INTERNATIONAL LAW
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
INTERNATIONAL LAW
VOL. I.—PEACE
2nd Edition
8vo. 18s. net
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
INTERNATIONAL LAW A TREATISE VOL. II. WAR AND NEUTRALITY SECOND EDITION BY L. OPPENHEIM, M.A., LL.D.
WHEWELL PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF JURISPRUDENCE AT MADRID
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
1912
All rights reserved
Transcriber's Note: Original spelling variations have not been standardized. Links have been provided to the first volume of this two-volume work, see [International Law. A Treatise. Vol. I--Peace. Second Edition, by Lassa Oppenheim, M.A., LL.D., gutenberg ebooks 41046]. Although we verify the correctness of these links at the time of posting, these links may not work, for various reasons, for various people, at various times.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The course of events since 1906, when the second volume of this work first made its appearance, and the results of further research have necessitated, as in the case of the first volume, the thorough revision of the text, the rewriting of many portions, and the discussion of a number of new topics. The additions to this volume are even more numerous than those to the first, with the consequence that, in spite of the typographical devices explained in the preface to the second edition of the first volume, the text of this volume has been increased by one hundred pages. The increase is, in some measure, due to the fact that the thirteen Conventions of the Second Hague Peace Conference, and, further, the Declaration of London, are fully discussed and expounded. But the increase is also due to the fact that a number of other new topics have been discussed; I will only mention the questions whether enemy subjects have persona standi in judicio (§ [100a]), and whether trading with enemy subjects is permitted (§ [101]).
The system of the work, with but occasional slight alterations in arrangement and the headings of the sections, remains the same. In those cases, however, in which a portion had to be entirely rewritten—as, for instance, that on Enemy Character, that on Commencement of War, and that on Unneutral Service—the arrangement of the topics differs from that in the first edition, and the headings of the sections also differ. Apart from many new sections, a whole chapter treating of the proposed International Prize Court has been added at the end of the volume.
Since some of the Conventions produced by the Second Peace Conference, and, further, the Declaration of London, have not yet been ratified, the task of the writer of a comprehensive treatise on International Law is very difficult: he must certainly not treat the rules in these unratified documents as law, but, on the other hand, he must not ignore them. For this reason the right method seemed to be to give everywhere the law hitherto prevailing, and to give also the changes in the law which are proposed by these unratified documents. I venture to hope that this method will enable the reader to form a judgment of his own with regard to the merits of the Declaration of London. I have not concealed my conviction that the ratification of this Declaration would mark great progress in the development of International Law, since it offers a common agreement upon a number of subjects concerning which there has been hitherto much discord both in theory and practice. But I have endeavoured to put the matter impartially before the reader, and I have taken special care to draw attention to very numerous points which have not been settled by the Declaration of London.
In revising and rewriting this volume I have remained true to the principle of impartiality, neither taking the part of any one nation, nor denouncing any other. The discredit which International Law concerning War and Neutrality suffers in the minds of certain sections of the public is largely due to the fact that many writers have not in the past approached the subject with that impartial and truly international spirit which is indispensable for its proper treatment.
Many friends of the book have asked that the second edition might, in the Appendix, offer an English translation of the French texts concerned. I was prepared to accede to their request, but had to abstain from doing so on account of the fact that the addition of a translation would have made the volume too bulky for convenience; the new Conventions of the Second Hague Peace Conference, the Declaration of London together with the Report of the Drafting Committee of the Naval Conference of London, the Naval Prize Bill of 1911, and the Geneva Convention Act of 1911, all of which necessarily had to be added, having increased the Appendix very considerably.
It has been the aim of my assistants and myself to make the quotations in this and the preceding volume as correct as possible. However, considering that there are many thousands of citations, it would be a miracle if there were not numerous mistakes and misprints in them, in spite of the great care which has been bestowed upon the matter. I shall be most grateful, therefore, if readers will kindly draw my attention to any inaccuracy they may notice.
My thanks are once more due to reviewers and readers who have drawn my attention to mistakes and misprints in the first edition; and I am again indebted to Miss B. M. Rutter and Mr. C. F. Pond for their valuable assistance in reading the proofs and in drawing up the Table of Cases and the alphabetical Index.
L. OPPENHEIM.
Whewell House,
Cambridge,
June 1, 1912.
ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES OF BOOKS, ETC., QUOTED IN THE TEXT
The books referred to in the bibliography and notes are, as a rule, quoted with their full titles and the date of their publication. But certain books, periodicals, and Conventions which are very often referred to throughout this work are quoted in an abbreviated form, as follows:—
A.J. = The American Journal of International Law.
Annuaire = Annuaire de l'Institut de Droit International.
Ariga = Ariga, La Guerre Russo-Japonaise (1908).
Barboux = Barboux, Jurisprudence Du Conseil Des Prises Pendant La Guerre De 1870-71 (1871).
Barclay, = Barclay, Problems of International Practice Problems and Diplomacy (1907).
Bernsten = Bernsten, Das Seekriegsrecht (1911).
Bluntschli = Bluntschli, Das moderne Völkerrecht der civilisirten Staaten als Rechtsbuch dargestellt, 3rd ed. (1878).
Boeck = Boeck, De La Propriété Privée Ennemie Sous Pavillon Ennemi (1882).
Boidin = Boidin, Les Lois De La Guerre et Les Deux Conférences De La Haye (1908).
Bonfils = Bonfils, Manuel De Droit International Public, 6th ed. by Fauchille (1912).
Bordwell = Bordwell, The Law of War between Belligerents (1908).
Bulmerincq = Bulmerincq, Das Völkerrecht (1887).
Calvo = Calvo, Le Droit International, etc., 5th ed., 6 vols. (1896).
Convention I. = Hague Convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes.
Convention II. = Hague Convention respecting the limitation of the employment of force for the recovery of contract debts.
Convention III. = Hague Convention relative to the commencement of hostilities.
Convention IV. = Hague Convention concerning the laws and customs of war on land.
Convention V. = Hague Convention respecting the rights and duties of neutral Powers and persons in war on land.
Convention VI. = Hague Convention relative to the status of enemy merchantmen at the outbreak of hostilities.
Convention VII. = Hague Convention relative to the conversion of merchantmen into men-of-war.
Convention VIII. = Hague Convention concerning the laying of automatic submarine contact mines.
Convention IX. = Hague Convention respecting bombardment by naval forces in time of war.
Convention X. = Hague Convention for the adaptation of the principles of the Geneva Convention to maritime war.
Convention XI. = Hague Convention concerning certain restrictions on the exercise of the right of capture in maritime war.
Convention XII. = Hague Convention concerning the establishment of an International Prize Court.
Convention XIII. = Hague Convention respecting the rights and duties of neutral Powers in maritime war.
Despagnet = Despagnet, Cours De Droit International Public, 4th ed. by de Boeck (1910).
