REPORT
ON THE
MIGRATION OF BIRDS
IN THE
SPRING AND AUTUMN OF 1881.

BY

Mr. JOHN A. HARVIE BROWN, Mr. JOHN CORDEAUX,
Mr. PHILIP M. C. KERMODE, Mr. R. M. BARRINGTON,
AND
Mr. A. G. MORE.

"It is much to be wished that some of the light-keepers of our lighthouses would make notes of their observations concerning seals, whales, birds, fishes, and other animals. Such records would be valuable; and might not some of them occupy their leisure hours in the study of Natural History?.... Interesting observations would then certainly be made, and new facts added to our stores of knowledge."—'Chambers's Journal,' p. 831; Dec. 23, 1876.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN.

1882.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO.

HATTON GARDEN, E.C.

PREFACE.

The following Report contains a summary of investigations of a Committee, appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at York, in 1881, to consist of Professor Newton, Mr. J. A. Harvie Brown, Mr. John Cordeaux, Mr. Philip M. C. Kermode, Mr. J. Hardy, Mr. R. M. Barrington, and Mr. A. G. More, for the purpose of obtaining (with the consent of the Master and Elder Brethren of the Trinity House, the Commissioners of Northern Lights, and the Commissioners of Irish Lights) observations on the Migration of Birds at lighthouses and lightships, and of reporting upon the same at Southampton in 1882. Mr. Cordeaux to be the Secretary.

An abstract of the Report was read by Mr. Philip M. C. Kermode at the meeting of the Association, held at Southampton, in August, 1882.

The returns relating to Scotland have been arranged by Mr. J. A. Harvie Brown; for the East Coast of England, by Mr. Cordeaux; the West Coast of England, by Mr. Kermode; and those for the Coasts of Ireland, by Mr. R. M. Barrington, and Mr. A. G. More.

CONTENTS.

THIRD REPORT:
ON
THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS
IN THE
SPRING AND AUTUMN OF 1881.

EAST COAST OF SCOTLAND.

Iceland and Faroe.—Schedules, &c., were, as before, forwarded to Iceland and Faroe. Returns have come from Faroe, the results of which I prefer to keep under a separate heading, as they usually come in when the rest of the Report is well advanced.

Of Saxicolinæ there is one record on May 13th, when one Wheatear was seen on board the 'Arcturus,' thirty miles east of the Orkney Isles. Of Hirundinidæ, one seen at Thorshavn on May 22nd. Of Otidæ, one Long-eared Owl was seen at Vivalvig, Strómó, on June 27th. Of Ardeidæ, one Night Heron, Nycticorax griseus (Linn.), was killed at Videreijde on May 4th. In autumn several Turtle Doves, Columba Turtur, were seen, and one shot at Nólsó on Sept. 7th. Of Rallidæ, one Water Rail was killed in the hospital garden, at Thorshavn, on Oct. 31st. Of Laridæ, one Pomatorhine Skua (young), was killed near Kirkebó on Oct. 26th. Of Rallidæ, one Coot, Fulica atra, was shot at Nólsó on Nov. 8th.

The winds prevailing at the time of the above records for the most part southerly and easterly in Faroe, but on May 13th and 22nd southerly and westerly, and also S.W. on Nov. 8th.

The usual papers were sent to twenty-six stations, as before. With Iceland, Faroe and Fair Isle we have on this line thirty stations in all.

Twelve stations on the East Coast of Scotland returned filled-in schedules, against eight last year—1880—out of the twenty-six. Many of these returns are very light, but those from Isle of May, Bell Rock and Pentland Skerries are unusually full, showing great highways of migration, and also that from Sumburgh Head. We shall have more to say on this in our general remarks at the end of the Report.

The stations are as follows, commencing in the north. The dates upon which the various stations have sent in returns are shown in the list by the positions of the asterisks preceding the consecutive numbers. The work done compares favourably with that of 1880, but we receive as yet only twelve returns from twenty-six stations; however short, others will be acceptable, even if only negative information.

Those sending no returns have not in all cases given reasons. Attention to this is earnestly requested (vide 2nd Report, p. 2).

The numbers are the same as in the 2nd Report, 1880, but another for Fair Isle has been inserted as "7B."

Notes received from other sources will appear, as before, after the paragraphs on each species, as it is desirable to keep the two sets of observations distinct. I would also refer here to my "Third Report on Scottish Ornithology," already referred to in 'Migration Report, 1880,' p. 4, as having been read, but not yet printed (Feb. 1882).

Notes have been kept upon about 25 species of waterfowl and about 50 species of land birds by our reporters on the east coast. Spring migration I have not kept distinct in this Report. Obituary at each station, inappreciable at Scottish stations, will be noticed where necessary under General Remarks.

Owing to Mr. T. Anderson having been almost entirely sailing to and fro in the Mediterranean, I regret that I can show no returns this year from Mid-Atlantic, which is to be regretted, as it would be instructive to learn what are the results of a contrary prevailing wind to that of 1880. Possibly, however, Mr. R. Gray may yet be able to give us some returns of interest culled from the Mediterranean log, which may raise other points of interest.

The following short notes on weather are compiled from the 'Times' Register for 1881, and checked by my own schedules:—A sudden change of temperature at the beginning of August, colder by about two degrees than July. Rainfall excessive over all Scotland, except northern half where it was less than average; cold and wet all August, about six degrees colder than corresponding period of 1880. Prevailing wind W., seldom veering to E., until Aug. 23rd; thereafter in Scotland prevailing E. and N.E.; on Aug. 31st N. winds prevailed, N.E., and continued till about Sept. 6th; thereafter W. and N.W. till 16th; then S. and S.E. till 21st; from 22nd to 24th E.; 24th to 30th S. to W.; Oct. 1st to 10th S.; 10th to 13th strong W.; 14th gale from E., and continued E. and S.E. to end of month. S.E. to S. strong winds and gales, or light from Nov. 1st to 11th; S.W. strong and a gale 15th and 16th; frost on 17th; 22nd S. to S.W. and W., heavy gales in N. and W. Unsettled, with frequent changes of wind and weather, many W. gales till end of month, and till Dec. 8th. N. and E. on both coasts from Dec. 9th to 12th, S. on 13th, and S. and W. on 14th; S. and W. till 20th, when E.; and W.N.W. on 21st. Prevailing W. and S.W. till end of month.

Notes.—Prevailing winds at the time of the rush of Falconidæ were W., veering from S.W. to N.W. in Aug.; after 23rd E.; on and after Aug. 31st till Sept. 6th N. At XIV., on Aug. 19th, a Sparrowhawk was seen sitting on the ground, and almost daily for some time after. The nearest breeding-place I know of is at Tongue, N. Sutherland; wind at the time was light S., and weather clear. No doubt it is difficult to discriminate often between local and general migrations of Hawks by our data; thus at XIV. also, on Aug. 23rd and 24th, a Sparrowhawk was seen flying south on the former date, and N.E. on the latter; on the former date the wind was light S., on the latter N.E.; this would therefore appear like a local migration.

The only addition to the list of stations is Fair Isle, No. 7 b.

In all spring records the numbers of stations begin at the most southerly, or with the higher numbers. In all autumn records the numbers of stations begin at the most northerly, or with the lower numbers. The maximum station, or station sending most returns of the species, is indicated when thought necessary.

Turdidæ.—Autumn: Records at Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, Girdleness, Bell Rock, and Isle of May (maximum). Earliest at Isle of May, Sept. 22nd; latest at Sumburgh Head, Dec. 8th. Rushes at Isle of May, Sept. 22nd to 30th (see notes infra); also Oct. 20th. Redwings and female Blackbirds migrating between 14th and 24th. Great S.E. gale on 14th. At Pentland Skerries, Fieldfares, Thrushes, and Blackbirds, Nov. 5th and 6th, flying N.E. all day; also smaller rushes at Sumburgh Head, Dec. 1st to 8th. Time of day: Mostly daytime, but night of 13th to 14th at Bell Pock. "Storm burst at 10.10 a.m. on 14th." Notes: A great rush of migrants took place at the date of 22nd to 23rd Sept. at Isle of May (station 27), but no corresponding rush is recorded at Bell Rock (station 26). At Isle of May it continued all day. The weather was thick haze, approaching to fog, with a continuous downpour of rain; wind S.E. "All the birds seen to-day appeared perfectly bewildered." The following species occurred on 22nd alone: Thrushes, Redstarts, one Robin, one Blue-throated Warbler (C. Wolfi), Swallows, Chaffinches, one Nightjar (the first ever captured or seen here, and sent to me along with the Blue-throated Warbler and others), one Corn Crake (seldom seen here). Golden Plovers (large flock), Ringed Plovers, Lapwings, "rush" of Curlews, two Snipe, Sandpipers and Waders, and Dunlins. This great migration continued more or less all the latter part of September at this locality, during which time there appeared Yellow Buntings, Bramblings, Wheatears (or Stonechats), Pipits, and Wagtails; numbers of Robins on 23rd. N.B. Later in the report under these species I will refer back to this note.

Saxicolinæ.—Spring: Bell Rock, and Whalsey Skerries. Wheatears. Earliest at Bell Rock, April 14th; latest at Bell Rock, May 2nd. Rush on May 2nd, at Bell Rock. General Notes:—Accompanied by many other species not recognised; on that day also a large bird struck, rebounded, and fell into sea.—Autumn: Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, Bell Rock, Isle of May, and Inch Keith. Wheatears. Earliest at Sumburgh Head, Aug. 14th; latest at Pentland Skerries, Sept. 30th. Rushes scarcely appreciable, Aug. 22nd and 28th, at Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh Head, and Pentland Skerries; and Sept. 24th and 30th, at Pentland Skerries, Isle of May, and Inch Keith. Rushes at Pentland Skerries on several dates. Besides Wheatears, Redstarts. Earliest at Isle of May, Aug. 22nd; latest at Isle of May, Sept. 22nd. Whinchats (or Blue Janets), also at Isle of May, Sept. 21st. Prevailing winds E. and S.E. General Notes (see under [Turdidæ]).

Sylviinæ.—Spring: Robins at Cromarty and Montroseness; only two records. Earlier at Cromarty, March 20th, but left same date; later at Montroseness, April 14th, flying about rock.—Autumn: Tarbat Ness, Cromarty, and Isle of May. Robins. Earliest at Cromarty, Sept. 16th, and were the first seen since March 6th (see Spring); latest seen Dec. 15th. At Tarbat Ness first seen Oct. 10th. Rush Sept. 22nd and 23rd, at Isle of May (see Notes under [Turdidæ]); also Oct. 21st, at Isle of May ("appear to be very small specimens.") Mr. Agnew preserved one for me in spirits on Dec. 15th, but whether one of these small specimens I cannot as yet say. N.B. Spanish examples are known to be very much smaller than British (vide Howard Saunders and H. E. Dresser).

Phylloscopinæ.—Autumn: Gold Crests at Sumburgh Head, Tarbat Ness, and Isle of May. Earliest at Tarbat Ness, Sept. 10th (two seen); latest at Isle of May, Sept. 27th. Rush, a small one, Oct. 24th, 25th, and 27th, at Isle of May. General Remarks:—Mr. Agnew says, "I expect more," but no more appeared in his later schedules. A general movement of this species appreciable also about Sept. 10th to 18th.

Paridæ.—Spring: Tit. One record at Isle of May, April 23rd. General Remark:—One alighted on lantern at 11 p.m.—Autumn: Tits at Pentland Skerries and Inch Keith. Earliest at Inch Keith, Aug. 5th (a number at night); latest at Pentland Skerries, Oct. 6th (one all day). Another struck N.W. side of lantern of Inch Keith on night of 5th to 6th. General Remarks:—Aug. 5th, at Inch Keith (as above), "earlier than usual."

Troglodytidæ.—Spring: Common Wren. One record from Isle of May, March 19th.—Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May. Earliest at Sumburgh Head, Aug. 3rd (left); latest at Pentland Skerries, Nov. 16th. Others Oct. 6th and 8th. Rush (inappreciable) on these later dates.

Motacillidæ.—Spring: Bell Rock and Isle of May (only two). Wagtails. Earliest at Isle of May, March 12th; latest at Bell Rock, April 13th. General Remarks:—The latter "running over the rocks, but leaving at high tide, as all birds do that land upon these rocks" (J. Agnew).—Autumn: Pentland Skerries and Isle of May (three records). Wagtails. Earliest at Pentland Skerries (three all day), when a gale from N., Aug. 27th; latest at Isle of May, Sept. 24th, "when a few new-comers, having more white upon them than the few residents, appeared." Also occurred at Pentland Skerries, Sept. 10th. Pipits at Whalsey Skerries, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May (few records). Earliest at Whalsey Skerries, Aug. 28th (following Sparrowhawk), but all left next day; latest at Pentland Skerries, Oct. 25th (six struck at night). Rush (on small scale) at Isle of May, Sept. 24th, 25th, and 26th. General Notes:—Mr. Agnew speaks of some being always here, but additions on Sept. 24th. Possibly Mr. Agnew alludes, however, to Rock Pipits as the residents. The Meadow Pipit is probably the species first seen as additions on Sept. 24th. N.B. The Rock Pipit is a larger bird than the Meadow Pipit; please shoot one of the "resident birds" and then one of the "additions," and if carefully compared, I think Mr. Agnew will detect the difference.

Hirundinidæ.—Spring: Cromarty, Auskerry, Sumburgh Head, and Whalsey Skerries. First arrivals at Auskerry, May 1st (Martins and Swallows remained three days and then left); latest, at Whalsey Skerries, June 27th (a few flying about). Rush hardly perceptible. General Notes:—At Sumburgh Head four pairs all summer; all disappeared on night of July 20th. That night one pair slept on the staircase-window.—Autumn: Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh Head, Auskerry, Pentland Skerries, Cromarty, and Isle of May (a number). Earliest (see remarks under Spring Migration, supra, July 20th); latest at Sumburgh Head, Oct. 1st (one seen). No great rush appreciable, but flocks of Swallows and Martins seen at Auskerry Aug. 1st and 4th, and on 1st at Isle of May (one found dead previous night after heavy gales); (see Notes under [Turdidæ], supra) part of a general rush of migrants.

Fringillidæ.—Spring: Isle of May, Bell Rock, Sumburgh Head (considerable movement). Linnets. Earliest at Isle of May, March 4th (asleep all night on doorway): two green Linnets. Latest at Isle of May, April 14th (seen). General Notes:—Two days previous "considerable number of Chaffinches, which are very unusual at this season; also one Bullfinch." From a remark of Mr. Agnew, that some of the latter breed on Isle of May, I suspect these "Linnets" will prove to be Twites or Mountain Linnets, Linota flavirostris ? These Linnets are also noted at Bell Rock on April 10th, and at Sumburgh Head on March 7th.—Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Isle of May, and Inch Keith (large movement). Earliest (Grey Linnets) at Isle of May, Aug. 18th (mostly young, apparently in broods, in large numbers); latest at Sumburgh Head, Jan. 14th, 1882 (three seen). Rushes (Chaffinches) at Isle of May, Sept. 22nd to 26th (see Notes under Turdidæ). Brambling also on 24th (one sent me for identification). Siskin at Inch Keith, Sept. 25th. [General Notes:—A desultory migration, kept up of Linnets and Siskins (which are rare on the Isle of May), occurred Oct. 4th and 5th. A Redpole on 8th, at Sumburgh Head.] A rush between Oct. 20th and 27th at Isle of May, during which time Redpoles (20th and 24th), Chaffinches (22nd), Bramblings (21st), one Siskin (27th), and Grey Linnets or Twites (24th), at Sumburgh Head; about fifty, along with ten Larks (see [Alaudidæ].). Occasional birds seen at Isle of May:—Nov. 12th, one Siskin; 28th, one hen Linnet; and on Nov. 21st, at Inch Keith, one Siskin. On Dec. 3rd, at Isle of May, one Redpole, preserved in spirits (vide infra), and one Brambling, same time and place. On the 4th, Green Linnets at Sumburgh Head, and in Jan., 1882 (latest), three Green Linnets on 14th. In Shetland prevailing winds during the winter were from S.W., "and consequently no strange birds visited us." A flock of Mealy Redpoles arrived at Lerwick, and took up their abode for a time in Mr. P. T. Garrick's garden, at Prospect House. This movement doubtless belongs to the Spring Migration of 1882. In August unusually large flocks of Greenfinches were observed by Mr. Service near Dumfries; left after two weeks, and reappeared in January, 1882.

