tendrils. Spadices terminal. Seed depressed-globose.—Species
1 (M. Rumphii Mart.) Cultivated in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. It yields wood, fibre for plaiting and weaving, vegetables, and starch (sago). (Sagus Blume). Metroxylon Rottb.
Stem climbing. Leaves with tendrils. Spadices lateral.—Species 6.
Tropics. The stems (cane) are used for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of walking-sticks and various utensils. “Rattan-palm.” Calamus L.
11. Stem erect. Flowers monoecious, the male and female on the same branches of the much-branched terminal spadices. Seed oblong or ovate.—Species
10. Tropics. The leaf-stalks (false bamboo) are used for building houses and making furniture, the fibres (piassave) for plaiting, weaving, and brush-making. The stems, leaf-buds, and fruits of some species yield starch, meal, vegetables, wine, and oil. (Plates 10 and 11.) Raphia Beauv.
Stem climbing. Leaves with tendrils. 12
12. Flowers monoecious, in cymes on the primary branches of the lateral spadices; cymes consisting of one female and several male flowers.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various utensils. (Under Calamus L.) Oncocalamus Mann & Wendl.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in pairs on the branches of the spadices. 13
13. Spadices lateral. Spathes none.—Species 5. West Africa to the upper
Nile. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various utensils. (Under Calamus L.) Eremospatha Mann & Wendl.
Spadices terminal. Spathes tubular. 14
14. Seed flattened, with a thick raphe. Leaves with a short stalk and narrow segments.—Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various utensils.
(Under Calamus L.) Ancistrophyllum Mann & Wendl.
Seed roundish, deeply grooved, kidney-shaped in transverse section. Leaves with a rather long stalk and rather broad segments.—Species 2. West
Africa. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various utensils. (Under Ancistrophyllum Mann & Wendl. or Calamus
L.) Laccosperma Mann & Wendl.
15. (8.) Fruit a drupe; endocarp very hard, with 3 pores. [Tribe COCOEAE.] 16
Fruit a berry; endocarp membranous, rarely woody. [Tribe ARECEAE.] 17
16. Flowers sunk singly in deep pits of the spadix-branches. Spadices unisexual, with 2 deciduous spathes. Stamens united high up. Fruit rather small; pericarp spongy outside; pores towards the top of the stone.—Species 1 (E. guineensis L. oil-palm). Central Africa. The stem and the leaves furnish wood, fibre, vegetables, and wine; the fruits are edible and used for making oil. [Subtribe ELAEIDINAE.] Elaeis Jacq.
Flowers inserted singly or in groups of three in shallow pits or notches of the spadix-branches. Spadices bisexual, with a woody, persistent spathe. Stamens free or united at the base. Fruit large; pericarp fibrous; pores towards the base of the stone.—Species 1 (C. nucifera L., coco-nut-palm). Cultivated and sometimes naturalised on the shores of the tropics. The stem and the leaves furnish wood, fibre, tanning materials, vegetables, wine, and medicaments; the fruits are edible and yield oil, fodder, and a drink. [Subtribe ATTALEINAE.] Cocos L.
17. Leaves with long prickles. Spadices branched; spathes 2 or more, complete.
Corolla of the female flowers imbricate in bud. Ovary 1-celled, with a laterally affixed ovule. Stigmas 3. 18
Leaves without prickles. 23
18. Leaves with a long sheath. Spadices below the leaves. Seed with homogeneous albumen. 19
Leaves with a rather short sheath. Spadices between the leaves. Seed with ruminate albumen. 20
19. Seed obtusely triquetrous. Stamens 9.—Species 1. Seychelles. Deckenia Wendl.
Seed ellipsoid, slightly compressed laterally. Stamens usually 12.—Species
3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used in house-building and as ornamental plants. Acanthophoenix Wendl.
20. Leaves 2-cleft, with pinnately toothed margins. 21
Leaves irregularly pinnatisect. 22
21. Stamens 6. Seed and endocarp furrowed. Spadices with 3 spathes. Leaf-stalk prickly.—Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant. Verschaffeltia Wendl.
Stamens 15-20. Seed and endocarp not furrowed. Spadices with 2 spathes. Leaf-stalk smooth.—Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant. (Stevensonia Duncan). Phoenicophorium Wendl.
