REPORT
ON THE
MIGRATION OF BIRDS
IN THE
SPRING AND AUTUMN OF 1884.

BY

Mr. J. A. HARVIE BROWN, Mr. J. CORDEAUX, Mr. R. M. BARRINGTON, Mr. G. A. MORE,
AND
Mr. W. EAGLE CLARKE.

SIXTH REPORT.
(Vol. II., No. 1.)

"A good practical naturalist must be a good observer; and how many qualities are required to make up a good observer! Attention, patience, quickness to seize separate facts, discrimination to keep them unconfused, readiness to combine them, and rapidity and yet slowness of induction; above all, perfect fidelity, which can be seduced neither by the enticements of a favourite theory nor by the temptation to see a little more than actually happens in some passing drama."—Essays, Bishop Wilberforce, Vol. I.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN.

1885.

PREFACE.

The following Report contains a summary of investigations of the Committee re-appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at Montreal, Canada, in 1884, to consist of Professor Newton, Mr. J. A. Harvie Brown, Mr. John Cordeaux, Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, Mr. R. M. Barrington, and Mr. A. G. More, for the purpose of obtaining (with the consent of the Master and Elder Brethren of the Trinity House, the Commissioners of Northern Lights, and the Commissioners of Irish Lights) observations on the Migration of Birds at Lighthouses and Lightships, and of reporting on the same at Aberdeen in 1885. Mr. Cordeaux to be the Secretary.

The returns relating to Scotland have been arranged by Mr. J. A. Harvie Brown; for the East Coast of England, by Mr. Cordeaux; for the West Coast of England, by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke; and those for the Coasts of Ireland, by Mr. R. M. Barrington, Mr. A. G. More, and Mr. Eagle Clarke.

Having obtained an additional grant from the British Association, we venture this year to add a new feature to our Report in the form of a sketch-map, showing all the stations in red. We have done this at the intelligent request of several of our reporters; and the map has been executed for us by Messrs. Macfarlane & Erskine, of St. James' Square, Edinburgh.

CONTENTS.

Click on map to view larger sized.

LIST OF STATIONS.

SIXTH REPORT:
ON
THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS
IN THE
SPRING AND AUTUMN OF 1884.

OCEAN NOTES.

Thanks again to Messrs. Gray and Anderson, I have some interesting items of migration to record, taken by the latter gentleman on board the steamship 'Marathon' in the Atlantic. These are best given in extenso; and land-notes will be given after the paragraphs on each species or group.

Steamship 'Marathon,' outward bound from Liverpool, April 16th, 1884.

April 17th.—A small bird came on board at 7 p.m., 15 miles from nearest land. (Position of ship at noon, Queenstown). Wind easterly for ten hours previous, and was increasing to moderate gale from E.N.E. when the bird was seen. From the description of this bird it can scarcely have been other than a Whinchat or Stonechat. No Petrels.[1]

[1] The lat. and long, give the ship's position at noon each day.

April 18th.—At 7 p.m., another, precisely the same species as yesterday's, 310 miles from land; not caught. Eight Kittiwakes and four Manx Shearwaters. Wind light E. all day. (Position of ship at noon, lat. 51° N., long. 15° 47′ W.). No Petrels.

April 19th.—Two Kittiwakes all day, till 580 miles from land. Little Auks[2] (?) seen frequently in parties of two to eight all day. Two Shearwaters, 600 miles from land. Lat. 60° 1′, long. 22° W.

[2] Called "Little Puffins," size of Water Ouzel, in notes.

April 20th.—At 8 a.m., one Manx Shearwater, 770 miles out. Several pairs of little Auks during forenoon. At 5 p.m., two Black-backed Common Shearwaters, 870 miles from land, outward bound. No Petrels.

April 21st.—At 7 a.m., two Common Shearwaters, 1090 miles from Fastnet. At 11.30 a.m., two Wilson's Petrels, 1145 miles out. Lat. 46° 37′, long. 36° 18′; calm. (Note.—Previous to this date the note was appended to each day's entry, "No Petrels.")

April 22nd.—At 8 a.m., one Wilson's Petrel (i.e., Oceanites oceanicus, Kuhl.), 1400 miles out from Fastnet; and one at 4 p.m., 1500 miles. At 7 p.m., two large Puffins[3] flying south. Wind light E. Lat. 44° 11′, long. 42° 22′.

[3] Common Puffin, "Tammy Norie," Fratercula arctica (Linn.).

April 23rd.—At 11 a.m., two black-looking birds, like Gulls (? Skuas) flying rapidly to N.E. During the day saw several specimens of the large sea-bird usually seen on the banks (of which we are now within sixty miles). [Probably from description the immature of some species of large Gull.—J. A. H. B.]. Numerous small parties of two or three of the Little Auk, and two large Puffins. From 6 to 7 p.m., saw numerous parties of ten to twelve of some kind of (apparently) Plover, flying south. No Petrels. Lat. 42° 28′, long. 43° 39′; wind light N.E.

April 24th.—At 7 a.m., three Black-footed Petrels,—Fork-tailed Petrel (Thalassidroma leucorrhoa),—and two Wilson's Petrels. At 5 p.m., one Little Auk and one Gull (yellow beak and legs), 700 miles from Boston at noon. Lat. 42° 24′, long. 55° 05′; wind light easterly.

April 25th.—At 8 a.m., six "Shore" Gulls and two Little Auks. At 5 p.m., one Skua. No Petrels. Lat. 42° 24′, long. 61° 21′; calm.

April 26th.—Occasional Gulls all day. No Petrels. Wind light N.; 141 miles from Boston at noon.

Return Voyage of Steamship 'Marathon' from Boston, May 3rd.

May 3rd.—At 11 a.m., when 220 miles from Boston, one Common Swallow (by description a Martin.—J. A. H. B.) going west(!). Eight Black-footed Petrels; one Solan Goose, immature; numerous Gulls. At 6 a.m., apparently the same Solan Goose, twelve Wilson's Petrels, numerous Gulls, five Puffins, and two Little Auks. Lat. 42° 16′, long. 65° 58′; wind light W.

May 5th.—At 8.30 a.m., one Skua. Thirty to forty Wilson's Petrels all day. At 6 p.m., a couple of Gulls, and some Puffins. Lat. 42° 10′, long. 59° 56′; wind light to mod. W.

May 6th.—From 8 a.m. till dark, thirty Wilson's Petrels, two Little Auks, and one Gull. Lat. 42° 04′, long. 53°; wind mod. N.W.

May 7th.—All day, twenty Wilson's Petrels, and four Manx Shearwaters. Lat. 42° 56′, long. 46° 46′; wind fresh N.W.

May 8th.—At 8 a.m., one Black-footed Petrel (Fork-tailed Petrel probably, Wilson's being yellow-webbed between the toes—J. A. H. B.). Wind strong N.

May 9th.—At 8 a.m., five Terns flying N. At 8.30, twelve Terns resting on sea ahead, flew north. At 5 p.m., seven or eight Wilson's Petrels flying north, very tired-looking, and never heeded the ship. One "Black-footed Petrel" flying N. Lat. 47° 29′, long. 36° 09′; wind strong N.

May 10th.—Very numerous parties of Terns all day, flying north, three to twelve in number. At 9 a.m., one Skua, one Black-footed Petrel, and one Kittiwake. Lat. 49° 12′, long. 30° 04′, or 794 miles from Fastnet; wind strong to mod. N.

May 11th.—At 8 a.m., several parties of Terns, and three Skuas, all going north. At 8.30 a.m., one Kittiwake. At 5 p.m., three Kittiwakes. At 7 p.m., three Skuas circling about. No Petrels. Lat. 50° 81′, long, 23° 19′; wind mod. N.

May 12th.—At 8 a.m., sixteen Kittiwakes, 10 Wilson's Petrels, and four Manx Shearwaters. At 6 p.m., three Skuas, and two very dark hawk-looking birds, evidently in company, one very dark and the other had white vest and throat (Mr. Anderson's "Skuas" are probably Pomatorhine Skuas, and these last Richardson's Skuas.—J. A. H. B.). At 6.30 a flock of eighty or ninety Terns flying high and going N. and W., and circling frequently as if in doubt as to the proper course. They approached the ship from N.E., and were lost to sight astern, still undecided. One Puffin.

May 13th.—At 8 a.m., one (by description) Richardson's Skua flew past, seaward, ten miles from Queenstown, at noon. No Petrels.

May 14th.—Only Gulls and Puffins.

The 'Marathon' is again advertised to sail for Boston on June 18th.

Cunard Royal Mail Steamship, 'Gallia.'

At a later date Mr. Anderson sends a note on Solan Geese:—"On Jan. 20th we passed numerous Solan Geese at Cape St. Vincent. They could not fly, and many had a hard job to flutter off on the surface sufficiently far to clear the ship. I saw one black one. The others were mostly white, with yellowish heads and greyish beaks. They all had the appearance of being fully fledged. One Robin stayed a day on board between Naples and Burriana, in Spain."

We suspect the regular appearance of Solans so far to the southward will turn out to be closely associated with the migrations of fish, possibly pilchards; and that, gorged with these fish, they were unable to rise off the water, this difficulty not arising from any state of moult in the bird's plumage.—J. A. H. B.

Union Steamship 'Athenian.'—First Voyage, 1884.

Thanks also to Mr. Spearman Swinburne, of Union Steamship 'Athenian,' I have several good schedules returned from two voyages—one in spring, between April 5th and 29th; and the second between Aug. 24th and Oct. 4th.

April 5th.—One Robin, one Yellowhammer, a flock of Jackdaws, three Lapwings, and one Crested Lark (A. cristata), between 7 a.m. and 2 p.m.; strong S.S.E.; v. c. r. The Robin alighted, so did the Yellowhammer. The Jackdaws were flying to eastward. The Lapwings followed the ship, and the Crested Lark alighted on board. The Robin and Yellowhammer were seen in lat. 53° N., long. 9° E.; the others in lat. 54° N., long. 10° E.

April 12th.—Seven Red-throated Divers, flying E.; one lot of three, the rest singly, all with white throats; 6 to 7 a.m.; light N.W., clear; off Schelling light-vessel.

April 20th.—One Wheatear, 2 p.m. till dark; light N.E., v. c.; alighted on board. Lat. 46° N., long. 8° W.

April 22nd.—Bulwer's Petrels, throughout the morning; W., strong, v. c.; about nine or ten in all flying singly, generally against the wind. Lat. 34° N., long. 16° W. Also one "white-breasted" Petrel, at 7 a.m., same lat. and long., fluttering on surface. One Black Tern (in full black plumage); and on April 29th, Sooty Terns and Common Terns; a large flock at 9 a.m., wind light S., including with these species a dark species of Gull.[4] Lat. 1° S., long. 13° W.

[4] Or Falcon (?).—J. A. H. B.

Remarks.—Oct. 19th, off Cape Point (Cape of Good Hope). Passed through numbers of Great Shearwaters, and continued seeing them up to Algoa Bay. This is the first time I have seen them on this coast, and they are not included among the birds of S. Africa. On our return, on November 2nd, we passed smaller numbers of them, chiefly flying to the S.W. Nov. 16th, off Bejouga Islands, observed a Skua in uniform brown plumage chasing two grey and white birds, apparently some kind of pigeon. While one bird was being attacked, the other would rise in the air and attack the Skua in turn, and this continued till I lost sight of them. The same day, at 1 p.m., saw what looked like land; on approach turned out to be enormous flocks of sea-birds feeding and moving to the N.E. Those we saw afterwards were nearly all Greater Shearwaters.

Migratory Birds seen at Sea.—Dec. 18th, 1884, to Feb. 17th, 1885.

(Signed) S. Swinburne.

Steamship 'Athenian.'—Second Voyage, 1884.

Thanks to Mr. T. Southwell, of Norwich, I have the following returns from the Polar Seas:—

Voyage of Steamship 'Eclipse' in Polar Seas, from the Log of Capt. David Gray.

The 'Eclipse' left Peterhead on Feb. 28th, 1884, and Lerwick on March 12th. On that day Bottlenose Whales were seen hurrying northward, as well as a few "Mallemauks." Lat. at noon 60° 25′ N., long. 0° 41′ W.; wind true S.; force 4[5]; temp, of air 42°, of sea 44°. At 8 p.m., temp, of water 47°.

[5] The strength of the wind is according to Beaufort scale.—D. G.

March 14th.—Lat. at noon, 66° 4′ N., d. r., long. 3° 50′ W., d. r. South. Force 9. Temp, of air 42°, of water 40°. Numbers of "Mallemauks," and one or two "Looms."

March 17th.—Noon. Lat. 72° 23′ N. d. r., long. 5° 44′ W. d. r. E. ½ N. Force 5. Temp, of air 25°, of water 29°. Made the ice at 11.30 a.m. Slight sludge. Saw several "Snow Birds" (Ivory Gulls), as well as a flock or two of "Rotges" (Little Auks).

March 20th.—Noon. Lat. 73° 0′ N. d. r., long. 5° 30′ W. d. r. N. 6 E. ½ E.; force 10. Temp, of air 20°, of water 29°. Young ice. "Snow Birds" and "Burgomasters" were flying N.N.E., which was significant, as these birds are always present in vast numbers where a large herd of seals is.

April 25th.—Noon. Lat. 73° 28′ N., long. 2° 50′ E.; S. ½ W.; force 5; temp, of air 36°, of water 29·5°. We passed through the sealing grounds (where on the 4th to 7th the young brood of seals had been killed). Many crangs [skinless bodies of the young seals] covered with snow were still visible, and around them flocked myriads of "Snow-birds" and "Burgomasters."

