An Introductorie for to Lerne to Read, To Pronounce, and to Speke French Trewly

NOTE DU TRANSCRIPTEUR

Afin de maintenir l'alignement vertical des mots anglais et des mots français, nous avons dû conserver tout un bagage d'espaces, contrairement aux normes PG.
Cette édition ne comprend qu'une partie d'un ouvrage beaucoup plus grand. Les références aux pages 1 à 890 ne pourront pas être trouvées dans ce livre.

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AN INTRODUCTORIE

FOR

TO LERNE TO REDE, TO PRONOUNCE AND TO SPEKE FRENCH TREWLY,

COMPYLED

FOR THE RIGHT HIGH, EXELLENT AND MOST VERTUOUS LADY

THE LADY MARY OF ENGLANDE,

DOUGHTER TO OUR MOST GRACIOUS SOVERAYN LORDE KYNG HENRY THE EIGHT.

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AVIS DE L'ÉDITEUR.

L'auteur de cette Grammaire ayant apporté un soin extrême à marquer la prononciation pár l'accent, on a dû s'attacher à reproduire scrupuleusement les accents du texte original.

Mais il faut savoir que Du Guez, par un système particulier, emploie l'accent placé sous la voyelle. Nous avons reporté l'accent au-dessus, conformément à l'usage moderne.

Cette substitution a d'autant moins d'inconvénient, que nulle part Du Guez n'emploie l'accent supérieur; par conséquent, il n'y a point de confusion à craindre. C'est un très-petit détail dont il suffit que le lecteur soit averti.

F. G.

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AN INTRODUCTORIE

FOR TO LERNE TO REDE,

TO PRONOUNCE AND TO SPEKE FRENCH TREWLY.

FOR IMPLORATION OF GRACE.
Grace of God that I love so moche
G race de Dieu que jayme tant
I your requier ryght humbly
I e uous requier treshumblement
the gift of love without any further
L e don damour sans plus auant
of it to make any refuce
E n faire aulcun refusement
If ye do fynde in any wise
S e uous trouués aulcunement
of me service, but in trouth
D e moy seruice quen loyaulté
I gyve you leve utterly
U ous habandonne entierement
to wyll at all at your wyll
U oulloir du tout a uoulenté
toward me to use of great rigour
U ers moy user de grant rigeur
and me to banysshe from all good hap
E t me bannir de tout bon heur
without more of me to have pite.
S ans plus de moy auoir pité.
Sola salus seruire Deo, sunt cetera fraudes.

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AN INTRODUCTORIE

TO THE LADY MARY.
For the honour of Mary
Pour lhonneur de Marye
God doughter to saynt Mary
filleule a saynte Marye
virgin and mother Jesu Christ
vierge et mere Jhesuh Crist
have these verses ben written.
ont ces verse esté escripts.
MARIA.
glasse mesure shewynge
mirouer mesure monstrant
lenyng lovynge fulfilled
appuis amoureus assouuie
rose redde well smellyng
rose rouge redolente
that can nat vade yonge jolie
inmarcessible jeune jolie
amonge chosen exellente
entre eslytes exellente
for ever more be ye blessyd.
a tousjours mais soyez benye. Amen.

THE PROLOGUE.

How beit that I do nat, nat knowe how that many as well lerned in good
Combien que ne ignore point que pluisieurs tant qualifiéz es bonnes
lettres as also well spoken in the frenche tonge (at the lest nat beyng
lectres come aussy élégant en la langue francoise (au moins pour non estre
naturall and borne of the lande and countrey) have composed, and written rules and
naturél et natif du territoire et pais) ont composés et escripz régles et
principles for introduction in the sayd tonge the whiche par aventure, as
principes pour introduction en la dicte langue les quelz peult estre, come
witnessed saint Hierome to Paulin, have tought before that they have ben
tiesmoigne saint Hierome a Paulin, ont ensegnés auant que auoir esté
conynge, for how beit that arte is folower of nature folowyng her right nygh,
scauantz, car ja soit que art soit imitatrice de nature lensuiuant de bien pres,

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yet neuerthelesse can nat she ouertake her. Wherfore the sayd composytours
sy ne la peult elle toutefois aconsuiuir. Pourquoy les ditz compilateurs
all togyder leanyng to the same ben by nature in sondrie places checked reproued
du tout adherens à icelle sont par nature en diuers lieux cancellés repris
and corrected. Shulde it nat seme a thynge selde and strange to se a Frenchman
et corrigéz. Ne sembleroit ce point chose rare et estrange ueoir ung Francois
endeuoir and inforce himself to teche unto the Germayns the langage of Almaine:
se ingerer et efforcer dapprendre aux Allemans la lange tyoise,
ye and that more over is, upon the same to compyle rules and principles, how beit
uoire et qui plus est, sur icelle composer régles et principes, combien
that agaynst me and my reason some body myght say, that one
que contre moy et ma rayson quelque ung pourroit dire que on
shulde fynde no body whiche shulde teche Hebreu, Greke, nor Laten, if it were nat
ne trouueroit ame qui ensegneroit Hebrieu, Grec, ne Latin, sil ne
laufull to any body so to do but to him which shulde have it of nature: to whom I
loisoit a auscun de ce faire sinon a celui qui laroit de nature: a quoy je
answere that it is another thyng to teche and instruct by the principles
respons que cest aultre chose densegnér et daprendre par les principes
and reules made by divers well expertz auctours, by great space and longe proces
et régles faictz par diuérs expertz aucteurs, par interualle et diuturnité
of longe tyme well approved, than at the fyrst metyng and nat havyng a
de long temps bien approuuéez, que de premiére abordée et nauoir ung
language but meanely and as a thynge borowed to be wyllyng by and by
langage que moienement et come par emprunt, en uoulloir cy pris cy mis,
nat only instructe the others, but also to compyle upon the same reules
non seullement ensegnér les aultres, mais aussy composér sur ce régles
certayne, the whiche doyng is nat graunted but unto ryght few of them whiche
infallibles, ce que scauoir faire nest ottroie a bien peu de ceulz qui
ben borne of the sayd langage, for touchyng my self to whom the sayd
sont mesme natif du dict langage, car touchant moy mesmes a qui la dicte
tonge is maternall or naturall, and whiche by the space of therty yeres
langue est maternelle ou naturelle, et qui par lespase de trente ans
and more have besyed me how beit that I am ryght ignorant, to teche
et plus me suis entremis (combien que soie tres ignorant) densegnér