22. Stamens 6. Seed elliptical. Spadices twice branched, with several spathes.—Species
1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant. Roscheria Wendl.
Stamens 40-50. Seed kidney-shaped. Spadices once branched, with
2 spathes.—Species 1. Seychelles. Nephrosperma Balf.
23. (17.) Spadices with many tubular incomplete spathes, twice branched.
Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Stem tree-like.—Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used as ornamental plants. The fruit is said to be poisonous. Hyophorbe Gaertn.
Spadices with 1-4 spathes, all or the uppermost complete (i.e. completely enveloping the spadix, when young.) 24
24. Spadices with 4 spathes, simple. Flowers sunk in pits on the spadix.
Corolla valvate in bud. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Stem reed-like.—Species
1. West Africa. The fruit is edible. Podococcus Mann & Wendl.
Spadices with 1-3 spathes; if simple, then corolla of the female flowers imbricate in bud or stamens 3 or many. 25
25. Stamens numerous. Stigma 1. Ovary 1-celled. Corolla valvate in bud.
Spadices simple. Flowers sunk in pits on the spadix. Stem short.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. Sclerosperma Mann & Wendl.
Stamens 3-6. Stigmas usually 3. 26
26. Stamens in the male flowers 3, staminodes in the female 6. Ovary with 1 fertile and 2 empty cells. 27
Stamens 6. 28
27. Stamens opposite the petals, united at the base.—Species 3. Madagascar. Trichodypsis Baill.
Stamens alternating with the petals, free or almost free.—Species 7. Madagascar.
Used as ornamental plants. (Including Adelodypsis Becc.) Dypsis Nor.
28. Ovary 1-celled. 29
Ovary 3-celled, but usually one cell only fertile. 34
29. Spadices simple. Leaves deeply forked. Stem short, erect.—Species 5.
Madagascar. Haplophloga Baill.
Spadices branched. 30
30. Spadices once branched. Stigma usually 1. Stem tree-like.—Species
5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as ornamental plants.
The fibres of the leaves (piassave) are used in the manufacture of ropes and stuffs. Dictyosperma Wendl. & Drude
Spadices 2-3 times branched. Stigmas usually 3. 31
31. Spadices twice branched. Male flowers with valvate or subimbricate sepals. Anthers sagittate, basifixed, opening outwards or laterally.
Rudimentary pistil 3-cleft. Female flowers larger than the male.
Stigmas 3, subsessile. Tall trees.—Species 1 (A. Catechu L., betel palm).
Cultivated in East Africa. It yields wood, bark for tanning, fibre, vegetables, wine, and medicaments; the fruits are chewed. Areca L.
Spadices thrice branched. Male flowers with imbricate sepals. Anthers ovoid, opening inwards. Rudimentary pistil entire. 32
32. Styles basal. Stem reed-like.—Species 2. Madagascar. (Chrysalidocarpus
Wendl.) Neodypsis Baill.
Styles or stigmas terminal. 33
33. Leaves irregularly pinnatisect, with lanceolate segments. Stem low, reed-like.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Dypsidium Baill.) Neophloga Baill.
Leaves regularly pinnatisect, with linear segments. Stem tall.—Species
2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. (Including Vonitra Becc.) Phlogella Baill.
34. Spadices simple. Petals lanceolate. Anther-halves linear. Style conical.—Species
3. Madagascar. Haplodypsis Baill.
Spadices much branched. Petals ovate or orbicular. Anther-halves oblong or ovate. Style 3-partite. 35
35. Flowers monoecious. Sepals of the male flowers orbicular. Stamens unequal in length. Stigmas awl-shaped. Albumen ruminate.—Species
5. Madagascar. Leaves used for plaiting-work. Phloga Nor.
Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the male flowers elliptical. Stamens subequal.
Stigmas short and thick. Albumen homogeneous.—Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Ravenea Hildebr. & Bouché

ORDER SPATHIFLORAE

[FAMILY 19.] ARACEAE

Leaves usually net-veined. Flowers in spadices, without bracteoles. Perianth simple or wanting. Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly, usually berry-like. Seed-coat fleshy.—Genera 33, species 150. (Plate 12.)

PALMAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 11.

J. Fleischmann del.

Raphia Laurentii De Wild.

A Inflorescence. B Male flower-buds. C Male flower cut lengthwise. D Stamen. E Female flower.