April 26th.—Noon. Lat. 73° 25′ N., long. 5° 6′ E.; N.N.W.; force 4; temp, of air, 24°, of water 29°. Saw many flocks of Eider Ducks going N.E.; and "Mallemauks" numerous.

April 27th.—Noon. Lat. 74° 15′ N., 4° 30 E.; W.N.W.; force 4; temp, of air, 17·5°, of water 29°; at the pack-edge. Several "schools" of old Saddle-back Seals seen going N.E.; and "Rotges," "Looms," and "Dovekies" also on their northward journey.

May 3rd.—Noon. Lat. 78° 36′ N., long. 1° 13′ E.; N.E. by N.; force 8; temp, of air 15°, of water 29°; at the pack-edge. "Rotges" very numerous to-day and yesterday.

May 9th.—Noon. Lat. 78° 35′ N., long. 0° 10′ W.; W. ½ S.; force 3; temp, of air 24°, of water 30·5°; among floes. At five o'clock got into a large water surrounded with floes. A few "Unicorns" were sporting about in the still water; flocks of "Rotchies" and "Looms" were flying hither and thither, and some were swimming about engaged in diving for "whales'-food," upon which they subsist. A bear or two seen on the floe.

May 12th.—Noon. Lat. 78° 47′ N., long. 2° 41′ E.; N.N.W.; force 2; temp, of air 18°, of water 29°; among floes. Got into the land-water of Spitzbergen. Saw many "Mallemauks."

May 15th.—Noon. Lat. 79° 20′ N., long. 2° 55′ E.; S.E.; force 3; temp, of air 26·5°, of water 29·5°; at pack-edge. A few "Unicorns" seen; and a Hawk came on board, apparently dying of hunger.

May 16th.—The Hawk seemed to be recovering, but on May 17th fell overboard and was drowned.

May 27th.—Noon. Lat. 77° 40′ N., long. 3° 20′ E.; S. ½ W.; force 6; temp, of air 27°, of water 31° The water is very rich with "whales' food"; "Unicorns" are numerous, and birds in thousands.

June 6th.—Noon. Lat. 77° 53′ N., 4° 25′ W.; temp, of air 35°, of water 31°. "Whales' food" abundant, and birds numerous. A few "Unicorns" seen, and one bear.

June 7th.—Noon. Lat. 77° 57′ N., 4° 52′ W.; N.W. ½ W.; force 1; temp, of air 36°, of water 33·5°; floes and loose ice. Narwhals have been numerous; also birds, chiefly "Rotchies"; and one or two bears.

June 10th.—Noon. Lat. 78° 3′ N., long. 0° 24′. W.; S.W. by S. ½ S.; force 3; temp, of air 33°, of water 33·5°. Many birds. Quantities of whales blowing, and greasy water. "Rotchies," "Looms," and Narwhals numerous.

June 11th.—Noon. Lat. 73° 38′ N., long. 0° 4′ E.; S. ½ W.; force 3; temp, of air 35°, of water 35°. Birds and Seals numerous; a few "Unicorns" seen; and some bears in sight at 12 p.m.

Steamship 'Persia.'

Mr. John S. Alston writes under date of November 4th, 1884,—a date as will be noted correlating with date of a great rush on our E. Coast of Britain (J. A. H. B.),—as follows:—"We hope to make Port Said to-morrow, after a very fair run all the way from home. During the last three days we have been visited by more little birds than I ever saw before at sea. So far as I can judge, they were mostly Finches; but we saw two Quails and, of all birds in the world, a Robin-redbreast, who most characteristically seemed quite at home; and when he was frightened by a Hawk, which was in close pursuit of this flock of birds, Robin quietly hopped down the 'companion' into the engineers' quarters. I had seen another Robin off Tarifa, the southern point of Europe, but I was much struck to see this little fellow come on board flying due south, the nearest land being Cape Matapan, hundreds of miles away. Of course he may have been blown off shore by a northerly gale, but when we met him he was flying against a southerly breeze. The Hawk followed these birds, hovering about the ship all day, but took his departure in the night. He was a small one—a Merlin, I think."—(Signed) John S. Alston.

EAST COAST OF SCOTLAND.

The usual schedules were distributed to thirty stations on the East Coast of Scotland, Faroe, and Iceland. Twelve stations on East Coast of Scotland have sent in forty-one schedules out of the twenty-eight stations, including Faroe and Iceland.

From the Isle of May we have, as usual, the heaviest returns—fourteen schedules in all. Pentland Skerries again comes second with twelve schedules, and Bell Rock is the next in weight of returns.

In the following List of Stations, we indicate in Arabic type the number of years in which each station has returned records, and the consecutive numbers of the stations, as these coincide with those on the map. Hitherto we have indicated by asterisks, under each year as a heading, these particulars of returns, but after the fifth year these become cumbrous, occupying too much room. This year's returns, however, will again be indicated by asterisks. As will be seen below in an analysis of the returns for the past six years (see [General Remarks] end of W. C. of Scotland), the character of the lights at each station appears to have considerable influence on the bulking of records, the white-fixed-lights having the largest as a rule. We mark in the list of stations therefore their different values as migration stations. The numerals indicate the true migration values, though the class of light may not always correspond; and it remains to be seen if their character be kept up in the future. These are indicated by the following Roman numerals:—

First Class.—I., usually fixed white lights, but may be otherwise, if the situation is particularly favourable, as in the case of Bell Rock (see below).

Second Class.—II., usually white-revolving, also intermittent.

Third Class.—III., white and red revolving

Fourth Class.—IV., white flash, and red and white sectors.

Fifth Class.—V., bad situation, or exposure, combined with other disadvantages; red fixed; landlocked. All considerations bad.

EAST OF SCOTLAND.

Note.—Read in this place part of the General Remarks at the end of West Coast of Scotland.

(a) Notwithstanding the favourable description of light.

Diary from the Stations.

N. Unst.—Mr. James Edgar—formerly at Butt of Lewis—has sent useful schedules embracing from Feb. 15th to 21st Sep. and to Nov. 28th. "We have plenty of Ravens and Hooded Crows all the year, therefore I only notice uncommon flocks." "One pair of Hoodies, which has been about the rock for years, attends regularly at dinner time (1 p.m.) to eat up scraps. Their right is sometimes disputed by a half-tame Sea Gull. I had a good opportunity of examining 'Jenny Wren' this season. She remained for a fortnight."—In lit.

Sumburgh Head.—The old natives say they never before have seen such vast numbers of Gulls as during this year, around this station all the season onward from 8th March, 1884.[6]

[6] Mr. D. M. Scott has removed to Lamlash, Arran, since the date of his last schedule, Sept. 15th, 1884, and is succeeded by Mr. Youngclause from Monach Islands. Mr. Youngclause sends a light schedule from Sept. 19th to Nov. 16th, of interest in showing the northerly extension of the migration of Linnets and Turdidæ (see [General Remarks] under Gulls).

N. Ronaldshay.—Mr. John Tulloch sent one schedule embracing the whole season from July 5th to Sept. 21st. I did not receive this till the first week in March. In future I would always like to have schedules returned immediately after last day of January, or as soon as possible after that date, as it is more difficult to work in stray schedules after the Report is written out.

Pentland Skerries.—Mr. J. Gilmour was called away from August 13th till Sept. 1st on a Board of Trade inquiry. During that interval a Solan Goose struck the Lantern Dome, and was found, but not killed ("this is very unusual"). A few Wheatears and one Goldcrest were seen also, during this interval. Gulls (a pair) bred on the island—a very unusual circumstance.

Easterly and southerly winds prevailed from March 10th to April 12th, with occasional S.W., varying to N.; 12th to 19th, N.E., fresh; 19th to May 4th, again S.E. and E., and N. on latter date, and so on till August with very slight variations, or light, variable.

In autumn, winds continued to prevail easterly, till about the 20th Sept., when they changed to westerly and northerly, and this appeared to be characteristic along the whole E. coast, thus making a visit paid by me to Isle of May, for three weeks in September and October, rather unproductive of visible migration. This N. & W. prevalence caused migration to be much dispersed, and no great rushes are recorded at Pentland Skerries or other stations. But on the 14th Oct., during mod. E., after N.N.E. and N.W. gales, a rush of Thrushes and Woodcocks will be found recorded. Between Oct. 17th and Nov. 7th winds very variable round three-fourths of compass, but almost never entering the fourth quarter between S. and E.—indeed only on three days. Strong N.E., weather cloudy and clear, very little haze. This continued till Nov. 30th, except on Nov. 11 a S. gale, on 8th S.W. gale, and on 20th a N. gale.[7]

[7] Read the above in connection with General Remarks.

Dunnet Head gives a light return. The daily to-and-fro migration of Gannets is spoken of in general terms, and the dates of arrival and departure of rock birds were "about the same dates as stated in last year's report."

Cromarty.—The prevailing wind at this land-locked station at the times of records, given between March 24th and Dec. 26th, were from W. and S.W. Dates of arrivals in spring and departures in autumn given. As before remarked, such land-locked stations give abnormal returns as compared with freely exposed stations, and the S.W. or W. winds were local.

Chanonry.—Practically blank as regards actual migration, all movements being local, Mr. J. McGill finding Scarts and Cormorants flying up and down the Firth, Wild Ducks feeding in frosty weather, and many Larks on Jan. 17th, 1884. Local movements of Green Plover in November and December. No certain migration discernible.

Kinnaird Head returns a blank schedule, with the positive statement "No birds." I am obliged to the head lighthouse-keeper for returning this schedule. Such if regularly returned would enable me to give always, year by year, a positive statement of negative value. I wish others on the Aberdeenshire coast would follow his good example.

Girdleness.—A light return during November 14th to 17th and December 1st to 12th. "Birds at this lighthouse very scarce, the situation being very exposed." A record of a Fork-tailed Petrel (seen by me on 15th August, J. A. H. B.) is of considerable interest. Dead calm and hazy; on E. side of lantern; about 12 p.m. Stomach contained only an oily matter (Geo. Sim) vide Proc. Ryl. Phyl. Soc. Edin. 1884. Bell Rock sends excellent schedules as usual. The early advent of a swallow—March 13th and 14th—is commented upon by letter. "It seemed much exhausted." Mr. Hutton, Bank Manager, Royal Bank, Arbroath—a gentleman much interested in ornithology—gave a full account of the occurrence in the 'Dundee Advertiser' of April.[8]

[8] "About four o'clock in the afternoon of the 13th and 14th March the light-keeper on duty at the Bell Rock Lighthouse observed a swallow fluttering in front of the kitchen window. After watching it for some little time he opened the window and stood aside to see if the bird would come in. This in a minute or two it did, and alighted on the inside of the windowsill. So exhausted did the little wanderer appear from its long flight and the buffetting of the weather that it allowed itself to be lifted up and put into a cage. It immediately lay down on the bottom of the cage and instantly fell fast asleep, remaining in this state till next morning about eight o'clock (sixteen hours). So sound were its slumbers that the keepers watching it as it lay could scarcely detect any signs of life in it, and at times they were almost certain that it had died. On awakening at the hour mentioned the swallow was taken out by one of the keepers and given a drink of water. It was put back into the cage again, where it lay in an apparently dormant condition till 10 A.M., when it was supplied with more water, under the influence of which and the rays of the sun it became quite lively and strong. The kitchen window was now lifted up and the bird taken out and laid on the open hand of Mr. Jack, principal light-keeper. Resting there for a moment, it gave one cheery twitter, and, springing upwards from the outstretched palm, it winged its way in the direction of the land and was lost sight of in the space of a minute or two. The appearance of the bird so far north at such an early season is remarkable. The swallow migrates to Africa at the end of October, and it is not till the middle of April that the flight northward begins, so that the one which surprised the light-keepers before March was half run was several weeks earlier than the usual time for their appearance here. It may be added that, the Swallow being an insectivorous bird, the lighthouse keepers were unable to supply it with its ordinary food, and abstained from giving it any other for fear of injuring it."

Between April 9th and Sept. 3rd scarcely any migration was observed at Bell Rock—only four records in that time on April 28th, April 30th, May 7th and 9th. But before and after these dates in spring and autumn, considerable migration is recorded in comparison, but decidedly slack, as compared with other seasons, in autumn, owing to northerly and westerly winds. This, however, was followed by a great rush in November, for particulars of which the reader is referred to the details under Species. The marvellous congregations of Gulls and their prey the Sprat or Garvie (Clupea sprattus) are commented upon. ([General Remarks]).

Isle of May.—In January, 1884, intermittent migration continued. The great gale of 27th to 29th produced nothing of any consequence—one Yellowhammer, however, being the first of the species seen for some time.

While rushes took place in spring at Bell Rock in March, with the wind prevailing E., at Isle of May much smaller movements are recorded, local winds apparently being more S. & W. (See especially "Thrushes," but the remark applies to other species also.) This is curious at two stations so close to one another. Bush of land birds in April. Movements of Guillemots and rock birds somewhat different (see details). Partial albino of the Willow Warbler captured (seen by me, J. A. H. B.) Long spell of E. winds in April and rushes; but a light S.W. wind on 30th, changing from S.S.E., brought a "wonderful rush of land birds." This seems to me interesting, as proving the station to lie in the direct route of migration, rushes occurring both in the most favourable winds—S.E. or E. (i.e. for spring migration), and those supposed to lie less favourable, and following winds, viz. S.W.