Emberizidæ.—Spring: Isle of May and Bell Rock. Earliest at Bell Rock, March 17th (one "Snowflake" flying from N.W. to S.E.); latest (and only other spring record) at Isle of May, April 9th (three "Mountain Sparrows" identified as Snow Buntings).—Autumn: Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, Dunnet Head, Tarbat Ness, Isle of May, and Inch Keith, Snow Buntings, numerous records, and reported as unusually plentiful at many stations. Earliest at Isle of May, Sept. 24th, where, Mr. Agnew writes, "they are never plentiful"; latest, Dec. 10th to Jan. 28th, at Isle of May. Rushes at Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Dunnet Head, Sept. 20th to 25th (note migration of other species at Isle of May, Sept. 22nd—see notes under [Turdidæ]). Rushes spasmodical, at different places, on different dates. Rush Dec. 3rd to 21st; after, stragglers (i.e., flocks of forty or fifty).—Weather: In October winds S. and N.W., at Sumburgh Head, to fresh E. and N., cloudy, clear, or showery. In November S. gale on 4th at Pentland Skerries. Calm or N. on 9th, S.S.W. or S. on 14th, and on 17th S. or N. December variable from light S.W. at Isle of May to fresh N.E. and S.E., light W. and light S.W. Besides Snow Buntings, a flock of about 250 Common Buntings are reported from Sumburgh Head on Nov. 6th ("a compact flock"), at 10 a.m.

Alaudidæ.—Spring: A spring rush is reported at Bell Rock between Feb. 5th and 25th; or possibly this may only belong to migration of 1880. Great numbers of Larks mixed with Rose Linnets, Starlings, and other species, from 2 to 5 a.m.; great numbers struck; wind on arrival light S.W., on departure fresh N.E., fog and rain. Feb. 18th, great numbers, all Larks, greatly exhausted, seen asleep, and others struck, but none found dead; wind light E.S.E., haze. On 19th, "small birds, not recognised, flew about for an hour, and left at dawn"; and on 25th great numbers, all Larks, much exhausted, at 1.30 a.m.; left after an hour's rest at dawn, flying N.W.—Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, Bell Rock, and Isle of May (numerous). Earliest at Sumburgh Head, Sept. 15th (breeds here, but left to-day); latest at Isle of May, Dec. 1st (two seen). Rushes at Isle of May, Sept. 24th; numbers on 25th and 26th, increased up to 27th; also at Pentland Skerries (accompanying Wheatears); also fewer on Sept. 15th, 16th, and 18th. Rush at Pentland Skerries, striking all night, Oct. 26th; stragglers on 1st and 8th.—Weather: Fresh S. wind Sept. 1st to 8th, to fresh S.E. and clear on 26th. Nov. 24th, at Sumburgh Head (along with Grey Linnets), fresh S., cloudy; and Dec. 1st, at Isle of May, two seen, as above recorded.

Sturninæ.—Autumn: Auskerry, Pentland Skerries, Dunnet Head, and Isle of May. Unusually few, but all about same time. Earliest at Pentland Skerries and Isle of May, Oct. 20th and 21st; latest at Dunnet Head, Jan. 15th, 1882 (date of return of schedule). General Notes:—Resident all winter at many localities as at Auskerry ("all winter"). The scarcity of the Starling on migration this autumn is noteworthy (vide conditions of wind and weather as compared with other years).

Corvidæ.—Spring: Bell Rock and Isle of May. Earliest at Bell Rock, March 10th (seen on balcony-rail); latest, "five Rooks," at Bell Rock, flying about. May 1st. Rush (apparently, April 12th and 13th) at Bell Rock (Black Crows and a good many "Grey Crows" with them). On 16th, three Rooks flying N.—Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May. Earliest July 15th, at Pentland Skerries (mixed with Jackdaws); remained till middle of August, and then disappeared; latest Nov. 10th, two Ravens at Pentland Skerries, flying W., but no Rooks after Aug. 15th. Ravens also at Pentland Skerries, July 29th. Hooded Crows. Earliest Sept. 14th, at Pentland Skerries; latest on Nov. 5th, at Pentland Skerries. Rush on Oct. 2nd, at Isle of May (large numbers).

Cypselidæ.—Autumn: Only records at Sumburgh Head. Earliest Sept. 13th, five seen at 6 p.m., light N.W. airs, clear; next record Sept. 16th, one seen, light W., clear; latest Sept. 27th, one, light S.W., haze.

Caprimulgidæ.—Autumn: Only one record at Isle of May, where the first was observed, Sept. 26th, along with a great Rush of other migrants (see Notes under [Turdidæ], antea).

Strigidæ.—Autumn: Records at Auskerry and Isle of May. Earliest Aug. 25th, when one "Grey Owl" seen at Isle of May, fresh E., heavy rain, and haze; latest Dec. 19th, one reddish brown Owl, at 1 p.m., S.W., clear, at same station. Other dates, Oct. 15th to 18th, two Owls stayed three days, arriving at 4 p.m. on 15th, leaving at 4 p.m. on 18th, at Auskerry, N.W. gale, showers, and haze. Also Oct. 24th, one "light brown" Owl at Isle of May, S.S.E., showery; also Nov. 28rd, one seen at Isle of May, 3 p.m., S.W., clear.

Falconidæ.—Autumn: Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Bell Rock (all insular). Earliest July 28th, at Whalsey Skerries, one Hawk flying N.; latest Dec. 14th, at Isle of May, two "large Hawks." Rush in August and September, at Bell Rock, from which I have twenty-two returns in that time; never so many seen here before. Kestrels, principally at Isle of May, till Aug. 18th; latest Sept. 25th. Sparrowhawk. A rush at Pentland Skerries between Aug. 19th and 28th, or the same birds reappearing: all seen during the daytime, along with all other Hawks. Merlin, one on Sept. 22nd, at Sumburgh Head; another on Oct. 11th, feeding, on Snow Buntings, shot; other two seen. Falcon, one seen flying S.W., at Pentland Skerries, on Oct. 10th. Buzzards one (by description) flying S. at Isle of May, Sept. 27th. "Large Brown Hawks," or simply "Hawks," occurring principally at Isle of May. A rush between Sept. 6th and 19th, with E. winds (see [General Notes] on weather). A great rush of Hawks, Eagles, &c., took place all over the country at the latter end of September. Amongst others the following are recorded:—Ospreys, Harriers, Common and Honey Buzzards. Especially Fifeshire is noted (vide 'Field,' Oct. 8th, 1881, p. 514). Rough-legged Buzzards are recorded from localities in Forfar, Perth, and Stirlingshire, at similar stations as they usually appear at when their migration takes place, i. e., along almost precisely the same lines.

Pelicanidæ.—Autumn: Records from Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May. Earliest July 1st, Gannets pass Pentland Skerries daily in flocks of twelve to forty, or singly, and continue till middle of September, which is the latest record I have. Rush past Pentland Skerries appears to have been on Aug. 19th, when 2300 were counted between daylight and dark, flying chiefly E., and very few going W. On Aug. 4th large numbers at 2 p.m., at Sumburgh Head, fresh breeze, cloudy. At this station Gannets are noted as very scarce all summer, owing, it is believed, to scarcity of herrings.

Ardeidæ.—Spring: Only one Heron recorded at Whalsey Skerries, on May 29th, 8 p.m., S.E. light airs, clear; fog from N.W. after 11 p.m.—Autumn: Records at Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May. Earliest Aug. 16th, at Sumburgh Head, flying N., chased by Gulls, light E. airs; latest Nov. 24th, at Isle of May, one seen, strong S.W., showers; Rush Sept. 3rd to 6th, at Isle of May, during which time eight were seen, all flying S., and four on the 5th, came from N., alighted and remained; wind on 3rd fresh E., and haze; on 5th fresh N.E., clear; and on 6th light W., and haze (see Note, infra). Rush also on Oct. 12th, 13th, and 14th, previous to gale of 14th, but statistics scanty. All Herons seen at Isle of May almost invariably fly S. Prevailing winds at Isle of May, W., till gale on 14th from N.N.E.

Anatidæ.—Wild Geese. Spring: Records at Whalsey Skerries, Auskerry, and Isle of May. Earliest March 6th, at Whalsey Skerries, eight resting on island for several days, E. gale, and haze; latest April 21st, at Isle of May, large flock flying E., accompanied by Curlews.—Autumn: Records at Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh Head, Auskerry, Pentland Skerries, Isle of May, and Inch Keith. Earliest "Wild Geese," Oct. 2nd, at Isle of May, thirteen flying W. in line. Earliest "Barnacle," only record, Aug. 12th, at Inch Keith, one flying due N.; latest "Wild Geese," Dec. 23rd, at Isle of May. Immense flock flying N.E., 11.80 a.m., S.W., haze, approaching to fog; and another flock same day, at 12.30 p.m. Besides the above, one "Brent" Goose (?) is noted on Nov. 25th, flying N., with S.W. gale, and showers. Swans.—Spring: Records at Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Bell Rock. Earliest Feb. 27th, at Sumburgh Head, two "Wild Swans," apparently much fatigued, flying S.; latest May 6th, a flock flying N.E. Autumn: Records at Sumburgh Head. Earliest Nov. 12th, at Sumburgh Head, eight flying S.E.; latest Dec. 25th, at Sumburgh Head, two resting on a lock near the lighthouse, where they frequently rest on their way south every year. Note:—If these are the same birds each year, it is interesting as proving the undeviating lines of autumn flight of waterfowl. Eider Ducks.—Spring: Whalsey Skerries only; noted as arriving at breeding haunts on March 9th. Autumn: Records at Whalsey Skerries, Auskerry, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May. Earliest July 5th, when Eiders left the island at Whalsey Skerries. "The Drakes had left previously," light S., haze, and fog; latest Oct. 20th, at Auskerry, ten Eiders remained all day; they also remain at Auskerry all winter. Rush, largest number recorded at Pentland Skerries on Oct. 8th, when a flock of 100, mostly males, were seen swimming past the island, light S. breeze, and fog; and forty took shelter on Oct. 12th, at 9 a.m., at Whalsey Skerries, S.W. gale and rain; and all left next day. Sheldrake.—Autumn: Having remained here (Auskerry) all summer since end of June, leave in September or October. Records from Auskerry and Pentland Skerries. Earliest Aug. 27th, at Pentland Skerries, one found dead; latest Oct. 5th, at Pentland Skerries, flock flying S.E. Other dates, Aug. 31st, at Pentland Skerries, flying S.; Sept. 3rd, flying about light, not striking. Teal.—One on Sept. 21st, at Isle of May, another at Pentland Skerries, on Oct. 8th. Wild Duck at Isle of May, Sept. 24th, Oct. 4th, and Nov. 21st. Long-tailed Duck at Sumburgh Head, Nov. 12th (about twenty). On Sept. 12th Tufted Ducks were abundant on Loch Leven,—the most abundant species there,—and the young were not able to fly, "some being not larger than a Water Rat." Other species seen were Scaup, Golden-eye, Pochard, Teal, and Mallard (P. D. Maloch, in lit.).

Rallidæ.—Corn Crake. Spring: One arrival noted at Cromarty on May 19th. Autumn: One in. Isle of May, Sept. 22nd (seldom seen here; vide Notes under Turdidæ); also Oct. 22nd, at Isle of May, and one at Pentland Skerries; the two dates are both dates of rushes of other migrants. The Spotted Crake has been recorded at several land stations, and found to recur at several where it occurred before. Thus one at Aberuthven Wood this season, and one at the same place three years ago (P. D. Maloch, in lit.).

Charadriadæ.—Golden Plover. Autumn: Whalsey Skerries, Auskerry, Pentland Skerries, Dunnet Head, and Isle of May. Earliest Aug. 3rd, at Pentland Skerries; latest Dec. 23rd. Rushes Sept. 21st and 22nd, at Pentland Skerries and Isle of May; also on Oct. 17th and 18th, at Sumburgh Head and Auskerry. Oystercatcher.—Spring: Arrived Feb. 24th at breeding haunts on Whalsey Skerries; two recorded at Isle of May, on April 12th. Autumn: Records mostly in August, at Whalsey Skerries; left Whalsey Skerries on Aug. 26th; scattered birds seen at Isle of May between 8th and 25th; three records. Lapwing.—Spring: Arrivals in April 1st to 15th, at Whalsey Skerries and Isle of May. Rushes about 1st and 11th, scarcely perceptible. Autumn: Pentland Skerries and Isle of May. Earliest Aug. 27th, at Isle of May; latest Nov. 22nd. Rush past Isle of May, Sept. 22nd; "large numbers," by description, flying high (see [Turdidæ]). Ringed Plover.—Only date given is Sept. 22nd, at Isle of May, by description (see [Turdidæ]).

Scolopacidæ.—Curlew. Spring: One record at Isle of May, March 4th, four flying N.E. Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May. Earliest July 20th to 30th, at Isle of May; latest Dec. 31st, also at Isle of May. Rushes Sept. 22nd, at Isle of May, numbers; and at Pentland Skerries, a few. Maximum of records at Isle of May, but in all not many. Woodcock.—Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May. Earliest at Isle of May, Sept. 22nd; latest, beginning of December. Rush Oct. 20th, and for some days previous; also arrival same day of many Redwings (see [Turdidæ]). Snipe.—Autumn: Pentland Skerries and Isle of May. Earliest Aug. 31st, at Isle of May, one rose off island and flew away S.; latest Dec. 21st, at Isle of May, one seen. Rush scarcely appreciable, but appeared also on Sept. 22nd, at Isle of May. Records mostly of single birds; these two species exceedingly scarce this autumn; severe winter of 1880-81 killed many, and severe spring interfered with breeding. "Sandpipers."—Autumn: Pentland Skerries and Isle of May. Earliest Sept. 22nd, at Isle of May, a number (see under [Turdidæ]); latest Dec. 17th, also at Isle of May, large numbers. Rushes on these dates at Isle of May. Stragglers: species recognised and named: Dunlins, Redshanks (probably), Common Sandpiper.

Laridæ.—Terns. Spring: Arrived at Whalsey Skerries, Pentland Skerries, and Cromarty (Lesser Tern). Earliest May 28th, at Whalsey Skerries; and at Pentland Skerries, "arrived after hatching!" May 12th, and remained till August; belongs to an autumn movement (?); also at Cromarty, arrived on June 15th, left Aug. 20th. Terns appear irregular in hatching and dates of leaving various stations; but most left all stations in August, and recorded at Isle of May, passing S. Sept. 12th, 22nd, and 28th. Kittiwakes arrived in spring, at Isle of May, March 12th; only other record, in autumn, Sept. 22nd, at Isle of May (see [Turdidæ]); remained all August there, left end of month. Other species noted—Great Black-backed Gulls, flying S., Aug. 13th; large white Gulls, wheeling round Isle of May, Aug. 25th; Skuas (well described), Sept. 15th; and Oct. 19th and 29th, at Pentland Skerries, where they are "very rare." Note:—Skuas, Pomatorhine Skuas frequented the Hebrides most of the summer; I (J. A. H. B.) saw several west of Lewes, and one near Island of Rum in end of June. Iceland Gull.—A flight in December. Earliest Dec. 1st, at Sumburgh Head; latest 28th, at same place; and on 25th, same place, two, accompanying Swans. Storm Petrels.—At Whalsey Skerries two records, March 29th and June 22nd, in foggy weather, flying about lights. Autumn: Only one record of Fork-tailed Petrel at Isle of May, Aug. 15th, which struck, and was killed and sent to me, of which I now have the skin. Two pairs Common Petrel bred at Auskerry.

Alcidæ.—Razorbills. Spring: Whalsey Skerries and Isle of May, along with Guillemots. First arrivals at Isle of May, Feb. 25th. "Invariably arrive at Isle of May, remain a day or two, and leave again." Second visit March 16th, at Isle of May; arrived on third visit to breed, April 15th, but at Whalsey Skerries not till 30th. N.B. Dates of arrival, and of preliminary visits from all rock bird stations in Scotland, much desired by committee. Autumn: All left Sumburgh Head on Aug. 6th; all left Whalsey Skerries on Aug. 15th. Unusually large rush, flying S., passed Pentland Skerries on Nov. 12th; at this station they pass almost daily, but this is date of general stampede. Hundreds swimming round Isle of May on Dec. 15th, the latest noted record here this year; and Mr. Agnew considers their numbers at this late date quite unusual. Besides the 75 identified species, or thereby, I have innumerable records of species which cannot be recognised by description; and especially numerous are the records from Isle of May, Mr. Agnew being very desirous of learning more about them. He sent me numerous birds for identification; amongst those not sent or recognised, two birds, "never before seen," resemble a Cuckoo in every respect, but smaller; others, called "Redtails" (? Redstarts), came in a flock on June 3rd, and stayed till July 2nd. A great many entries are simply "small birds" from Aug. 16th and 17th, and Sept. 14th to 30th. On Oct. 25th "a few more pretty birds, with red breasts, forked tails, and two black stripes on head." On Oct. 27th, one "pure white down belly and round back, black spot a little above tail, wings on top side a dun black, head and neck same, red legs, bill like a Starling, size of a Plover." Again on Nov. 2nd, two, "the general colour that of a Lark, same size, three dark or black stripes down back, and one white feather each side of tail." It is worthy of remark that these unknown species struck most during easterly breezes (J. A. H. B.) I trust another season to be better prepared to have some of these identified. I have only mentioned them here to draw attention to the fact that probably rare things, like the Blue-throated Warbler (C Wolfi), may turn up. I might easily offer suggestions as to what these unnamed are, but I do not think any practical use would come by doing so.

General Remarks.