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and instruct many great princes and princesses, as to decessed of
et apprendre pluisieurs grandz princes et princesses, comme a feu de
noble and recomended memory the prince Arthur, the noble kyng Henry
noble et recommandée memoire le prince Arthur, le noble roy Henry
for the present prosperously regnyng, to whom God gyve lyfe perpetuall:
pour le present prospereusement regnant, a qui Dieu doint uie perpetuelle:
the quenes of France and Scotlande, with the noble marquis of Excestre,
les roynes de France et dEscosse, auec le noble marquis dExcestre, etc.
for the whiche thynge to fulfyll I have done my power and dever to serche
pour la quelle chose accomplir jay fait mon pouoir et debuoir de perscruter
and seke all that which hath semed me to this purpose te serve: I have nat nevertheless
et cercher tout ce qui ma semblé a ce propos seruir: sy nay je toutesuois
founde rules infallybles, bycause that it is nat possyble to fynde any
peu trouvér régles infalibles, pour ce quil nest possible de telles les
suche, that is to say, suche whiche may serve without any faulte, as do
trouuer, cest a dire, telles que puissent seruir infalliblement, comme font
the rules compiled for to lerne Laten, Greke and Hebreu and other suche
les régles composéez pour apprendre Latin, Grec et Hebrieu et autres telz
languages: the whiche nevertheless the sayd compilatours have overtaken,
langages: ce que neantmoins les ditz compilateurs ont entrepris
te the ende that I ne say presumed to do, how beit they have nat ben but lytell
(affin que ne die presumés) de faire, ja soit quilz naient esté que petit de
tyme to lerne it, but now beit so that suche rules and techyng ben
temps a laprendre, mais or soit ainsy que telz régles et ensegnementz soient
sufficient and farre above my workes, by cause nevertheless that
tressuffisans et loing par desus mes oeuures, pour ce toutes fois que
now natwithstandyng myn ignorancy, I am agayne by my most redoubted
maintenant (nonobstant mon ignorance) suis derechief (par mon tres redoubté
lorde and prince the kynge above named, ordayned to administre myn accustomed
seigneur et prince le roy dessus nommé) ordonné dadministrer mon accoustumé
poore and unworthy servyce to most illustre, ryght exellente and ryght
poure et indigne seruice a tres illustre, tres exellente et tres
vertuouse lady my lady Mary of Englande his ryght entierly well beloved
uertueuse dame ma dame Mary dEngleterre sa tres entierement bien aymée

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doughter, the whiche right specially and straytly hath me commanded and
fille, laquelle tres espécialement et estroitement ma comandé et
encharged to reduce and to put by writtynge the maner how I have proceded
enchargé de reduire et mectre par escript la maniere coment jay procédé
towarde her sayd progenitours and predecessours, as that same also by the which
enuers ses dictz progeniteurs et predecesseurs, come celle aussy par la quelle
I have her so so taught, and do teche dayly whiche to refuse,
je lay tellement quellement instruit, et instruis journellement, ce que refuser
nat withstandynge the reasons above sayd alleged, I durst nat, nor wolde nat
(nonobstant les raisons dessus dictes alleguée) noseroie ne uouldroie,
how beit that I am ryght well assured to merite more for and by cause of myn
combien que soie tres asseuré de plus meriter pour et cause de mon
obedience than by any seruice or sacrifyce that to her I may do, fulfyllyng
obedience que par aulcun seruice ou sacrifice que luy puisse prestér, accomplissant
her most noble and gracious comandement, gratious say I, by cause
son tresnoble et gracieux comandement, gracieus dis je, pour ce
that her beniuolence and good wyll is to proffite to others as to
que sa beniuolence et bon uoulloir est de prouffiter aux aultres come a
herselfe, wherfore I supplie and require all reders the causes and reasons
elle mesme, pourquoi je suplie et requier tous lecteurs les causes et raisons
aboue sayd contempled and consydered to have me for to be excused, and ther
dessus dictes contempléez et consideréez mauoir pour excusé, et la
where they shall se the good Homer have ben aslepe to be wyllyng by good maner
où ilz verront le bon Homère auoir dormy le uoulloir par bonne maniere
to wake him, in correctyng the fautes in the whiche by cause of the same he is
esueiller en corrigeant les faultes esquelles a cause de ce il est
fallin, the whiche doyng they shall deserve nat only to be lauded and praysed,
encouru, ce que faisantz ilz mériteront nonseullement destre loués et prisés,
but also in theyr workes and operations taxed and estimed of maner
mais aussy en leurs euures et operations taxés et estimés de maniere
lyke, and to the same answeryng.
reciprocque et corespondent.

ENDE OF THE PROLOGUE.

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HERE AFTER FOLOWETH THE TABLE OF THIS PRESENT TREATYSE.

This lytle worke shalbe devided in two bokes, wherof the fyrst shal have two partes.

In the fyrst part shalbe treated of rules, that is redyng frenche, and what letters shall be lefte unbesounde, and the cause therof.

The seconde parte shalbe of nownes, pronownes, adverbes, participles, with verbes, prepositions, and conjunctions.

Also certayne rules for conjugations.

Item fyve or six maners of conjugations with one verbe.

Item conjugations with two pronownes and with thre and fynally combining or joinyng II verbes togeder.

The second boke shall be of lettres missyves in prose and in ryme.

Also diuerse comunications by way of dialoges, to receyve a messager from the emperour, the frenche kynge, or any other prince.

Also other comunications of the propriete of mete, of love, of peas, of warres, of the exposicion of the masse, and what mannes soule is, with the division of tyme, and other conseites.

FINIS.

A PROLOGUE FOR AN INTRODUCTORY.