A later schedule—April 30th to June 3rd—shows evidences of a decidedly late spring migration, for which it seems difficult to assign a cause. This was also noticeable on land. It took place in second week of May, with light S.W. and W. wind, mist, fog, and rain; principally of Warblers and insect-feeding species.

Very few records are given between June 11th and August. A usual return of Warblers, &c., noted as rather early by August 10th. Bush of same species, 19th and 24th. In end of August and all September, on till about October 18th, winds retarded migration, being N. and W.; never, or very rarely, S. and E., or S. of W. I spent three weeks and three days on Isle of May, between September 24th and October 17th, and during that time only witnessed intermittent and slack migration; the only attempt at a night rush apparent being on the night of October 4th, at the time of total eclipse of the moon—wind Light W. at the time—some twelve Goldcrests being caught at the lantern.[9] A male Black Redstart was shot on October 24th, and a second seen on 25th. The principal rush of the year on November 4th instances the effect of a sudden change of wind. This must have been a very vast and determined rush, as many came also with a W. wind afterwards. This rush was composed principally of Finches and Larks, with considerable numbers of Turdidæ; but the great rush of the latter (Thrushes) did not take place till the rush of the Finches was past. Whilst the Finches and Larks greatest rush was on Nov. 4th, the greatest rush of Thrushes, Blackbirds, and Turdidæ generally was on 12th to 16th. (For particulars see details under Species).

[9] Our Isle of May notes containing a few items of interest will be used in a separate paper on that island, but actual results will be worked into this report also.

Thereafter migration continued with less force up to Jan., 1885, the date of the last schedule to hand.

Inchkeith.—This land-locked station returns a light schedule—of considerable interest, however, as carrying out what has been remarked by us in previous reports, that when birds do occur here on migration it is usually with S.W. and westerly winds, whether in spring or in autumn. The Siskin seems to frequent Inchkeith as a regular migrant, and Titmice are also regular in appearance.

Separate Report under Genera and Species.

Turdidæ.—In spring, migration at Sumburgh Head (April only, large flocks of Common Thrushes on 1st, wind light S.E., clear, along with Starlings and Linnets), and Pentland Skerries (indication in March, and partial and remittent in April, but no great rush evident). At Bell Rock (great rush recorded on 6th and 8th March of Thrushes, Ring Ouzels, light S.E. wind), and at I. of May, but rush not observable here on 6th and 8th, there being only two records of Blackbirds and a few Redwings, owing to local wind being light W. and haze. Earliest record at I. of May, Feb. 20th, one Redwing with Blackbirds and Thrushes; a rash, and latest records, also at I. of May, on 29th and 30th April, along with Robins, Redstarts, &c., with S.E., or light S.W., of Ring Ouzels. Light records in March; on 9th and 10th twenty Fieldfares—"a good number"—with light N.E., clear, and N.N.E. and rain.

In autumn the migration was pronounced, and whilst desultory movements continued during September and October, the heaviest rushes are recorded in the middle of November. Records of Dippers, one on Aug. 2nd and another (well described) on Aug. 29th, at I. of May; wind light W., clear. The place where they were observed was afterwards pointed out to me—viz., at the edge of a stagnant pool of water near the "Mill Door" on the I. of May. Earliest record of Fieldfare, Sept. 10th, at I. of May, light S., haze; latest of same species, on Dec. 31st, and Jan. 19th, 1885, also at I. of May; variable, haze. Earliest record of Common Thrush, also at I. of May, the day after, viz. Sept. 11th, light S., haze; and latest, at I. of May also, on Dec. 22nd, when "a few" were noticed. Earliest Missel Thrush on Sept. 27th (seen by J. A. H. B.), also at I. of May, with gale, W.S.W., and latest Oct. 14th; but others, no doubt, have escaped special records, and have been confused with other species. Earliest Redwings do not appear in the schedules till Oct. 2nd, also at I. of May (J. A. H. B.); on 7th a few more, followed by scattered records till Nov. 12th, when old and young struck in numbers at Bell Rock, and the rush of this and of Fieldfares took place on the 4th and 5th of November, continuing till the 17th, with Blackbirds, male and female, and intermittently until December. Earliest Blackbirds Sept. 11th,—"not many,"—at Isle of May.

Rush of Thrushes, Nov. 7th (light) at Pentland Skerries, and Nov. 30th, at I. of May (considerable). Rush of Fieldfares and Redwings (indicated) at N. Unst, on Nov. 5th, with a few Blackbirds,—all flying S.,—indicated at Pentland Skerries, 5th, 7th, to 12th, with Blackbirds and a few Thrushes and Woodcocks, on 12th. At Dunnet Head a few Blackbirds and Thrushes seen daily between Oct. 1st and Nov. 13th. Rush of Ring Ouzels ("great numbers") at Bell Rock; and rush of Fieldfares and Redwings at I. of May on 4th and 5th. At N. Ronaldshay also a rush visible on the 8th, with Woodcock, Crows and Rooks; Nov. 7th and 8th, wind E.S.E., a great rush. All during October the above-named Turdidæ appeared in small numbers, the wind prevailing N. and W., and scarcely ever S. and E. Stations sending returns of Thrushes are N. Unst, Pentland Skerries, Dunnet Head, Bell Rock, and I. of May. At the dates of the rushes they were accompanied by many other species. The rush at I. of May on 4th and 5th continued in great force after the wind shifted to S.E., with rain, after wind S. at noon, on 4th ("perfect weather for witnessing migration"), so fewer Fieldfares again on 5th, with wind—a W. gale, instancing the abruptness with which migration ceased owing to changes in the wind. A vast rush of Blackbirds, females predominating, on 12th, at I. of May, with S. haze and drizzle, but ceased utterly with change of wind to W. at 9 p.m. All birds striking on S.E. side, with the wind. Along with this rush came large numbers of Redwings and Fieldfares, Hooded Crows, one Yellow Bunting, large number of Larks, Robins, Bramblings, Chaffinches, eight Hedgesparrows, a few House Sparrows, two Woodcocks (shot). On the 15th Blackbirds as numerous as ever, but fewer Redwings and Fieldfares; hundreds of Snow Buntings, flying N. By the 17th Blackbirds were mostly males, but females had predominated up to that date. In January, 1885, between 4th and 21st, a few light records of Fieldfares and Thrushes, and a large number (rush?) on latter date. The rush on Nov. 4th consisted of Siskins and other Fringillidæ (these continuing in small numbers to the 6th, notwithstanding the change of wind). Mr. Agnew describes this as the largest rush of migrants this season at the I. of May, and it must have been very vast, close, and determined, when even on the 6th, with light W. wind, large numbers of Bramblings and Chaffinches still appeared. Other species participating besides the above were Siskins, Woodcocks (six killed), Rock Pipits, one Owl, two Falcons. (See notes upon weather under "Notes under Stations." We refer back to this account under other species, to dates).

Saxicolinæ.—Wheatears in considerable numbers at Pentland Skerries and Isle of May (a rush). Earliest at Isle of May March 26th, light S., two; and a few more on 28th at same station, including two old males. Rush with S.E. to S.W. wind at Pentland Skerries, on April 6th, and considerable numbers at I. of May on April 3rd. Beyond these there are no other spring records of this species. On March 31st a single Black Redstart (in mus. Feilden & Harvie Brown) is recorded from Pentland Skerries; light S.E., haze.[10] We have also three single records of the true Stonechat at I. of May, on 2nd, 28th and 30th April, and one at Pentland Skerries on May 14th, light E. wind, struck lantern, not killed. On April 30th a rush of Redstarts along with Robins, Ring Ouzels, &c., at Isle of May. This concludes spring records.

[10] A full record of this rarity, and of previous occurrences in Scotland, is given by me in Proc. Ryl. Phyl. Soc. Edin., read 23rd April, 1884; and a system of Record Forms recommended for tabular and formal records of rarities in future (see also Report for 1883, p. 81). We wish observers would recognise the use of some such uniform method, and we are certain it would save much time and trouble for future compilers.

In autumn records from N. Unst, one Redstart (the only one seen this year) and one Wheatear, on 7th and 12th September respectively; flew S.W. This is the earliest 1884 record of Saxicolinæ in autumn. Also from N. Ronaldshay, a number on 15th striking, and Pentland Skerries, Bell Rock, and I. of May, of Wheatears, a few Redstarts, Whinchats, &c., and one Black Redstart, old male, shot (in mus. I. of May, present curator Mr. Joseph Agnew). Another was seen the following day—first on 24th, second on 25th Oct. (recorded in full in Ryl. Phyl. Soc. Proc. 1885, read 21st Jan., 1885); a Common Redstart seen at same time.[11] The records of all the species are light, and no rush, unless of Wheatears, ut sup., Oct. 22nd, at Isle of May, increasing by the 25th. During our stay on the island (27th Sept. to 17th Oct.) we observed a good many straggling birds. A few accompanied the rush of other species on Nov. 12th (see Turdidæ). One Whitethroat is returned from I. of May, striking face of lantern, "facing the wind," on Sept. 12th. Mr. Agnew has the note,—to date of the 19th of September,—"I am surprised at so few birds with such thick fog." Log, light to strong E., thick fog, or haze between the 12th and 19th, yet migration was tardy.

[11] All the previous records of this species in Scotland relate to localities the position of which shows comparatively easily how they arrived at each. These records now amount to six in all, of which I have recorded the last three since Mr. Gray wrote his 'Birds of the West of Scotland.' They are as follows:—

One: collection of Mr. Sinclair of Wick (R. Gray, op. cit., p. 84).

One: obtained at Cullen, Banff, by Mr. T. Edward (ditto).

One: Kirkwall, Orkney, 20th Dec, 1859 (R. Gray, op. cit.).

One: Higginsneuk, Stirlingshire, 10th Nov., 1875 (J. A. H. B., Proc. Ryl. Phyl. Soc, vol. iv., p. 142).

One: Pentland Skerries (J. A. H. B., op. cit.).

One: Isle of May (as given above).

Silviinæ.—At Cromarty, Robins disappeared March 24th. We have then spring records from Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, Bell Rock, and Isle of May, all in April. Earliest at Sumburgh Head, April 1st, when four appeared, strong S.E., haze, but the remark is added, "First time Robins have stayed all winter." Next records not till 28th, 29th, and 30th, at Bell Rock, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May, where there was a rush along with Ring Ouzels. The record at Bell Rock (28th) is one of very few records between the 9th of April and the 3rd of September.

In autumn, one return on Aug. 25th, as arriving at Cromarty, light S.W., clear. No more till Nov. 3rd, when "a few" at Isle of May. But next day a rush of other species (see under [Turdidæ]). There were, however, a few Robins frequenting Isle of May in September and October, and even the indication of a rush.

Phylloscopinæ.—Only a slight indication in spring of Goldcrests' migration, 2nd, 8th, 16th of April, single records at N. Unst and Pentland Skerries. But of Warblers a rush at Isle of May, along with Redshanks, and Robins and Ring Ouzels (see [Thrushes]), and in May one Wood Warbler at Isle of May; light S.W.

In autumn:—Goldcrest, earliest appearance at Isle of May, Aug. 31st (a female), along with a Sedge Warbler, light W., haze; then on Sept. 1st, one at Isle of May, and a few light records, 7th, 8th, 10th, 18th, and 27th. On 7th at N. Unst ("only the second occurrence of it observed here"), and intermittent and light till 4th Oct., when, during darkest time and total eclipse of the moon, I assisted in capturing and identifying twelve Goldcrests at I. of May lantern, about which I may have more to say in the "[General Remarks]." Again, on the 24th, numbers were seen, with light S. wind. Some Chiffchaffs seen at I. of May on Sept. 11th, and one at lantern on 27th (seen by J. A. H. B.). This constitutes all the important records of the species of Phylloscopinæ.

Titmice.—The only spring records of "Titmice" are 12th, 15th and 24th May, at Pentland Skerries, in different winds, viz. light N.W., fresh S.W., and light S.E.[12]

[12] We wish our reporters could distinguish the species more exactly. We have six species of "Titmice" in Britain, and possibly seven on migration. I want wings of Titmice obtained or whole birds.

In autumn slight movements in September and October; one on Pentland Skerries on 5th Oct.; one "Titmouse" on I. of May on 9th Sept., and on Oct. 4th at same station, an indication of Titmice having joined in the migratory rush of that date, seven appearing, with light W.S.W., wind and haze. On Oct. 9th we shot a "Blue Tit" (Parus cæruleus, L.) on I. of May, which had been haunting the fields for two or three days; light W., clear. First actual record of the species by name here.

Acrocephalinæ.—Accentorinæ.—At Isle of May a late rush took place of Sedge Warblers between 9th and 13th May, along with many other species, as follows:—Wood Warblers, Cuckoos, Meadow Pipits, Whinchats (vera), Flycatchers (till 14th), Fieldfares. Mr. Agnew remarks, "long of coming, and remaining longer than usual." Hedge Accentors bred for the first time on Isle of May, and I saw the old nest.

In autumn, earliest movement, a rush of Sedge Warblers, 10th August ("this is early"), with fresh S.E. wind and fog. Up to 19th a desultory movement, but on latter date a rush of Sedge Warblers, Whinchat, Wrens, Whitethroats (especially on 19th), Chiffchaffs, Starlings (q.v.). Hush again on 24th of small birds—Whitethroats and Warblers. On 31st a single Sedge Warbler killed. On Sept. 1st a number of Sedge Warblers, all at I. of May, light W., clear; and on 4th a number of Accentors (Hedgesparrows). In October several Accentors at I. of May on 27th, and a few of the same species on 6th and 7th November, and along with the general rush on 12th (see [Thrushes]).