I have embodied all remarks on both coasts at the end of the Report on the West Coast of Scotland, to which I refer my readers.

EAST COAST OF ENGLAND.

Printed forms of enquiry and letters of instruction were sent to thirty-four lighthouses and light-vessels on the east coast of England, and two stations on the Channel Islands, thirty-six altogether against thirty-seven in 1880, and returns have been received from twenty-five.

Independent reports have also been sent in from Heligoland, Seaton Carew and Redcar, Flamborough, Spurn, North-east Lincolnshire, and Northrepps, making a total of thirty-two reporting stations against thirty-eight in 1880.

My best thanks are due to H. Gätke, T. H. Nelson, C. Donald Thompson, Matthew Bailey, William Eagle Clarke, H. Bendelack Hewetson, M.D., J. H. Gurney, jun., Colonel Russell, and G. P. Hope, for many interesting notes sent in, and for general kind co-operation and assistance in the enquiry.

Special thanks is also given to the various observers on the lighthouses and light-vessels whose names are given in the Report; and it is to be regretted that no less than eleven stations, from causes unknown to the writer, have failed to make returns, more especially as some of these were amongst the best returning stations in 1880. It is much to be hoped that this year the returns will be more numerous and complete.

The east coast stations are as follows, those making returns being marked with a star (*):—

† For nature of light, and position and description of station, see previous Reports.

SEPARATE REPORT ON EACH SPECIES.

Song Thrush, Turdus musicus, Linn.—Spring migration observed at one station only on the east coast. May 2nd, some seen at Inner Farne L.H., with Blackbirds and one King Ouzel, E.N.E., mist and rain. In the autumn occurred at the majority of stations from Inner Farne L.H. to Hanois L.H., off Guernsey: earliest date Nov. 2nd, at Flamborough L.H., several round lanterns during night with Larks and Starlings; latest, Nov. 30th, Heligoland, passing all day with Fieldfares. Greatest number occurred between Oct. 18th and 23rd at Inner Farne L.H., Flamborough Head L.H., and Dudgeon L.V., wind E.S.E., S. Migration extended over about two months, line of flight generally E. to W.

Redwing, Tardus iliacus, Linn.—First at Cromer L.H. on August 1st, 3 a.m., five killed; last at Inner Farne, Nov. 1st, all day with Thrushes. Great rush, Oct. 18th to 22nd. Migration extending over three months.

Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris, Linn.—First, Cromer L.H., Sept. 14th, 1 p.m., fog and rain, two killed; last, Heligoland, Nov. 30th, great many passing; also same date at Inner Farne L.H., two flocks to W.N.W. Oct. 19th, at Teesmouth, before daybreak, several were heard "chuckling" high overhead by fishermen going out to sea, flying S.W. to W., wind E., strong rain. The Fieldfare has been most exceptionally scarce on the English coast during the autumn and winter.

White's Thrush, Turdus varius, Pall.—One early in January, 1882, at Waplington Manor, near Pocklington, Yorkshire. (Zool., 1882, p. 74.)

Blackbird, Turdus merula, Linn.—Spring migration observed at Cromer on Jan. 29th (1881), 4 a.m., fog, two at lantern; and also, Feb. 5th, six at midnight, three killed. At Inner Farne L.H. they were seen in some numbers at 8 a.m., on May 22nd, with Thrushes. No Blackbirds crossed Heligoland in the autumn. On English east coast they were noted at several stations from Inner Farne L.H. on Oct. 2nd to the 28th at Hanois, several striking there at 10 p.m. A great rush at several stations from Oct. 21st to 25th inclusive, wind E.S.E., strong. During the first week in November large numbers were observed in North-east Lincolnshire, direction of flight E. to W. and S.W., and E.S.E. to N.W.

Ring Ouzel, Turdus torquatus, Linn.—Inner Farne L.H., one, May 2nd. In the autumn, at the same station, Oct. 3rd, one; and at several stations from Oct. 23rd to 25th, when there was a rush. None are recorded after this date, except one at Inner Farne on Nov. 30th. Migrate like the rest of the Turdinæ, both by day and night, and in the same direction.

Common Wheatear, Saxicola œnanthe (Linn.).—In spring of 1881, first at Hunstanton L.H., March 25th, several all day, and four days later at Inner Farne, 9 a.m., N.N.E. (four), snow, several; many, same station, first week in May. In the autumn, first at 5th Buoy, Tees L.V., on Aug. 18th, great many, and subsequently, up to end of first week in September, large numbers at several stations observed passing along east coast southward. At Spurn, on Sept. 14th, passed in thousands, and still far from scarce on 17th. From Heligoland Mr. Gätke reports, under date Sept. 3rd:—"Numbers of small birds at the lighthouse from 3 a.m., at which hour the weather moderated with a change from N.E. to E. by S.; all day multitudes of phœnicurus, trochilus, luctuosa, E. hortulana, A. arboreus and pratensis, S. œnanthe. Night, from 3rd to 4th, great numbers of above caught at lighthouse: among forty-nine œnanthe, but three old; amongst forty-seven phœnicurus, eleven old."—"Mem. Trochilus turned up after midnight; phœnicurus and œnanthe, multitudes of young males, early in the night (later also); but the few old birds appeared later after midnight."—Spring migration, 1882, March 19th, Spurn, several seen.

Whinchat, Pratincola rubetra (Linn.).—First week in September, many, with Wheatears in the North-east Lincolnshire marshes.

Stonechat, Pratincola rubicola (Linn.).—Great numbers at Whitby L.H. on April 3rd. In the autumn, first on Northumberland and Durham coast, Sept. 8th and 9th, and Spurn, Sept. 15th; last, at Inner Farne on Oct. 26th, E.S.E. (three), two seen.

Redstart, Ruticilla phœnicurus (Linn.).—The migration of the Redstart seems so inseparably connected with that of the Wheatear that it is difficult to disconnect the two. On May 1st one killed at Hunstanton L.H., 11 p.m., S.W., o.m. In the autumn, in August, September and October, at many stations, the main body passing south in early part of September with the Wheatears. On the 4th they were observed in great numbers along the line of sandhills, near the entrance of the Humber, generally young of the year, only four old males being seen. At Heligoland, in August and first half of September, a great many passed, and on 17th immense numbers; on 10th with M. luctuosa. At Teesmouth (Redcar) a considerable flight came in on Sept. 22nd, during night or early morning, wind E., gales and very stormy; all were young birds, males and females; last observed at Inner Farne on Oct. 23rd, E.S.E. (seven). The latest immigrations were associated with Redbreasts.

White-spotted Blue-throat, Cyanecula leucocyana (Brehm.)—On Sept. 3rd an immature bird was shot by Mr. Power at Cley, Norfolk. Another, also immature, is recorded by Mr. J. A. Harvie Brown, in the Report from the east coast of Scotland, captured at the Isle of May lighthouse on the night of Sept. 22nd.

Redbreast, Erithacus rubecula (Linn.).—March 5th, daybreak, at Whitby L.H., many Redbreasts. The first occurrence in the autumn, September 5th, at the 5th Buoy, Tees L.V., when one came on board. At the Leman and Ower L.V. large numbers passed to W. with Wrens on Sept. 22nd. Same date, and to the 25th, many at the Inner Farne L.H. Whitby on 20th. Also occurring at several stations through October in considerable numbers, as far south as the Inner Dowsing L.V. Very large numbers at Spurn, from October 2nd to 8th; on the 3rd so worn out with a N.E. gale they might be caught by hand. Some crossed Heligoland on Oct. 24th. Migration extending over two months.

Whitethroat, Sylvia rufa (Bodd.); Lesser Whitethroat, S. curruca (Linn.); Blackcap, S. atricapilla (Linn.); Garden Warbler, S. salicaria (Linn.).—One common Whitethroat killed, Cromer L.H., Feb. 21st, 1881, N.E. (4), o.m. Spurn, Sept. 3rd, Warblers of all kinds abounded. Greater and Lesser Whitethroats, Blackcaps, and Garden Warblers:—At Teesmouth (Redcar), Sept. 22nd, several, E. gale and rain. Spurn, one male Blackcap on Oct. 8th. Some Whitethroats passed Heligoland on Oct. 24th. On the English coast the migration of the Sylvianæ is carried on during August and September; the main body passing south with great regularity in the first week in the latter month.

Goldcrested Wren, Regulus cristatus, Koch.—Spring migration on March 19th. Cromer L.H., two killed against lanterns, 3 a.m., W. (four), b.c.m.; and at Hunstanton, April 14th, 2 a.m., one, with a Flycatcher, killed. In the autumn Goldcrests first observed at Hanois L.H., Sept. 1st, midnight, o.m., along with Whitethroats; several killed. Subsequently throughout October, both by day and night, at stations from the Inner Farne L.H. to the Tongue L.V., off the Thames. A great many Goldcrests crossed Heligoland from Oct. 18th to 24th, E., clear, fine, but fresh. The arrival of Goldcrests at Spurn as early as Sept. 5th, associated as usual with Woodcocks and Short-eared Owls (three widely separated species, which are, however, inseparably connected in their migrations), is remarkable, as being one month in advance of their average time. On the Suffolk coast, in great numbers from Oct. 12th to 17th.

Willow Wren, Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.).—At Spurn, last week in August, immense numbers of Willow Wrens passed on migration along sandhills.

Long-tailed Titmouse, Acredula caudata (Linn.).—Heligoland, Oct. 22nd, S.E. gale, some; Parus ater, Linn., a few; Parus borealis, De Selys, Nov. 10th, one seen, but not obtained.

Great Titmouse, Parus major, Linn.—Oct. 7th to 17th, many in N.E. Lincolnshire.

Blue Titmouse, Parus cæruleus, Linn.—Inner Farne L.H., Oct. 20th, E.S.E. (five), many.

Common Creeper, Certhia familiaris, Linn.—Inner Farne, Oct. 5th, squally, one shot; was running rapidly up a stone wall near lighthouse at time.

Common Wren, Troglodytes parvulus, Koch.—At Cromer, night, April 9th, one killed against lantern. First at Flamborough in the autumn; July 17th, several round lantern all night, o.m.; the next notice is Aug. 12th. Shipwash L.V., from noon to 2 p.m., large numbers with Redbreasts to W.N.W. Aug, 21st, again at Flamborough, many round lantern all night. Spurn L.H., 10 p.m., three killed, in company with other small birds. Flamborough, Sept. 7th, again during the night, many with Wheatears around lantern. At the Leman and Ower L.V., Sept. 22nd, large numbers during day, with Redbreasts, to W. Last occurrence was Inner Farne L.H., Oct. 4th, many. Migration extending over eighty days.

Wagtails, Motacillidæ.—March 8th, at Whitby, many Pied Wagtails, 9 a.m. Oct. 20th, Hanois L.H., 9 p.m., E.S.E. (six), o.m., many, with Thrushes, striking glass.

Meadow Pipit, Anthus pratensis (Linn.).—April 15th, at the Dudgeon L.V., one, with a common Sparrow, came on board, leaving again for W. In September large flocks continued to arrive at intervals in North-east Lincolnshire, and pass on; and again on the 13th, at Spurn, there was an extraordinary migration going on all day from N. to S.

Tawny Pipit, Anthus campestris (Linn.).—Considerable numbers at Heligoland in September, much more than have been seen for years.

Richard's Pipit, Anthus richardi, Vieill.—Up to Oct. 18th, at Heligoland, several seen, and about half a score of young birds shot; Oct. 24th, two; 26th, one. E., fresh, cold.

Great Grey Shrike, Lanius excubitor, Linn.—Several, Spurn, in October; one seen by me there, Oct. 24th, and another with a Redbreast in its beak. One occurrence, first week in same month, on the Lincolnshire coast. Six together were noticed by Miss M. M. Smith, near the lighthouse, at Spurn, on Feb. 17th, probably on the spring migration to the Continent.

Waxwing, Ampelis garrulus, Linn.—Small flock on Westwood Common, near Beverley, on Nov. 3rd. Several at Heligoland, from Dec. 12th to end of month.

Flycatcher, Muscicapa ?—Dudgeon L.V., April 12th, twenty-five Flycatchers to W., wind S. Hunstanton, April 29th, seven or eight about lanterns during night; and same station. May 6th, several at night, wind S., stormy. At the Swin Middle L.V., Aug. 20th to 21st, 9 a.m. to noon, several to W. At Spurn, on Sept. 4th, two or three females, or young of M. atricapilla, Linn., Pied Flycatcher, and others up to 10th. Through August and to Sept. 17th immense numbers of M. atricapilla and Redstarts crossed Heligoland.

Swallow, Hirundo rustica, Linn.—In the spring, first at No. 5 Buoy, Tees L.V., on April 23rd, going S.E. to N.W.; and after this at several stations up to May 27th, the most southerly the Leman and Ower L.V., forty-eight miles N.E., Cromer; general line of flight E. to W., or S.E. to N.W. In the autumn Swallows were observed goings south, first, at Inner Farne L.H., on July 15th; the main body passed south, as noticed at Teesmouth L.V. and Whitby, in immense numbers between Aug. 28th and Sept. 8th. Stragglers seen at Spurn up to Oct. 29th. Were seen almost daily near Brighton during the first fortnight in November moving eastward towards Newhaven, from near which place, at Seaford Head, they cross to the Continent. At the Gull L.V. (Godwin Sands), on July 29th, 5 to 7 a.m., continuous flocks were observed to N.W., and subsequently up to Sept. 26th at intervals, all passing westward.

Martin, Chelidon urbica (Linn.)—First, Whitby, May 10th, passing N. On August 18th, Tees L.V., vast numbers to S. At Hampton Court Palace Gardens stragglers noticed as late as Nov. 27th.

Goldfinch, Carduelis elegans, Steph.—On Oct. 19th, Hanois L.H., 10 a.m., some flocks; blue sky and cloudy. A few at Spurn, Oct. 27th. Mouth of Deben (Suffolk), Oct. 10th, very great numbers.

Siskin, Chrysomitris spinus (Linn.).—First at Spurn, Oct. 3rd, subsequently during the month very numerous; flocks up to twenty; more generally two or three together clinging to tops of ragwort and Aster Tripolium; a few old males, the bulk females and young of the year. They crossed Heligoland in considerable numbers: first on Oct. 18th; last, Nov. 30th.

Greenfinch, Ligurinus chloris (Linn.).—On Sept. 12th, 10 a.m., N.N.W. (7), o.m., at Hunstanton L.H., large flocks came in. At Spurn, Oct. 25, 26th and 27th, small flocks, female and immature. Heligoland, Oct. 18th, some. Immense numbers congregated in the marsh district of North-east Lincolnshire, late in October and early in November; females and young of the year, old males about one in a thousand. The aggregated flocks, numbering many thousands, frequenting the stubble fields for some weeks, where they, found an inexhaustible supply of food in the corn threshed out by the great gale in harvest time, on Aug. 22nd.

Sparrow, Passer domesticus (Linn.).—At the Outer Dowsing L.V., fifty-three miles S.S.E. of Spurn, on April 15th, ten common Sparrows on board, travelling from S.E. to W. In the autumn occurred at several stations from the East Godwin L.V., on Sept. 9th and 10th, to Corton L.V., Dec. 19th, none occurring at stations north of the Outer Dowsing; line of flight E. to W., or S.E. to N.W. Sometimes remaining all day on board the light-vessels, or spending the night there.

Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus (Linn.).—None north of Spurn, but south of this at several stations, as far as the Godwin L.V.'s, in October and early in November. In North-east Lincolnshire large flocks of both species came in with the Greenfinches, feeding with them in the same localities.

Chaffinch, Fringilla cœlebs, Linn.—First at Spurn, Oct. 9th, females and young; last at Gull L.V., Nov. 13th, 8 a.m. to noon; continuous to W. with Linnets. None recorded north of Spurn. Large numbers crossed Heligoland, Oct. 3 8th or 24th, with Bramblings.

Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla, Linn.—Spurn, Oct. 3rd, single old males; 26th, one or two; 27th, flock of about two hundred males: examples obtained had their stomachs filled with the husked seed of the common charlock. Bramblings passed Heligoland on the 24th with F. cœlebs and L. cannabina. E., very strong; and again some Nov. 30th.

Linnet, Linota cannabina (Linn.).—Gull L.V., Nov. 13th, 8 a.m. to noon, with Chaffinches, continuous to W.

Mealy Redpole, Linota linaria (Linn.).—Spurn, considerable flight night of Oct. 24th; subsequently observed in small flocks, twenty to thirty, more generally three or four together, on stalks of ragwort or Aster Tripolium; a few old males, very light coloured and mealy looking, having the breast and rump washed with crimson-rose, which colour some kept in captivity retained throughout the winter. Out of twenty-four obtained during the last week in October twenty-two were males, either old or young. Examples shot, from the same flock showed great disparity both in the length and depth of the bill, indicating probably an immigration from widely separated districts in Scandinavia. These Redpoles were feeding on seeds of Scirpus maritimus and Daucus Carota, rejecting the husks. Very large numbers crossed Heligoland in October, and again on Nov. 30th, and almost daily in December to 20th. At the Inner Farne L.H., on Oct. 6th, many were noticed.