Deuxième Conférence, = Deuxième Conférence Internationale De Actes La Paix, Actes et Documents, 3 vols. (1908-1909).
Dupuis = Dupuis, Le Droit De La Guerre Maritime D'après Les Doctrines Anglaises Contemporaines (1899).
Dupuis, Guerre = Dupuis, Le Droit De La Guerre Maritime D'après Les Conférences de la Haye et de Londres (1911).
Field = Field, Outlines of an International Code, 2 vols. (1872-1873).
Fiore = Fiore, Nouveau Droit International Public, deuxième édition, traduite de l'Italien et annotée par Antoine, 3 vols. (1885).
Fiore, Code = Fiore, Le Droit International Codifié, nouvelle édition, traduite de l'Italien par Antoine (1911).
Gareis = Gareis, Institutionen des Völkerrechts, 2nd ed. (1901).
Gessner = Gessner, Le Droit Des Neutres Sur Mer (1865).
Grotius = Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625).
Hague = Hague Regulations respecting the Laws Regulations and Customs of War on Land, adopted by the Hague Peace Conference of 1907.
Hall = Hall, A Treatise on International Law, 4th ed. (1895).
Halleck = Halleck, International Law, 3rd English ed. by Sir Sherston Baker, 2 vols. (1893).
Hartmann = Hartmann, Institutionen des praktischen Völkerrechts in Friedenszeiten (1874).
Hautefeuille = Hautefeuille, Des Droits Et Des Devoirs Des Nations Neutres En Temps De Guerre Maritime, 3 vols. 2nd ed. (1858).
Heffter = Heffter, Das Europäische Völkerrecht der Gegenwart, 8th ed. by Geffcken (1888).
Heilborn, Rechte = Heilborn, Rechte und Pflichten der Neutralen Staaten in Bezug auf die während des Krieges auf ihr Gebiet übertretenden Angehörigen einer Armee und das dorthin gebrachte Kriegsmaterial der Kriegführenden Parteien (1888).
Heilborn, System = Heilborn, Das System des Völkerrechts entwickelt aus den völkerrechtlichen Begriffen (1896).
Higgins = Higgins, The Hague Peace Conferences (1909).
Holland, Prize = Holland, A Manual of Naval Prize Law Law (1888).
Holland, Studies = Holland, Studies in International Law (1898).
Holland, Jurisprudence = Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence, 6th ed. (1893).
Holland, War = Holland, The Laws of War on Land (1908).
Holtzendorff = Holtzendorff, Handbuch des Völkerrechts, 4 vols. (1885-1889).
Kleen = Kleen, Lois et Usages De La Neutralité, 2 vols. (1900).
Klüber = Klüber, Europäisches Völkerrecht, 2nd ed. by Morstadt (1851).
Kriegsbrauch = Kriegsbrauch im Landkriege (1902). (Heft 31 der kriegsgeschichtlichen Einzelschriften, herausgegeben vom Grossen Generalstabe, Kriegsgeschichtliche Abtheilung I.).
Land Warfare = Edmonds and Oppenheim, Land Warfare. An Exposition of the Laws and Usages of War on Land for the Guidance of Officers of His Majesty's Army (1912).
Lawrence = Lawrence, The Principles of International Law, 4th ed. (1910).
Lawrence, Essays = Lawrence, Essays on some Disputed Questions of Modern International Law (1884).
Lawrence, War = Lawrence, War and Neutrality in the Far East, 2nd ed. (1904).
Lémonon = Lémonon, La Seconde Conférence De La Paix (1908).
Liszt = Liszt, Das Völkerrecht, 6th ed. (1910).
Longuet = Longuet, Le Droit Actuel De La Guerre Terrestre (1901).
Lorimer = Lorimer, The Institutes of International Law, 2 vols. (1883-1884).
Maine = Maine, International Law, 2nd ed. (1894).
Manning = Manning, Commentaries on the Law of Nations, new ed. by Sheldon Amos (1875).
Martens = Martens, Völkerrecht, German translation of the Russian original, 2 vols. (1883).
Martens, G. F. = G. F. Martens, Précis Du Droit Des Gens Moderne De l'Europe, nouvelle éd. by Vergé, 2 vols. (1858).
Martens, R. }
Martens, N.R. }
Martens, N.S. }
Martens, N.R.G. }
Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. }
Martens. N.R.G. 3rd Ser. } These are the abbreviated quotations of the different parts of Martens, Recueil de Traités (see [ p. 102 of vol. i.]), which are in common use.
Martens, Causes = Martens, Causes Célèbres du Droit des Célèbres Gens, 5 vols., 2nd ed. (1858-1861).
Mérignhac = Mérignhac, Les Lois Et Coutumes De La Guerre Sur Terre (1903).
Meurer = Meurer, Die Haager Friedenskonferenz, 2 vols. (1905-1907).
Moore = Moore, A Digest of International Law, 8 vols., Washington (1906).
Moore, Arbitrations = Moore, History and Digest of the Arbitrations to which the United States have been a Party, 6 vols. (1898).
Nippold = Nippold, Die Zweite Haager Friedenskonferenz, 2 vols. (1908-1911).
Nys = Nys, Le Droit International, vol. i. (1904).
Ortolan = Ortolan, Règles Internationales et Diplomatie de la Mer, 2 vols., 3rd ed. (1856).
Perels = Perels, Das Internationale öffentliche Seerecht der Gegenwart, 2nd ed. (1903).
Phillimore = Phillimore, Commentaries upon International Law, 4 vols., 3rd ed. (1879-1888).
Piedelièvre = Piedelièvre, Précis De Droit International Public, 2 vols. (1894-1895).
Pillet = Pillet, Les Lois Actuelles De La Guerre (1901).
Pistoye et Duverdy = Pistoye et Duverdy, Traité Des Prises Maritimes, 2 vols. (1854-1859).
Pradier-Fodéré = Pradier-Fodéré, Traité De Droit International Public, 8 vols. (1885-1906).
Pufendorf = Pufendorf, De Jure Naturae et Gentium (1672).
R.G. = Revue Générale De Droit International Public.
R.I. = Revue De Droit International Et De Législation Comparée.
Rivier = Rivier, Principes Du Droit Des Gens, 2 vols. (1896).
Scott, Conferences = Scott, The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907, vol. i. (1909).
Spaight = Spaight, War Rights on Land (1911).
Takahashi = Takahashi, International Law applied to the Russo-Japanese War (1908).
Taylor = Taylor, A Treatise on International Public Law (1901).
Testa = Testa, Le Droit Public International Maritime, traduction du Portugais par Boutiron (1886).
Twiss = Twiss, The Law of Nations, 2 vols., 2nd ed. (1884, 1875).
Ullmann = Ullmann, Völkerrecht, 2nd ed. (1908).
U.S. Naval War = The Laws and Usages of War at Sea, published Code on June 27, 1900, by the Navy Department, Washington, for the use of the U. S. Navy and for the information of all concerned.