Troglodytidæ.—Earliest record at Sumburgh Head on 22nd March, when four appeared at 12 noon; light breezes, showery. Also in April at same station, on 1st and 15th, six Wrens, with S.E., fresh, and haze, and fresh N., clear, respectively. Also at Pentland Skerries, on 1st April, one, and one on 12th, with, in both cases, fresh to strong S.E., and at Bell Rock, on 2nd April, one, strong S.E., haze, flying W., with a general rush of "small birds" resting or flying W.

In autumn, at N. Unst, Sumburgh Head, and Isle of May. Earliest at Sumburgh Head, on 7th Sept., seven seen; 12th at N. Unst, fine, one remained a week; and 17th, at I. of May, one. In October, odd ones on 7th; at N. Unst and Pentland Skerries, a number (almost a rush on I. of May, on 9th, and increased up to 25th). In November one at N. Unst; strong N. wind.[13] "Wrens" are also recorded, on Jan. 23rd, 1885, as still present on Isle of May, probably having wintered there.

[13] I feel a little curious about these N. Unst Wrens, and would like to see one or two.

Motacillidæ.—As early as Feb. 14th, at I. of May, a single record of a "Wagtail" flying N.W., clear, fine. [The entry "Wagtail," we presume, in most cases is applied to the black and white or Pied Wagtail.] On March 25th one "Wagtail" flying E. over Pentland Skerries, light S., clear. At I. of May one on 9th March, a few on 22nd, and "two males staying to breed" on 28th. On April 1st two single records at Pentland Skerries, and at Isle of May; wind at both places, fresh S.E., haze. In May, from 8th to 25th, light records on eight days, four on the 10th (the most), and "several" on the 11th (indication of a rush?). "Several" again on the 12th. On the 16th one at Bell Rock, light E., and on May 14th two Yellow Wagtails, light W. In July, on the 5th, one "Wagtail," moderate S.E., and one on 20th, light, variable, clear.

In autumn, no records in August. Spasmodic movements in September at N. Unst, few records, and these single. "Several" at Pentland Skerries on 2nd, strong N.W., and ditto on 8th, light, variable, clear, and on 23rd ditto, light N.W., showers. On 8th and 9th at Isle of May, indication of a rush, adult and young, increase on 9th over the 8th; light, variable, clear. Last record, one on Oct. 9th at Isle of May.

Pipits.—The arrivals and movements of Rock Pipits (or "Mosscheepers" or "Tang Sparrows") are reported only from Bell Rock and I. of May in spring, in March and April; earliest 16th March at Bell Rock, latest 7th April; also at Bell Rock. At Bell Rock four single records, 16th, 29th and 30th March, and 7th April, and at I. of May, on 28th March, "more Rock Pipits arrived." At I. of May about twenty Meadow Pipits arrived on the 13th of February, and a considerable rush—or at least indication of a rush—began on the 1st April and increased on the 3rd, and a further increase observable on the 23rd; winds S. to E. and S.E.

In autumn I have no records till the 13th September, "large numbers," at Isle of May, of Rock Pipits,—"a large increase on those already there,"—and none again at same station till 14th October, when a number arrived and "all except such as will probably remain the winter" left on 16th. More again appeared on the 25th, and still more on the 31st; and by the 4th of November a rush, with other migrants. At Bell Rock only six records of straggling birds between the 5th and 22nd. Rock Pipits are also given as still on Isle of May on the 23rd January, having wintered there as predicted. Of Meadow Pipits considerable numbers, with light E. and fog, at Isle of May, on the 16th and 18th September, and a few more seen occasionally up to the middle of October. No other records.

Muscicapidæ.—In spring a rush of Flycatchers noticed at Isle of May on 4th May, but no other records given from any other station. Considerable numbers were observed. No other records of any species during the year.

Hirundinidæ.—In spring I have a single record of a Swallow (Swift?) as early as 12th March, which arrived much exhausted, with strong S.E. wind and mist (see remarks under [Stations], antea). In April only two records of Sand Martin at N. Unst, on 27th, and at Sumburgh Head on 10th, with light S.W. and S., clear (marked as "not common").

Land Note.—Allan Water, in Stirlingshire, 13th April, and at Doune, same county, next day. Became numerous by May 3rd at Bridge of Allan. Kelso 23rd and 28th March, and again on April 10th (Dr. J. Grieve, in lit.).

In May, records from Sumburgh Head in the North, Pentland Skerries, Cromarty, and I. of May. Earliest at the land-locked station of Cromarty on 5th, light N. and showers; indication of a rush apparently, about 11th or 12th, at the more northern stations, and faint indications at I. of May (eight birds) on 12th, with the remark "very few this year." On the 20th and 22nd also, simultaneous appearance of a few at Sumburgh Head and Isle of May—"Records in all, ten in May, at four stations, on six dates, between the 5th and 22nd." This formula perhaps shows as well as any method, the distribution and arrivals on our East Coast.[14]

[14] It may not have been apparent to the readers of our previous and this Report that, in order to arrive at final conclusions, after our collection of data is considered large enough, a certain amount of formal sameness and method of recording has been followed by the Committee throughout. This is for the final development of a system of easy tabulation at the end when all our data, year with year, come to be compared and deductions drawn. Our Irish members of Committee have departed somewhat from this plan of work, but there seems no reason apparent why their results need not with equal ease be made workable into the final form of reduction.

In summer, at I. of May one record of Swallow on 12th July, variable, light, clear; and one record of Sand Martin at I. of May on 18th July, fresh W. and clear. Note.—Summer records of Swallows usually occur in clear weather; compare with previous reports.

In autumn, in August two records at the more northerly stations, viz. Pentland Skerries, on 11th Aug., six birds, with fresh S., haze, and at Dunnet Head, on 16th of four birds flying E., with S.E. and fog. In September, Swallows left Cromarty, and were not seen after the 4th, at 1 p.m., wind light S.W., clear; all congregated on a housetop near the Lighthouse, and left suddenly at 1 o'clock. At Isle of May a few were observed on two or three dates in October, and on the 28th (Sunday) twenty were seen at 9 a.m. flying up and down the lee-side of the island hawking for flies; light S.W., clear.

Land Notes.—Without receiving any more returns from any East-Coast station, I myself observed a Swallow (Hirundo rustica) hawking persistently for flies over and across the lawn at Glendoune House, near Girvan, Ayrshire, on Nov. 8th (see [West Coast Report]). At Rothesay, Mr. John Grieve saw none during a stay there till 15th, when twenty or thirty were seen. None seen by him at Bridge of Allan after his return there on the 1st October.

Fringillidæ.—As in 1883, both in spring and autumn, Finches show themselves well to the front in migration; but while in some years Thrushes and Finches travel much together; in this year, whilst still many travelled simultaneously, as a glance at our data shows, yet the great rush of Thrushes did not take place till the rush of Finches was over. Thus, as will be seen, Green Linnets made a rush over in spring as early as 10th February, but the rush of Thrushes did not take place till later—about the 6th March. In the same way, while the greatest rush of Finches in autumn took place on the 4th November, Thrushes were not in force till the 10th and 12th. The extension of the migration of Finches in 1884, in time, dates Feb. 15th (three Grey Linnets at Pentland Skerries at noon, wind strong S.E. and clear) to Jan. 26th (four Green Linnets at Isle of May, wind variable, light, clear). The extension of the migration of Finches (of sorts) in 1884 in N. and S. direction, ranges from Sumburgh Head,—a single record of great numbers on the 3rd April, with strong S.E. and haze,—to Isle of May; earliest date 10th February, followed by rush on 12th; latest date Jan. 26th, four Green Linnets. To compare with the above, the extension in time of the Thrushes' migration dates also from Feb. 10th, but movements were much fewer so early—a single Redwing and a few Blackbirds and Thrushes, strong S.E., clear, up to 23rd January; rush between 19th and 23rd of Fieldfares, &c. The extension in N. and S. distribution ranges from North Unst,—a dozen Fieldfares flying S., light W., clear,—through Sumburgh Head; large numbers; and a rush on 1st April, strong S.E., along with Linnets, rushes at more southern stations taking place in March, on till our southern stations of Isle of May and Bell Rock are reached.

Now, taking the above general remarks, we will treat it more in detail, as this affords a good opportunity of making final tabular comparisons.

In spring, earliest at Pentland Skerries, three Grey Linnets at noon, as already recorded, light S.E., clear; latest Green Linnets (and latest Finches), 17th June, one at Isle of May. An early rush of Green Linnets on 10th Feb., after a N.W. gale previous night, and a great rush on 12th, with other migrants; and of Thrushes, Bramblings, Chaffinches and House Sparrows, at Isle of May. Intermittent movements during March at Pentland Skerries and Isle of May and Inchkeith, flocks of Chaffinches, Grey Linnets (25th), Bramblings, Green Linnets, and four Siskins (at Inchkeith on 25th, with light S.W. wind, with which, being a land-locked station, this species usually occurs), two Bullfinches, at Bell Rock, on 31st March, flying W. In April Chaffinches, Grey Linnets, and one Sparrow at Pentland Skerries, between 5th and 22nd; wind prevailing S.E., except on 12th and 17th, when light N.E. At Bell Rock one House Sparrow (female), exhausted, died after feeding on 31st. From the 9th April, when one Bullfinch was seen (and one the day before), scarcely any migration observed until Sept. 3rd—a few records only of "small birds" on April 28th and 30th and May 7th and 9th. At Isle of May a rush ("evidently") of many species, including Tree Sparrows, Bramblings (males), Chaffinches (males, but some females), from the 3rd, and during 4th, 5th and 6th, to 10th. The female Chaffinches came on 6th to 10th, but mixed males and females on the 10th. Tree Sparrows abundant. Rush tailing off, with light returns, on 10th, 16th, 17th and 23rd to 30th. In May Grey Linnets are reported to arrive, for the purpose of breeding, at Isle of May on the 29th. Other records run rarely of this species, and only a few intermittent records of birds flying W. or N.W. at Pentland Skerries, and a single bird at Bell Rock between 9th and 30th. One Sparrow (male) on 7th, and two on 9th, at Pentland Skerries; and two Bullfinches, flying W., with strong E.S.E. and haze—the only other May records. In June the last of the Tree Sparrows on 13th at Isle of May, strong S.E., completely ends the spring records, and we do not have another of any Finches till Sept. 8th.[15]

[15] The bulk of the autumn records will not admit of treatment in extenso, as they are heavy, so we will cut them shorter than the spring ones.

In autumn, no records in July or August recorded. Very light in September: two records of Grey Linnets on the 8th at Pentland Skerries, and of Siskins at Inchkeith on 10th; latest on Jan. 26th, four Green Linnets. Rushes (or indications) at Pentland Skerries and Isle of May, between 4th and 7th, of several species; Grey and Green Linnets, Bramblings, and an increase of Chaffinches on 25th and 27th. A rush of Linnets (and Larks) at Inchkeith on 23rd, with light S. breeze; "continuous flocks all day flying round." Most northern records of Finches in autumn at Sumburgh Head on 12th October. Great rush, 4th November, with many other birds; wind S. and haze during the night, S.E. in morning, and rain at 10 a.m. ("perfection of weather for visible migration"). At 9 p.m., gale from S.W. and heavy rain. Nevertheless, so persistent or so vast was this rush, that, even with W. gales and showers, a few Chaffinches, Tree Sparrows, House Sparrows, and Green Linnets were seen migrating at Isle of May—the largest numerical rush of migrants there this season; continued intermittently to end of December.[16] Large numbers on 12th December, flying N., light W., haze. Mr. Agnew has the note, "Never saw so many Finches in one year as this."

[16] Since the above was written out I have received the January schedule from the Isle of May, and in it intermittent movements of Green Linnets and Bramblings up to 26th—the latest date—are recorded.

Corvidæ.—In Spring, Rooks are recorded from Pentland Skerries, Bell Rock, and Isle of May. Earliest date, Pentland Skerries 14th February, two seen on island, fresh S. Latest also at Pentland Skerries on 14th May. Light S. No rushes very apparent. Largest numbers, six on March 10th at Pentland Skerries, and eight on April 19th at same station. Most records (on different dates), in March six, and in April four. Fewest records (on different dates) in February two, and in May two. Direction of wind and weather on dates of record in February:—Fresh S., on 14th, two birds seen on Pentland Skerries; Fresh S. clear, on 23rd one seen at Pentland Skerries. In March, S.E. gale, rain on 9th, two or three seen at Pentland Skerries; light airs, variable, snow on 10th, six seen at Pentland Skerries; calm, haze on 4th, one seen flying S.W. at Bell Rock; light S.E. on 8th, one rested on dome of lantern. Fresh S. breeze on 13th, one seen flying W.S.W.; light W.S.W., haze, one flying S.W. on 22nd. In April:—light S.E. on 3rd, one seen at Pentland Skerries; light S.E. on 5th, four seen at Pentland Skerries; fresh N.E. on 19th, when eight seen at Pentland Skerries; N.E. light clear on 3rd at Bell Rock, one resting on window. In May:—strong N. on 6th, at Pentland Skerries, two seen; light S. on 14th, one seen at Pentland Skerries.