The thynges that directely expressed maye nat be ought to be declared
Les choses qui a droit exprimer ne se peuuent doibuent estre declareez
by syncopation of sylence, by cause that by sylence one doth answer to many
par sincopacion taciturne, pour ce que par silence on respond a pluisieurs
thynges. Syncopation is none other thyng but abreviation of length, and prolixite
choses. Sincopation nest aultre chose quabreuiacion de prolixite, et prolixite
is superfluitie of wordes in declarying a thyng. Wherfore in all
est superfluite de paroles en declarant une chose. Pourquoy en toutes
workes one ought to be shorte. We shall begynne this boke than in the name
oeuures on doibt estre brief. Nous commencerons ce liure doncques ou nom
of God all mighty and shall ende it with the helpe of hym, procedyng by the
de Dieu tout puissant et lacheuerons a laide diceluy, procedant par le
counsayle of Orace, whiche is as shorte as possible shalbe.
conseil dOrace, qui est le plus brief que possible sera.

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HERE FOLOWETH THE FYRST BOKE OF SEVYN RULES FOR TO REDE
AND TO PRONOUNCE FRENCHE TREWLY.

THE FYRST

is howe the fyve vowels, that is to saye a, e, i, o, and v, shalbe sounded in redyng french.

Ye shal pronounce your a, as wyde open mouthed as ye can; your e, as ye do in latyn, almost as brode as ye pronounce your a in englysshe; your i, as sharpe as can be; o, as ye do in englyssh, and v after the Skottes, as in this worde gud. These fyve uowels be consonantes when they receyve nat their full sounde, as in this worde jamais the fyrst a is a uowell, and the seconde is a consonant.

Example of e, as déité and magesté, where bothe ees of deite be uowels, and the fyrst of magesté is a consonant and the seconde is a uowell. Wherfore ye shall understande that the moste parte of ees in french be consonantes, save fewe with suche wordes as come out of latyn. Example of consonantes

me, the, hym, that, of, the, do, to say, to put, oure, your,
me, te, se, que, de, le, faire, dire, mectre, nostre, vostre,

wher is never a uowel. All the

ees

that shalbe uowels in this present boke shalbe marked as the dyptong is in latyn, thus

é

.

THE SECONDE RULE.

Also in redyng frenche ye shall leave the last letter of every worde unsounde, endyng in s, t, and p, save of the same worde wherupon ye do pause or rest, for if ye do pronounce every worde by hymselfe, that is to say, restyng upon the same, ye ought for to pronounce and sounde him thorowe. And if any word endyng with an s, have the next worde folowyng begynning with a uowell, than shall ye sounde the said s, lyke a z, as in these wordes jamais aultres ye shal rede jamaiz aultre (never others) , as it were but one worde, but if the next worde commyng after the s be a consonant, than shall the said s remayne unsounde, as in these wordes jamais narés, (never shall ye have) the s of jamais shall nat be sounde. Provyded alwayes, as is sayde before, that ye do nat pause nor rest upon the worde, for so doyng ye must sounde it parfitely.

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THE THYRDE RULE.

Whan one worde doth ende with a uowell, and the next folowyng after begyn with another, than the fyrste shalbe unsounde, as in these wordes, but in you have que en uous, ye shall rede quen uous, and

I me have I the have I him have
je me ay, je te ay, je le ay,
ye shall rede je may, je tay, je lay,

and so of all suche lyke, excepte some wordes whiche be nat used in Fraunce, as tu as, thou hast. Where bothe uowels must be sounde, howbeit the Picardes sounde it after the sayd rule, sayeng tas for tu as, tes for tu es, thou arte. And if ye fynde two ees endynge and begynnynge a worde, ye shall leave the tone, as in these wordes,

it is with the well
il te est bien,
ye shall rede il test bien.

And of e, and a, as in these wordes que a, but te, ye shall rede qua. Of e, and o, as in these wordes, que on, but one, ye shal rede quon. Of a and o, as in these wordes, pourra on, may one, ye shall rede pourran. And in lyke maner of all other of that termynation.

THE FOURTH RULE.

An s, in the begynnynge of a worde hath his full sounde, as dothe appere by these wordes folowyng,

wyse, wylde
sage, sauuage, sapient, etc.

but in the myddes beynge eyther before a consonant or a uowell, shall be sounded lyke a z, as in these wordes

I sayde I dyd I brake I holde peace.
disoie, faisoie, brisoie, taisoie, etc.

THE FYFTH RULE.

Whan st dothe come togider in a worde hauing a uowell before it, than the sayde s shall remayne unsounde, but it shall encreace the sounde of the sayde uowell, as in these wordes

to wast to taste to haste,
gaster, taster, haster,
ye shall rede gaater, taater, haater.
And myne hoste come agayne anone
mon hoste reuenes tantost:
ye shall rede mon hoote reuenes tanto:

ye shall nevertheles except al those that be nyghe the latyn, as

to protest to shewe, to withstande:
protester, manifester, contester,

and suche lyke, whiche must have the sayd s, well and parfitly sounded and pronounced, for it is nat possyble to fynde a rule so generall and infallible to serue for euery worde as was said aboue in the prologue.

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THE SIXT RULE.

There is in french dyuers wordes, whiche for denotation or signifycation of plurarite dothe ende with an s, or with a z, for without he same they be synguler nombre, as these wordes and such lyke

worde fyste write a lefe
mot, puing, escript, feullet,

whiche be all synguler nombres: and if ye do adde a z, at the latter ende of them, than are they plurell nombres, as

motz, puingz, escriptz, feulletz:

and than shall ye nat sounde the letter before the sayd z, redynge

mos, puins, feullés.

And lyke wise whan a worde hath a p, or b, in the myddes endyng the syllable, ye shall leaue them unsounde, as in these wordes and suche lyke,

dewtie, dette, to write,
debuoir, debte, escripre:
ye shal rede deuoir, det, escrire.

But whan they do begyn the worde or the syllable, than shall they be pronounced, as these wordes,

putte away debated to breke
deboute, debatu, debriser, etc.

THE SEVENTH RULE.