Vattel = Vattel, Le Droit Des Gens, 4 books in 2 vols., nouvelle éd. (Neuchâtel, 1773).
Walker = Walker, A Manual of Public International Law (1895).
Walker, History = Walker, A History of the Law of Nations, vol. i. (1899).
Walker, Science = Walker, The Science of International Law (1893).
Wehberg, = Wehberg, Kommentar zu dem Haager Kommentar Abkommen betreffend die friedliche Erledigung internationaler Streitigkeiten (1911).
Westlake = Westlake, International Law, 2 vols. (1904-1907).
Westlake, = Westlake, Chapters on the Principles of Chapters International Law (1894).
Wharton = Wharton, A Digest of the International Law of the United States, 3 vols. (1886).
Wheaton = Wheaton, Elements of International Law, 8th American ed. by Dana (1866).
Zorn = Zorn, Das Kriegsrecht zu Lande in seiner neuesten Gestaltung (1906).
Z.V. = Zeitschrift für Völkerrecht und Bundesstaatsrecht.
CASES CITED
Acteon, the, § 194, p. [243] note 5; § 431, p. [547] note 2
Adonis, the, § 386, p. [472] note 7; § 390, p. [477] note 3
Africa, the, § 413, p. [531] note 1
Alabama, the, § 335, p. [406]
Alaska Boundary Dispute (1903), § 14, p. [18]
Alcinous v. Nygreu, § 101, p. [137] note 7
Alexander, the, § 390, p. [477] note 3
Alexis, the, § 34, p. [40]
Andersen v. Marten, § 435, p. [555] note 1
André, Major, § 160, p. [198]
Ann Green, the, § 92, p. [120] note 2
Anna, the, § 362, p. [443]
Anthon v. Fisher, § 195, p. [246] note 1
Antoine v. Morshead, § 101, p. [137] note 3
Apollo, the, § 427, p. [545] note 1
Aryol, the. See [Orel]
Asgill, Captain, § 249, p. [307]
Askold, the, § 347 (3), p. [422]
Astrolabe, the, § 186, p. [233]
Atalanta, the, § 409, p. [522]; § 412, p. [527] note 2
Aurora, the, § 347 (4), p. [423]
Awni-Illa, the, § 213, p. [269]
Baltica, the, § 88, p. [110] note 2; § 90, p. [116] note 1; § 91, p. [118] note 2
Bellona, the, § 271, p. [332]
Benito Estenger, the, § 91, p. [118] note 2
Bentzen v. Boyle, § 90, p. [116] note 4
Bermuda, the, § 385, p. [470]; § 400, p. [499] note 1; § 400, p. [500] note 1
Betsey, the, § 385, p. [469] note 1
Bolivia-Peruvian Boundary Dispute (1910), § 16, p. [19]
Boudeuse, La. See [La Boudeuse]
Boussmaker, ex parte, § 100a, p. [134] note 4; § 101, p. [137] note 7
Boussole, the, § 186, p. [233]
Brandon v. Curling, § 101, p. [138] note 2
Bundesrath, the, § 400, p. [500]; § 401, p. [501] note 1; § 402, p. [502]; § 402, p. [503] note 2; § 433, p. [552]
Calypso, the, § 384, p. [467] note 3
Camille, the, § 349, p. [426]
Captain W. Menzel, the, § 311, p. [376] note
Carolina, the, § 408, p. [519]
Caroline, the (1808), § 409, p. [522] note 1
Caroline, the (1904), § 311, p. [376] note 1
Carthage, the, § 403a, p. [506] note 1
Cesarewitch, the, § 347 (4), p. [423]
Ceylon, the, § 185, p. [231] note 2
Charlotta, the (1810), § 386, p. [472] note 3
Charlotta, the (1814), § 101, p. [137] note 7
Circassian, the, § 380, p. [463] note 2
Columbia, the, § 382, p. [465] note 3; § 390, p. [477] note 3
Commercen, the, § 401, p. [501] note 2
Cornu v. Blackburne, § 195, p. [246] note 1
Cumberland, the, § 186, p. [233] note 2
Daifje, the, § 225, p. [283] note 4
Danous, the, § 88, p. [112] note 1; § 90, p. [115] note 1
De Fortuyn, the, § 181, p. [225] note 1
De Jager v. Attorney-General, § 100, p. [132] note 3
De Jarnett v. De Giversville, § 100a, p. [134] note 1
Dessaix, the, § 194, p. [244]
De Wahl v. Browne, § 100a, p. [135] note 1
De Wütz v. Hendricks, § 352, p. [430] note 2
Diana, the (1799), § 189, p. [236]
Diana, the (1904), § 347 (3), p. [422]
Discovery, the, § 186, p. [232]
Doelwijk, the, § 403, p. [505]; § 436, p. [556]
Dogger Bank, § 5, p. [7] note 2; § 11, p. [15] note 1
Dorsey v. Kyle, § 100a, p. [134] note 1
Driefontein Consolidated Gold Mines Co. v. Janson, § 100a, p. [134] note 3
Du Belloix v. Lord Waterpark, § 101, p. [137] note 9
Duclair, British coal vessels at, § 365, p. [448]
El Arish, Capitulation of, § 229, pp. [287]-9
Elba, the, § 348 (2), p. [424]
Elisabeth, the, § 189, p. [236]
Eliza and Katy, the, § 428, p. [545] note 3
Elizabeth, the, § 386, p. [472] note 8
Elsebe, the, § 425, p. [543] note 2
Emilia, § 88, p. [110] note 2
Espiègle, L'. See [L'Espiègle]
Esposito v. Bowden, § 101, p. [137] notes 1, 7, and 8; p. [138] note 1
Étoile, L'. See [L'Étoile]
Euridice, the, § 349, p. [426]
Exchange, the, § 390, p. [477] note 3
Fanny, the, § 185, p. [232] note 2; § 424, p. [542] note 2
Felicity, the, § 194, p. [243] note 5; § 431, p. [547] note 2
Florida, the, § 362, p. [443]
Försigtigheten, the, § 349, p. [426]
Fortuna, the, § 386, p. [472] note 4
Fox and others, the, § 434, p. [554] note 1
Franciska, the, § 370, p. [452] note 2; § 380, p. [462] note 2; § 380, p. [464] note 1; § 381, p. [464] note 2; § 382, p. [465]
Freden, the, § 360, p. [441] note 1
Frederick Moltke, the, § 387, p. [473] note 3
Freundschaft, the, § 90, p. [116] note 5
Friendship, the, § 408, p. [518]; § 412, p. [527] note 2
Furtado v. Rodgers, § 101, p. [137] note 1; § 101, p. [138] note 2
Gamba v. Le Mesurier, § 101, p. [138] note 2
Gelderland, the, § 354, p. [433]
General, the, § 402, p. [502]
General Armstrong, the, § 361, p. [442]
General Hamilton, the, § 91, p. [118] note 3; § 389, p. [476] note 1
Genoa, Capitulation of, § 226, p. [284] note 1
Georgina, the, § 185, p. [231] note 2
Gerasimo, the, § 371, p. [453] note 3
German contract for cutting trees in French forests, § 282, p. [342]
Gist v. Mason, § 101, p. [136] note 3
Gloire, La. See [La Gloire]
Goodrich and De Forest v. Gordon, § 195, p. [246] note 1
Griswold v. Boddington, § 101, p. [137] note 8
Grossovoi, the, § 347 (3), p. [422]
Haimun, the, § 210, p. [262] note 1; § 356, p. [437]
Hale, Captain Nathan, § 161, p. [199]
Hanger v. Abbot, § 100a, p. [135] note 1
Hardy, Le. See [Le Hardy]
Harmony, the, § 88, p. [110] note 2
Henkle v. London Exchange Assurance Co., § 101, p. [136] note 3
Henrik and Maria, the, § 375, p. [456] note 1
Herzog, the, § 402, p. [502]; § 433, p. [552]
Hipsang, the, § 431, p. [548]