In July one record of Rooks at Pentland Skerries, fresh N.W.

In autumn, Rooks are recorded from N. Unst, Sumburgh Head, Girdleness, but much scarcer than in spring. Earliest date, 12th September, a pair, seen at N. Unst, flying S.W., and one on 19th at same place, also flying S. Latest, December 4th, at Girdleness, "large flocks,"[17] rushes, none apparent, unless any accompanied the rushes in October of Hooded Crows, but none recorded as accompanying the latter. Only records on two days in September, one day in November, and one day in December.

[17] May only have been of local significance, but cannot say, as direction of wind and flight is not given in schedule.

In Spring, Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix, L.) are reported from Pentland Skerries, Bell Rock, and Isle of May. Earliest, February 23rd, at Pentland Skerries; latest, May 3rd at Pentland Skerries. No great rush; less than usual. Mr. Agnew's note at April 10th, "very few Hooded Crows this year." It is difficult even to fix an indication of a rush. All the records of Hooded Crows and Carrion Crows occur with either fresh S. or light S.E., excerpt a few of the latter, with N.E. clear, on April 15th. Of Carrion Crows, a slightly larger and more compressed migration, beginning on 8th March with twelve seen, ending 15th April; and an indication of a rush between 8th and 15th, flying N., recorded only from Bell Rock and Isle of May.

In autumn, a more decided movement of Hooded Crows, with a few Carrion Crows (the latter on October 24th to 26th), records from Sumburgh Head, N. Ronaldshay, Pentland Skerries, Girdleness, and Isle of May (none noted at Bell Rock). Earliest, at N. Unst (most northerly station); on Nov. 7th one got in court with broken wing, and at N. Ronaldshay on 8th, numbers; strong S.W. Next earliest, on 11th at Pentland Skerries, 3 seen. Mod. S., clear. Latest on December 4th at Pentland Skerries, and at Girdleness on January 4th at former, and Dec. 4th at latter (with large flocks of Rooks at the latter). Decided rush between Oct. 11th and 26th at Pentland Skerries (14th), Mod. E., and at Isle of May. The numbers recorded are, on 11th and 12th one shot by J. A. H. B.; no more till 23rd, eighteen flying N. (and Rooks), forty on 24th and forty on 25th, with one Carrion Crow. Continued on 26th; one lighted on lantern (rare). Again, in November; a number for some days (along with Ravens, at Sumburgh Head on 10th); also at Pentland Skerries a few, and the indication of a rush at Isle of May, on the 12th to 15th, flocks of nine and twelve having been seen on these dates.

Other species mentioned are Jackdaws, a few in February, at Isle of May, stayed between 16th and 21st, and one seen on 25th. None anywhere in March, but resident from April 1st till August 1st, when all left. Besides these, a few passing birds at Pentland Skerries, on April 4th ("rare"), "fatigued," fresh S.E., and two on 19th, fresh N.E. Three also on 22nd at Isle of May, fresh S.E. haze, and in May at Pentland Skerries, one, N.W., clear; resting on island. Jackdaws have one entry, August 1st at Cromarty. The note is added "have all left." In October, one Jackdaw again at Pentland Skerries (marked again, "rare"), light W., rain.

Ravens.—One record on April 4th; three seen at Sumburgh Head, probably resident at Fetlar, or in the vicinity. A number are recorded on one date in autumn, also at Sumburgh Head on October 10th. These spring and autumn movements may safely, we think, be looked upon as local and not regular migrations.

Cypselidæ.—Land Note.—At Bridge of Allan, Stirlingshire, "Forth," first seen on May 9th after a wet day and cloudy; quite numerous on 11th; a warm sunny day.

Sturninæ.—All records of Starlings—spring and autumn—are light. Earliest in Spring, Feb. 15th, one at Sumburgh Head and a flock at Isle of May. Latest, Dec. 26th (autumn), a few at Isle of May. Most spring records in March; five records at four stations (Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, Bell Rock, and Isle of May); on 7th (Sumburgh Head), 5th (Bell Rock), 2nd, large flock (Isle of May), and 17th (Pentland Skerries). Prevailing wind S.E., and haze. In April great numbers on 3rd (young birds) at Sumburgh Head, and large numbers on 15th. At Inchkeith a pair built for the first time for eight years, and reared young.

In autumn, large flocks every day, about beginning of August, at Isle of May (earliest) up to September 19th, when all left, mostly young. Up to date, wind easterly, changed on 20th to W. An increase observed on October 25th at Isle of May again. Intermittent and rare in November, all over, and on 18th a strong S.E. gale, apparently drove them all away. In December a few seen on 12th and 26th, and a few on Jan. 12th, 1885.

Larks.—Spring, heavy migration, but confined in time. Earliest February 5th, at Bell Rock, and a few on eight dates at Bell Rock, prevailing E. and S.E.; on 5th, light W. on 14th, 15th, and 16th, varying from gale S.E. at 9 p.m., on 15th, to W. Latest, April 3rd, at Sumburgh Head, great numbers (along with Thrushes). Greatest rush, March 6th, at Bell Rock. All left 7th and 8th, and were succeeded by a "great flock" on 8th again (with Thrushes) striking and rebounding into the sea.

In autumn, no records till September 9th, then one at Bell Rock; two other records in September, one at N. Unst and one at Pentland Skerries. On Dec. 14th a rush took place, with S.W. gale and sleet. Between 12th and 16th Nov. a great rush at Bell Rock and Isle of May; on change of wind from light S. to W. at 10.30 all left on 12th, but were succeeded by great rush on 15th. The greatest rush on 12th (see [Thrushes]). Another rush appears to have taken place on January 28th and 31st, and intermittent movements on 25th and a few other dates; a number on the 20th.

Emberizidæ.—Yellow Buntings at Isle of May, February 15th, two all day; light S.E. showers (earliest records of any Buntings). In March 5th, seven Buntings at Isle of May, fresh N.W. clear; and on 31st two Corn Buntings at Isle of May, fresh N.W. clear; and on 31st two Corn Buntings, fresh S. In April two single records of "Buntings," 5th and 21st, light S.E. with a movement of other species. In May, three records of Corn Buntings, on 2nd, 12th, and 22nd, at Pentland Skerries, W. and variable. In July a common (Corn) Bunting was observed at Pentland Skerries, on 7th, moderate S.E., fog.

In autumn, returns light, as compared with most years. Earliest Snow Bunting at Pentland Skerries on September 17th ("first seen"), one bird. In October, very few at Pentland Skerries and Isle of May, but thousands—a rush of Snow Buntings—at N. Ronaldshay on 12th and 25th October. Rush November 12th to 15th (with other species). Snow Buntings usually appear with gales and snow and sleet, but this year have come in clear weather as a rule. Great numbers at N. Ronaldshay on December 5th, and have been there since last date. A few stray records of Yellow Buntings in December, and in January, 1885, and one flock of Snow Buntings on Jan. 4th, 1885.

Cuculidæ.—Only records are May 11th, one at Isle of May, and at same station June 11th and 17th, light S.E. and clear, both dates.

Strigidæ.—No records.

Falconidæ.—As usual there are numbers of records of Hawks, Falcons, &c., at most of the island stations—so many indeed that we consider it unnecessary to notice them in full, as we have hitherto done, except where rarities occur or where distinct migratory movements are clearly seen. Records of Falconidæ run all through the year in most seasons, and generally apparent, mostly due to local flights, pursuing waders or land birds. Thus in February, March, April, and May; but apparently, in 1884, not observed in June and July, re-appear in August, September, October and November, but are not recorded in December this year. Lightest returns in February, March, April and May in spring; lightest in August, November and December in autumn. Heaviest returns in September and October. They participate less in spring migration, and search of food, as at that time they have more local habits and are preparing their nesting-places, but more in autumn, because the young are hatched off, able to look after themselves, and working hard in the "struggle for existence."

The species mentioned in spring are as follows:—Game Hawk (Peregrine Falcon), Merlin, Eagles (seen several times at Sumburgh Head in April, breeding near at hand), Sea Eagles, Sparrowhawks. And in autumn, Game Hawk, Kestrel, "Yellow-spotted Hawk", "Large Yellow-spotted Hawk," (Isle of May) Merlin, Large Blue-backed, "with a white ring round front of the neck, too small for a Goshawk."

Note.—We want badly to have specimens for identification of different Hawks.

In September we have ten records of above species, at two stations, and in October ten more also at the same stations, viz.: Pentland Skerries and Isle of May; on eight dates in September and eight dates in October.

We do not think more minute data will serve any useful purpose, except where decided migrations of large numbers of Hawks are observed, or distinctly foreign or new and unusual species.

Pelecanidæ.—We have records of Solan Geese in every month in the year except January, November and December, but on only one date in February, three in March, four in April; but bulking heavier. Great numbers in May, continuing in June, increasing in July, and continuously in flocks in September. But in October only one record, and that on the 2nd. We will yet have to see where all our Gannets congregate during these three months; they are absent from our British coasts, or, at least, at their scarcest.[18] From the date of the first (February) record the almost invariable direction of flight given is "flying east," or easterly; but one record at Sumburgh Head gives "a number flying N. on April 11th, light N. clear,"[19] on to the date of September 17th. But on the 19th September an unmistakable change takes place, and while we still find up to October 2nd, Solans flying east, we also find that from Sept. 19th Solans were also flying west, past all the stations sending returns, viz., Pentland Skerries and Dunnet Head. I wish more correspondents both on East Coast of Scotland, at say Noss Head and Buchanness, and St. Abb's Head, and on the West Coast at Barra Head, Stoir Head, and Rhinns of Islay, would return daily records of the movements of Gannets, specially noting the direction and flight of flocks.

[18] See Mr. Anderson's notes on Atlantic 220 miles from Boston in May, and his notes also off Cape St. Vincent in January, 1885, in the present report, [p. 4], and evidence of the migrations of this species in previous reports.

[19] At Sumburgh Head the migration appears local, "passing N. or S. during the herring fishery." In this connection see [General Remarks] regarding Gulls, at the end of West Coast of Scotland, and the movements of sprats (Clupea).

Solan Geese bulked largest in July, flying E., and the return rush appears to have taken place two months after, in September. On January 5th, 1885 there is one record of five Solans flying E. Fresh W. cloudy at Pentland Skerries. We would ask Mr. Gilmour, or the principal light-keeper at this station, to carefully record any movements of Solans during the winter months which come under his observations.

Since the above was written a late schedule from N. Ronaldshay reports Solan Geese flying north every day between July 5th and about Sept. 1st in flocks all day of torn two or three to twenty.

To 1885.—In February, 1885, seven Gannets flying W. on 12th, and three on 21st.

Ardeidæ.—Herons are recorded from March to June sparingly. None in July or August. Sparingly again in September, none in October, and a few in November,—a very light migration as compared with 1882.

Anatidæ.—Thirteen Swans at N. Unst seen flying N.W. on April 3rd, light airs, clear, and at same station three seen resting on the loch on Oct. 30th, wind light S.W. and rain. Of geese no spring records. In autumn, fifteen Wild Geese on Oct. 26th, flying S.; strong W. gale on 25th, and N.W. on 26th. In November, three grey geese seen flying west at Pentland Skerries; wind fresh W.N.W. clear (marked "rare"). Of Eider Ducks, earliest notice at Isle of May, a few small flocks on March 23rd, W. to N.W.; a large flock ("very few hitherto") on April 19th, and another (the same?) on May 11th. No more, except such as breed there, at least no records till Sept. 24th; thirty-four Eiders (three old males and one King Eider with them). This flock had, however, been frequenting along shore for some days. The King Eider was a splendid male, and was watched a whole day at six or eight different vantage-points with a powerful glass. Next day, while all the Eiders were still there, this bird disappeared. During the three weeks I spent on Isle of May in September and October, flocks of Eiders were never absent, shifting their position according to the direction of the wind, and diving, as is their habit, in the very midst of the angry surf. The largest number counted in a flock was fifty (six males) on Oct. 6th.[20]

[20] I saw some thirty or forty dead Eider Ducks and Drakes at a birdstuffers in Edinburgh in February, shot in Orkney by a Mr. Scott, of Meadow Bank, Edinburgh; I should be glad if Mr. Scott would tell me if he shot them for sport, or for what reason.

Teal, one record at Pentland Skerries on June 25th, light N.W., resting on island; and one Wigeon at Isle of May on June 11th; one Wild Duck, one Teal, Isle of May, Oct. 1st; large numbers of Wigeons and Scaups in the Moray Firth by Nov. 16th, and Barnicle Geese; one Teal and one R. B. Merganser, shot at Isle of May (in mus. Isle of May) on 25th and 27th Nov. But at N. Ronaldshay Eiders began to arrive by September 1st, and remain all winter in hundreds.

Columbidæ.—Wood Pigeons: one at Isle of May on 6th September, light W., clear; a large flock flying N.W., wind N., light, clear, on 14th November; about one hundred on 26th, flying N., wind light W.N.W. No other records from any other station. An increase on resident numbers of Rock Doves observed at Pentland Skerries on 14th November.

Land Note.—In January, at Glenboerie, Stirlingshire, Stock Doves appeared, and my keeper sent in two along with two Wood Pigeons. This species is rapidly spreading and increasing in Scotland. (See last Report, p. 25.[21]) This is the first record in E. of Stirlingshire.—J. A. H. B.

[21] See Mr. Cordeaux's report on Stock Doves crossing German Ocean and General Remarks.

