A Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia

Transcriber's Note:

Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original document have been preserved.

Manus Island, page 202. No location named. Should probably be East Indies.

Gulf of Kas, page 195. Missing longitude.

Fitze-long Bay, page 187. Wrong map coordinates.

The Index lists [Dharmapuri], [Diggi], [Kang-ping] and [Radhan] as having Glossary entries which do not exist.

Alternative spellings of Ibn Batuta include Batutu, Batatu, and Batouka.

Inconsistencies between latitude and longitude in the Index and the Glossary have been left as printed, including Ajmere, Bahera, Bitlis, Carmel, the Dead Sea, Deogarh, Dharwar, Diarbekr, Dondra Head, Elichpur, Hugli, Kagoshima, and Kamagawa.

EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY
EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS

REFERENCE

A LITERARY AND
HISTORICAL ATLAS
OF ASIA

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TO
THE
WISE MAN
ALL THE
WORLD'S
A SOIL
BEN JONSON

A LITERARY &
HISTORICAL
ATLAS OF
ASIA

J G. BARTHOLOMEW LL.D
LONDON: PUBLISHED
by J·M·DENT & SONS L^TD
AND IN NEW YORK
BY E·P·DUTTON & CO

INTRODUCTION

Fourth in the series of special atlases designed for "Everyman's Library" the present volume deals with the countries of Asia, whose history and geography, and whose possibilities, great and grave, are alike reflected in the maps and charts that follow. When Queen Elizabeth granted to certain merchants of London a charter that gave them a roving commission to trade in the East Indies, she could not foresee the immense developments that were to rise from that adventurous commerce between east and west. The successive maps of India with their frontier changes mark the gradual advance of an old world toward the new one knit by powerful mutual ties to the Isle of Britain; and recently we have seen what it is to be hoped will open a greater era for those regions, marked by a return to the old capital of Delhi, and a resuming of ancient rites which first gained their symbolism in those lands.

But Asia, as Japan has taught us and as China will undoubtedly teach us again, has her own destiny to bear out, apart from our European interests and politics; and it is in that aspect we need to study her on the lines laid down and made clear and positive in this volume. It is not the military records, the charts of mutinies and battle-fields, interesting as they are, which are alone important; but those showing the conditions, physical and climatic, of the country; the dispersion of the tongues, the sites of the old religions, the wealth and tillage of the earth with its fruits, grain and minerals, its rice fields and tea plantations; the prevalence of rain, sun and trade-winds; and the course of the sea-roads that affect its human and industrial life.

A gazetteer does not always seem to the ordinary man a very entertaining thing, but in this of Asia its compiler, Miss Grant, has tried to mark in brief, close compacted in small type, the place-associations, historical and other, that give life to the names of town or country. She has related them to the books that have dealt with them, and the events they have witnessed: given Ning-po its allusion to Marco Polo's travels, and Madras its San Thomé pedigree, connected Palmyra with Tamerlane, and Puri, Bengal, with the gold tooth of the Buddha and the Temple of Vishnu's incarnation. In the Brief Survey of the Coins and Coinage, Mr. J. Allan (of the Coins and Medal Department, British Museum) has traced the record from Lydia, six centuries and more B.C., to our own time. His notes on the Phoenician coins—"tetradrachms of Tyre with a dolphin or the god Melkart riding on a sea-horse," or an owl with a crook and a flail (Egyptian royal symbols); or the double shekels of Sidon with a galley, sails, or oars, before a walled city on one side, and a king of Persia on the other—show how much of history a set of coins, apparently so secretive, may hide in their silver and gold impressions.

In this Asian Atlas, of small dimensions as it requires to be to fit its pocket, Irkutsk in the north, "far Mandalay," the details of the East and West Indies, the route of Marco Polo, coasts like the Carnatic, towns like Lucknow and Cawnpore, Lhasa, "the Forbidden City" of Tibet, and Matsuye, the old capital of Idzumo, which Lafcadio Hearn describes, all have their record. It remains to be said, that as in other volumes of the same set, Dr. Bartholomew of Edinburgh has acted as cartographer; and the editor and publishers wish to acknowledge his large practical aid in the design of the atlas. Also, they owe a word of thanks to Mr. William Foster of the India Office for his expert advice.