Hoare v. Allan, § 101, p. [137] note 10
Hobbs v. Henning, § 402, p. [503] note 4
Hoffnung, the, § 384, p. [467] note 3
Hoop, the, § 100a, p. [133] note 2; § 101, p. [137] note 1; § 195, p. [246] note 1
Hope, the, § 412, p. [527] note 3
Hunter, the, § 427, p. [544] note 1
Hurtige Hanne, the, § 386, p. [472] note 5
Hussar, the, § 211, p. [263]
Icona, the, § 431, p. [548]
Iltis, the, § 348 (1), p. [424]
Imina, the, § 399, p. [498] note 1; § 402, p. [503]
Indian Chief, the, § 90, p. [116] note 2
Industrie, the, § 410, p. [525] note 1
Inflexible, the, § 223, p. [282]
Investigator, the, § 186, p. [233] note 2
Invincible, the, § 223, p. [282]
Italy v. Peru (Canevaro claim), § 24, p. [31] note 1
Jager. See [De Jager]
Jakoga, Major, § 161, p. [199] note 1; § 255, p. [315]
James Cook, the, § 385, p. [469] note 3
Jameson Raid, § 56, p. [62]
Jan Frederick, the, § 91, p. [118] notes 4 and 6; § 92, p. [120] note 2
Jarnett. See [De Jarnett]
Jemchug, the, § 347 (4), p. [423]
Jemmy, the, § 91, p. [118] note 5
Joan, Le. See [Le Joan]
Johanna Emilie, the, § 88, p. [110] note 2
Jonge Klassina, the, § 90, p. [116] note 5
Jonge Margaretha, the, § 394, p. [486] note 3
Jonge Pieter, the, § 101, p. [137] note 6
Juno, the, § 387, p. [473] note 4
Kellner v. Le Mesurier, § 101, p. [138] note 2
Knight Commander, the, § 431, p. [548]
Korietz, the, § 320, p. [388]; § 348 (2), p. [424]; § 361, p. [442] note 3
Kow-shing, the, § 89, p. [114] note 1; § 348, p. [424]
La Boudeuse, the, § 186, p. [232]
La Gloire, the, § 225, p. [283] note 4
La Paix, the, § 90, p. [117] note 1
La Rosina, the, § 225, p. [283] note 3
La Santissima Trinidad, the, § 334, p. [405]
Laura-Louise. See [Le Laura-Louise]
Lavabre v. Wilson, § 101, p. [136] note 3
Le Hardy contre La Voltigeante, § 88, p. [111]; § 90, p. [117] note 1
Le Joan, the, § 90, p. [117] note 1
Le Laura-Louise, the, § 90, p. [117] note 1
Lena, the, § 347 (3), p. [422]
Le Nicolaüs, the, § 90, p. [117] note 1
L'Espiègle, the, § 362, p. [443]
Le Thalia, the, § 90, p. [117] note 1
L'Étoile, the, § 186, p. [232]
Leucade, the, § 194, p. [243] note 5; § 431, p. [547] note 2
Lion, the, § 348, p. [424]
Lisette, the, § 399, p. [498] note 1
Ludwig, the, § 194, p. [244]
Luxor, the, § 404, p. [507]; § 437, p. [558]
Madison, the, § 409, p. [522] note 2
Madonna delle Gracie, § 101, p. [137] note 4
Malacca, the, § 84, p. [102]
Manouba, the, § 413, p. [531] note 1
Margaret, the, § 404, p. [507] note 1
Maria, the (1799), § 422, p. [540] note 1; § 423, p. [541] note 1; § 425, p. [543] note 1; § 434, p. [554] note 1
Maria, the (1805), § 390, p. [477] note 4
Maria v. Hall, § 100a, p. [134] note 2; § 101, p. [137] note 5
Mashona, the, § 101, p. [137] note 1
Mayer v. Reed, § 101, p. [137] note 9
Melville v. De Wold, § 101, p. [137] note 7
Mentor, the, § 272, p. [333] note 1
Mercurius, the, § 390, p. [477] note 3
Meteor, the, § 334, p. [405]
Minerva, the, § 362, p. [443]
Modeste, the, § 360, p. [441] note 1
Montara, the, § 89, p. [114] note 2
Nancy, the (1800), § 404, p. [507] note 1
Nancy, the (1809), § 380, p. [463] note 2
Nancy Court of Appeal, § 172, p. [215]
Naniwa, the, § 89, p. [114] note 1; § 348, p. [423]
Neptunus, the (1799), § 384, p. [467] note 3
Neptunus, the (1800), § 384, p. [467] note 3
Nereide, the, § 185, p. [232] note 2; § 424, p. [542], note 2
Neutralitet, the, § 386, p. [472] note 9
New York Life Insurance Co. v. Buck, § 101, p. [138] note 3
New York Life Insurance Co. v. Davis, § 101, p. [138] note 3
New York Life Insurance Co. v. Stathem, § 101, p. [138] note 3
New York Life Insurance Co. v. Symes, § 101, p. [138] note 3
Niagara, the, § 382, p. [465]
Nigretia, the, § 408, p. [519] note 2
North-Eastern Boundary Dispute between Great Britain and the United States (1831), § 16, p. [19]
North German Confederation Volunteer Fleet scheme, § 84, p. [101]
Novara, the, § 186, p. [233]
Novik, the, § 347 (4), p. [423]
Oki, Captain Teisuki, § 161, p. [199] note 1; § 255, p. [315]
Oldhamia, the, § 206, p. [256] note 1; § 431, p. [548]
Oleg, the, § 347 (4), p. [423]
Olinde Rodrigues, the, § 380, p. [463] note 2
Orel (or Aryol), the, § 206, p. [256] note 1
Orinoco Steamship Co., § 16, p. [19]
Orozembo, the, § 408, p. [518]; § 408, p. [519]
Pacifico, Don, § 35, p. 41; § 44, p. [49]
Paix, La. See [La Paix]
Palme, the, § 186, p. [233]
Panaghia Rhomba, the, § 390, p. [477] note 3
Paquette Habana, the, § 187, p. [234] note 1
Pascal, the, § 348 (2), p. [424]
Peterburg, the, § 84, p. [102]
Peterhoff, the, § 373, p. [454]; § 385, p. [470]; § 400, p. [500] note 1; § 401, p. [501]
Phœnix, the, § 90, p. [116] note 4
Planche v. Fletcher, § 101, p. [136] note 3
Portland, the, § 90, p. [116] note 5
Postilion, the, § 88, p. [112] note 1; § 90, p. [115] note 1
Potts v. Bell, § 101, p. [137] note 1; § 101, p. [138] note 2
Princesse Marie, the, § 431, p. [548]
Quang-nam, the, § 410, p. [525], note 1
Ramillies, § 211, p. [263]
Rapid, the, § 409, p. [522]
Ras-el-Tin Fort, § 223, p. [282]
Recovery, the, § 434, p. [554] note 1
Reshitelni, the, § 320, p. [389]; § 361, p. [442] note 3
Resolution, the, § 186, p. [232]
Reuss, M. de, § 34, p. [40]
Richmond, the, § 397, p. [494] note 1
Rolla, the, § 370, p. [452] note 2; § 375, p. [456] note 2
Rose in Bloom, the, § 387, p. [474] note 2
Rosina, La. See [La Rosina]
St. Kilda, the, § 431, p. 548
St. Nicholas, the, § 428, p. [545] note 4
Samuel, the, § 101, p. [137] note 6
Santissima Trinidad, La. See [La Santissima Trinidad]
Sarah, the, § 428, p. [545] note 2
Sechs Geschwistern, the, § 91, p. [118] note 5
Seymour v. London and Provincial Marine Insurance Co., § 402, p. [504] note
Shepeler v. Durand, § 100a, p. [133] note 4
Shepherdess, the, § 386, p. [472] note 6
Sicilian Sulphur Monopoly, § 34, p. [39]
Silesian Loan, § 37, p. [44]; § 437, p. [557]
Smolensk, the, § 84, p. [102]
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel v. Town of Newhaven, § 99, p. [130] note 1