Rallidæ.—Corn Crake arrived at Pentland Skerries, 17th May; heard first time at Cromarty on 14th May; and one recorded at Isle of May, with rush of other migrants, on the 11th.

In autumn, the last old Corn Crakes were seen at Pentland Skerries, but young are still on island on 12th September; but on 7th November, at same station, one young bird was still frequenting the island; and on 8th January is again recorded, with the remark, "This bird seems to have been here all the season;" and therefore the records above, from 12th September to 8th January, 1885, probably all refer to the same solitary young bird, which, perhaps unable to leave at the time, yet has been able to survive the winter. We would like to hear more of this bird's behaviour, if Mr. J. Gilmour can give us further notes.

Charadriadæ.—Lapwing or Peewit, a light movement only in spring, and scarcely any records at all in autumn. A few at Sumburgh Head on 14th and 22nd; light S.S.E.; and on 25th, fresh N., a few all day on island; a few single or light entries in March at Isle of May; most (seven) on 17th; and in June, two on 9th, at Sumburgh Head; lighter returns than in 1883, even; one at Pentland Skerries, 1st December. Scarcely any movements of Golden Plover recorded, and only at Pentland Skerries, 4th July, a flock; several one day in August, fresh S.E., fog; and at Sumburgh Head large flocks on 26th and 28th September. At N. Ronaldshay flocks of Golden Plover visit the island, about the 25th August, and many remain all winter. Oystercatchers, few records are given; two at Pentland Skerries on 16th March, and very large numbers at Sumburgh Head on 29th August.

Scolopacidæ.—Scarcer in spring than in 1883, and no rush appreciable; no records in April, and only stray entries on 16th, 25th, and 30th May. In July various slight records; all local migrations for food, no doubt, even when flocking together; or it may be, beginning to migrate, when in flocks, on 22nd and 24th July; and from that, on to 21st October, flocks on many dates; wind S.E. in September at N. stations up to 20th, or thereby; but in October northerly and westerly, or N.E. gales. When direction of flight is given it is usually East in autumn, distinguishing, of course, between real migrants and only local movements. Fifty Curlews at N. Ronaldshay on 22nd August; remain all winter; and a few shot usually by Mr. J. Tulloch.

In autumn, a considerable migration; a good Woodcock year. Earliest migrants recorded: one at Pentland Skerries, 14th October, moderate E., after a N.N.E. gale; with Snipe, and rush of other species. Latest, about 17th November, at Isle of May; five shot. Rush of Woodcocks between 12th and 17th, at Pentland Skerries; but especially at Isle of May, on 4th (six shot), 11th (four shot), 12th (ten shot). Few records in October, and this migration was delayed by adverse winds during that month.[22] A number are scheduled from N. Ronaldshay, on the island, all day; on 8th November light S.W. and rain, and the remark, "I never saw so many Woodcocks on the island since I came here." All left in a few days. One on 2nd December, at Isle of May; and on 12th and 20th January, 1855. Of Snipe, not many records. Earliest, one at Isle of May, 23rd April; and on 1st May at Pentland Skerries. Three Jack Snipe at same place, 4th July (an unusually early arrival, J. A. H. B.), moderate E., fog. Latest, four at Isle of May, 28th November; and Jack Snipe, one at Isle of May on 25th; few records in October; but indication of a rush in November, with other species, between 16th and 20th. At North Ronaldshay numbers of Snipe seen rising out of all marshy places on 17th November. One Jack Snipe torn open in striking.[23] At Torwood, near this, I saw nineteen Woodcocks shot on 13th December (J. A. H. B.), and many other good bags of Woodcock are on record this autumn and winter. They were, however, unusually scarce in the shooting season. Of Waders, generally, there are many entries, including Redshanks, "Sandpipers," Purple Sandpipers (Isle of May and Pentland Skerries), Turnstones, Ringed Plover and Dunlin (Isle of May), which we do not consider it necessary to detail. The rushes of other species indicate also the details of the above.

[22] One Woodcock struck hard on the west side of the dome at Isle of May, flying dead against light east wind, and was found next morning 100 yards to the N.E., and shot by a friend. Its breast was torn open, and much lacerated. It may have struck the side of the dome, and glanced off; but we were in the lantern-room at the time, and it sounded on the W. side. It had evidently dropped after striking outside the balcony, and then, recovering, flew straight for the Pilot House, the white-washed walls of which were reflecting the lantern-light.

[23] Some birds, even in light winds and haze, seem more impetuous than others at the lantern-lights, such as Woodcock and Snipe.—J. A. H. B.

Sterninæ.—Few records. Terns arrived at Pentland Skerries on 11th May; and at Cromarty the Lesser Tern arrived on 4th May. The Terns left about the 20th August, and the Lesser Terns on the 15th, with light S.W. wind. In September a flock of Terns passed Bell Rock on the 15th, and on the 17th a flock kept round the lantern all night, strong N.W., and disappeared with daylight.

Note.—The birds called the Laughing Gull, by Mr. Agnew, are the Common Gull (Larus canus), not common at Isle of May.

To Mr. Agnew.—The true Laughing Gull is an American species; and our Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) may also be confused with your "Laughing Gull." "Common Gull" is the correct name of the bird you describe and name "Laughing Gull."

Laridæ.—Kittiwakes arrived in great numbers at N. Unst on 13th March, strong S., hail and sleet. Gulls and rock birds arrived in great numbers at Sumburgh Head on 8th March, and again on 24th, light N.E., haze.[24] Kittiwakes arrived first on 16th March at Isle of May, and great many more on 24th, wind from W. to N.E. Great Black-backed Gulls are mentioned at Sumburgh Head and Pentland Skerries on 4th February and 4th March respectively. Three "Bonxies" seen at N. Unst, 20th April, the first arrivals, light E.N.E., clear. Richardson's Skuas, a number at Sumburgh Head, 3rd May, S. gale and snow. Kittiwakes first appeared at (or first record at) Pentland Skerries, 5th May (?). They began to return west, by our records, on 23rd July, several flocks of Gulls, flying W. Skuas, occasional records at Pentland Skerries; are apparently local in August. Kittiwakes all left Isle of May on 29th August, and hundreds of Gulls arrived. Flocks of Gulls all September at most stations, but no unusual numbers noted. "Gulls and Cormorants (J. A. H. B.) were wheeling high in air; not a good sign of the coming weather."[25] Iceland Gulls (called also "Snow Birds," in common with Snow Buntings) first appeared at N. Unst on 1st October, again seen on the 4th. "Gulls," of sorts, abundant at Isle of May by Nov. 17th; and garvies, or "sprats" (Clupea sprattus), in vast shoals round the island (see [General Remarks]). At North Ronaldshay numbers of Gulls seen, and a good many Black-backed Gulls remaining and feeding on the people's turnips! (or slugs or worms, J. A. H. B., 21st December). Lesser Black-backed Gulls, Herring Gulls, Great Black-backed Gulls, Kittiwakes, Black-headed Gulls, two common Skuas (J. A. H. B.), L. catarractes, a few Glaucous Gulls, one Little Gull recorded by J. A. H. B. at Kincardine, on the Firth of Forth. All the above species were frequenting the Firth of Forth, the Kittiwakes and commoner Gulls in hundreds and thousands. Sprats sold at 14s., 12s. to 8s. per ton at S. pier, at Kincardine; fields covered, mud covered, sea covered, air filled with Gulls. No such vast assemblage of Laridæ in Scotland since the invasion of Arctic Gulls in 1872-73 (see Proc. Glasg. Nat. Hist. Soc, Jan. 7th and 28th, 1873). The estuary of the Tay was quite deserted by garvies, or sprats, this season, and few Gulls seen there.[26]

[24] See Oldest Inhabitant's remarks on the unusual abundance of Gulls all the season onwards, from 8th March, at this station, in connection with the migration of sprats in winter of 1884—85, and congregation of Gulls in Firth of Forth (vide [General Remarks] at end of West Coast of Scotland),

[25] In autumn there are a few Shags, or Green Cormorants, at Isle of May; but a colony, or roosting and fishing community of about fifty to sixty Cormorants, occupy the rock-ledges.

[26] Inside the dock at Bo'ness a man filled his boat, which held seven tons, twice in rapid succession. About 350 tons were brought into Bo'ness and trucked off. A much larger quantity I suspect was obtained at Kincardine.

Procellariidæ.—August, September, October, and November each contain a few records at N. Unst, Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May. Earliest, 11th August, at N. Unst, one struck, not killed, fresh S.E., fog; and several struck on 19th. On 14th September several rested all night, from 11 p.m. to daylight, at N. Unst, fresh S.E.; and one next day struck, light S., fog; and one caught at Sumburgh Head same night. On 18th October one found, struck, but not killed; light, variable, rain. In November one struck at N. Unst; on the 16th November, "a young bird, having still the down." I have recorded also a Forked-tailed Petrel (Thalassidroma leachii), at Girdleness, on 15th August, 1884 (see Ryl. Phyl. Soc. Proc, 1885, read 21st January, 1885).

Alcidæ.—Razorbills and Guillemots, and Puffins: February 15th, several "Marrots" first seen, forenoon; strong S., clear; at N. Unst. February 3rd, large numbers of Razorbills and Guillemots arrived at Isle of May; seven killed at a shot. February 7th, large numbers of Razorbills and Guillemots arrived at Isle of May; light W., clear. February 20th, large numbers of Razorbills and Guillemots arrived at Isle of May. February 24th, Puffins innumerable at N. Unst; first seen; light S., clear. February 24th, Guillemots in flocks flying S.E., at Sumburgh Head; first seen. February 27th, Guillemots, continuous flock flying S.E. March 6th, Guillemots and Razorbills, thousands at Isle of May: "They have remained ever since they came, which is unusual; but some days more than others."—J. A. March 6th to 30th, ever increasing numbers of Razorbills and Guillemots; greatest rush of arrival at Isle of May on 30th. April 4th, multitudes, but all left at 4 p.m.; Isle of May. April 8th, multitudes in the morning. April 8th, multitudes, and now remain: "Arrived at night, as is usual when they intend to remain."—J. A. April 22nd, Puffins, which breed at Pentland Skerries, first arrived on 22nd. May 6th, at Pentland Skerries, a flock of Guillemots flying E. May 29th, flocks all day flying E. June 6th, six Guillemots flying W. July 8th, a flock flying E. at Pentland Skerries. September 5th, all rock birds seen last at N. Unst on this date. November 19th, forty or fifty Cormorants seen flying S. at 4 p.m. Query: "Are those the birds which were roosting on Isle of May in September and October, or passing birds?"—J. A. H. B. December 12th and 13th, large numbers; and again on 29th, at Isle of May. Unusually abundant in Firth of Forth, with Little Auks and Puffins, in January, 1885.

Our report on the E. coast of Scotland includes all schedules between February 1st, 1884, and January 31st, 1885, which have come to hand in time.[27]

[27] It is important for me to have all schedules dating as near as possible to January 31st in each year returned as filled up to date, as the work of arranging the large amount of material is much simplified if all schedules are to hand as soon after the last entry as possible.

EAST COAST OF ENGLAND.

Schedules were sent to thirty-eight stations, lighthouses and light-vessels, on the East Coast of England, and returns have been received from twenty-six.

Independent reports have been received from Malmo, Sweden; Stevns Fyr (lighthouse of Stevns), Zealand; and from Heligoland. Also from several land stations on the East Coast, namely Northumberland coast, Seaton-Carew, Redcar, Flamborough, Spurn, Great Cotes (Lincolnshire), Blakeney and Cley, Wells and Cromer (Norfolk), Yarmouth and the Isle of Thanet; altogether thirty-seven reporting stations against thirty-five in 1883. The total number of schedules sent in is seventy, a considerable increase on previous years, and the labour of arranging, tabulating and reporting thereon has been considerably increased.

The schedules received from the light-keepers are very satisfactory; they register an immense amount of special information relating to the passage of migrants in the spring and autumn of 1884; the entries are so numerous, and the mass of materials so large, that it is impossible to give more than the general results of the collected observations.

The notes from land stations, courteously placed at our disposal by independent observers, many of whom are practical ornithologists of long standing and repute, add greatly to the value of the report, and go far to establish the approximate correctness of the details as given in the separate remarks on each species.

Our thanks are due to Frank K. Newton, Professor H. Lütken, H. Gätke, T. H. Nelson, C. Donald Thompson, Matthew Bailey, W. Eagle Clarke, the Rev. H. H. Slater, Philip Lawton, J. H. Gurney, J. F. D. Power, M. Vaughan, and Lord Clifton, for kind co-operation and assistance, either in direct communication or by access to their unpublished field notes, some of which will probably subsequently appear in the Journals and Proceedings of various Natural History Societies.

The greatest number of schedules received from any one station are nine from Mr. Thomas H. Cutting of the Inner Farn Lighthouse, and four from Mr. Owen Boyle of the Languard Lighthouse.

The east coast stations included in this report are as follows, those making returns being marked with a star (*):—

SEPARATE NOTES ON EACH SPECIES.

Turdus viscivorus, Mistletoe Thrush.—Great Cotes, Sept. 23rd, great many young on passage. Redcar, Oct. 4th, 8 a.m. [N.W. 5], flocks coming in. Longstone L.H., Nov. 12th, a few; Dec. 9th, a few; and Jan. 4th, 1855, some. Heligoland, Oct. 7th, one; Nov. 22nd, several along with Blackbirds, Fieldfares, and Ring Ouzels, wind W., strong, with snow squalls.