Lesser Redpole, Linota rufescens (Vieill.)—Oct. 26th, three at Inner Farne L.H.; and under date of Oct. 24th, Redcar, Mr. T. H. Nelson writes, five came and alighted in front of my window, evidently very tired; they came from seaward, 10 a.m.; two or three were in the garden, and I saw several on the South Gore; E.S.E., snow and rain. Oct. 25th a large flock in an adjoining field. As the range of L. rufescens is confined to the British Isles these occurrences are probably referable to a closely-allied species, the Linota exilipes of Coues, the Common European Redpole, which, so far, has not been recognised as occurring in Great Britain.

Twite, Linota flavirostris (Linn.)—Spurn, Oct. 25th to 27th, numerous; examples obtained had the rump rosy pink.

Common Bunting, Emberiza miliaria, Linn.—Spurn, Oct. 25th to 27th, large arrival.

Yellow Bunting, Emberiza citrinella, Linn.—Whitby L.H., March 8th, many, 9 a.m. Same station, Oct. 17th, great numbers at same hour. At Teesmouth (Redcar) some on South Gare on morning of Oct. 25th, with other immigrants.

Rustic Bunting, E. rustica, Pall.—Spurn, Sept. 17th, one, presumed to be a female, shot on the beach near Easington by Mr. Townend, schoolmaster. On the same date a fine young bird was obtained on Heligoland. Light variable easterly winds over North Sea at time.

Little Bunting, E. pusilla, Pall.—Sept. 17th, Heligoland, seen but not obtained. Oct. 19th, one.

Reed Bunting, E. schœniclus, Linn.—Teesmouth (Redcar), Sept. 22nd, a flock in conjunction with Chiffchaffs and Lesser Whitethroats.

Lapland Bunting, Plectrophanes lapponicus (Linn.).—One shot at Tetney, near Great Grimsby, Dec. 27th, by Mr. G. E. Power.

Snow Bunting, P. nivalis (Linn.).—First at Spurn, Sept. 10th, an old bird on beach; then, at Inner Farne, on Oct. 6th, four; wind E.N.E. (3). At Heligoland, on Oct. 26th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, easterly winds to N.W. and S.W.; 26th, 9 p.m. to midnight, great many passing overhead; 28th and 29th, rain and hail, both days very great numbers; 30th, great many; 31st, flights of thousands high overhead—one old to about one hundred young. Enormous and unusual flocks occurred from the Farne Islands to N.E. Lincolnshire, from Nov. 14th to end of the year. In the latter district, also near Redcar, many thousands together remaining for weeks on stubble-land feeding on shaken corn. At the South Tees L.V. the great rush was on the 23rd, 24th, and 25th Nov., and again 6th and 10th of Dec, flying S.W. At Inner Farne L.H., Dec. 4th, 11 a.m. to 3 p.m., immense numbers to W. and W.N.W.; very few old birds observed. On Nov. 8th and 9th, at Heligoland, thousands upon thousands passed night and day along with Shore Larks, Otocorys alpestris. In spring of 1882, March 28th, Spurn, a few; 29th, one on beach.

Sky Lark, Alauda arvensis, Linn.—On the night of July 25th, 1881, large numbers occurred at the Dudgeon and the Leman and Ower L.V.'s, round the lanterns, in the former case associated with Starlings and Snipes; fifty fell on deck, and sixty at Leman and Ower. Again, at these same light-vessels, on March 6th and 7th, great numbers occurred during night. In the autumn Sky Larks occurred at all stations from the Inner Farne to Hanois. Earliest, Sept. 12th, Lynn Well L.V.; latest, Galloper L.V., July 8th, 1882. Great rush Sept. 20th, and again Oct. 17th, 18th, 19th, being then continuous all day at many stations between Flamborough and Nore L.V., less each day to 25th; frequently associated with Starlings. At the most northerly stations the direction of flight was south, from Spurn to the English Channel E. to W. or S.E. to N.W. Many occurred round the lantern of the Galloper L.V. on night of July 4th and 8th (seventy caught alive on latter night); line of flight to S.W.

Shore Lark, Otocorys alpestris (Linn.).—Oct. 17th to 26th, great many almost daily, and Nov. 8th and 9th (see [Snow Bunting]). The only occurrence on the English coast is Oct. 26th, Yarmouth, two on North Denes.

Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, Linn.—Spring migration in 1881 observed at Dudgeon L.V. and Cromer L.H. from Feb. 25th to April 14th. In the autumn at nearly all our mid and south-east stations from August 30th to Dec. 11th. Heligoland, great rush Oct. 18th and 19th. On the English coast, during last fortnight in month, both night and day; often associated with other migrants. Line of migration to W., S.W., N.W., W.N.W. At Teesmouth (Redcar), on Nov. 4th, an immense flock, estimated to contain a million, "making a noise like thunder and darkening the air," came from E. at 7 a.m.; S.W. light, rainy to fair. Mr. John Odgers (Whitby L.H.) writes:—"We have had immense numbers of Starlings nesting in the cliffs up to this year; none, however, nested in 1881."

Daw, Corvus monedula, Linn.—Oct. 25th to Nov. 14th, occasionally with rooks at east-central stations.

Hooded Crow, Corvus cornix, Linn.—In the spring of 1881, at the Outer Dowsing on March 28th, 11 a.m., about one hundred from W.N.W. to S.E.; and at the Dudgeon L.V., on April 8th, 7 a.m., about sixty to east. Twenty were seen at Spurn on June 26th, at 3 p.m., S.S.E., clear. In the autumn are recorded at nearly all our stations from the Inner Farne to the Godwin's. First at Teesmouth, Sept. 23rd, fourteen; Sept. 30th, Suffolk coast, and for some days after. Last at South Sand Head L.V. (Godwin), Dec. 12th. The great flight crossed Heligoland on the 17th and 18th of October, E. clear, fine but fresh. Mr. Gätke remarks this migration "differed very markedly from usual habits in passing overhead, E. to W., at least twice as high as usual; further, by continuing passing on late in the afternoon, which accounts for your arrivals 'during night or early morn,' which, however, I do not think has been later than soon after nightfall. As a general rule C. cornix, coming here later than 2 p.m., do not proceed on their migration, but remain on cliffs and island all night." There was a great arrival also on the English coast on the nights or early morning of Oct. 18th and 19th, at north, middle and south-east stations. There was again a considerable flight across Heligoland on Nov. 8th and 9th, and again Dec. 10th and 11th. Thirteen Carrion Crows were observed at the Inner Farne L.H. on Oct. 26th, and a large Raven at Whitby L.H., 10 a.m. on Aug. 26th.

Rook, Corvus frugilegus, Linn.—In spring of 1881, at Dudgeon L.V., March 7th, 10 a.m., flocks to E.S.E. At the Leman and Ower L.V., on April 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th, continuous to S.E. In the autumn, at some mid and south-east stations, first at East Godwin L.V., Sept. 9th, all day W. to E.; last on Dec. 23rd, Lynn Wells, all day S.E. to N.W. Great rush Oct. 17th and 18th; also 25th to 27th same month.

Common Swift, Cypselus apus (Linn.).—May 1st, Hunstanton L.H., one; many on 7th. Were migrating south in large flocks last week in August and first in September. Seen last Sept. 22nd, Spurn, 7 p.m., o.m. flocks round lantern.

Nightjar, Caprimulgus europæus, Linn.—Spurn, May 25th, one; are scarce in vernal migration at this station, common in the autumn. This last year from Sept. 3rd to Oct. 3rd. The few that turned up in Heligoland, Mr. Gätke says, during all this bad weather (Sept.), "were minus the conspicuous white patches on primaries and remiges."

Green Woodpecker, Gecinus viridis (Linn.).—Cromer L.H., Sept. 25th, a bird, answering in every respect to this species, was seen for some hours near the lighthouse.

Hoopoe, Upupa epops, Linn.—Near Durham, Lincolnshire coast, and Spurn on Sept. 24th, 26th, and 29th. One, Nov. 10th, seen perched on telegraph wire near Whittlesea Station, Great Northern Railway.

Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, Linn.—Cromer L.H., April 29th, noon, several seen. Many (young birds) passed Spurn last fortnight in September.

Barn Owl, Strix flammea, Linn.—Oct. 16th, one captured at sea on board one of the Grimsby fishing-smacks and brought in. See Zool. 1882, p. 86.

Long-eared Owl, Asio otus (Linn.).—Spurn, two, last week in August. Redcar, one, Oct. 2nd, E.

Short-eared Owl, Asio accipitrinus (Pall).—April 12th and 15th, one each day, past Dudgeon L.V. to W.S.W. One, Spurn, May 25th. In the autumn, at several stations from Teesmouth (Redcar) to Hasborough L.V., from Sept. 5th to Nov. 9th, line of flight from E. to W. or S.E. to N.W. At Redcar numerous occurrences between Sept. 15th and Oct. 26th, with E. and N.E. winds.

Snowy Owl, Nyctea scandiaca (Linn.).—Mr. T. H. Nelson writes:—"A great White Owl flew up the sands in front of Redcar, 10.30 a.m., Oct. 25th, past a group of fishermen and over the town, going S.W., wind E.N.E. strong."

Tengmalm's Owl, Nyctala tengmalmi, (Gmel.).—Cromer L.H., Oct. 30th, 2 a.m., one caught against lantern; Nov. 18th, one near Dartford, Kent. ('Field,' Nov. 26th).

Common Buzzard, Buteo vulgaris, Leach.—Heligoland, Sept. 22nd, an immense flight, thousands passing on, and as many resting on the cliffs, E. storm (No. 9); 23rd and 24th, still great many. Numerous from Sept. 24th to Oct. 18th between the Farne Islands and coast of Norfolk, the bulk coming in during the last week in September. On Sept. 27th, coast of Suffolk, and passing at a great height to the south.

Sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus (Linn.).—Heligoland, Sept. 22nd, Sparrowhawks and Kites. At the Coquet L.H., Outer Dowsing, Corton and Cockle L.V.'s, the same day. A very considerable arrival was also noted at Northrepps, near Cromer, between the 13th and 23rd of August.

Kite, Milvus ictinus, Savigny.—Yarmouth, one last week in September.

Honey Buzzard, Pernis apivorus (Linn.).—Norfolk, Oct. 6th, nineteen Honey Buzzards, Mr. Gurney writes, up to this date.

Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus, Tunstall.—Heligoland, Sept. 22nd, Peregrines, Hobbies, and Kestrels many. Spurn, some of each in October.

Common Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus, Linn.—Many observed in coast districts of N.E. Lincolnshire in July, August, and September.

Osprey, Pandion haliaëtus (Linn.).—There were no less than ten occurrences of this noble bird between the Tyne and Thames from the last week in September through October, namely, Durham, one; Yorkshire, one; Lincolnshire, three; Norfolk, two; Suffolk, one; and near London, two; several others being recorded from inland places in various parts of the kingdom. Of the Lincolnshire examples, two were birds of the year; the other, shot Oct. 15th near some artificial trout ponds at Laceby, near Grimsby, was a magnificent adult female. One adult was obtained near Chester on Nov. 17th. It is very clearly shown in the returns that the great movement southward of the raptorial birds began on or about Sept. 21st, and was continued during the next fortnight.

Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.).—Coquet L.H., Nov. 26th, 2 p.m., twelve to north.

Gannet, Sula bassana (Linn.).—May 2nd and 3rd, Inner Farne L.H., large flocks all day to N. During September large numbers passed Flamborough to the south. On Dec. 2nd, at the Gull L.V., twenty were seen going west into the Channel; and on the 4th ten to the south. A great many were observed by fishermen at sea during the latter half of September and early part of October, fishing and "striking" near the boats amongst the herring shoals.

Heron, Ardea cinerea, Linn.—August 31st, Inner Farne L.H., 6 p.m., N.N.E., two coming in from sea. At Teesmouth (Redcar) on August 3rd, nine at 11 a.m. to W., moderate west wind; others in September.

Little Bittern, Ardea minuta (Linn.).—One, a male, Sept. 23rd, was shot near Goole, Yorkshire.

Glossy Ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (Linn.).—Four occurrences in September, namely, one killed near Lynn, and another seen; one at Skegness, Lincolnshire, Sept. 9th, and another in Hampshire, Dogmerfield, Sept. 15th. One also was shot in Hertfordshire, Oct. 10th ('Field,' Nov. 26th), and another on 27th of the same month at Skegness.

Wild Goose, Anser ?—At Flamborough, on July 8th, 7.30 p.m., about one hundred Grey Geese to N. At the South Sand Head L.V., Aug. 23rd, 6 to 8 a.m., continuous flocks to S.W., and again on Sept. 23rd, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., continuous to S. Grey Geese were also noted in considerable numbers at several stations from the Tees to the South Foreland L.V., from the beginning of September to the 8th of December, flying in various directions.

Brent Goose, Bernicla brenta (Pall.).—In March, 1881, many were observed off the 5 Buoy Tees L.V. At Corton L.V., on June 14th, fifty from W. to N.E., "passed close to vessel; am quite certain they were black geese." At the South Sand Head, on Sept. 5th, 6 to 8 a.m., flocks continuous to W. At Coquet L.H., Oct. 15th, one Egyptian Goose, 3 p.m., to N.

Swan, Cygnus ?—At Heligoland, on Oct. 23rd, S.E. blowing hard and very cold, Swans with Geese and Ducks passing. On Lynn Wells L.V., on Dec. 19th, two at noon, E.N.E., to S.W.; and on 21st, at Inner Dowsing L.V., 3 p.m., fifteen flying low from E. to W.

Sheldrake, Tadorna cornuta (Gmel.).—At 5 Buoy Tees L.V., Nov. 20th, twenty off light; and on 29th, forty.

Mallard, Anas boschas, Linn.—5 Buoy Tees L.V., March 26th, 1881, Mallard with Wigeon and two Teal. In Sept. and Oct., large flocks at several stations. At the Teesmouth (Redcar), on Aug. 17th, "a rush" of Ducks occurred between 6 a.m. and noon; also on previous night, continuous to N.W., with Whimbrel and Curlew; the Ducks were in flocks of about 100 together. Again on Oct. 14th, the great storm from N.W., continuous flocks of Ducks passed from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m., going W. At the Swin Middle L.V., Aug. 22nd to 27th inclusive. Ducks all day to W.; and again both Ducks and Wild Geese from Sept. 1st to 12th, in large numbers each day, and all day to N.W.

Blue-winged Teal, Querquedula discors, Steph.—One, a young bird, shot on Sept. 3rd near Redcar by Mr. W. Chilton.

Wigeon, Mareca penelope (Linn.).—Large flocks off Teesmouth in November and December.

Scaup, Fuligula marila (Linn.).—5 Buoy Tees L.V., Jan. 23rd, 1881, "Bell Wigeon" [Scaup], great number to W.N.W.

Long-tailed Duck, Harelda glacialis, (Linn.).—Inner Farne L.H., Oct. 20th and 22nd, several off island.

Eider Duck, Somateria mollisima (Linn.).—On Sept. 24th, at Coquet Island L.V., twenty Eider Drakes and one female off island; and at Inner Farne L.V., in Oct., hundreds, both males and females, swimming under lee of islands. The King Eider, S. spectabilis (Linn.), was again seen during the latter part of April, and remained in neighbourhood for two months; last seen on June 19th.

Common Scoter, Œdemia nigra (Linn.).—At Coquet L.H., 3rd, 9th, and 17th, all day to N. Corton L.V., Dec. 7th, 12th, and 13th, great numbers E. to W. during greater part of day. Large numbers seen at several stations off the coast in November.

Goosander, Mergus merganser, Linn.—On Oct. 22nd, Teesmouth (Redcar), stormy E.S.E. gale, twelve were seen flying over East Scar, nine going W. and three E.

Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator, Linn.—During November and December several seen off the Farne Islands and Teesmouth.

Ring Dove, Columba palumbus, Linn.—One at Spurn L.H., against lantern, on Sept. 15th, 10 p.m. Immense flocks came into N.E. Lincolnshire in November. At Lynn Wells L.V., on Oct. 22nd, large flocks, 10 a.m., S.E. to N.W.; and at Caistor Denes, Yarmouth, on Nov. 26th, very large flocks; they are reported, on 28th, from Beccles (Norfolk) in such numbers as "to make the sky quite dark."

Turtle Dove, Turtur communis, Selby.—One at Great Cotes, Sept. 15th, near rifle-butts on Humber Bank.

Water Rail, Rallus aquaticus, Linn.—On Oct. 3rd, Inner Farne L.H.; and another at Spurn, caught alive in yard of lighthouse on morning of Oct. 27th.

Landrail, Crex pratensis, Bechst.—At Great Cotes, near Grimsby, Sept. 1st, N., half-a-gale; and at Heligoland, on 9th, Mr. Gätke writes, "very reddest I have ever had." At Yarmouth, Oct. 5th.

Spotted Crake, Porzana maruetta (Leach).—Heligoland, Sept., one young bird.