Spes and Irene, the, § 386, p. [472] note 10
Springbok, the, § 385, p. [470]; § 390, p. [477]; § 400, p. [500] note 1; § 401, p. [501]
Stackelberg, Baron de, § 37, p. [43]
Stephen Hart, the, § 385, p. [470]; § 400, p. [499] note 1
Stert, the, § 388, p. [474] note 3
Sutton v. Sutton, § 99, p. [130] note 1
Swineherd, the, § 271, p. [332]
Sybille, the, § 211, p. [263]
Talbot, the, § 348 (2), p. [424]
Temeraire, the, § 223, p. [282]
Tetardos, the, § 431, p. [548]
Teutonia, the, § 101, p. [138] note 1
Thalia, Le. See [Le Thalia].
Thea, the, § 431, p. [548]
Thirty Hogsheads of Sugar v. Boyle, § 90, p. [116] note 4
Trende Sostre, the, § 399, p. [498] note 1
Trent, the, § 408, p. [519] note 3; § 431, p. [530]
Twee Gebroeders, the, § 362, p. [443]
Variag, the, § 320, p. [388]; § 348 (2), p. [424]; § 361, p. [442] note 3
Vega, the, § 186, p. [233]
Venezuelan Boundary Dispute (1900), § 14, p. [18]
Venus, the (1803), § 225, p. [283] note 3
Venus, the (1814), § 88, p. [112] note 1; § 90, p. [116] note 3
Victor, the, § 349, p. [427]
Vigilantia, the, § 91, p. [118] note 2
Vorwärts, the, § 194, p. [244]
Vrouw Judith, the, § 376, p. [458] note 1; § 384, p. [467] note 3; § 387, p. [474] note 1
Vrow Houwina, the, § 401, p. [501]
Vrow Margaretha, the, § 91, p. [118] note 4
Wachuset, the, § 362, p. [443]
Wahl. See [De Wahl]
War Onskan, the, § 432, p. [551] note 3
Washburne, § 157, p. [194]
Wells v. Williams, § 100a, p. [133] note 3
Welvaart van Pillaw, the, § 389 p. [476] note 1
William, the, § 400, p. [499] note 1
Willison v. Paterson, § 101, p. [137] note 2
Yangtsze Insurance Association v. Indemnity Mutual Marine Assurance Company, § 407, p. [516] note 1
Young Jacob and Joanna, the, § 187, p. [234] note 2
CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME
PART I
CHAPTER I
AMICABLE SETTLEMENT OF STATE DIFFERENCES
I. State Differences and their Amicable Settlement in General
SECT. PAGE
1. Legal and political International Differences [3]
2. International Law not exclusively concerned with Legal Differences [4]
3. Amicable in contradistinction to compulsive settlement of Differences [4]
II. Negotiation
4. In what Negotiation consists [6]
5. International Commissions of Inquiry [6]
6. Effect of Negotiation [9]
III. Good Offices and Mediation
7. Occasions for Good Offices and Mediation [10]
8. Right and Duty of offering, requesting, and rendering Good Offices and Mediation [10]
9. Good Offices in contradistinction to Mediation [11]
10. Good Offices and Mediation according to the Hague Arbitration Convention [12]
11. Value of Good Offices and Mediation [14]
IV. Arbitration
12. Conception of Arbitration [16]
13. Treaty of Arbitration [16]
14. Who is to Arbitrate? [17]
15. On what principles Arbitrators proceed and decide [18]
16. Binding force of Arbitral Verdict [18]
17. What differences can be decided by Arbitration [19]
18. Value of Arbitration [22]
V. Arbitration according to the Hague Convention
19. Arbitral Justice in general [23]
20. Arbitration Treaty and appointment of Arbitrators [26]
21. Procedure of and before the Arbitral Tribunal [27]
22. Arbitral Award [30]
23. Binding force of Awards [30]
24. Award binding upon Parties only [31]
25. Costs of Arbitration [32]
25a. Arbitration by Summary Procedure [32]
CHAPTER II
COMPULSIVE SETTLEMENT OF STATE DIFFERENCES
I. On Compulsive Means of Settlement of State Differences in General
26. Conception and kinds of Compulsive Means of Settlement [34]
27. Compulsive Means in contradistinction to War [34]
28. Compulsive Means in contradistinction to an Ultimatum and Demonstrations [35]
II. Retorsion
29. Conception and Character of Retorsion [36]
30. Retorsion, when justified [37]
31. Retorsion, how exercised [37]
32. Value of Retorsion [38]
III. Reprisals
33. Conception of Reprisals in contradistinction to Retorsion [38]
34. Reprisals admissible for all International Delinquencies [39]
35. Reprisals admissible for International Delinquencies only [40]
36. Reprisals, by whom performed [41]
37. Objects of Reprisals [42]
38. Positive and Negative Reprisals [44]
39. Reprisals must be proportionate [44]
40. Embargo [44]
41. Reprisals to be preceded by Negotiations and to be stopped when Reparation is made [46]
42. Reprisals during Peace in contradistinction to Reprisals during War [46]
43. Value of Reprisals [46]
IV. Pacific Blockade
44. Development of practice of Pacific Blockade [48]
45. Admissibility of Pacific Blockade [50]
46. Pacific Blockade and vessels of third States [51]
47. Pacific Blockade and vessels of the blockaded State [52]
48. Manner of Pacific Blockade [52]
49. Value of Pacific Blockade [53]
V. Intervention
50. Intervention in contradistinction to Participation in a difference [54]
51. Mode of Intervention [55]
52. Time of Intervention [55]
PART II
WAR
CHAPTER I
ON WAR IN GENERAL
I. Characteristics of War
53. War no illegality [59]
54. Conception of War [60]
55. War a contention [61]
56. War a contention between States [62]
57. War a contention between States through armed forces [63]
58. War a contention between States for the purpose of overpowering each other [67]
59. Civil War [68]
60. Guerilla War [70]
II. Causes, Kinds, and Ends of War
61. Rules of Warfare independent of Causes of War [72]
62. Causes of War [73]
63. Just Causes of War [74]
64. Causes in contradistinction to Pretexts for War [75]
65. Different kinds of War [76]
66. Ends of War [76]
III. The Laws of War
67. Origin of the Laws of War [78]
68. The latest Development of the Laws of War [79]
69. Binding force of the Laws of War [83]
IV. The Region of War
70. Region of War in contradistinction to Theatre of War [85]
71. Particular Region of every War [86]
72. Exclusion from Region of War through Neutralisation [88]
73. Asserted exclusion of the Baltic Sea from the Region of War [90]
V. The Belligerents
74. Qualification to become a Belligerent (facultas bellandi) [90]
75. Possibility in contradistinction to qualification to become a Belligerent [91]