T. musicus, Song Thrush.—Spring, 1884: Farn, L.H., March 6th to May 1st, Thrushes at intervals. Coquet L.H., March 20th, all day. Autumn: Aug. 21st, Spurn, already on the move up the coast; sparingly at coast stations in September, but large numbers throughout October. A rush on to coast from the Farn Islands to Yarmouth between the 18th and 24th of Oct., and again from Nov. 4th to 12th. Great Cotes, Nov. 22nd, a rush. Many also came in at Whitby on Jan. 10th, 1885. Heligoland, Sept. 18th, first, and a few through the month; throughout October, but in less number from the 22nd to 30th, and on to Nov. 10th; great many 22nd and 28th, and a few at intervals to Dec. 24th.

T. iliacus, Redwing.—Spring, 1884: Longstone L.H., March 14th, S. misty, several round lantern. Autumn: Spurn, a few in the last fortnight in September. Isle of Thanet, Sept. 30th, first. Between the Farn Islands and Hasborough L.V. at various stations from Oct. 1st to Nov. 15th; rushes on Oct. 21st to 24th, wind S. and S.W., and Nov. 12th, 13th and 15th. Heligoland, Oct. 7th to 18th; 19th, early, flights of hundreds; 22nd and 23rd, great numbers; last on Nov. 16th.

T. pilaris, Fieldfare.—Spring, 1884: Last at the Spurn, twenty on May 9th. Autumn: The first at Farn L.H. Oct. 15th, and between this date to Jan. 10th, 1885, at intervals at stations covering the whole east coast. In fact, since the middle of October to the second week in the new year, Fieldfares, Red-wings, Thrushes and Blackbirds, have been coming in at intervals, young birds first, and the old later in the year. Unusually large flights of Fieldfares are recorded at inland stations in December and January. Heligoland, Oct. 14th, first; 19th, early, flights of hundreds; 29th, great many, also caught at night at lighthouse; Nov. 22nd and 28th, great many; also Dec. 1st, 24th, and 30th (S.W. still overcast), on the latter day very large numbers.

T. varius, White Thrush.—Heligoland, Oct. 3rd, one caught; 23rd, one seen (certain).

T. migratorius, Red-breasted Thrush.—Heligoland, Oct. 14th, N.W., windy and rain, one seen in cliff, quite close.

T. merula, Blackbird.—Spring, 1884: At the Northumberland stations from March 14th to 20th, many, wind W. and S.W. Orfordness L.H., May 18th, 6 p.m., three struck. Autumn: Great Cotes, Sept. 12th, some young cocks. At numerous stations between the Farn Islands and Hanois L.H., Guernsey, in October, and marvellous numbers in November with the like lateral range; Nov. 11th, 12th, and 13th, an almost continuous rush night and day, with S.E. winds and a low pressure area in Western Europe.[28] Great Cotes, Nov. 26th, first old cocks with yellow bills. Hasborough L.V., Jan. 19th and 20th, 1885, easterly winds, Blackbirds all night. Farn L.H., Jan. 6th to 19th, several on island. Longstone L.H., Jan. 4th, N., rain, passing to land. Migration much in excess of previous reports. Heligoland, first, Oct. 11th, and at intervals to Nov. 5th, up to which date no old cock had been seen; last on Nov. 10th and 12th. The migration of this species at Heligoland is very light compared with the English coast.

[28] This rush appears to have, in a greater or less degree, covered the whole of the east coast. At the Longstone L.H., Farn Islands, it is recorded by our observer, Mr. T. 0. Hall, as follows:—"Nov. 10th, all kinds of small birds coming all day, one Snipe seen, wind southerly, hazy weather; at 8 a.m., three grey crows to E. 11th, birds still coming, all kinds, or rather the small kind, two Snipe, and one Woodcock. 12th, great rush of Blackbirds, Ouzel, a few Mistletoe Thrushes., Redwings, Lapwings, Grey and Golden Plover, as well as Woodcock and Snipe. This is the greatest rush of the season, and lasted all day up to 10 p.m.; complete absence of Starlings; wind all day from S. to S. by W., after midnight changing to N.W." There was no corresponding rush across Heligoland during the same period.

T. torquatus, Ring Ouzel.—Spring, 1884: Farn Islands, March 23rd to 29th, a few. Autumn: first seen, Sept. 9th, Spurn, some. Redcar, Oct. 24th to 26th, a few. Longstone L.H., Nov. 12th, rush. Migration considerably under average. Heligoland, Sept. 16th, some; 17th, sprinkling; 19th, pretty numerous; Oct. 11th, first old birds; last observed, Nov. 22nd.

Saxicola œnanthe, Wheatear.—Spring, 1884: March 19th, Farn L.H., first. Hanois L.H., Guernsey, 28th and 30th, midnight, many round lantern; April 7th, many during morning in two's and three's, to W.; 18th and 21st, the same. Farn Islands and Teesmouth, May 3rd to 17th, many going S.E. to N.W. Autumn: Farn L.H., between August 6th first, to Redcar, Oct. 26th last, great migration along the coast between these dates, from north to south, both of home birds and others which had crossed the North Sea. Spurn, Sept. 13th, "rush," many all day; last Wheatear seen in Great Cotes marshes, near the Humber, on November 7th. Heligoland, August 1st and 3rd, a few; 5th, twenty or so, and then a considerable migration to the 22nd, when the movement for the time ceased, commencing again on the 27th, and was continued through September to the 19th; the first old birds on October 3rd, and again some young on the 12th, when the passage appears to have ceased. Immense numbers covered the island on the 12th of Sept. and three following days, wind E.S.E., clear and fine.

S. stapazina, Black-throated Wheatear.—Heligoland, Oct. 2nd, one, probable, not obtained.

Pratincola rubetra, Whinchat.—No English notes. Heligoland, August 15th, some on cliff; 17th, great numbers; 18th and 19th, the same, and on to the end of the month, through September to the 18th, when the migration ceased; astounding numbers with others on the 14th and 15th Sept.

P. rubicola, Stonechat.—Spurn, August 29th, considerable immigration of young birds; Sept. 26th, many old. In North-east Lincolnshire we have had a sprinkling of old birds about the sheep-folds in turnip fields all through the winter.

Ruticilla phœnicurus, Redstart.—Spring: Farn Islands, April 7th, one; 29th, S.E., many. Malmo, Sweden, May 5th, two or three in garden. Autumn: Spurn, Aug. 25th, first, to Thanet, Oct. 5th, last on passage up coast; rushes on Sept. 4th, 11th, 12th, and 17th. Heligoland, August 11th, first, young birds; enormous passage on 20th and 21st, easterly, hot and fine; through September, and an astounding rush from the 12th to the 15th; last, Oct. 1st and 2nd.

R. titys, Black Redstart.—One, as reported by Mr. Gurney, shot at Blakeney, about the middle of October, by Mr. Seebohm. Heligoland, Oct. 23rd, some; 25th, less. Three to four weeks later in migration than Common Redstart.

Cyanecula suecica, Arctic Bluethroat.—Cley and Blakeney (as observed by Mr. F. D. Power), September 8th, W.N.W., one; 11th, E. to N.N.E., one shot showing red spot fairly well; 12th, E. to N., eighty to one hundred, also many Redstarts,—examples obtained were immature, and in the proportion of six males to one female; 13th, E.N.E., about four dozen left on banks; 15th, E., eight or ten; 16th, S.E., and later N.E., four or five. Spurn, Sept. 15th, two seen, one shot; 18th, three shot and others seen. Isle of Thanet, Sept. 15th, two seen on some arable land by Lord Clifton. Heligoland, Aug. 31st, some young; Sept. 1st and 3rd, pretty numerous; 9th and 10th, very many; 11th and 12th, very great numbers, and less to 18th; 19th and 20th, many. It is interesting to compare these dates with the arrival on the English coast.

Erithacus rubecula, Redbreast.—Spring: Farn Islands, March 11th, several. Longstone L.H., April 28th, E.N.E., two. Autumn: At several stations between the Farns and mouth of Thames; first at Shipwash L.V. August 14th, large numbers at noon to W.; the last at Hasborough L.V., Nov. 12th, one at night on deck. Heligoland, Sept. 19th, a few; 21st, great many, and on to the end of month, and at intervals through October to November 12th, rush, if any, Oct. 12th. Migration appears to have ceased at the same date both on English coast and at Heligoland.

Sylvia cinerea, Whitethroat.—Heligoland, Aug. 19th, young, the first, very red; 21st and 23rd, a few; Sept. 11th, some.

S. atricapilla, Blackcap.—Spring: Farn L.H. April 29th, several. Autumn: Thanet, Sept. 3rd to 5th. Heligoland, Oct. 12th, a few.

S. hortensis, Garden Warbler.—Spring: Malmo, Sweden, May 14th. Autumn: Thanet, Sept, 3rd to 13th. Spurn L.H., 17th, S.E., one struck and killed, several seen on following day; many Redstarts, Pied Flycatchers, and Bluethroats, also arriving on night of 17th. Heligoland, Aug. 27th, a few (no curruca); Sept. 1st and 9th.

S. nisoria, Barred Warbler.—Spurn, Aug. 28th, one, a female of the year, obtained by Mr. Slater (See 'Zoologist, 1884, p. 489). Cley, Norfolk, Sept. 4th, N.E., one, which was also an immature female, shot by Mr. F. D. Power.[29]

[29] This makes the third occurrence of the Barred Warbler in the British Isles. The first is recorded near Cambridge by Professor Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1879, p. 219.

Regulus cristatus, Goldcrest.—Spring: One recorded from Spurn, Coquet, and Farn Islands, last fortnight in March, and at the Longstone L.H., one on April 28th. Autumn: First at Redcar, August 28th, and last at Great Cotes, early morning of Nov. 22nd, N.E., blowing strong on previous night; the migration covering eighty-seven days, and extending over the whole coast between the Farn Islands and Hanois L.H., Guernsey. Bushes took place on August 14th, Sept. 27th to 30th, Oct. 21st to 22nd, and Nov. 16th. At Hanois L.H., Sept. 30th, from 2 a.m., the windows of the lantern were crowded with Goldcrests. On Oct. 21st and 22nd, great numbers each night round the lanterns of Dudgeon and Leman and Ower L.V.'s, wind S.S.E., and on Nov. 16th many during night round the lantern of Hanois L.H. Malmo, Sweden, Sept. 22nd, in flocks, but only remained one day. Heligoland, Oct. 3rd, great many; 8th, many during afternoon, and at intervals to 25th; greatest number on 12th and 25th Oct.; migration very small compared with the English coast. Great Cotes, March 8th, 1885, Goldcrests on return migration to coast.

R. ignicapillus, Firecrest.—Heligoland, Oct. 25th, some.

Phylloscopus rufus, Chiffchaff.—The earliest spring occurrence is Haileybury College, March 17th, four Chiffchaffs and two Willow Wrens. Autumn: Spurn, August 25th, two. Heligoland, Sept. 15th, commencing, and a few at intervals to Oct. 25th.

P. trochilus, Willow Wren.—Isle of Thanet, July 31st, on autumn passage. Spurn, August 20th to Sept. 10th, constantly in small numbers, working southward up the coast. Heligoland, Aug. 4th, young pretty numerous, and at intervals to Sept. 18th; rushes August 17th and 21st; Sept. 10th to 15th, very great numbers.

P. sibilatrix, Wood Wren.—Thanet, Aug. 5th to 30th, on passage.

Hypolais icterina, Icterine Warbler.—Cley, Norfolk, Sept. 11th, E. to N.N.E., one obtained by Mr. F. D. Power. Heligoland, Aug. 18th, S.E., with Pied Flycatchers and Whinchats, numbers.

Acrocephalus phragmitis, Sedge Warbler.—Spurn L.H., Aug. 21st, three struck and two killed at midnight; from Aug. 20th to Sept. 10th is noted, by Mr. Slater, as the commonest of the Warblers there, found amongst Scirpus maritimus and in every ditch. Heligoland, Aug. 11th, some.

Locustella nævia, Grasshopper Warbler.—Heligoland, Sept. 10th, S.E., slight, a few, with a crowd of Pied Flycatchers, Willow Wrens, Redstarts, Bluethroats, Ortolan Buntings, Blue-headed Yellow Wagtails, Tree and Meadow Pipits, Wheatears, and Whinchats.

Accentor modularis, Hedgesparrow.—Spurn, Aug. 20th, and through September abundant at intervals. Tees L.V., 21st, two, with a Linnet, Redbreast and Titlark on board, leaving to N.W. at 7 a.m. Spurn and Great Cotes, 23rd to 26th, swarming. Heligoland, Sept. 18th, some, the first; 21st and 30th, pretty numerous; at intervals in October to 24th.

Acredula rosea, British Long-tailed Titmouse.—Thanet, Oct. 15th, "one flock, the only one seen this autumn." Redcar, Oct. 22nd, 6.30 a.m., flock of twenty to S.W.

Parus major and cæruleus, Great Titmouse and Blue Titmouse.—Great Cotes, Sept. 15th and 18th, both very plentiful. Redcar, Nov. 15th, S.E., moderate, a few Blue Tits. None over Heligoland this autumn, which is somewhat remarkable; the same applies to Parus ater.