Finally, they wish to dedicate the volume to the people and the princes of India, Japan, and the other countries of which it is a memorial, believing in their great future.

E. R.

CONTENTS

COLOURED MAPS

		PAGE
The World according to Hecatæus, B.C. 500		[1]
The World according to Eratosthenes, B.C. 220		[2]
Quadrans Habitabilis according to Abu Rihan Birunensis,A.D. 1030		[3]
Egyptian Empire, B.C. 1450		[4]
Babylonian Empire, B.C. 560		[5]
Persian Empire at its greatest Extent, 525 B.C.		[6], [7]
Empire of Alexander the Great, 325 B.C.		[8], [9]
Asia Minor		[10], [11]
Palestine, Old Testament		[12]
Palestine, New Testament		[13]
Asia, Early Explorers		[14], [15]
Asia, Thirteenth Century		[16]
Asia, about 1740		[17]
India, 1705		[18]
India, 1765		[19]
India, 1805		[20]
India, 1857		[21]
The Far East, 1800		[22], [23]
Russian Advances in Central Asia		[24], [25]
The World on Mercator's Projection. Showing Routes toAsia		[26], [27]
Asia—Orographical		[28]
	River Basins	[29]
	January Temperature	[30]
	July Temperature	[31]
	January Rainfall	[32]
	July Rainfall	[33]
	Mean Annual Rainfall	[34]
	Vegetation	[35]
	Races	[36]
	Religions	[37]
	Population	[38]
	Political	[39]
Economic Map of Asia on Mercator's Projection		[40], [41]
Trade Routes of Asia on Mercator's Projection		[42], [43]
Turkey in Asia, Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan		[44], [45]
Asia Minor, Syria, etc.		[46], [47]
Suez Canal		[48]
Aden		[49]
Orographical Central Asia, with Indian Frontiers		[50], [51]
Indian Empire		[52], [53]
Products of India		[54], [55]
Bombay, Berar, and part of Central India		[56], [57]
Punjab, Sind, Rajputana, Kashmir, etc.		[58], [59]
United and Central Provinces, Bengal, Assam, etc.		[60], [61]
Madras, Haidarabad, Mysore, and Ceylon		[62], [63]
Environs of Bombay		[64]
Environs of Calcutta		[65]
Orographical Farther India		[66]
Burma		[67]
Malay States		[68], [69]
Siam and Indo-China		[70], [71]
The Far East, Economic		[72], [73]
East Indies		[74], [75]
Java		[76]
Philippine Islands		[77]
Island of Singapore		[78]
Hong-Kong		[79]
China and Japan		[80], [81]
Northern China		[82], [83]
Southern China		[84], [85]
Environs of Peking and Shanghai		[86]
Environs of Hong-Kong and Manila		[87]
Japan		[88], [89]
Korea and Manchuria		[90]
Central Japan		[91]
Environs of Tokio		[92]
Environs of Port-Arthur and Nagasaki		[93]
Siberia		[94], [95]
Environs of Vladivostok		[96]

A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE COINAGES OF ASIA, Fromthe Earliest Times to the Present Day, by J. Allan,M.A., M.R.A.S.		[97]

LINE MAPS

	PAGE
Battle of Sirangapatam, February 1792	[130]
Battle of Assaye, September 1803	[131]
Battle of Meanee, February 1843	[131]
Battle of Aliwal, January 1846	[132]
Battle of Sobraon, February 1846	[132]
Indian Mutiny, showing Distribution of Troops, May 1857	[133]
Aryan Languages of India	[134]
Non-Aryan Languages of India	[135]
Sites of Ancient Indian Temples	[136], [137]
Military Divisions of India	[138]
Delhi	[139]
Lucknow	[140]
Cawnpore	[141]
Lahore	[142]
Rangoon	[143]
Lhasa, "The Forbidden City"	[144]

A Gazetteer of Towns and Places in Asia having an Historic Interest	[145]

Index	[173]

THE WORLD according to HECATÆUS
B.C. 500

John Bartholomew & Co., Edin^r