There is two maner of wordes harde for to be pronounced in french. The fyrst is written with a double ll whiche must be souned togider, as lla, lle, lly, llo, llu, as in these wordes,

gave cutte gader lefe bayly fayle
bailla, tailla, ceulle, feulle, bally, fally,
white knele a tymer hamer full of leaves
moullet, engenoullet, mallot, feullu, houllu.

The seconde maner harde to pronounce ben written with gn, before a uowell, as gna, gne, gni, gno, gnu. As in these wordes

wan dyd blede lyne combe vyne scabbe felowe
gagna, saigna, ligne, pigne, uigne, tigne, compagne,
swell wanton wanton
laigne, mignon, mignarde,

ye shal except many wordes that be so written and nat so pronounced, endyng specially in e, as

worthy swanne hyghe corage
digne, cigne, magnanime, etc.

They that can pronounce these wordes in latyn after the Italians maner, as (agnus, dignus, magnus, magnanimus) have bothe the understandyng and the pronouncynge of the sayde rule and of the wordes. Ye shall fynde many suche among the nownes, uerbes, and adverbes that herafter be folowynge, the whiche shall have the double l, thus written ll, besyde the word and gn, besyde the tother.

THE NAMES OF MEMBRES LONGYNG TO MANNES BODY
ASWELL INWARDE AS OUT WARDE.

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SALUTATYONS IN FRENCHE, WHICHE MAY BE TOURNED TWO MANER WAYES,
AS WHAN YE SAYE IN ENGLISSHE, GOD GYVE YOU GOOD MOROWE,
YE MAY SAYE, GOOD MOROWE GYVE YOU GOD,
AS YE SHALL SE HERE FOLOWYNGE.
good morowe
bon jour
good yere
bon an
good evenyng
bon vespre
good evyn
bon soir
good nyght
bonne nuyt
good meetyng
bon encontre
good joye
bon joie

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me good lyfe and longe me
me bonne vie et longue me
the good fortune the
te bonne fortune te
God hym gyve good prosperyte and to you him gyve God
Dieu luy doint bonne prosperité et a vous luy doint Dieu
us well to prospere us
nous bien prosperer nous
you good lucke you
vous bon heur vous
them good begynnyng them
leurs bon commencement leurs
good meane
bon moien
good ende, and well to fynisshe
bon fin, ou bien acheuer
well to lyve, well to dye
bien uiure, bien mourir
good helthe
bonne sante
paradyse at the ende
paradis en la fin
the hole, or the fulfyllyng of your desyres
lentier ou laccomplissement de vos desirs
God kepe, God blesse, God save, God gyde you.
Dieu gart, Dieu benie, Dieu sauue, Dieu uous conduye.
God be within, God be your helpe, God be wyllynge to helpe you,
Dieu soit ceans, Dieu vous soit en aide, Dieu vous veulle aider,
God kepe you from yvell and trouble, I bydde you farwell, God be with you,
Dieu vous garde de mal et dencombrier, a dieu vous dis, a dieu soiez,
I take my leave of you, farwell tyll we se agayne.
adieu sans adieu, adieu jusques au reueoir.

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THE GENERATION OF COLOURS WITH THE BLASON OF THEM.

Colour is lyght incorporate in a body visyble pure and clene. There
Coulleur est lumiere incorporée en ung perspectif pur et nect. Ilz
ben two dyfference of perspectyves, the one is pure, separate of erthlynesse,
sont deux difference de perspectifz, lung est pur, séparé de terrestréité,
and the tother is spotted by the same and myxed lyght is devyded in
et lautre est coinquiné par icelle et mixtioné lumiere est
four partes, that is to say clere, darke plentuous or scant, whiche is to understande
quadri-partite, cest a dire clere, obscure habondante et rare, qui est a entendre
great or small. Wherfore it appereth that thre thynges dothe cause
grande ou petite. Pourquoy il appert que trois choses causent
the essence of whythnesse, that is to say, clerenesse with habundaunce of the same,
lessence de blancheur, cest a scauoir, clarté avec multitude dicelle,
and a body visyble clene and pure. And thre thynges lykewyse ben cause of
et ung perspectif pur et nect. Et trois choses semblablement sont cause de
blacke colour, it is to say, lyght, darke with scarsnesse of it, and
coulleur noir, cest a scauoir, lumiere, obscure auec paucite dicelle, et
perspectyve unclene. And by this is open the sayeng of Arystotell, and of Avenrois,
perspectif impur. Et par ce est esclarcy le dict dAristote et de Avenrois,
whiche have put blacknesse for privation and whytnesse for habytude
qui ont mis noircheur pour priuacion et blancheur pour habitude
or forme. And knowe ye that in these two colours lyeth all the others.
ou forme. Et sachés quen ces deux coulleurs gisent toutes les aultres.
mournyng blacke
deul noir sable
mekenesse whyte sylver
humilite blanc argent
pride reed
orgeul rouge geule
love grene
amoureus verd sinople
stedfast blewe
constant bleu asure

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gyle darke blewe
deception pers
werynes tawny
fatygation tauné
possessyon yelowe
jouissance jaulne
hoope gray
esperance gris
purple
magesté pourple
blody colour
cherité sanguin
vyolette
trahison violet
flour of peche tree
fleur de pescier
carnatyon
dissymulation carnation
chaungeable
changeant
pale pale darke colour
pasle blesme obscur
deed colour horse flesshe
coulleur morte cher de cheual

HERE FOLOWETH DYVERS REASONS WITH SOME STRANGE WORDES
FOR INTRODUCTION OF THE FRENCHE TONGE.

Out sette the hevynesse of slepe vayne and longe, a quyete slepe
Hors mis lentommissement du somne vain et long, ung taisible dormir
is right necessary and delycious.
est tres necessaire et delicieus.
A man doutfull and suspect of jelous is sone converted and tourned in
Ung homme doubteus et soupeconeus est tost conuerty et tourné en
smerte.
cusancon.