Troglodytes parvulus, Wren.—Spring: Farn Islands, through March to April 3rd, several. Spurn, 27th, 6 p.m., two. Outer Dowsing L.V., May 12th, four on board. Autumn: Shipwash L.V., Aug. 14th, large numbers, with Redstarts, at noon to W.N.W. Flamborough L.H., Aug. 19th, 11.30 p.m., Wrens and Wheatears, six or eight struck. Some observed at Spurn, Outer Dowsing, Hasbro', and Shipwash, L.VS., in September. Are last recorded at Hanois L.V., Oct. 24th, 1 a.m., S.S.E., Wrens round lantern; and a single bird on the 26th at the Cockle L.V. Heligoland, Oct. 2nd, pretty numerous; 3rd, great many; 7th, less; 8th, in afternoon, many; 21st, some; 25th, great many.

Motacilla alba, White Wagtail.—Heligoland, Aug. 23rd, pretty many young; Sept. 30th, some; Oct. 3rd, old birds.

M. lugubris, Pied Wagtail.—Spring: Farn L.H., March 8th, a pair. Whitby L.H., 16th, the first seen, at daylight. Tees L.V., 24th, four to N.W. Coquet L.H., April 6th, a pair. Autumn: Spurn, Sept. 1st, flock of about sixty. Heligoland, Oct. 16th, one.

M. melanope, Grey Wagtail.—Thanet, Aug. 29th, first seen. Spurn, a few during September. Great Cotes, Sept. 11th, young birds swarming in bean-fields;[30] 27th, some. October, old birds very plentiful.

[30] Bean-fields near the coast are always a very favourite haunt in the early autumn of the soft-billed insect-feeders. I have frequently at this season found such places swarming with various Warblers, Wagtails, and Pipits, the situation affording the very best cover as well as an abundance of food in the numerous insects and their larvæ which infest the bean plant in its latter growth.

M. flava, Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail.—Thanet, Aug. 16th, 5 p.m., one. Heligoland, Aug. 21st, a few for some days past, and at intervals to the end of the month; immense numbers between the 10th and 15th of September; 16th to 18th, less; and afterwards still less up to the 30th.

Anthus pratensis, Meadow Pipit.—Spring: Farn L.H., April 2nd, 10 a.m. to noon, S.S.E., flocks going west. Autumn: Cley, Norfolk, Sept. 17th, great arrival. Spurn and North-east Lincolnshire, 23rd to 26th, immense numbers, turnip and potato fields crowded. Farn L.H., Dec. 14th, large flock to S.W. Heligoland, Sept. 4th, hundreds of thousands, all in great haste, the rest of the month a great many each day; very large number in October, from the 1st to the 12th, and then less up to the 25th; the last on Nov. 16th.

A. cervinus, Red-throated Pipit.—Heligoland, Sept. 15th, two or three seen and heard by C. Aückens, the Heligoland birdstuffer; 16th, one shot; 18th, one shot, a young bird, another heard; 19th, two shot, more seen; 20th, three seen; Sept. 30th and Oct. 1st and 12th, one each day.

A. trivialis, Tree Pipit.—Spurn, Aug. 20th to Sept. 10th, common. Thanet, Sept. 3rd to 14th. Heligoland, Aug. 16th, a few, the first, and at intervals to end of month; from Sept. 4th to 14th, very great numbers; particularly on the 12th, 13th, and 14th, enormous numbers passing, then in less numbers to the end of the month; Oct. 1st and 2nd, still a few.

A. campestris, Tawny Pipit.—Heligoland, Sept. 4th, E.S.E., strong, one, came with the great rush of A. pratensis and trivialis.

A. richardi, Richard's Pipit.—Heligoland, Sept. 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 25th, Oct. 3rd and 6th, one each day; Oct. 12th, two.

A. obscurus, Rock Pipit.—Spurn, Sept. 27th, in pairs, passing southward. Cley, Norfolk, October, 3rd week, about 400 seen by Mr. Gurney. Yarmouth, November, last week, great many, eighteen caught alive in clap-nets. The main body pass south up the coast during the last fortnight in October. Heligoland, A. rupestris (Nilsson), Sept. 9th, a few; Oct. 9th to 14th, and last on 19th; greatest numbers on Oct. 11th, 12th, and 19th.

Lanius excubitor, Great Grey Shrike.—Spurn, Oct. 8th and Nov. 30th, one each day. Near Brigg, Lincolnshire, Oct. 18th, one. Thanet, Nov. 20th, 3.30 p.m., N.W., wet and windy, one. Heligoland, Oct. 6th, one; 15th, three; 22nd, one. Cromer, March 23rd, 1885, one shot, close by was a Hedgesparrow it had suspended (J. H. G.).

L. major, Pallas's Great Grey Shrike.—Heligoland, Sept. 17th, one; 30th, two; Oct. 11th, one; 12th, one; 16th, one, very fine example; 22nd, ten or twelve, six caught; Nov. 4th, one.

L. collurio, Red-backed Shrike.—Heligoland, Aug. 23rd, a few young birds; one, an immature bird, shot in Holderness on Aug. 19th.

Muscicapa grisola, Spotted Flycatcher.—Numerous entries in the schedules of "Flycatchers," a general name for all the small insect-feeders; it is impossible to pick out those which refer to this species exclusively. Heligoland, Aug. 21st, some, the first, and sparingly in September to the 17th.

M. atricapilla, Pied Flycatcher.—Spring: Malmo, Sweden, May 6th, two. Autumn: Thanet, Aug. 10th, first; Sept. 10th, swarmed; 30th, last seen. Spurn, Sept. 4th, first. Cley, Norfolk, the same date, one shot, another seen. Great Cotes, Sept. 13th E., first seen. Spurn, 17th, great many. Heligoland, Aug. 10th, some, the first; 11th, 12th, 13th, and 17th, pretty numerous; and an enormous rush, 18th to 21st; again, from the 10th to the 15th of September, in marvellous numbers; less to 18th, when migration ceased.

Hirundo rustica, Swallow.—Spring: Hanois L.H., April 7th, two, Flamborough and Whitby on the 8th, and Farn Islands on the 9th, a gradual movement north, at the rate of 150 English miles a day. Malmo, Sweden, first, on April 21st. Great numbers were observed at Hanois L.H., passing north up to May 11th; and at the Tees L.V., on the 8th, 9th, 11th, and 17th of May, large numbers all day from S.E. to N.W. Languard L.H., June 21st, a flock too numerous to count. Autumn: Tees L.V., July 1st, six, at 9.30 p.m., came on board and remained all night. From the middle of August and throughout September Swallows were passing south up the coast in parties of five to fifteen, and at Spurn, on Sept. 26th, 27th, 28th, continuous each day by two's and three's. In North-east Lincolnshire, some on Nov. 3rd. The last reported is from the Farn Islands, a single bird, on Nov. 8th. Heligoland, Sept. 4th, astounding numbers.

Chelidon urbica, Martin.—Spring: Outer Dowsing L.V., May 12th, four to W. Languard L.H., July 16th, all day, far too numerous to count. Heligoland, Sept. 3rd, 10 p.m., great many; 4th, astounding numbers.

Cotile riparia, Sand Martin.—Spring: Malmo, Sweden, May 14th, first. Autumn: Spurn, Aug. 25th, one; 26th, three; 27th, hundreds, after this in less numbers to Sept. 3rd; 26th, 27th, and 28th, still a few, with Swallows, each day to the south. Heligoland, October 1st, in great haste passing on.

Carduelis elegans, Goldfinch.—Orfordness L.H., Jan. 12th, 1885, flock of fifteen to twenty, one caught. Heligoland, Nov. 28th, 29th, 30th, some, with the great rush of Greenfinches; Siskin (Chry. spinus), Nov. 1st, some.

Ligurinus chloris, Greenfinch.—Great Cotes, Oct. 7th, great many in flocks. Immense numbers crossed Heligoland between the 28th of November and 26th of December: "Enormous numbers all the month, more than ever seen before." The greatest flights, Nov. 28th to 30th and Dec. 20th to 26th. Unusually large numbers are recorded by Mr. J. H. Gurney ['Zoologist,' 1885, p. 150], about Norwich and also about Brighton in the winter of 1884-5.

Coccothraustes vulgaris, Hawfinch.—Inner Dowsing L.V., Oct. 22nd, 4 p.m., "one on board, and then to W." This is the third year in succession that this species has occurred at this station. In 1882, on Oct. 20th, two on board all night; and in 1883, on Nov. 2nd, one struck the lantern.

Passer domesticus, House Sparrow.—Spring: Outer Dowsing L.V., April 9th, six on board. In the autumn great numbers are recorded at stations between the Tees L.V. and Hanois L.H., Guernsey, between Sept. 9th and Nov. 25th, the bulk crossing south of the Humber; rush, Oct. 14th and 15th, and on to the 19th. Shipwash L.V., Oct. 14th, large numbers to W.N.W. Kentish Knock L.V., 15th, all day, "hundreds on board, many dropping into the sea." Goodwin L.V., 15th, 21st, and 25th, shoals. Hanois L.V., 18th, 9 to 12 a.m., flocks, thirty to forty, to south; and many other notices too numerous to mention. Heligoland, Aug. 21st, a flight, the first; 22nd, the same; Sept. 30th, several great flights.

P. montanus, Tree Sparrow.—The migration covered the whole of the East coast, the bulk crossing south of the Humber. First recorded at Whitby L.H., Sept. 9th, immense flocks of both the Tree and Common Sparrow, and from this date up to Nov. 25th at the majority of the East coast stations, ten of them light-vessels. Rushes, Shipwash L.V., Oct. 15th, continuous all day. Leman and Ower L.V., Nov. 4th, 3 p.m., great numbers, E. to N.W., thirty coming on board. Great Cotes, 25th, flock of 500 to 600. Heligoland, Oct. 22nd, great many; Nov. 1st, smart migration.

Fringilla cœlebs, Chaffinch.—The migration is very extensive, and covers the whole of the East coast, the bulk, as in the two preceding cases, crossing south of the Humber. Through September and October immense numbers are recorded as crossing, the first flocks young of both sexes and old females; old cocks later. Rushes, Farn Islands, Oct. 16th. Orfordness L.H., 15th and 18th. Hasbro' L.V., 21st, all night. Farns and Hasbro' L.V., Nov. 2nd; also at Redcar, Nov. 20th, N.E., very stormy. Direction of flight W. to W.S.W. Heligoland, an immense migration at intervals, between Sept. 19th and Nov. 1st; great rushes, Sept. 29th, and Oct. 1st, 23rd, and 24th. On Feb. 22nd, 1885, very large flights in Great Cotes, marshes apparently composed entirely of the young of the previous year, the young cocks being in every stage of development to the mature summer plumage.

Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling.—Coast of Northumberland, Oct. 5th, first. Thanet, 20th, two; Nov. 11th, common; Dec. 3rd, first, in small flocks. Heligoland, Sept. 19th, a few, and at intervals to Nov. 30th; rushes on 23rd and 24th of Oct., S.E., clear; and Nov. 30th, southerly, with snow.

Linota cannabina, Linnet.—From Sept. 9th to the end of October in great numbers, far too numerous to separately record. The immense arrivals in the autumn appear to move gradually south up the coast, comparatively few lingering in North-east Lincolnshire after the completion of the stubble ploughing. Heligoland, Oct. 1st, some, and to Dec. 1st; rushes on Oct. 2nd, astounding numbers; 24th, very great many; and the three last days in November and first of December.

L. rufescens, Lesser Redpoll.—Heligoland, Nov. 22nd, one.

L. flavirostris, Twite.—Heligoland, Oct. 21st, flight, fifty to sixty; 23rd, pretty numerous; 24th and 30th, great many; Dec. 1st, many.

Carpodacus erythrinus, Rosy Bullfinch.—Heligoland, Sep. 9th, E.N.E., one, young.

Pyrrhula europæa, Bullfinch.—Spring: Tees L.V., March 15th, one to E.; April 3rd and 30th, one each night. Autumn: Same station, Oct. 8th, two; Nov. 25th, one.

Loxia curvirostra, Crossbill.—Heligoland, Aug. 16th, N., eleven.

Emberiza miliaria, Corn Bunting.—Heligoland, Oct. 25th, ten to twenty, "great many for this place;" Nov. 3rd, ten to fifteen. The Corn Bunting is always a very scarce migrant across Heligoland.

E. citrinella, Yellowhammer.—Heligoland, Oct. 12th, some; and a few at intervals to the 25th.

E. hortulana, Ortolan Bunting.—Cley, Norfolk, Sept. 12th, E. to N., one, an immature female, shot by Mr. F. D. Power. Heligoland, a very large migration, commencing August 16th, and continued to Sept. 19th; rushes on August 18th to 23rd and the 31st; Sept. 3rd, "a few fine old males"; 4th, great many, all in great haste, and on the 5th again old birds; Sept. 10th to 15th, enormous numbers, and then less to the 19th.

E. pusilla, Little Bunting.—Heligoland, Oct. 5th, N.E., fresh, two.

E. schœniclus, Reed Bunting.—On the Holderness, Lincolnshire and Norfolk coasts the arrival was very large in September and October; the migration commencing the first week in September. At Great Cotes, October 30th, still very numerous. Tees L.V., Oct. 15th, "three came on board, one remaining a week." Heligoland, Sept. 26th, "a few during last days;" Oct. 6th, some; 7th, many; 11th, very great many; 12th, astounding numbers; 14th, many; 15th, same; 21st to 25th, less; 30th, some. This very well represents the general order of migration at the island; first a few, then a rush for some days culminating in astounding numbers, after which there is a gradual falling away till the migration of that special species ceases altogether.