Golden Plover, Charadrius pluvialis, Linn.—First week in Sept., small flights in N.E. Lincolnshire. On the 6th, Mr. Wm. Eagle Clarke, writing from Spurn, says, "a long waved line extending at least three or four miles passed over, extending far over the Humber towards Lincolnshire coast, 5.15 p.m., wind changing from N. to S., direction of flight N." At the Farne Islands, during the month, hundreds of Golden Plovers and Lapwings coming off to the islands in morning, and leaving for the land at night. At the same station, Nov. 5th, great numbers to W.S.W.

Grey Plover, Squatarola helvetica (Linn.).—Humber foreshore, June 1st, one old male in summer plumage, and five less advanced; another, in the same flock, in winter plumage. At Spurn, on June 13th, 4 p.m., N.E., clear, Grey Plovers were seen passing S. to N. In the autumn, in the first week in August, three old birds in breeding plumage on Humber muds; also several old black-breasted birds seen at Spurn on 24th. The young of the year arrived in large numbers last of August and first week of September. Seven shot near Spurn, on Sept. 12th, were two males and four females, and one lost; all were in fine summer plumage; were very numerous on Humber flats during September and October; with the above exceptions, birds of the year or old having completed the autumn moult.

Kentish Plover, Ægialitis cantiana (Lath.).—One, an immature example, was shot on the shore at Friskney, near Boston, on Oct. 8th; subsequently came into the hands of Mr. A. S. Hutchinson, of Derby.

Ringed Plover, Ægialitis hiaticula (Linn.).—May 27th, a flock numbering about twenty of the small race, Ægialitis intermedius (Ménétriés), on Humber muds.

Dotterel, Eudromias morinellus (Linn.).—May 14th to 21st, some "trips" in N.E. Lincolnshire marshes, also at localities in Holderness; twenty seen in one flock, thirty in another.

Lapwing, Vanellus vulgaris, Bechst.—At the north-eastern stations, noticeably at Inner Farne L.H., Hunstanton L.H., Inner Dowsing L.V., and Lynn Wells L.V., where very large numbers passed from Oct. 6th to Nov. 12th, general direction S.E. to N.W. At Teesmouth (Redcar), Nov. 4th, an immense immigration between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m., passing westward, flocks numbering from 50 up to 500 birds, a flock coming in from seaward every ten minutes or thereabouts; S.W., light, fine, and mild.

Turnstone, Strepsilas interpres (Linn.).—May 25th, many both mature and immature on coasts of N.E. Lincolnshire and Holderness. Teesmouth, in the autumn, not so plentiful as usual; common in other localities.

Oystercatcher, Hæmatopus ostralegus, Linn.—At Teesmouth (Redcar), Aug. 18th, 6 a.m., three or four hundred, N.N.E., light, dull and showery. Hunstanton L.H., flocks S.W. at ebb, and E. at flood, throughout August.

Red-necked Phalarope, Phalaropus hyperboreus (Linn.).—One near Grimsby, Sept. 26th; one Spurn and one Withernsea, Oct. 9th; two on Suffolk coast, same month ('Field,' Oct. 29th, 1881).

Grey Phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarias, Linn.—Teesmouth (Redcar), Oct. 15th, two, in adult plumage, only a few grey feathers on back, N.N.W. gale; one seen near Redcar same day.

Woodcock, Scolopax rusticula, Linn.—May 24th, Outer Dowsing L.V., one, 10.30 a.m., E.S.E. (4), passing from W. by N. to E.S.E. At numerous stations in the autumn [principally in the north and mid-east], from Inner Farne L.H. to East Godwin L.V. First at Spurn, on Sept. 4th; last at Heligoland, Nov. 30th, "a few Woodcocks and Snipe" (first and only occurrence there in 1881). Greatest flight on English coast night of Oct. 28th, N.E., snow and sleet. Woodcocks have dropped in very irregularly throughout the autumn, by two's and three's during October, and not in those great rushes which usually characterise their immigration. Migrate generally during the night; frequent exceptions to this rule. Casualties against the lanterns of lighthouses and light-vessels from midnight till daybreak.

Double Snipe, Gallinago major (Gmel.).—One, Sept. 15th, was shot in a clover field about fifteen miles from Redcar. One, Sept. 4th, at Spurn, killed against the telegraph-wire; another, same locality, 16th; one, Seaton Carew, Durham, 27th same month.

Common Snipe, Gallinago cælestis (Frenzel).—Some few last week in July, main body last week of October to first week in November, rapidly passing on. Nov. 23rd, Gull L.V., 10.30 a.m., about 100 to. W. Spring migration, 1882, second week in March.

Jack Snipe, Gallinago gallinula (Linn.).—The only occurrences recorded at Inner Farne L.H., from Sept. 23rd to Nov. 4th. Mouth of Deben, Suffolk, both this and the former are recorded from Sept. 30th to Oct. 1st, at full moon, with E. wind, in large quantities, continuing to arrive for some time; remarkable by its entire absence from its ordinary winter quarters.

Dunlin, Tringa alpina, Linn.—Spurn, May 25th, very large flocks, composed of birds some in summer plumage, others having no appearance of changing from ordinary winter garb. Enormous flocks were seen at some north-eastern stations in October. Great number at Teesmouth (Redcar), from Sept. 15th to Oct. 12th, all going W.N.W., towards the Tees.

Little Stint, Tringa minuta, Leisl.—In small flocks on Humber foreshores, from Sept. 2nd to as late as Oct. 8th. Fresh arrivals easily recognisable by their extreme tameness. Comparatively plentiful on coasts of Holderness, Lincolnshire, and Norfolk during the same period.

Temminck's Stint, Tringa Temmincki, Leisl.—One early in September, near Yarmouth; a few regularly occur at this season on the east coast, although rarely obtained, and probably also frequently overlooked.

Pigmy Curlew, Tringa subarquata (Güld.).—First at Spurn, July 21st, two in summer plumage. Flocks of young, thirty to fifty, numerous through September and October in the same districts as the Little Stint.

Knot, Tringa canutus, Linn.—Spurn, June 7th, 6 p.m., "Plover-Knot" from N. to S. Some, birds of the previous year, and which do not acquire the summer dress, remain on the east coast during the summer. The first arrivals of young Knot occurred during the first week in August; great rush (young birds) first week in September, the old coming during the last week, in October. Mr. Winson, the captain of the Spurn life-boat, picked up a Knot on Nov. 7th, which was killed by flying against the telegraph-wire; this bird was in faded summer plumage, the upper parts nearly black, with edgings of buff on the margins of the feathers.

Ruff and Reeve, Machetes pugnax (Linn.).—On Sept. 3rd, two shot from a flock of nine on Cowpen Marsh, near Redcar, N.E., stormy. One Ruff and two Reeves were also obtained at Spurn early in September.

Sanderling, Calidris arenaria (Linn.).—May 25th, some at Spurn, young of previous year, and in immature plumage. Aug. 1st, flock of nine; and henceforward in large numbers during August and September, many remaining on the coast till end of the year, and into 1882. At Teesmouth (Redcar) they are reported scarcer this season than they have been for many years.

Common Sandpiper, Totanus hypoleucus (Linn.).—May 14th to 20th, North-east Lincolnshire, flocks passing along the coast northward, returning first week in September.

Green Sandpiper, Totanus ochropus (Linn.).—July 30th, returning.

Wood Sandpiper, Totanus glareola (Linn.).—Aug. 6th, one shot near Redcar; small flock seen.

Common Redshank, Totanus calidris (Linn.).—Scarce near Teesmouth in the autumn. At Spurn, July 31st, many.

Spotted Redshank, Totanus fuscus (Linn.).—Teesmouth, about Sept. 15th; one, a fully-matured bird, obtained.

Greenshank, Totanus canescens (Gmel.).—Comparatively numerous in Humber district in September and October, more than have been seen for many years.

Bar-tailed Godwit, Limosa lapponica (Linn.).—Passed the Tees in considerable numbers first week in September. Very common in Humber district in September and October. At Redcar (Teesmouth), between July 4th and 7th, about thirty passed each morning to W. On Sept. 22nd, a slight "rush"; several large flocks with Knots, both in morning and afternoon, going W.; E. gale, stormy, with heavy rain.

Whimbrel, Numenius phæopus (Linn.).—At Spurn, May 25th, three seen. Teesmouth (Redcar), July 4th to 7th, each day a few seen in morning, S.W., fine. Aug. 17th, continuous flocks with Curlews and Godwits from 6 to 9 a.m., and also the preceding night, W., calm; and at intervals to Sept. 23rd, all flying W. or N.W. Last occurrence Oct. 22nd. 5 Buoy Tees L.V., at 11 a.m., twenty to S.W.

Curlew, Numenius arquata (Linn.).—On May 1st and 18th, at Inner Farne and Flamborough, round lanterns during night. At various localities in the autumn, from July 17th to end of September. Great rush, with Whimbrels and Godwits, on Aug. 17th.

Terns, Sterninæ.—At the Farne Islands, in 1881, the Sandwich Terns returned on May 6th, the Arctic Terns on the 9th; they left again in a body, both old and young, on Aug. 21st. From Sept. 2nd to 5th, hundreds of both species revisited and settled upon their breeding grounds. After this, from Sept. 16th to the end of the month, two to three hundred Arctic Terns, both old and young, were observed daily fishing near island (Inner Farne L.H.), leaving again at night. Three Arctic Terns, two old and one young, were seen fishing off island on Oct. 27th, and on 29th a single young bird. A flock of about thirty Common Terns were to be seen in front of Redcar daily up to Oct. 14th, when the great storm evidently drove them south. Both at Redcar and Flamborough, throughout September, great numbers of Terns were noticed passing south. At Spurn, in May, 1881, small parties of Black Terns were passing north, a few returning southward by the same route in August. The Lesser Terns returned to their nesting quarters at Spurn in the third week in May. At Coquet Island L.H., on the night of Aug. 22nd, fog. Terns with Curlews were all night beating about the lantern. In 1882, March 29th, Spurn, two Terns [sp. ?] seen passing north.

Gulls, Larinæ.—The Herring Gulls returned to their breeding stations at Whitby on Feb. 14th; they left the cliffs with their young on Aug. 26th. Lesser Black-backed Gulls were observed congregating at their nesting quarters, on the Farne Islands, on April 13th. At Flamborough, on July 4th, great numbers of Kittiwakes were passing to the south all day. Unusual numbers of Herring Gulls and Little Gulls (L. minutus, Pall.) were seen off Flamborough in September. At Spurn, on Oct. 26th, two Little Gulls were seen; and about the 22nd two immature Sabine's Gull, Xema Sabinii, procured on the Norfolk coast, some Little Gulls being seen at the same time. At Teesmouth (Redcar), on Sept. 22nd, continuous flocks of Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls, young birds, passed from daylight to dusk, all going N.W., strong E. gale, rain. On Oct. 23rd, and for several days previous. Great Black-backed Gulls had been passing to N.W., forty to one hundred in the course of a day, E.S.E. winds, all mature birds. It is many years since so large a number of Great Black-backs had been seen passing. At the Cockle L.V., on Nov. 11th, continuous flocks of Gulls were passing westward all day; and on Dec. 29th, at Lynn Wells L.V., flocks all day from E. to W.

Skuas, Stercorariinæ.—On July 12th, a flock of one hundred (probably S. crepidatus) passed at 8.30 p.m. to N.W., high over Redcar, wind W. On Sept. 16th a great many Skuas were seen on the fishing grounds, five to six miles out, Richardson's, Pomatorhine, and Buffon's busily engaged chasing the Gulls and Terns; and again on Sept. 29th, a great many Richardson's, Pomatorhine, and a few Buffon's Skuas seen from four to twelve miles at sea by fishermen similarly employed. On Oct. 14th, during the gale from N.N.W., great numbers of Pomatorhine came down from north, passing Redcar and going off inland, mostly flying high. The same day a large mixed flock of Pomatorhine and Buffon's Skua was seen near the Breakwater, crouching on the ground to get shelter from the tempest of wind and rain. Great numbers of Skuas passed Flamborough in September; on Oct. 4th, four Richardson's Skuas were seen off Yarmouth; and on Nov. 23rd, at Southsand Head L.V., great numbers ("Bonxie's and chasers") with Gannets.

Petrels, Procellariidæ.—During the gale on Oct. 14th, several Storm Petrels seen coming past Redcar from the north; they also occurred from Aug. 10th to Nov. 20th at several stations, not unfrequently striking the lanterns of lighthouses and light-vessels on clear as well as on foggy nights. The Fork-tailed Petrel (P. leucorrhoa) occurred at various stations, both on the coast and inland, between Oct. 24th and Nov. 28th, one at Heligoland, in December, being only the second obtained during Mr. Gätke's long residence in the island. It is probable that this, being a west coast species, is driven in the autumn by heavy gales right across the island on to our east coast—that is, from N.W. to S.E.; its rarity at Heligoland in the autumn supports this view of the line taken by stragglers occurring inland, and on our east coast after heavy N. and S.W. gales. Puffinus anglorum and P. major passed Flamborough, in September, in considerable numbers.

Alcidæ.—At Flamborough, on April 28th, great numbers of Guillemots arrived during the day; and on the 29th the Puffins returned for the season. At the Farne Islands a white Guillemot was seen in June and July. The Guillemots and Puffins left their breeding stations between Aug. 20th and 28th. At Whitby, on Aug. 17th and 21st, very large flocks of Guillemots were seen passing north.

Colymbidæ.—From Aug. 13th to Nov. 8th, at intervals, many Great Northern and Red-throated Divers seen off Redcar. At the Inner Farne L.H., from Oct. 5th to 17th, both species common; two of the former, shot Dec. 8th and 10th, off the Inner Farne Island, weighed 12 and 12½ pounds.

Podicipitidæ.—At the Inner Farne L.H., in February, 1881, an unusual number of Grebes and small Divers were observed.

General Remarks.

The results of the observations taken along the East Coast of England in the spring and autumn of 1881 have been satisfactory; it is true that, as already mentioned, the returns sent in have been less than in the previous year, yet what has been lost in quantity has more than been made up in the quality of the work. The observers have become trained by experience, and have learnt not only how to observe, but what to observe.

As in previous years, the main line of migration has been a broad stream from E. to W. or from S.E. to N.W. this year, covering the whole of our east coast in comparatively equal proportions; the occurrences of migrants coming from northerly directions, or from points anything north of east, are few and far between, and in these cases are consequent on birds striking the coast in more northern latitudes and following it to the south. Thus, north of Flamborough, Larks pass up the coast from north to south; at Spurn and south of Spurn they come in directly from the sea. The closeness with which both migrants and immigrants follow the coast line has also been verified in a remarkable degree,—an observer taking up his position at a short distance from the coast would see or know nothing of migration, yet within half-a-mile or less there might be a constant stream of birds, hour by hour and day by day passing to the south.

In the spring birds also return on the same lines they travelled in the autumn, from W. and N.W. to E. and S.E. A reference to the spring notes in the report on each separate species observed will show this. Our spring immigrants also arrive from the sea, and are first seen on or near the coast, gradually moving inland. Migration has been earlier than in 1880, in many cases birds arriving considerably in advance of recent years; this has been notably the case with some of the Limicolæ, such as have the widest ranges and where nesting grounds are circumpolar—that is, confined to lands surrounding the North Pole. Also in the case of the Anatidæ, which arrived fully a month before their average period.

It may be said the general features of migration, having reference to lines of flight, time, height of travelling, favourable winds or otherwise, circumstances of greatest casualties at lanterns of lighthouses and light-vessels, are the same as set forth in previous reports; yet in 1881 we find several important variations from the normal phenomenon, consequent on the directions of the wind and general character of the season. From the commencement of August to the end of October the prevailing winds have been from northerly and easterly directions, blowing more or less directly on to the coast, and therefore, as also shown in previous reports, unfavourable passage winds—for it may be laid down as an axiom that, with southerly or westerly winds, not amounting to gales, normal migration is the rule, but with winds in the opposite direction, the results are very opposite; such winds, more especially if strong, weary out the immigrants and compel them to drop on the first coast they make, often completely exhausted by the passage. The consequence has been that, on our east coast, with the prevailing winds, it has been a most favourable season for the observer; and generally the number of birds recorded is considerably in excess of any previous records.

The winter of 1881-82 has been remarkable for its high temperature, no such uniformly mild season having occurred for many years in England. The same has been the case over the whole of Northern Europe north of latitude 50° N. As might be expected, so exceptional a season has not been without its effect upon our immigrants. Fieldfares have crossed in very limited numbers, and have everywhere been remarkably scarce in localities along our east coast. Large numbers of birds which regularly arrive in the autumn, as the Greenfinch, Chaffinch, Tree Sparrow, Snow Bunting, and others, and which remain for a few days only and then pass on, have this winter continued for many weeks, and even months, resorting in immense flocks to the stubble-fields near the coast, where, with no severe weather to drive them away, they found an inexhaustible supply of food in the large quantity of grain dashed out in harvest-time by the great gale from S.W. to W. on August 26th. Snow Buntings have been considerably in excess of anything known for many years, the proportion of old birds not more than one in a hundred.