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A man alredy luke warme in deedly hete, kyndled of angre and
Homme desja tiéde en mortelle challeur, embrasé de corous et
madde of dispayre.
forsené de désespoir.
A goodly lady, meke, trymmed, currteyse: damosell stedfast, symple,
Dame gaillarde, benigne, cointe, courtoise: damoiselle constant, symple,
chaste, shamefast and honest.
chaste, pudique et honeste.
A woman dishonest, redy to fall, shamelesse, wanton, subtyle, paynted
Femme impudicque, lubricque, affrontée, mignarde, affaitée, fardée
and disceyvable.
et rusée.
A gyrle havyng laughyng eyes, full of swete promyse, bearyng wytnesse
Une garce aiant yeulx riantz, plains de doulx promettre, faisant foy
of a wanton wyll.
dung voulloir feminin.
He is worthy of prayse, whiche enforceth him to gete by vertue greater
Il est digne de louenge, qui senforce dacquerer par vertu plus haulte
lyght, for of it to sparcle the beames through all the worlde.
lucence pour en espandre les rais par tout le monde.
It is folly to set our trust in thynges whiche shall fall sythe that we knowe
Cest folie de nous fier ez choses qui cherront puisque cognoissons
selfely the soveraygne lyghtnesse to be darked of a lyght cloude.
neiz les souuerains resplendisseurs estre obscurciez dune legiere nuée.
O fortune, sorowe encreasyng, and slombryng all delyces with great blame
O fortune, doulleur aggrauant, et soupissant tous delices, a grant tort
a body by a lytell immoderate colere, doth angre hymself agaynst
une personne par ung petit de colere immoderée, se indigne contre
his frende, at the lest without a faute goyng before.
son amy, au moins sans prealable offence.
It is shame to a noble person with his strength to darke his honour
Cest honte a une noble personne selon sa force obscurcir son honneur
by his shame.
par ses hontes.

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If the humayne inclynation, whiche is wont for the most parte to refuse that
Se lhumaine propension, qui seult pour la plus part refuser ce
which one to him doth ministre for most necessary, is nat somwhat restrayned,
quon luy administre pour plus necessaire nest aulcunement cohibée,
scante shalbe able in any scyence to profyte.
a paine pourra en aulcune science prouffiter.
We be right nygh clevyng the one to the other, bycause of naturall
Nous sommes de pres adherentes les ung des aultres, a cause de naturalle
inclynation, specially havyng symilytude of maners togyder.
procliuité, signament aiantz confirmité de meurs ensemble.
Those whiche by dignyties ben shewed above others ought to then
Ceulz qui par dignites sont prééminence par dessus les aultres deueroient
sample of God, to put downe their pride and highnesse.
selon Dieu, rabaisser leur crestes et haultesses.
To do the contrary is an infortunate accident springyng of malyce, and
Faire au contraire est ung fortuit accident procedant de malice, et
yeldyng a man right dull, wherfore for nat to be gainsayeng and
rendant ung homme fort empos, pour quoy pour non estre restif et
refusyng good counsayle: it is farre better to sustayne a good quarell,
oppugnant bon conseil, trope mieulx vault soubstenir bonne querelle,
than to yelde hymselfe in suche trouble.
que de soy rendre en telle berelle.

Pronownes devyded by the sixe articles of declynation, both synguler and plurell nombre. And these that ende in a, as ma, ta, sa, la, ben all feminyn. And all those that dothe ende in on, and in e, as mon, ton, son; me, te, se, le, ben all masculyne. And mien, tien, sien, synguler nombre and masculyn, miens, tiens, siens; mes, tes, ses, plurell nombre and masculyn. Mienne, tienne, sienne, singuler; miennes, tiennes, siennes, plurell nombre and feminyn. But there ben certayne names of the femynyn, whiche do requyre the pronownes masculyns that must be excepted, as mon ame, mon hotesse, and suche lyke: where both ame and hotesse ben femynyn gender, and monmasculyn. And me, te, se, ben indifferent, as in these wordes:

he (she) sayth to me, he (she) saith to the, he (she) saith to him;
il, (elle) me dit, il (elle) te dit, il (elle) se dit;

where me, te, se, serve

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I, of me, to me, at me, o me,
bothe for the masculyn and femynin. Je, de moy, a moy, a me, a moy, o moy,
for me, to me, of me. our, we, ours; of ours, to us,
pour moy, a moy, de moy. Plurell, nos, nous, nostres; les nostres, a nous,
by our. for Thou, of the, to the; by the: o thou,
par nos. O nous, o nos, pour nous. Tu, de toy, a toy; par te, par toy: o tu, o toy:
by the. your, you, of yours; to you, by your, o ye: by you. He
par toy. Plurell, vos, vous, des vostres; a vous, par vos, o vous: pour vous. Il
she, he, him; that same the same, that same, that or this. They, they,
elle; cil, luy; celuy, celle, icelle, icelluy, cestuy, ceste. Ilz, ceulx, elles,
them, those. What, howe, which, the which, of whom, to have.
celles, icelles, eulz, iceulz. Que, qui, quel, lequel, laquelle, de qui, a cui,
by whom, the whiche. My, myne: to my, of my, myne: for
par quel, quelz, laquelle, lesquelles. Mon, mien: a mon, de mon, mien: pour
me, for my: for myne: o my, o myne, for me, for
me, pour mon: pour le mien, par le mien: o mon, o my, o mien: pour me, pour
myne, for Plurell nombre, Thy, my, his: thy, my, his:
mien, pour mon. Mes, miens, mienne, miennes, Ta, ma, sa: tes, mes, ses:
thyne, myne, his:
tiens, miens, siens: miennes, tiennes, siennes.

Example for the femynin:

Ma mere, ma seur, ma maistresse, ma cousine:
Ta mere, ta seur, ta maistresse, ta cousine:
Sa mere, sa seur, sa maistresse, sa cousine:
La mere, la seur, la maistresse, la cousine.
Example howe the pronowne masculyne shal be applyed as
Mon pere, mon frere, mon maistre, mon cousin:
Ton pere, ton frere, ton maistre, ton cousin:
Son pere, son frere, son maistre, son cousin:
Le pere, le frere, le maistre, le cousin, and mes, tes, ses, les, for bothe plurell.

Also there be two pronownes, that ben pronounced in french by syncopation, as
the same and that same:
cestuy cy et cestuy la:
for the femynine: ceste cy et ceste la:
where ye shall take but the last syllable of them, sayeng
stuicy, stuyla: stecy, stela.