76. Insurgents as a Belligerent Power [92]
77. Principal and accessory Belligerent Parties [93]
VI. The Armed Forces of the Belligerents
78. Regular Armies and Navies [94]
79. Non-combatant Members of Armed Forces [95]
80. Irregular Forces [96]
81. Levies en masse [97]
82. Barbarous Forces [98]
83. Privateers [99]
84. Converted Merchantmen [100]
85. The Crews of Merchantmen [104]
86. Deserters and Traitors [106]
VII. Enemy Character
87. On Enemy Character in general [106]
88. Enemy Character of Individuals [108]
89. Enemy Character of Vessels [112]
90. Enemy Character of Goods [115]
91. Transfer of Enemy Vessels [117]
92. Transfer of Goods on Enemy Vessels [119]
CHAPTER II
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR
I. Commencement of War
93. Commencement of War in General [121]
94. Declaration of War [123]
95. Ultimatum [125]
96. Initiative hostile Acts of War [126]
II. Effects of the Outbreak of War
97. General Effects of the Outbreak of War [128]
98. Rupture of Diplomatic Intercourse and Consular Activity [129]
99. Cancellation of Treaties [129]
100. Precarious position of Belligerents' subjects on Enemy Territory [131]
100a. Persona standi in judicio on Enemy Territory 133
101. Intercourse, especially Trading, between Subjects of Belligerents [135]
102. Position of Belligerents' Property in the Enemy State [139]
102a. Effect of the Outbreak of War on Merchantmen [140]
CHAPTER III
WARFARE ON LAND
I. On Land Warfare in General
103. Aims and Means of Land Warfare [144]
104. Lawful and Unlawful Practices of Land Warfare [144]
105. Objects of the Means of Warfare [145]
106. Land Warfare in contradistinction to Sea Warfare [145]
II. Violence against Enemy Persons
107. On Violence in general against Enemy Persons [146]
108. Killing and Wounding of Combatants [146]
109. Refusal of Quarter [147]
110. Lawful and Unlawful Means of killing and wounding Combatants [148]
111. Explosive Bullets [149]
112. Expanding (Dum-Dum) Bullets [149]
113. Projectiles diffusing Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases [150]
114. Violence directed from Air-Vessels [150]
115. Violence against non-combatant Members of Armed Forces [151]
116. Violence against Private Enemy Persons [151]
117. Violence against the Head of the Enemy State and against Officials in Important Positions [153]
III. Treatment of Wounded, and Dead Bodies
118. Origin of Geneva Convention [154]
119. The Wounded and the Sick [157]
120. Medical Units and Establishments, and Material [158]
121. Personnel [159]
122. Convoys of Evacuation [160]
123. Distinctive Emblem [161]
124. Treatment of the Dead [162]
124a. Application of the Geneva Convention, and Prevention of Abuses [163]
124b. General provisions of the Geneva Convention [164]
IV. Captivity
125. Development of International Law regarding Captivity [165]
126. Treatment of Prisoners of War [167]
127. Who may claim to be Prisoners of War [169]
128. Discipline [169]
129. Release on Parole [170]
130. Bureau of Information [171]
131. Relief Societies [171]
132. End of Captivity [172]
V. Appropriation and Utilisation of Public Enemy Property
133. Appropriation of all the Enemy Property no longer admissible [174]
134. Immoveable Public Property [174]
135. Immoveable Property of Municipalities, and of Religious, Charitable, and the like Institutions [175]
136. Utilisation of Public Buildings [175]
137. Moveable Public Property [176]
138. Moveable Property of Municipalities, and of Religious, Charitable, and the like Institutions [177]
139. Booty on the Battlefield [177]
VI. Appropriation and Utilisation of Private Enemy Property
140. Immoveable Private Property [179]
141. Private War Material and Means of Transport [180]
142. Works of Art and Science, Historical Monuments [180]
143. Other Private Personal Property [180]
144. Booty on the Battlefield [181]
145. Private Enemy Property brought into a Belligerent's Territory [182]
VII. Requisitions and Contributions
146. War must support War [183]
147. Requisitions in Kind, and Quartering [185]
148. Contributions [186]
VIII. Destruction of Enemy Property
149. Wanton destruction prohibited [187]
150. Destruction for the purpose of Offence and Defence [188]
151. Destruction in marching, reconnoitring, and conducting Transport [188]
152. Destruction of Arms, Ammunition, and Provisions [189]
153. Destruction of Historical Monuments, Works of Art, and the like [189]
154. General Devastation [190]
IX. Assault, Siege, and Bombardment
155. Assault, Siege, and Bombardment, when lawful [191]
156. Assault, how carried out [193]
157. Siege, how carried out [193]
158. Bombardment, how carried out [194]
X. Espionage and Treason
159. Twofold Character of Espionage and Treason [196]
160. Espionage in contradistinction to Scouting and Despatch-bearing [197]
161. Punishment of Espionage [198]
162. Treason [199]
XI. Ruses
163. Character of Ruses of War [200]
164. Different kinds of Stratagems [201]
165. Stratagems in contradistinction to Perfidy [202]
XII. Occupation of Enemy Territory
166. Occupation as an Aim of Warfare [204]
167. Occupation, when effected [206]
168. Occupation, when ended [210]
169. Rights and Duties in General of the Occupant [210]
170. Rights of the Occupant regarding the Inhabitants [211]
171. Position of Government Officials and Municipal Functionaries during Occupation [213]
172. Position of Courts of Justice during Occupation [214]
CHAPTER IV
WARFARE ON SEA
I. On Sea Warfare in General
173. Aims and Means of Sea Warfare [216]
174. Lawful and Unlawful Practices of Sea Warfare [217]
175. Objects of the Means of Sea Warfare [218]
176. Development of International Law regarding Private Property on Sea [218]
177. Declaration of Paris [220]
178. The Principle of Appropriation of Private Enemy Vessels and Enemy Goods thereon [221]
179. Impending Codification of Law of Sea Warfare [224]
II. Attack and Seizure of Enemy Vessels