Another consequence of the mildness of the winter is the desultory fashion in which birds have migrated; there have been less of those great "rushes," when for days together one species after another rush helter-skelter on to our coast. Migration has also been greatly prolonged, and the latest returns received show Rooks, Starlings, and Larks still crossing the North Sea in February. The last week in August and first in September Wheatears and Redstarts passed as usual up the coast from N. to S., the line of migration being confined to the chain of sandhills. Also during the first week of September, and again about the 20th, there was an immense migration of the Sylviinæ in the same direction. Migration appears to have reached its climax on or about Sept. 22nd, an enormous number of various immigrants coming in from this time to the end of the month. Not the least remarkable was the influx of the larger raptorial birds crossing Heligoland on Sept. 22nd and two following days, and were about the same period seen along the entire range of our eastern coast. From this date to the end of October ten Ospreys were procured from localities contiguous to the east coast of England, between the Tyne and the Thames. Again, the third week of October there was another large immigration of birds of various species. On the night of Oct. 24th great numbers of Mealy Redpoles came in on the Holderness coast; the same flight was also traceable as far north as the Farne Islands; the Mealy Redpoles appear to have been accompanied or closely followed by a flight of Siskins. Hooded Crows came with their usual regularity, almost to a day; this autumn the great flight crossed Heligoland on the afternoon of Oct. 17th, and on the 18th. There was a corresponding arrival along the whole of our east coast on the night of 17th or early morning of 18th, and on the 19th.

Short-eared Owls, Golden Crested Wrens, and Woodcocks arrive with great punctuality during the first fortnight in October, and are invariably associated in their migration—that is, coming at the same time; it is a curious fact that, in the last autumn, all three arrived in conjunction five weeks in advance of their average period; this perhaps may have been a local and coast movement from North Britain, and not across the North Sea.

In August and early in September, Knots, Grey Plovers, Sanderlings, Curlew Sandpipers, and Little Stints—all circumpolar in their nesting—had returned in large number, being unusually abundant and early in their movements up the coast.

The Anatidæ have been remarkably scarce in shore and within our river estuaries, and it has been an almost blank season for the wildfowl-shooter; yet we find, in the returns from some light-vessels, they have occurred in extraordinary numbers out at sea, the weather having never been sufficiently severe to drive them inland or near the coast.

With a dry hot summer in Northern Europe migration is always earlier than in years of rain and low temperature, birds breeding sooner in the former, and the nestlings, like all other young things, with dry weather and sunshine, developing more rapidly.

Nothing is more remarkable in the phenomenon of migration than the punctuality with which certain species return in the autumn, one species regularly taking precedence of another; also in respect to the date of the arrival year after year. In the Limicolæ and Anatidæ the date of autumn migration varies—often considerably—from year to year. In some species, as the Wheatear, Redstart, Fieldfare, Redwing, Hooded Crow, Goldcrest and Woodcock, and others, we may almost predict to a day the time of their first appearance.

The period of the migratory flight in the autumn of any particular genus or species is most probably referable to two causes: the first one of temperature, affecting the time of nesting; the second is the period at which the young arrive at maturity, or rather that period when they throw off paternal control or are thrown off themselves. When able to act independently and procure food on their own account, they flock together and migrate in a body. We know that, with rare exceptions, the young of the year migrate some weeks in advance of the parent birds; thus we can readily conceive the whole of the large raptorial birds nesting about the same time over widely extending districts in Northern Europe; when the many young arrive at a self-dependent stage there would be a simultaneous movement, ending in a universal migratory rush. This period of self-dependence is arrived at much more quickly in some birds than in others, for species like the Knot, Grey Plover, Godwit, and Sanderling, nesting in very high latitudes, leave our shores the last in the spring of any of the migrants, and their young are amongst the first to return in autumn. The order of migration, more especially in connection with the shore birds, is the occurrence very early in autumn—July or August—of a few old birds in summer plumage, either barren or such perhaps as have been prevented nesting, then the young in large flocks, and some weeks subsequently old birds.

The season of 1881-82 will long be remembered by east coast ornithologists for the number of rare visitants which have appeared from time to time, driven to westward of their ordinary migration lines by the prevailing winds from N. and N.E. to E. and S.E., generally strong and frequently increasing to a severe gale. The fact of ten Ospreys having been seen or procured has already been mentioned; there were two occurrences of Tengmalm's Owl; the Rustic Bunting at Spurn; Lapp Bunting at Tetney, on Lincolnshire coast; White-spotted Blue-throat at Cley, in Norfolk; Glossy Ibis, five occurrences; Sabine's Gull, two on Norfolk coast; Kentish Plover, Lincolnshire; Blue-winged Teal, Teesmouth; and numerous other occurrences of scarcely secondary interest. These, as well as the rarer occurrences in Heligoland, have been separately treated in the notes on each species observed.

WEST COAST OF SCOTLAND.

Schedules, &c., were sent to thirty-eight stations, the same number as in 1880. We have received filled-in schedules from twenty-six stations, being same as last year.

Generally the returns are light, and the scarcity of birds is accounted for by the reporters, and borne out by comparison of statistics, by the prevalence of westerly gales and winds (see General Remarks). The schedules show the same careful work as in former years.

The dates upon which the various stations have sent us returns are shown in the following list of the stations by the positions of the asterisks preceding the consecutive numbers. Stations added have the dates preceding the names. As will be seen, the work done will compare favourably with the East Coast returns, and also with that of previous seasons.

It will be seen upon comparing this last with the previous years of 1879 and 1880 that steady interest in the work is being kept up by our West Coast reporters.

Turdidæ.—Song Thrush. Spring: Only one record at Stornoway, where a pair arrived on March 3rd and stayed till 18th.—Autumn: Records at Kyleakin, Dhuheartach, Lismore, and Bahama L.V. Earliest Oct. 5th, at Lismore (a flock all night); latest on Dec. 13th, at Lismore also (mixed with Blackbirds), and a single bird on Jan. 16th at Bahama L.V. Participated to a small extent in a rush of migrants generally Sept. 21st to 23rd, which appeared on both coasts of Scotland. Indications of a small rush Oct. 25th to 27th also. Other records scattered through September, October, November, and December. Blackbird. No spring records. Autumn: At Monach, Sound of Mull, Lismore, Skervuile, Turnberry, Mull of Galloway, Little Ross, Douglas Head. Earliest Sept. 21st, at Mull of Galloway (date of rush also on East Coast q.v.); latest Dec. 20th, at Turnberry (one struck). Rushes: None very apparent, but, taking dates of other species, appear to have mingled with them on September 21st to 23rd at Sound of Mull and Mull of Galloway (which is also date of general rush on the east coast). Also faint indications of rushes at Lismore on Oct. 5th, mingled with Thrushes; and on Dec. 13th to 19th at several stations, as Lismore, Skervuile, and Turnberry. A good many scattered records also at other dates and several stations. Exceptionally numerous were Song Thrushes and Missel Thrushes near Dumfries in October and November, whilst Redwings and Fieldfares were very seldom seen.

Saxicolinæ.—Wheatear. Spring records only from Butt of Lewis, Rhuvaal, and Skerryvore; March 9th (a flock), April 1st (at Rhuvaal), and May 6th (at Skerryvore). Autumn: At Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Lamlash, Turnberry, Corsewall. Earliest Aug. 14th at Skerryvore (two seen); latest Oct. 27th, when one seen along with Sparrows and Wrens in garden. Rushes on Aug. 7th at Skerryvore and Dhuheartach (150 at former and numbers at latter). Another appears also at Skerryvore on Sept. 7th during the night. Desultory migration going on between these dates and till Oct. 27th.

Sylviinæ.—Robin. Only one spring record, April 9th, at Skerryvore. Autumn: At Rhu Stoir,[1] Kyleakin, Isle Ornsay, Lismore, Skervuile, Lamlash, Corsewall, Portpatrick, Little Ross. Earliest Aug. 17th, at Skervuile; next earliest Aug. 21st, when a pair, male and female, arrived at Little Ross; latest on Dec. 18th, at Kyleakin. Participated slightly in rush of migrants on Sept. 22nd. No other distinctly perceptible, but scattered occurrences only recorded. One accompanied Hedgesparrows and Wrens. One Chat and one Wagtail in Garden of Lamlash on Oct. 27th. Mr. Service notes the "quick and simultaneous departure of the Silviidæ" towards the end of September in the S.W. of Scotland. It is curious to find that about the same time that birds were pouring into Scotland and England others were starting on their departure. In ordinary seasons the departure of the Sylviinæ is gradual all through September.

[1] Where one bird comes every winter and becomes so tame as to eat out of the hand. It arrived this year on Nov. 30th.

Phylloscopinæ.—Gold Crest. No Spring records. Autumn: At Skervuile, Lamlash. Turnberry, Corsewall, Mull of Galloway, Little Ross, and Douglas Head; in other words, mostly in southwest of Scotland. Earliest on Aug. 21st, at Douglas Head, the southernmost on this list (see W.C. of England stations); latest Oct. 27th, at Corsewall. No great rush, unless at Mull of Galloway on Oct. 24th, when "numbers flew about lantern all night," and at Little Ross "for a few nights" between Sept. 12th and 14th or 15th. Desultory at other dates between times. Mostly observed at lanterns in easterly breezes. Exception at Mull of Galloway on September 21st in S.W. wind, but after twenty-four hours E.S.E. (see Isle of May, East Coast of Scotland).

Accentoridæ.—Hedgesparrow. In spring none, but in autumn, at Rhuvaal, Lamlash, and Point of Ayre, numbers are reported as seen on migration. Earliest Sept. 5th, when a hundred were seen at Point of Ayre; latest Oct. 27th, when a number were seen at Lamlash. A still later date is Jan. 1st, 1882, when one was seen at Rhuvaal. Rushes appear to have occurred at Point of Ayre on Sept. 5th and 22nd, and a few on Oct. 7th mingled with Linnets, and at Lamlash on Oct. 27th.

Paridæ.—"Titmice." One record in spring at Mull of Galloway on April 14th in E.S.E. wind. Autumn: Twice recorded only at Corsewall, and at Little Ross. Earliest July 29th (three), and latest Aug. 2nd, at Little Ross and Corsewall respectively, being slight indication perhaps of a rush on these dates.

Troglodytidæ.—Common Wren. No spring records. Autumn: Pretty general at Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Lismore, Lamlash, Turnberry, and Little Ross. Earliest Sept. 16th (one, resting); latest Oct. 27th, at Lamlash. Rushes on Oct. 5th; a large flock "seen along with Blackbirds and Thrushes all night," and on Oct. 27th a number at Lamlash along with Hedgesparrows, a Robin, a Wagtail, and a Wheatear.

Motacillidæ.—Wagtail. In spring, several in March, and two on April 20th at Butt of Lewis. Autumn: At Butt of Lewis, Monach, Kyleakin, Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Lamlash, Portpatrick, and Point of Ayre. Earliest Aug. 16th, at Skerryvore (one seen); latest Oct. 27th, at Lamlash (see Wren under date and station). Rushes beginning of September, at Lamlash, and other isolated records; same date at Monach, &c. Also "a number" on Oct. 7th at Portpatrick.

Anthidæ.—Pipits. At Dhuheartach and Little Ross in autumn. Single record on Oct. 28th, at Dhuheartach. A rush of "hundreds" at Little Ross on Sept. 6th. Remained about two hours.

Hirundinidæ.—Swallow. Spring: At Butt of Lewis, Monach, Ushenish, Kyleakin, Skerryvore, Lismore, Rhuvaal, Skervuile, McArthur's Head, Rhinns of Islay, Loch Ryan, Little Ross, Point of Ayr, Douglas Head. Earliest April 24th, at Douglas Head (southernmost station in this list); latest June 15th, at Skerryvore. Bushes May 5th, at McArthur's Head (great numbers), and on May 2nd fifty seen at Loch Ryan (possibly the same birds?—J. A. H. B.) A number seen also at Little Ross on May 2nd. At other dates and stations small parties reported, all during May, and to June 15th often mixed with Martins. Autumn: At Skervuile, Lamlash, Turnberry, Loch Ryan, Mull of Galloway, Little Ross, Point of Ayr, Douglas Head, and Bahama Bank. Earliest at Bahama Bank (L.V.) July 5th; and next at Loch Ryan Aug. 5th and 6th; latest Oct. 6th, at Little Ross. An almost continuous rush going on from Aug. 15th at several stations in S.W. of Scotland, and culminating on Sept. 8th in great rush at Little Ross, and less so at Loch Ryan and Point of Ayr. No more records after Oct. 6th. Martin. Generally mixed with the last on migration both in spring and autumn. Stations at Ushenish and Loch Ryan in spring, on May 8th and 2nd respectively, and in autumn at Mull of Galloway on Sept. 28th.

Fringillidæ.—"Linnets," One on May 2nd at Skerryvore. Autumn: At Rhu Stoir, Monach, Skerryvore, Sound of Mull, Lismore, Point of Ayr. Earliest Aug. 23rd (a flock) at Lismore; latest Dec. 22nd. Other dates, Oct. 26th (a flock), at" Lismore. Bushes on Sept. 14th at Little Ross, and a smaller number on 19th at Sound of Mull. It is difficult to say if "Linnets" are always real Grey Linnets, or Twites, or Mountain Linnets, our reporters not distinguishing them. House Sparrows. About two hundred, "supposed to be of this species," rested all night at Point of Ayr on Sept. 16th. Bramblings are reported in considerable numbers from land stations in S.W. of Scotland in beginning of November.

Emberizidæ.—Snow Bunting. Autumn: At Rhu Stoir, Monach; also Kyleakin, Dhuheartach, and Point of Ayr. Earliest at Rhu Stoir, on Oct. 1st, "arrive and stay all winter"; latest on Nov. 15th, at Monach (a few). No rush perceptible. Yellow Bunting. Autumn: One record at Rhu Stoir on Nov. 30th. Snow Buntings reported abundant by middle of October in S.W. of Scotland.

Alaudidæ.—Lark. Autumn at Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Lismore, Rhuvaal, Skervuile, Turnberry, Little Ross. Earliest on Aug. 23rd (a few with Linnets) on Lismore; latest on Feb. 16th, 1882, on Skervuile. Rushes: Sept. 6th, five hundred at Dhuheartach.[2] A straggling migration during October, sometimes with Thrushes, Blackbirds, as on 26th at Skervuile, or Starlings, as at same place and at Lismore. Few in December, January, and February, except "a large flock" on Jan. 16th at Lismore.

[2] Called in schedules "Shore Larks"? In what respect do "Shore Larks" differ from common Larks? (Query to Mr. James Ewing at Dhuheartach).

Sturninæ.—Starling. Two records in spring at Rhu Stoir and Stornoway, one March 3rd, and the other May 10th. Autumn: At Rhu Stoir, Stornoway, Ushenish, Kyleakin, Dhuheartach, Lismore, Rhuvaal, Skervuile, Lamlash, Corsewall, Portpatrick. Earliest Aug. 23rd, at Corsewall; latest on Jan. 6th, 1882. Rushes inappreciable, but records numerous; if any, perhaps one on Nov. 10th at Mull of Galloway. Occasionally mixing with Blackbirds and Larks (as on Oct. 2nd at Lismore); also with Thrushes.

Corvidæ.—Rook. Spring migration: Uncertain records applied to "Crows," "All kinds," &c., which notes are not exact enough. Autumn: At Rhu Stoir, Dhuheartach, Skervuile, and Portpatrick. Earliest Sept. 9th; latest Nov. 25th, at Skervuile. Flocks seen, but no perceptible rush.

Hooded Crow. Spring: March 4th, at Rhuvaal; Dhuheartach, June 7th. Autumn: Sept. 12th, at Rhu Stoir (two males and two females). Latest Dec. 22nd, at Monach. A rush of "Black Crows" (which may be Carrion or only Rooks) at Lamlash on Oct. 26th and 27th. Raven. One record at Monach, flying N.W. on Sept. 13th.

Cuculidæ.—Cuckoo. Spring: General at stations. At Loch Ryan, May 3rd (two heard); Rhinns of Islay, 15th; Skervuile, 4th; McArthur's Head, 23rd; Lismore, 10th; Isle Ornsay, Skye, 8th: Kyleakin, 3rd; Island Glass, 24th (seen); Stornoway, 9th. In autumn, heard in July often at Stornoway; left about Aug. 1st at Isle Ornsay.

Strigidæ.—"Owl." Only one autumn record at Kyleakin, when one was seen flying south on Nov. 4th, wind S.E. clear.

Falconidæ.—"Hawks." At Skerryvore, and Rhuvaal two "large Hawks" on Feb. 8th (this may belong to latest autumn record). One at Skerryvore on May 15th. Autumn: At Monach, Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, and Little Ross.[3] Earliest Sept. 17th ("Hawk"), at Dhuheartach; latest Oct. 29th, at Skerryvore ("Small Brown Hawk"). Rush daily about Sept. 17th at Dhuheartach, but likely the same birds. "Daily call" at Dhuheartach about Oct. 5th. No really appreciable rush as on the east coast.