PREPOSITIONS.

Nyghe, nyghe: towarde, towarde: for, by, up, downe, above, under
Pres, joucte: enuers, deuers: pour, par, sus, jus, dessus, dessoubz:

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afore, before, agaynst, with, to, to the, of the, of, at this syde,
auant, deuant, contre, en contre: auec, a, au, du, de, deca,
beyonde.
dela.

CONJUNCTIONS.

If, if, and,
Sy, se, et, etc.

Here foloweth the adverbes, and howe ye shall turn, and forme an adverbe from englisshe into frenche, and specially those that signifye qualities, takyng this syllable ly from them, and addyng ment for it, as in these wordes folowynge:

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ADVERBES OF NOMBRES, WITH THEIR DIRIVATYVES, WHERE THE LONGEST
OF TWO BEYNG LYKE IS FOR THE FEMYNYNE, AND THE TOTHER
MASCULYNE: AND BOTHE OF ONE SIGNIFYCATION.

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FORMATYON OF THE INDICATYVE PRESENT TENSE.

Here after foloweth the maner, howe one shall make and fourme the present of the indicatyve or shewyng mode, of the verbes folowyng.

The maner to fourme the present of the verbes infynityve mode, here after folowynge, is: that all those that ende in er, puttyng the r away, and makyng the e a consonant, ye shall have the present of the indicatyve, as in these wordes: parler, appeller, appaiser, appuier, etc.; puttyng r away, ye have: parle, appelle, appaise; appuie: sayeng, japelle, tu appelle, il appelle, nous appellons, vous appelles, ilz appellent. Ye shall neverthelesse except some verbes defectyves, as aller that do make, je voy, tu vas, in the present, and such lyke.

Also all suche as have d in the last syllable, ye shall leave all the letters commynge after the d, and shall adde s, or z to it: ye shall have the plurell nombre of them, as in those wordes tordre, mordre, prendre, attaindre, auaindre, and such lyke, puttynge s or z to the d: ye shall have tordz, mordz, prendz, attainz, auaindz: howbeit that ye shall nat sounde the sayde d, accordynge to the sixte rule in the begynnyng of this worke.

Also all those that doth ende in ir, as tenir, uenir, with all them that be dirivate of them: as contenir, maintenir, soubstenir, preuenir, reuenir, paruenir, deuenir, and such lyke, must be all ended in iens, as tiens, viens, contiens,

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maintiens, soubstiens, preuiens, reuiens, paruiens, deuiens. Sayeng: je tiens, tu tiens, il tient, nous tenons, vous tenes, ilz tienent. There is another sorte endyng in ir, as conuertir, assoupir, appourir, attendrir, benir, bannir, etc. the whiche chaungynge the r in s, ye have conuertis, assoupis, appouris, benis, bannis; sayeng: je bannis, tu bannis, il bannist, nous bannissons, vous bannisses, ilz bannissent; and lykewyse of the tothers. Also there must be many except, as consentir, assentir, mourir, querir, dormir, whiche do make their present: je consens, je assens, je meurs, je quiers, je dors, tu dors, il dort, nous dormons, vous dormes, ilz dorment.

Also there is two other that doth ende in oir, the tone hath an a, in the penultyme syllable, as auoir and scauoir; whiche do make ay and scay in the present. The tother maner hath lyke termynation without an a, as apperceuoir, deuoir, pouruoir, concepuoir, decepuoir, whiche do make their present, japercoy, je doy, je pouruoy, je concoy, je decoy; how be it ualloir and uolloir must be except which do make in the present je vaulz, and voulloir, je veulz, tu ueulz, il ueult, nous uoulons, uous uoules, ilz ueulent.

Also there is another sorte endynge in e, in the infinitive, as,

saying, laughyng, redyng, frieng,
dire, rire, lire, frire, etc.
which make in their present, say, laugh, rede, frye;
dis, ris, lis, fris;

sayeng, je lis, tu lis, il list, nous lisons, vous lises, ilz lisent.

Also there ben others endyng in ore, as clore, shitte, with all his compost, that is to saye, disclore, unshitte, forclore, shitte out, etc. whiche do make in their present, clos, declos, forclos, etc. and for cause that rules ben infinites, and that they ben more necessary for the teacher than for the lernar, I suppose that those above sayd ben sufficyent for the indicative present.

It is to be noted that in the frenche tongue is but two cojugacions: the first shal be discerned and knowen by the first persone plurel nombre of the present in the shewynge moode, for where the sayd fyrst persone hath no s in the seconde sillable before his termination or ende, than it is of the

we love, we have, we bette, we gyve,
first, as in these verbes, aymons, auons, batons, donons,

with such lyke; and where there is an s begynning the last syllable of the forsayd fyrst persone, than it is of the second, as in these verbes, baisons, taisons, brisons, faisons, disons, lisons, pensons, etc.

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Ye shal note lykewyse that in the indicative mode ye have for the moste parte, foure preterites, that is to say, the imperfect, parfect and indiffinitive with the plusperfect, whiche ben communely founde in all verbes save in them that ben defectives, as it apereth by this verbe,

I say, thou sayest,
je dis, tu dis,
I dyde say;
wherfore the preterit imperfyte is: je disoie;
I sayde,
the perfect, je deis;
I have sayd;
the indiffynitive, jay dit;
I had sayd.
the plusperfect, jauoie dit.

Nevertheles for the most part there is no difference in englysshe betwene the perf. and imperf. that is to say, betwene I dyd say, and I sayd: but bycause it is otherwise in french, I must use the said difference.

OF THE FORMATION OF THE PRETERIT IMPARFYTE.

Ye shall forme the preterit imperf. in all verbes of both conjugations by the fyrst person plurell nombre, turnyng this syllable ons, whiche is in every verbe, in oie for the fyrst conjugation: and sons in soie, in the second, soundynge s, lyke a z, as zons, zoie.

Example for the fyrst conjugation as in this verbe aymons, whiche is the fyrst person plurell nombre of jaime, chaungyng this syllable ons in oie, ye have aimoie; of auons, ye have auoie; of donnons, donnoie.