180. Importance of Attack and Seizure of Enemy Vessels [225]
181. Attack, when legitimate [225]
182. Attack, how effected [226]
182a. Submarine Contact Mines [227]
183. Duty of giving Quarter [231]
184. Seizure [231]
185. Effect of Seizure [231]
186. Immunity of Vessels charged with Religious, Scientific, or Philanthropic Mission [232]
187. Immunity of Fishing-boats and small boats employed in local Trade [234]
188. Immunity of Merchantmen at the Outbreak of War on their Voyage to and from a Belligerent's Port [235]
189. Vessels in Distress [236]
190. Immunity of Hospital and Cartel Ships [236]
191. Immunity of Mail-boats and Mail-bags [236]
III. Appropriation, and Destruction of Enemy Merchantmen
192. Prize Courts [238]
193. Conduct of Prize to Port of Prize Court [241]
194. Destruction of Prize [242]
195. Ransom of Prize [245]
196. Loss of Prize, especially Recapture [246]
197. Fate of Prize [247]
198. Vessels belonging to Subjects of Neutral States, but sailing under Enemy Flag [248]
199. Effect of Sale of Enemy Vessels during War [248]
200. Goods sold by and to Enemy Subjects during War [249]
IV. Violence against Enemy Persons
201. Violence against Combatants [249]
202. Violence against Non-combatant Members of Naval Forces [250]
203. Violence against Enemy Individuals not belonging to the Naval Forces [251]
V. Treatment of Wounded and Shipwrecked
204. Adaptation of Geneva Convention to Sea Warfare [252]
205. The Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked [253]
205a. Treatment of the Dead [254]
206. Hospital Ships [254]
206a. Hospital Ships in Neutral Ports [256]
206b. Sick-Bays [257]
207. Distinctive Colour and Emblem of Hospital Ships [258]
208. Neutral Vessels assisting the Wounded, Sick, or Shipwrecked [259]
209. The Religious, Medical, and Hospital Staff [260]
209a. Application of Convention X., and Prevention of Abuses [260]
209b. General Provisions of Convention X. [261]
VI. Espionage, Treason, Ruses
210. Espionage and Treason [262]
211. Ruses [262]
VII. Requisitions, Contributions, Bombardment
212. Requisitions and Contributions upon Coast Towns [264]
213. Bombardment of the Enemy Coast [266]
VIII. Interference with Submarine Telegraph Cables
214. Uncertainty of Rules concerning Interference with Submarine Telegraph Cables [271]
CHAPTER V
NON-HOSTILE RELATIONS OF BELLIGERENTS
I. On non-hostile Relations in General between Belligerents
215. Fides etiam hosti servanda [273]
216. Different kinds of Non-hostile Relations [274]
217. Licences to Trade [275]
II. Passports, Safe-conducts, Safeguards
218. Passports and Safe-conducts [276]
219. Safeguards [277]
III. Flags of Truce
220. Meaning of Flags of Truce [278]
221. Treatment of Unadmitted Flag-bearers [279]
222. Treatment of Admitted Flag-bearers [279]
223. Abuse of Flag of Truce [281]
IV. Cartels
224. Definition and Purpose of Cartels [282]
225. Cartel Ships [283]
V. Capitulations
226. Character and Purpose of Capitulations [284]
227. Contents of Capitulations [285]
228. Form of Capitulations [286]
229. Competence to conclude Capitulations [287]
230. Violation of Capitulations [289]
VI. Armistices
231. Character and Kinds of Armistices [290]
232. Suspensions of Arms [291]
233. General Armistices [291]
234. Partial Armistices [293]
235. Competence to conclude Armistices [293]
236. Form of Armistices [294]
237. Contents of Armistices [294]
238. Commencement of Armistices [296]
239. Violation of Armistices [297]
240. End of Armistices [299]
CHAPTER VI
MEANS OF SECURING LEGITIMATE WARFARE
I. On Means in General of securing Legitimate Warfare
241. Legitimate and Illegitimate Warfare [300]
242. How Legitimate Warfare is on the whole secured [301]
II. Complaints, Good Offices and Mediation, Intervention
243. Complaints lodged with the Enemy [302]
244. Complaints lodged with Neutrals [303]
245. Good Offices and Mediation [303]
246. Intervention on the part of Neutrals [304]
III. Reprisals
247. Reprisals between Belligerents in contradistinction to Reprisals in time of Peace [305]
248. Reprisals admissible for every Illegitimate Act of Warfare [305]
249. Danger of Arbitrariness in Reprisals [306]
250. Proposed Restriction of Reprisals [308]
IV. Punishment of War Crimes
251. Conception of War Crimes [309]
252. Different kinds of War Crimes [310]
253. Violations of Rules regarding Warfare [310]
254. Hostilities in Arms by Private Individuals [312]
255. Espionage and War Treason [313]
256. Marauding [316]
257. Mode of Punishment of War Crimes [316]
V. Taking of Hostages
258. Former Practice of taking Hostages [317]
259. Modern Practice of taking Hostages [317]
VI. Compensation
259a. How the Principle of Compensation for Violations of the Laws of War arose [319]
259b. Compensation for Violations of the Hague Regulations [320]
CHAPTER VII
END OF WAR, AND POSTLIMINIUM
I. On Termination of War in General
260. War a Temporary Condition [322]
261. Three Modes of Termination of War [322]
II. Simple Cessation of Hostilities
262. Exceptional Occurrence of simple Cessation of Hostilities [323]
263. Effect of Termination of War through simple Cessation of Hostilities [324]
III. Subjugation
264. Subjugation in contradistinction to Conquest [325]
265. Subjugation a formal End of War [326]
IV. Treaty of Peace
266. Treaty of Peace the most frequent End of War [327]
267. Peace Negotiations [328]
268. Preliminaries of Peace [329]
269. Form and Parts of Peace Treaties [330]
270. Competence to conclude Peace [330]
271. Date of Peace [331]
V. Effects of Treaty of Peace
272. Restoration of Condition of Peace [332]
273. Principle of Uti Possidetis [334]
274. Amnesty [334]
275. Release of Prisoners of War [335]
276. Revival of Treaties [336]
VI. Performance of Treaty of Peace
277. Treaty of Peace, how to be carried out [337]
278. Breach of Treaty of Peace [338]
VII. Postliminium
279. Conception of Postliminium [339]
280. Postliminium according to International Law, in contradistinction to Postliminium according to Municipal Law [340]