[3] The names given are "Hawk," "Game Hawk" at Little Ross, Aug. 21st; "Merlin" at Monach, Oct. 3rd; "Small Hawk" at Skerryvore, Aug. 5th; "Small Brown Hawk" at Skerryvore on Oct. 29th. I include them all here.

Pelicanidæ.—Gannet. N.B. As we have indications of directions of flight in most cases, and as records occur in every month, except October, November, and December, I take spring and autumn together, and trace out the movements of Gannets with extra care. Stations reported from: Cape Wrath, Rhu Stoir, Butt of Lewis, Island Glass, Monach, Skerryvore, Lismore, Rhuvaal, Skervuile, Portpatrick, Mull of Galloway, Little Ross, Douglas Head. Earliest, Jan. 2nd; flying south (autumn ?), at Skervuile; one same day, flying north (?); latest, October; leave Cape Wrath in first week. Last minute record, Sept. 30th, at Lismore, flying south. The greatest movements or rushes as follows:—The first week in March they arrive in all weathers, all day, flying west till midday at Cape Wrath, and return after that till dusk. They are not seen after first week in October. "Great numbers" on April 12th at Mull of Galloway. Intermittent in May, except 5th, at Island Glass, when they were seen all day—about thirty-five in all—wind S.S.E. Between 20th and 30th, at Skervuile, flying in all directions, along with Gulls and sea-birds. In July flocks flying north, on 26th, at Cape Wrath, and continued to do so till end of August. Daily average about forty. Flying past all August; flying north on 13th at Portpatrick all day. Great rush flying north in thousands on 3rd, 4th, and 5th at Rhu Stoir. Small parties or flocks flying south on 5th at Skerryvore, and S.W. at Douglas on Aug. 26th. "Numbers" and "flocks" in September, flying south at Lismore, Skervuile, and Douglas. N.B.—I have been particular here in noting records, as I believe interest attaches especially in the connection of the migration of birds with that of fish.—J. A. H. B.[4]

[4] For an essay on which subject I offered a prize at the late International Fisheries Exhibition in Edinburgh, which was not competed for.

Ardeidæ.—Heron. Note.—"Large Black Cranes" are recorded as passing Rhuvaal on Feb. 12th and 16th, wind N. to S. clear; and mod. S.E. clear. I cannot learn what these are.—Autumn: At Monach, Rhuvaal, Douglas. Earliest Aug. 24th, at Rhuvaal; latest Nov. 18th, at Monach, when eighteen were seen—a rush?

Anatidæ.—Bernicle Goose (sp. ?). Spring: Large flock at Monach April 28th, flying N.W. Ditto ? at Stornoway, Ushenish, Lismore (three struck at latter station, two killed, one wounded), flying south. Latest May 3rd, at Ushenish (ten flying north). Autumn: Bernicle Goose (only record here) at Monach, Oct. 20th. "Wild Geese" at Cape Wrath, Rhu Stoir, Butt of Lewis, Ushenish, Kyleakin, Lamlash, Corsewall. Earliest Oct. 6th, at Rhu Stoir (seven ad. and one juv.); latest Dec. 4th, at Kyleakin (four flying east). Rushes inappreciable, equally distributed in small flocks during October (especially latter half) and November. Eider Duck. Spring: Butt of Lewis and Rhu Stoir on April 28th and June 23rd respectively. Autumn: At Butt of Lewis, Skerryvore, Dhuheartach. Earliest Sept. 11th, at Skerryvore; latest Nov. 12th, at Dhuheartach. Others on Oct. 10th at Butt of Lewis, &c. No rush apparent. Wild Duck. Spring: Lismore (in pairs), May 20th. Autumn: "Ducks" Nov. 2nd, at Rhuvaal (three dozen), and at Rhuvaal Dec. 7th (probably the same lot as on Nov. 2nd, q.v.) Sheldrake. Autumn: Only records at Douglas Head in August, flying S. on 21st, and flying S. on 27th. Wigeon. Autumn: At Monach only on Oct. 30th; remained till Nov. 7th, during which time unusual numbers occurred. Date of Nov. 7th strong S.S.E. to W.S.W. winds, gales, and heavy rain. Wild Swans. At Skervuile one Swan remained three days, arriving Feb. 6th, 1881.

Columbidæ.—Rock Dove. Only record: One sighted at Monach, and flew away again about midnight. Fresh east breeze and rain.

Rallidæ.—Corn Crake. Occurred first as follows:—Mull of Galloway, May 5th; Loch Ryan, 4th; Skervuile, 22nd; Kyleakin, 24th; Butt of Lewis, 28th; Rhu Stoir, June 20th.

Charadriadæ.—Golden Plover. Spring (or autumn ?), June 20th, at Rhu Stoir. Autumn: At Butt of Lewis, Rhuvaal, Rhinns of Islay, Turnberry, Corsewall. Earliest Aug. 16th; latest Dec. 30th, at Rhinns of Islay. Rush: Generally large migration at Corsewall on Sept. 17th. Green Plover. Spring: Only record May 10th (two seen) at Rhu Stoir. Autumn: At Butt of Lewis, Dhuheartach, Rhinns of Islay, Corsewall, and Portpatrick. Earliest Aug. 24th, at Dhuheartach; latest at Portpatrick on Dec. 4th (a flock flying N.W.). No appreciable rush.

Scolopacidæ.—Curlew. Spring: At Rhu Stoir, Stornoway, Island Glass, Rhuvaal, Little Ross. Earliest Feb. 5th, at Rhuvaal; latest June 19th, at Rhu Stoir and Little Ross (widely separated). No rush appreciable. Autumn: At Monach, Ushenish. Isle Ornsay, Sound of Mull, Lismore, McArthur's Head, Turnberry, Portpatrick, and Point of Ayr. Earliest at Portpatrick, Aug. 2nd: latest on Dec. 16th, at Point of Ayr. Pushes inappreciable, unless at Sound of Mull, sixteen flying S.E. (but hardly a rush). Snipe. Spring: May 18th, three seen at Island Glass. Autumn: At Island Glass and Loch Ryan. Earliest at Loch Ryan, Aug. 3rd; latest at Island Glass on Oct. 10th. Woodcock. Autumn: (Scarce); at Butt of Lewis, Skerryvore, Lismore. Earliest Oct. 28th, at Butt of Lewis. Whimbrel? At Skerryvore six "small Curlew" resting on rock. Note.—Whimbrels unusually scarce this year at Monach. Redshank. Spring: At Butt of Lewis, Skerryvore, and Rhuvaal. Earliest Feb. 5th (in a flock, so perhaps belong to autumn); March 6th, at Butt of Lewis. Autumn: At Rhuvaal, Sept. 12th and 17th. Sandpiper. Spring: June 27th, at Skerryvore. Autumn: At Skerryvore, Lismore, and Little Ross. Earliest Sept. 10th, at Skerryvore; latest Dec. 26th, at Little Ross. (This can hardly be Common Sandpiper so late.—J. A. H. B.).

Sterninæ.—Common and Arctic Terns. Spring: At Rhu Stoir, Stornoway, Monach, McArthur's Head, Skervuile, Rhinns of Islay, Little Ross. Earliest May 10th, at Rhinns of Islay; latest at Stornoway, June 8th (hereafter breeds). Autumn: At Monach (unusual numbers this year), Skervuile, Little Ross, and Douglas Head. Earliest July 8th, at Skervuile; latest at Little Ross on Sept. 2nd.

Larinæ.—Gulls: Black-backed, Herring, and Kittiwake. Spring: At numerous stations, Stornoway, Island Glass, Skervuile. Earliest May 24th, at Skervuile; latest at Stornoway, June 8th. N.B.—The movements of Gulls are most erratic and difficult to tabulate, and I prefer to hold them over at present. Skua. Occurred all summer on west coast of Lewis, as seen by reporter himself in June, frequented harbour of Carloway[5] in Lewis, and was seen inside of Rum. Uncommonly abundant at Island Glass, eight being seen in sight one day. Autumn: August, October; at Skervuile, Aug. 12th, 13th, and 14th; and at Sound of Mull on Oct. 12th and 13th, when some forty were seen; N.W. gale. Iceland Gull. Autumn: At Kyleakin on Nov. 29th and Dec. 20th, both flying S.W.

[5] (i.e., Cairlobhaidh.)

Procellariidæ.—Petrel. Autumn: Only at Lismore, Sept. 17th, S.S.E., haze and rain. Noted as rare at Lismore by Mr. Murray; indeed the first he has seen here in several years.

Pelecanidæ.—Scarts; Cormorants. Spring: Arrived at Cape Wrath to breed in March. Autumn: Flying N.W. on Oct. 18th past Stornoway; at Dhuheartach Nov. 10th; and Skervuile on Nov. 14th.

Alcidæ.—Records in every month, except February and December. Spring: Great numbers. Razorbills flying north on Jan. 7th, at Skervuile. Puffins seen at Butt of Lewis March 3rd. "Rock Birds" in April, all day, flying south at Ushenish, and arrive last week in April; breed first week in May. Hundreds of Puffins flying south on May 10th and 11th at Ushenish. "Auks" flying south at Skervuile. "Puffins" at Dhuheartach on 2nd and on 20th. Auks, Puffins, &c., at Ushenish, Skervuile. Earliest July 31st; latest Oct. 18th, 19th, and 20th, at Ushenish. Rush: Thousands at Ushenish, along with Gannets and Kittiwakes, feeding and flying south all day.

Great Northern Divers.—Spring: At Skerryvore, two seen in June. Autumn: At Sound of Mull two seen feeding, male and feeding; at same place, two on 10th.

General Remarks.

In 1879 there was scarcity of birds at many important stations, such as Butt of Lewis and Monach Island, Skerryvore and Dhuheartach. In that year westerly and N.W. winds prevailed. In 1880 larger numbers were noted. In that year easterly gales and winds prevailed all through the migratory season. In 1879 migrants were scarce at the more northerly stations, being compressed by the westerly winds more towards the south, but in 1880 they reached much further north, being expanded by the following easterly gales and winds, as we have seen in treating of the east coast of Scotland this year.

The stations visited by the largest numbers of birds are the Bell Rock and Isle of May, both being stations pretty far southward, and Pentland Skerries, a more northern station. We now find also that on the west coast the stations sending fullest numerical returns are also southerly stations, and for the most part are situated south of the Firth of Clyde. Both on east and west coasts all returns coming in from north of Firth of Clyde in west, and north of Firth of Tay in east, except Pentland Skerries, report scarcity of birds as compared with last season (1880), and after November birds were unusually scarce. Writing from North Ronaldshay Mr. Tulloch tells us that birds seldom come so far north during migration, but usually trend more towards the mainland. On the west coast, at Rhu Stoir, very few birds are reported after November in most seasons, and similar reports come from Island Glass and others of the more northerly stations. The great gales from W. and S.W. during November and December made all birds scarce at Monach Island, even Eider Ducks being unusually scarce. At Skerryvore birds never struck lanterns in flocks this year, but only in scattered instances. It will thus be seen that the migratory seasons of 1879 and 1881 most closely resemble each other, as regards our Scottish coasts, whilst that of 1880 was more abnormal, owing to the easterly winds prevailing.

It would almost appear that the great rush of migrants in September on the Bell Rock, and more noticeably on Isle of May, would also account for the collection of birds at stations on the west coast south of the Firth of Clyde, as the dates tally with each other on both coasts, to see which it is only necessary to compare between them under several of the species. I have also independent reports upon the large crowds of birds seen passing south over the Solway Firth at these dates, few of which appear to have been seen north of the Firth of Clyde.[6] Rushes have not been so large, yet they are indicated with tolerable precision by the returns. The extremely regular and open winter has no doubt much to do with this, the temperature in Great Britain having been higher than for many years previous. But these throbs or rushes being distinctly traceable is owing, on the other hand, I believe, to the prevailing wind fully as much as to the severity or non-severity of the weather. Rushes are normal phenomena in the West of Europe, because westerly or north-westerly or southwesterly winds usually prevail there. Regular or more dispersed movements of birds in the West of Europe are abnormal, because easterly winds are abnormal there. In 1880 we had a spread-fan of migration, if I may so express it. In 1879 and 1881, in Scotland, we had a closed-fan of migration. The natural result of the wide-spread fan is continuous streams of migration and no rushes; that of the closed-fan great throbs and rushes, for birds prefer to travel with a beam wind and wait for favourable winds, and do not often voluntarily start on their flight with a following wind. The occurrence of the white-spotted form of Blue-throated Warbler after a succession of tremendous S.E. gales, culminating in the dreadful hurricane of Oct. 14th, clearly shows, I think, that acts of voluntary migration do not take place in following winds. This Bluethroat was caught up and borne away, nolens volens, and our Mid-Atlantic notes in 1880 show similar abnormal results from prevalence of easterly gales. It is to be regretted that we have no returns this season from Mid-Atlantic, owing to Mr. Anderson's engagements in the Mediterranean. Even total absence or perfectly negative evidence of birds in Mid-Atlantic would have given us a valuable standpoint as compared with the great mortality of 1880.[7]

[6] Mr. R. Service contributes the following:—"The severe gales retarded the migration of the shore birds during October to a great extent, causing them to "accumulate" in our district for several weeks. On October 12th I saw a twenty-acre field completely covered with Lapwings. At the same time, and for about a fortnight afterwards, the number of birds on the Solway banks was most extraordinary. The great majority of these were Bar-tailed Godwits, Oystercatchers, and Knots. Just outside the line of breakers opposite the rocks at Southerness Point, Scaups and Scoters were especially numerous, diving above the mussel beds. As they rose and fell on the crests of the heaving waves these birds formed many an interesting and beautiful group."

[7] I may mention here that I have made an endeavour to enlist the whaling captains of Dundee in our service, but have not yet learned whether it has been successful or not. I had copies of the British Association Abstract reprinted in a cheap form, and I sent a bundle to Dundee for distribution amongst the captains. Should Mr. Anderson yet give us any Mediterranean statistics, they can appear as an Appendix to our Report for 1882.

The lines of migration indicated in my Report of Scotland for 1879 and 1880, and conclusions drawn from statistics of these two years, appear to me to be borne out by those of 1881, as regards the semicircular form of the migration, an account of which I have already given in our last report (op. cit., pp. 18, 19).

The subject of heights of lanterns and their colours as attractions for birds has not developed as yet any fresh facts, but, with the conviction that they will yet do so, I still retain the table of heights given. Actual experiment, however, would very likely very soon set this part of the subject at rest (vide General Remarks, East Coast of Scotland Report, 1880, pp. 19, 20). A light-vessel or two placed in an equally favourable position with, let us say, the Isle of May or the Bell Rock on the east coast, or at some point north of Tweed, would, I believe, soon show us whether the preponderance of records south of the Tweed is entirely due to old-established lines of migration, or to the number of light-vessels on the English coast, or partly to both. It would, I think, assist in proving or disproving theories of land-communications which have been advanced and disputed by previous writers. At present we cannot positively state from our present data whether an actual or only an apparent preponderance of birds pass south of the Tweed in autumn. It appears a little curious to find, however, a highway of migration by the Pentland Firth so much further north than the stations mentioned. Writing from North Ronaldshay Mr. Tulloch remarks upon the usual scarcity of birds there, and says "they keep more direct for the mainland"; and he remarks also upon the abundance of birds seen in September and November at Pentland Skerries, where he was lighthouse-keeper for four years. He remarks on the abundance of Mountain Thrushes, Blackbirds, Owls, Woodcocks, Wrens, Robins, and Titmice which occur there when the wind is from the east, and from which station I have a large numerical return this year. This at first sight appears to be a contradiction of what I have said about the bulk of the birds passing south of Bell Rock, but, be it noted, the prevailing winds at Pentland Skerries from August 23rd to September 12th were from points between north and south by east, but never by west, and thereafter, between September 14th and October 10th, they were prevailing south to south-west, but never west or north-west. From October 14th they backed to north-east, and easterly winds again prevailed here on till late in November. The isolated position of the lights at Pentland Skerries, combined with the local prevalence of easterly winds, is perhaps sufficient to account for the large mass of the records. At all events I think the Pentland Skerries returns are deserving, both now and in future, of special attention and study, and I look upon it as a particularly interesting station.

Isle of May stands this year at the head of the list for numerical returns, I having received seven full schedules from Mr. Agnew, principally referring to autumn migration. Next comes Bell Rock, but two out of three schedules refer to spring migration, of which more anon. Then Sumburgh Head and Pentland Skerries, about equal, but the latter rather the larger, both returning three filled schedules, principally autumn migration.[8]

[8] Besides several more relating to 1882.