Example for the seconde conjugation, as in these worde: baisons, turnynge the last syllable, whiche is sons in soie, ye have of brisons, brisoie; of faisons, faisoie; of disons, disoie; and the seconde persone shall termyne in ois, the thirde in oit; the fyrst plurell nombre in ions for the fyrst, and sons for the seconde, as it shall appere clerely in the conjugations herafter folowing, and this rule is infallyble for all preterites imparfyte.

OF THE PRETERIT PARFYTE.

The preterit parfyte, as well of the fyrst as of the seconde conjugation hath dyvers termynations, but there is four speciall, that is to say in us, in is, in ins and in ay.

Example of us: as je bus, je fus, je leus, je congneus, etc.
of is: as je escripuis, je deis, je mis, je feis.
of ins: as je tins, je prins, je uins, japrins.
of ay: as jaimay, je donnay, je baisay, je prisay, je laissay.

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And so the verbe that ende in us shalbe, je bus, tu bus, il but, nous bumes, vous butes, ilz burent.

Example of is: as je feis, tu feis, il feist, nous fismes, vous feistes, ilz firent.
of ins: as je uins, tu uins, il uint, nous uimmes, uous uintes, ilz uindrent.
of ay: as je donnay, tu donnas, il donna, nous donnasmes, vous donnastes, ilz donnerent.

THE PRETERIT INDIFFYNITYVE.

Ye shall ever fourme the preterit indiffynityve with the thre persons, both singuler and plurell nombres of this verbe (have) in the present tensis, saying, jay aymé, I have loved; tu as aymé, thou hast loved; il a aymé, nous auons, uous aues, ilz ont aymé; and likewise of all other verbes with the sayd have, as jay dit, jay bu, jay lu, jay fait.

OF THE FORMATION OF THE PRETER PLUS PARFYTE.

The preterit most parfect is ever formed with the preterit imperfyte of the foresayd verbe (have) as the indiffynityve is with the presente, sayeng I have done, thou haddest done, that is to say, jauoie dit, jauoie aymé, jauoie bus, jauoie requis; and so thorowe the thre persons, never chaungynge the terminacion of the verbe, as jauoie dit, tu auois dit, il auoit dit, nous auions dit, uous auies dit, ilz auoient dit; and so of all other lyke.

THE FUTUR OF THE INDICATYVE.

Ye shall understande that all maner verbes in generall ben termyned in their thre persons synguler and plurell nombres after this wayes: ray, ras, ra: rons, res, ront, so that ye shall take the verbe in the present, and put the s away at the later ende, if it be of the seconde or the fyrst conjugacion, and adde therto the foresayd terminacyon: as in this worde dis, I saye; ye shall take awaye s and adde ray, sayeng diray, diras, dira, dirons, dires, diront. Jaimeray, tu aymeras, il aymera, nous aymerons, uous aymeres, ilz aymeront. There be some verbes must have more addicion, as dors, I slepe, whiche must have mi, added unto it, sayeng, dormiray, and boy, drinke, which sygnify I drinke; ye shal nat say boiray, but buueray, I shall drinke; and so of some other, as doy, ought; and metre, I put. How be it they be all termined with the above sayd termination.

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OF THE IMPERATIVE, WHICHE SIGNIFYETH COMMAUNDYNG.

The imperative for the most parte is ever lyke the verbe present tensis of the indicatyve moode, leavyng the fyrst persone and puttyng the pronowne after the verbe, for it differs nat: save in the thyrde persone synguler, and plurell nombre of some verbes, as jay, whiche doth make in the thirde person synguler, il a; and the thirde persone of the imperatyve is quil ayt, or ayt cil, ou celuy; and lykewyse of scay. But of the moste parte of others, it is lyke the present, leavyng the fyrst persone, whiche is nat in the imperatyve synguler nombre, as in this verbe jaime, tu aime, il aime, nous aimons, uous aimes, ilz aiment; which his present is that is a lyke in the imperatyve, leavynge the fyrst persone, sayeng aime tu, aime cil, aimons nous, aimes uous, quilz aiment; puttyng ever the pronowne after the verbe.

The sayde imperatyve hath two futures, the tone affyrmatyve, and the tother negatyve, whiche have evermore these frenche wordes going before every person:

do, kepe, se, Se that thou speke; loke that he move nat;
faitz, garde, voy, as in this example: Voy que tu parle; garde quil ne se meuue;

prenons garde que nous ne mouuons, que vous ne mouues; prenez garde quilz ne se meuuent; and lykewise of the affyrmative, leavyng this worde ne.

THE OPTATYVE.

After the olde grammer was wonte to be all one with his preterit imperf. but we shall make hym different from hym, puttyng before the verbe this worde oh, or je vous prie, sayeng, oh que je boiue, je te prie que tu boiue, etc.

The sayd optatyve hath thre preterites, that is to say, imperf., parfyte, and plusperf., puttynge alwayes a ma uoullente, or plust a Dieu before the verbe. The preterit imperf. is moost termyned in usse, inse, and in asse, whiche may serve lykewyse for the present, as in these verbes: Pleust à Dieu que jaimasse; a ma uoullente que tu me congneusse; pleust a Dieu que tu prinsses courage. The parfyte is moche lyke the preterit indiffynityve of the indicatyve, as a ma uoullente que jaie aimé. The plus perfyt hath ever this verbe jeusse (I had) before hym, as jeusse aimé, jeusse dit, etc. His presente doth serve for his future, addyng either tantost or demain, sayeng pleust a Dieu que je uoise demain auec uous; a ma uoullente que deuiegne bon, a ma uoullente quil soit tantost corrige.

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THE SUBJUNCTIVE OR CONJUNCTIVE.

The conjunctive is lyke the optative in his present and preterittes, save that we say in stede of pleust a Dieu, a ma uoullente; sy, come, quant, or ueu, sayeng for the present, sy je fuisse maintenant, comme jay congneu, quant jeusse sentu.

The sayd conjunctyve hath two futures, the tone hath alwayes this worde mais, goyng before the verbe, as mais que je soie joieulz, etc.