Regarding the spring migration, the Bell Rock and the Isle of May have hitherto held their place as yielding the largest returns, and very considerable numerical returns are given for 1881. Now, Sandwich Terns pass every spring up north along the coast of Forfarshire, but shoot off from the land again, and do not breed upon much of the suitable lands they pass over. An occasional pair of birds do remain and breed, as is shown by the nesting of this species on Inch Mickery, in the Firth of Forth, this past season, and on a previous occasion at the same place. In the same way we know that Grey Plover, Knot, and Bar-tailed Godwit shoot off the land at Spurn Point, as they are obtained there in full breeding dress, but nowhere to the north of it in breeding plumage, except in isolated cases. The routes of spring migrants, while they are usually more direct than those of autumn migrants, are perhaps more difficult to trace, and our statistics as yet are far from perfect. Since the above remarks were penned I have a well-filled schedule from Isle of May relating to the spring migration of 1882, which, however, will be included in our next Report.

The extraordinarily large migration of raptorial birds is worth a remark here, and it is interesting to find with what regularity and precision such foreign species as the Rough-legged Buzzard recur year after year along certain very clearly defined lines, records of captures constantly indicating this.

It will be seen that the results of our statistics on the Scottish coasts show a "closed-fan" of migration, owing to prevalence of westerly winds, except at Pentland Skerries, where local easterly winds blew at the times of migration in September and November, and on the Scottish coast, from Bell Rock and southward, we had the greatest rushes, whilst further south, on the English coasts, there was an "open-fan" of migration, owing to a prevalence of east winds.

WEST COAST OF ENGLAND.

Schedules, &c., were forwarded to forty lighthouses and light-vessels on the west coast of England; from twenty-four returns have been received. The absence of returns is in some cases due to accident, e. g., at Caernarvon L.V., Mr. Bowen, the keeper, had been disabled with a broken rib, the result of a fall on board in a gale of wind, and there had been several changes of mates within a short period. In part, absence of reports is accounted for by the situation of the station—e. g., at Nash are two lighthouses, and from the western one, Mr. Richards, who last year supplied us with a well-filled schedule, having retired from the service, his successor objected to continue the work on the ground that it is so near to Nash E. On Lundy Island also are two stations close to each other, and last year the two reports therefrom were almost identical in every particular instance. Menai is reported as being out of the track of birds migrating, as also St. Bees. Still we should be glad to hear from these and the other stations that have not reported, and hope that next year all will send in returns, however slight, as "every little helps." Special thanks are due to those who have reported; they have given themselves considerable trouble, which will, however, not be thrown away; and the novelty and interesting nature of the work may in some degree perhaps compensate them for their pains. Mr. Baker writes, from Milford, "It would be a great help if a book could be supplied to different reporters, with a print of the different birds in it." If funds can be raised, we hope in time to & able to supply this want.

To Mr. Thompson we are indebted for a report from a new station, Allonby, on Solway Firth, which promises to be a good one, and which—being the northernmost on this coast—now heads our list.

The numbers of the stations differ from those of last year's report, beginning at 121 instead of 110 (the last included in Report of West Coast of Scotland being 120). The following is the list, those from which returns have been received being marked with an asterisk (*):—

In the above list particulars of colour and height of lights, &c., are given where omitted from list of last year or where there have been alterations. Notes on the spring migration, being but few, have not been drawn up in a distinct report. Next year it is hoped that these may be much fuller and more general.

Altogether about sixty-two species have been noticed on this coast-line, including about fourteen species of Gulls and Water-birds.

To the various observers, and to the Trinity Superintendents, Mr. Davison, Mr. Evans, and Mr. Tregarthen, our thanks are given for their continued interest and kind assistance.

SEPARATE REPORT ON EACH SPECIES.

Song Thrush, Tardus musicus, Linn.; Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris, Linn.—Spring: At Scilly, from Jan. 13th to 25th, large flocks of Thrushes, Fieldfares, Larks, and Starlings remained during the snow. At Godrevy, on 14th, a great number of Thrushes, Starlings, and Lapwings from noon to 4 p.m., fresh E.S.E. breeze, frost and snow. At Air (River Dee), on March 30th, a Common Thrush was seen, at 9 a.m., light N.W. breeze, mist.—Autumn: Earliest date recorded Oct. 24th, when one killed at Godrevy, 1.30 a.m., mod. S.S.E. breeze, mist and rain; latest notice Dec. 24th, at Skerries, one killed, 3 a.m., strong S.S.W. breeze, misty.

Redwing, Turdus iliacus, Linn.—Separately noticed at Godrevy only, namely, Nov. 4th, at 3.30 a.m., one killed, fresh S.W. by S. breeze, mist and rain. On Nov. 13th, one killed, 6.10 p.m., fresh S.S.W. breeze, fog. On 22nd, at 2 p.m., one struck, fresh W.S.W. gale, squally and misty.

Blackbird, Turdus merula, Linn.—Autumn: First notice Sept. 28th, at Morecambe Bay, "one cock Blackbird in the vicinity." Through October the notices are more frequent and general. At Skerries, South Stack, and at Bull Point, on 25th and 26th, several struck and some were killed. At Bull Point, Oct. 31st, "a female" struck against the W. side of the lantern, 1.40 a.m., light S.E. breeze, cloudy, misty. The only stations reporting occurrences in November are Allonby, where through the month "a good many were about the hedgerows"; and one instance at Morecambe Bay (where none were seen in October), viz. on 4th, "a young female in vicinity." The next and last notice is Godrevy, where on Dec. 25th, at 6 a.m., one struck, gentle S.W. breeze, clear.

Wheatear, Saxicola œnanthe, Linn.—On Sept. 23rd, at South Stack, between 12 and 2 a.m., several struck and one was killed, light S.E. gloomy, misty. This is the only instance given.

Redbreast, Erithacus rubecula, Linn.—Spring: At Great Castle Head, on Jan. 20th, also on Feb. 1st, 4th, and 24th, "two or three Robins and Sparrows" were noticed about 7 a.m., mod. S.S.E., E.S.E., S.W., and N. breezes respectively. On March 1st, at 9 a.m., two Robins and two Magpies, fresh N.W. breeze, gloomy and showery, with snow. Autumn: On Oct. 28th, at Morecambe Bay, "a female Redbreast" in vicinity, 10 a.m., mod. N.N.E. breeze.

Nightingale, Daulias luscinia, Linn.—Spring: On April 22nd, at Burnham, "heard at 5 a.m. for first time, being one day later than last year, and in the very same spot."—W. Lewis, P. K.

Goldcrest, Regulus cristatus, Koch; Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita, Vieill.—Spring: On May 2nd, at Nash E., 200 Chiffchaffs were counted from 1 a.m. to sunrise, light E. air, haze; 196 were killed. Autumn: On Oct. 26th, at South Stack, a few Goldcrests from 12 to 4 a.m., one killed, gentle E. breeze. The same day, at Morecambe Bay, one (cock) Goldcrest flew on board, struck the deck-house and fell on deck, but was not killed; and at Nash, the same day, 12 to 18 Chiffchaffs passed at 4 a.m., and 6 were killed, light E.N.E. breeze, rain. On Dec. 31st, at 3 a.m., one Goldcrest struck at South Stack, light S.W. breeze, cloudy. From Flatholm, Mr. Dale reports "Gold crested Wrens and Chiffchaffs not so numerous as usual in the autumn." Taking the whole family of the Turdidæ, the chief movement as observed on the west coast occurred the latter end of October: this, we find, agrees with a general movement of the family noticed on both coasts of Scotland, and also a rush from E. to W. observed on the English east coast. On Oct. 14th was "a whole gale" from the E., after which the winds continued E. and S.E. to the end of the month—the force when noted ranging from 2 to 7. With the exception of the Redwing, and excepting the note of Blackbirds and of Robins seen at Allonby, there has scarcely been an instance recorded of any of the family seen throughout November. There is an absolute absence of Fieldfares, and the scarcity of the family generally is remarked on from many stations. Thus, from Allonby, Mr. Thompson writes (Nov., 1881), "No Fieldfares seen in this part, which is very unusual." At Skerries, of Blackbirds, Thrushes, Fieldfares, &c., "very few are now seen." At Lundy, "till January," Mr. Parsons writes, "we had no birds on the islands, only now and then a Blackbird or Thrush." At Usk, Blackbird and Thrush seen occasionally. And from Nash E., Mr. Nicholas, P.K., writes in October, "Blackbirds and Thrushes have been very scarce since the gale and snowstorm of Jan. 18th last," and "not one Thrush has been seen here since January." Note:—At Bardsey, however, Mr. Bowen says of Blackbirds, Grey-birds (?), Jackdaws, House and Common (?) Sparrows, and Starlings, that they are resident. Does this mean that they are seen all the year round; even so, is there no increase and decrease in the number noticeable, and if so, when? Are Grey-birds the Grey-backed Crows? What is the difference between "House" and "Common" Sparrow? Does the latter mean the Hedgesparrow, or is one the Tree Sparrow? If there be any doubt, a specimen, or the skin, head, or wings sent through the post would serve to identify the species.

Wren, Troglodytes parvulus, Koch.—Autumn: First notice Sept. 4th, at Skerries, at 2 a.m., several struck the glass and remained till daybreak, light S.S.W. breeze, hazy. On 24th, at South Stack, a few struck between 9 and 10 p.m., W.N.W., fog. And on Sept. 30th, at Bull Point, one struck N.E. side of the lantern, with a mod. S.S.E. breeze, hazy (not a following wind). On Oct. 23rd, at Skerries, Wrens with Linnets were flying about all day; and—the latest notice—on 26th, one passed Morecambe Bay L.V. at sunrise, flying N.

Wagtail, Motacilla (?).—Spring: On Feb. 10th, at Great Castle Head, four Dishwashers at 5 a.m., strong S.S.W. breeze, showery and foggy.—Autumn: The first notice at Nash E., on Aug. 21st, "thirty to forty Wagtails passed S.W.," 6 a.m., mod. S.S.E. breeze, very clear. They are not again noticed till Sept. 8th, at Bull Point, when about two dozen "Dishwashers and Linnets" passed inland, 6 a.m., S.S.W., calm, clear. On the 19th, at Morecambe Bay, three Wagtails flying S.W., 7.30 a.m., gentle N.W. breeze; and on the 25th, "one" flying about the ship in the forenoon. On Oct. 5th, one flying S. by E., mod. N.E. by N. breeze; and on 7th, one flying N.W., light S.S.W. breeze. This is the last recorded, except at Allonby, where, Mr. Thompson writes on 20th, "Wagtails are common in these parts."

Meadow Pipit, Anthus pratensis, Linn.—Autumn: First notice Aug. 25th, at Nash, "eight Titlarks passed S.," strong S.W. breeze, rain. At Morecambe Bay, Sept. 25th, light N.W. breeze, some passed S.S.E. On 27th, "one or two at a time going N.N.W., W., and S.W.," a gentle N.W. by N. breeze; and on 28th, going S.W., light S. by E. breeze. Till Oct. 25th are constant notices of small flocks passing, their general direction being S.W. and S.: wind ranging from calm to mod. gale, but generally (when instances noted) not strong; till 8th easterly, then till 16th W. prevailing; after which E., with more or less of N. Time of records for the most part, the forenoon. At Longships, on Oct. 28th, one fluttered about the lantern at midnight, fresh N. to N.W. breeze, drizzly. This is the last notice till Nov. 29th, when at Morecambe Bay L.V. Titlarks were seen at 7.40 a.m., flying N.E., mod. N.W. by W. breeze.

Rock Pipit, Anthus obscurus, Lath.—At St. Tudwal's, in Jan., 1882, "two pairs of Sea Larks" are reported, with the note, "they remain here for the winter" (Is the Rock Pipit meant by Sea Lark? If a specimen were procured and sent by post it might easily be identified; or is it the Ringed Dotterel?).

Swallow, Hirundo rustica, Linn.—Autumn: First notice at Skerries, Aug. 14th, "two land-swallows flying about the island this morning." Next notice Sept. 3rd and 4th, at Milford, "a considerable quantity"; and on 10th Sept., at Bideford, "hundreds flying round and lighting on lantern," 5 p.m., calm E., fine, misty. On 18th and 25th several were seen from Skerries and from Morecambe Bay, flying S. and S.S.E: and on Oct. 2nd and 3rd some passed Morecambe Bay, flying S.E. by S., and S. On 7th, five were seen at Godrevy, 12.15 p.m.; and on 19th, at Bull Point, "a large flock passed, flying E.," strong E.S.E. breeze, this being the latest instance recorded.

Martin, Chelidon urbica, Linn.—Autumn: Sept. 24th, at Skerries, several were seen flying about the island with Swallows during the afternoon. From Flatholm Mr. Dale writes, "about the middle of September there was an unusually large quantity of Martins for a few days."

Greenfinch, Ligurinus chloris, Linn.; Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella, Linn.—Noticed only at Allonby, where, Oct. 20th, Green Linnets and Yellowhammers were seen in mixed flocks.

Sparrow, Passer domesticus, Linn.; P. montanus, Linn.—Spring: On Jan. 12th, at North Stack, "a flock of Mountain Sparrows" flying S.W., strong N.E. breeze, snow. At Great Castle Head, on 30th, "Sparrows with Robins"; and the notices are continuous throughout February (on 14th with "Ravens"). In March, 4th and 10th, "Sparrows with Robins." On 31st, "a flight of Sparrows." The time of the observations mostly between 6 and 8 a.m.; the weather invariably gloomy or foggy; breeze gentle to strong, and southerly, except on 24th N., and on 31st E.N.E.; the direction of flight not noted. Autumn: Sept. 11th, at Nash, "large flocks of Common Sparrows passed S.W.," light N.E. breeze. On 12th, "twenty" in same direction, light N., misty. At Bardsey, House and Common Sparrow (?) reported "resident all the year round."

Chaffinch, Fringilla cœlebs, Linn.—Autumn: Sept. 6th, at Nash, "fifteen to twenty Chaffinches struck at midnight, four killed," mod. E. breeze, rain. On Oct. 17th, at Morecambe Bay, one, flying W.N.W., mod. S. breeze; and on 19th, one, flying S.E., mod. S.E. gale.

Linnet, Linota cannabina, Linn.—Autumn: First notice at Nash, Sept. 7th, "a large flock of Linnets passed W. at 9 p.m.," fresh E.S.E. breeze, mist. On 8th, at Bull Point, "about two dozen Linnets and Dishwashers," 6 a.m., passing inland, S.S.W., calm, clear. On 25th, at Skerries, "many Linnets and Wrens all night striking the light," only a few killed, mod. W.S.W. breeze, misty. On 27th, at South Stack, "about fifty Linnets" passed W.N.W. at 7 a.m., gentle N.N.W. breeze, fine and clear. From this station flocks were observed till Oct. 16th passing N.W. or W.N.W., with light S.E. wind. At Skerries they were again noticed between Oct. 17th and 27th, generally with Larks, once with Blackbirds also, and once "Linnets and Wrens"; wind on every occasion S.E. or E.S.E., light breeze to fresh gale. On 24th and 25th, fresh E.S.E. gale, "Linnets, Larks, and Blackbirds passed all night, many striking, and a few being killed." On Oct. 16th, at Milford, "a considerable number passed." At Godrevy, Nov. 7th, one struck, light S.S.W. breeze, clear. The latest is reported from Milford, Nov. 23rd, "a considerable number with Larks have been about the land here the last few days," fresh breeze to mod. gale S.S.W. to W., "which prevented their going farther."

Bullfinch, Pyrrhula europæ (Vieill.).—Oct. 28th at Morecambe Bay, a female noticed at 2 p.m., mod. N.N.E. breeze.

Sky Lark, Alauda arvensis, Linn.—Spring: From Jan. 13th to 25th, "Sky Larks seen at Lundy and at Scilly." On 11th, "a quantity" arrived with Plovers and Starlings at Milford, and remained all day. On 12th and 13th, at South Stack, "continuous flocks of Larks and Starlings passed," fresh N.E. breeze, snow. Autumn: Sept. 24th, "a flock of Sky Larks" passed S.E., 3 p.m., mod. S.E. breeze, mist. On 25th, at Morecambe Bay, "three," and on 27th, at same hour, 10 a.m., "two passed" N.E., gentle N.W. by N. breeze. On 29th, at Nash, "a few Larks with Starlings" passed at noon, gentle E.N.E. breeze, mist. At Morecambe, Oct. 5th, one passed S., mod. E. by S. breeze. On 16th, three passed W.S.W., light N.N.E. breeze. At Skerries, throughout October, notices of passing chiefly at night, striking, and some killed; wind mod. S.E. to E.S.E. On 16th, at South Stack, "a flock of Larks accompanying a flock of Linnets" passed W.N.W., light S.E. air. On 21st, at Milford, a flight passed inland, 1 p.m., E.S.E. clear (the following night there was a fresh gale). In November, at Morecambe, on 4th, "a female"; and at Milford, 23rd, "a considerable number with Linnets been about the last few days," S.S.W. to W. fresh breeze to mod. gale. On Dec. 2nd, at Morecambe, "a male Sky Lark came on board and was caught," 7.45 a.m., mod. S.W. breeze, gloomy, misty. At Skerries, on 22nd, "a few Larks" struck from 10 to 11 p.m., one being killed, gentle E.N.E. breeze.