The tother is borowed of the potenciall mode, and hath for his termynation, roy, rois, roit: rions, ries, roient, as jaimeroie, tu aimerois, il aimeroit, nous aimerions, uous aimeries, ilz aimeroient; and likewyse of all others. The termination of the infinityve shall appere in the verbes here after folowyng, wherfore in eschewyng prolixite, I will no further speke of it. The preterit must ever have this verbe infynityve moode: auoir, before hym, as auoir parlé, auoir dit, auoir mordz, etc.

The gerundyve is formed of the infinityve, and of the participle present tensis, as de parler, pour conferer, en communicant, etc. The overthrowen or supins which ben called reuerses, ye shall ever put the preterit parfit or the second futur of the conjunctive before him, sayeng: je te uoulsisse, or je te uouldroye bien aimé de Dieu, etc.

A RULE FOR TO MAKE PARTICIPLES, ADVERBES AND NOWNES
OF THE VERBES FOLOWYNGE.

All maner verbes infinitive mode endyng in er, takyng the r away, ye have the preterit masculin, and addyng an e to the é that remaine, ye have the participle feminin of the preterit tensis, as in this verbe enseigner, take away the r, ye have enseigné, which is masculin, and addyng another e to it, ye have enseignée, which is the preterit feminin, soundyng the first e as a uowel, and if ye adde ment to it, ye shal have enseignement, which is an adverbe, and puttyng both es away, and addyng ant, ye have the participle present, whiche is enseignant, and this rule is generall for the termination. Also all verbes endyng in ir, as uenir, and such as come of him must al change ir in u for the preterit masculyn, and addyng an e to the sayd u for the feminin. Exemple for the masculin, if ye take ir away from uenir, tenir, souuenir, soubstenir, maintenir, and adde u for it, ye shall have, uenu, tenu, souuenu, maintenu, and addyng an e to it, ye shall have the feminin, whiche

Page 936

be, uenue, tenue, souuenue, maintenue, etc. and if ye put away the sayd u and e, and put ant for it, ye shall have the participle present tensis, as uenant, tenant, souuenant, maintenant. There ben other verbes ending in ir, whiche must chaunge the r in e for the feminin, and without the e for the masculin, as benir, take away the r, ye have beny, which is preterit masculin, and adde an e to it, ye have benie, whiche is the feminin, and lykewyse of bannir, banni, bannie; rauy, rauie, and adding ssant to the masculin, ye have banissant, benissant, rauissant. Mourir and querir must be excepted: for mourir hath mort for his masculyn, and morte for the femynyn, and querir, quis and quise; mourant and querant for the participle present tense.

Also those wherof the infynityve termyne or ende in tre, or in dre, the e beyng a consonant, as batre, abatre, combatre, rabatre, debatre: pendre, fendre, deffendre, tendre, rendre, uendre, must all chaunge re in u for the masculyn, sayeng batu, abatu, combatu, pendu, fendu, deffendu, uendu, tondu, addyng an e to it for the femynyn, sayeng batue, uendue, fendue, tondue; ye must except prendre with all his dirivatives, and make pris, prise; repris, reprise; compris, comprise; mespris, mesprise. There ben other that ende in e, as mectre, with all that of hym ben diryvate; whiche must folowe the sayd rule, as permis, permise; mis, mise; demis, demise; commis, commise; promis, promise; remis, remise; compris, etc. and bycause they be noted for the most parte among the Catalogue of verbes, and howe ye shall fourme lykewyse both nownes and adverbes: and also that it is harde for to fynde a rule generall and infallyble, I do here termyne the sayde rules.

HERE AFTER FOLOWETH SOME VERBES AFTER THE LETTERS OF THE A, B, C.

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Here consequently foloweth the conjugations wherof the fyrst shalbe tourned in one tens, synguler nombre and plurell, sixe and thirty maner awaye, every person sixe maner wayes, that is to say, the affyrmatyve thre wayes and the negatyve lykewise; as whan I say: I have, which is affyrmation or grauntyng, if ye do turne it, ye shall have, have I. And if ye put this worde, why, before it, ye shall have a questyon, as: why have I, and lykewyse of the negation or denying, whiche is, I have nat; turne it, ye have, have nat I: and puttyng why before it, ye have a question, whiche is: why have nat I. And in lyke maner thorowe every persone synguler and plurell; and so shall it be sixe and thirty wayes in one tens, and this rule is generall for every verbe.

Also there is another maner, whiche shall serve for every verbe lykewyse, and shalbe turned in one tens an hundred and eyght wayes, with thre pronownes, that is to say: me, the, hym.

Example for the fyrst persone: I have me, I have the, I have hym. And

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we tourne it, we shall have: have I me, have I the, have I hym. Than puttyng why before it, we shall have: Why have I me, why have I the, why have I hym; and this is nyne wayes in the affyrmatyve.

Nowe, if ye do lykewise in the negatyve, ye shall have other nyne wayes, as whan ye say: I have nat me, I have nat the, I have nat him, and tournyng it, ye have: have I nat me, have I nat the, have I nat hym; and puttyng why before, I have: why have nat I me, why have nat I the, why have nat I hym. And doynge lykewise of the seconde persone and the thyrde, and consequently with the plurell nombre, ye shall have syx tymes eightene variable and sondry wayes, which do amount to an hundred and viii wayes in one tense, and may be lykewise of every verbe; and if ye do take but the fyrste worde of every persone, ye shall have a syngle conjugacion, as: I have, thou hast, he hath: we have, ye have, they have, etc.

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Here after foloweth the fyrst conjugation whiche is sixe and thyrty wayes
in the presente, and lykewyse of every preteryte and future,
in every tense and mode, except all the imperatyves the
present of the optatyves. And bycause we can nat specifye
by our wordes any of our dedes, signyfyeng action,
without this verbe (have) we shall begyn with
the same, addyng to it a worde or two for
to shewe an example, howe one may
make dyverse and many sentences
with one worde, and percon-
sequent come shortely
to the french
speche.

Page 960

THE INDICATYVE PRESENT.

Page 961

THE PLURELL NOMBRE.

Page 962

THE PRETERIT IMPARFYTE.