281. Revival of the Former Condition of Things [341]
282. Validity of Legitimate Acts [342]
283. Invalidity of Illegitimate Acts [343]
284. No Postliminium after Interregnum [343]
PART III
NEUTRALITY
CHAPTER I
ON NEUTRALITY IN GENERAL
I. Development of the Institution of Neutrality
285. Neutrality not practised in Ancient Times [347]
286. Neutrality during the Middle Ages [348]
287. Neutrality during the Seventeenth Century [349]
288. Progress of Neutrality during the Eighteenth Century [350]
289. First Armed Neutrality [352]
290. The French Revolution and the Second Armed Neutrality [354]
291. Neutrality during the Nineteenth Century [357]
292. Neutrality in the Twentieth Century [359]
II. Characteristics of Neutrality
293. Conception of Neutrality [361]
294. Neutrality an Attitude of Impartiality [362]
295. Neutrality an Attitude creating Rights and Duties [363]
296. Neutrality an Attitude of States [363]
297. No Cessation of Intercourse during Neutrality between Neutrals and Belligerents [365]
298. Neutrality an Attitude during War (Neutrality in Civil War) [365]
299. Neutrality to be recognised by the Belligerents [367]
III. Different Kinds of Neutrality
300. Perpetual Neutrality [368]
301. General and Partial Neutrality [369]
302. Voluntary and Conventional Neutrality [369]
303. Armed Neutrality [369]
304. Benevolent Neutrality [370]
305. Perfect and Qualified Neutrality [370]
306. Some Historical Examples of Qualified Neutrality [371]
IV. Commencement and End of Neutrality
307. Neutrality commences with Knowledge of the War [373]
308. Commencement of Neutrality in Civil War [374]
309. Establishment of Neutrality by Declarations [374]
310. Municipal Neutrality Laws [375]
311. British Foreign Enlistment Act [375]
312. End of Neutrality [377]
CHAPTER II
RELATIONS BETWEEN BELLIGERENTS AND NEUTRALS
I. Rights and Duties deriving from Neutrality
313. Conduct in General of Neutrals and Belligerents [378]
314. What Rights and Duties of Neutrals and of Belligerents there are [378]
315. Rights and Duties of Neutrals contested [379]
316. Contents of Duty of Impartiality [381]
317. Duty of Impartiality continuously growing more intense [382]
317a. Neutrality Conventions of the Second Peace Conference [383]
318. Contents of Duty of Belligerents to treat Neutrals in accordance with their Impartiality [384]
319. Contents of Duty not to suppress Intercourse between Neutrals and the Enemy [385]
II. Neutrals and Military Operations
320. Hostilities by and against Neutrals [386]
321. Furnishing Troops and Men-of-War to Belligerents [389]
322. Subjects of Neutrals fighting among Belligerent Forces [390]
323. Passage of Troops and War Material through Neutral Territory [391]
324. Passage of Wounded through Neutral Territory [392]
325. Passage of Men-of-War [393]
326. Occupation of Neutral Territory by Belligerents [394]
327. Prize Courts on Neutral Territory [395]
328. Belligerent's Prizes in Neutral Ports [395]
III. Neutrals and Military Preparations
329. Depôts and Factories on Neutral Territory [397]
330. Levy of Troops, and the like [398]
331. Passage of Bodies of Men intending to Enlist [399]
332. Organisation of Hostile Expeditions [400]
333. Use of Neutral Territory as Base of Naval Operations [400]
334. Building and Fitting-out of Vessels intended for Naval Operations [405]
335. The Alabama Case and the Three Rules of Washington [406]
IV. Neutral Asylum to Land Forces and War Material
336. On Neutral Asylum in General [409]
337. Neutral Territory and Prisoners of War [410]
338. Fugitive Soldiers on Neutral Territory [413]
339. Neutral Territory and Fugitive Troops [413]
340. Neutral Territory and Non-combatant Members of Belligerent Forces [415]
341. Neutral Territory and War Material of Belligerents [415]
V. Neutral Asylum to Naval Forces
342. Asylum to Naval Forces in contradistinction to Asylum to Land Forces [417]
343. Neutral Asylum to Naval Forces Optional [417]
344. Asylum to Naval Forces in Distress [418]
345. Exterritoriality of Men-of-War during Asylum [419]
346. Facilities to Men-of-War during Asylum [420]
347. Abuse of Asylum to be prohibited [420]
348. Neutral Men-of-War as an Asylum [423]
348a. Neutral Territory and Shipwrecked Soldiers [424]
VI. Supplies and Loans to Belligerents
349. Supply on the part of Neutrals [426]
350. Supply on the part of Subjects of Neutrals [427]
351. Loans and Subsidies on the part of Neutrals [430]
352. Loans and Subsidies on the part of Subjects of Neutrals [430]
VII. Services to Belligerents
353. Pilotage [432]
354. Transport on the part of Neutrals [433]
355. Transport on the part of Neutral Merchantmen and by neutral rolling stock [434]
356. Information regarding Military and Naval Operations [434]
VIII. Violation of Neutrality
357. Violation of Neutrality in the narrower and in the wider sense of the Term [438]
358. Violation in contradistinction to End of Neutrality [439]
359. Consequences of Violations of Neutrality [439]
360. Neutrals not to acquiesce in Violations of Neutrality committed by a Belligerent [440]
361. Case of the General Armstrong [442]
362. Mode of exacting Reparation from Belligerents for Violations of Neutrality [442]
363. Negligence on the part of Neutrals [444]
363a. Laying of Submarine Contact Mines by Neutrals [445]
IX. Right of Angary
364. The Obsolete Right of Angary [446]
365. The Modern Right of Angary [447]
366. Right of Angary concerning Neutral Rolling Stock [448]
367. Right of Angary not deriving from Neutrality [449]
CHAPTER III
BLOCKADE
I. Conception of Blockade
368. Definition of Blockade [450]
369. Blockade, Strategic and Commercial [452]
370. Blockade to be Universal [452]
371. Blockade, Outwards and Inwards [453]
372. What Places can be Blockaded [453]
373. Blockade of International Rivers [454]
374. Justification of Blockade [455]
II. Establishment of Blockade
375. Competence to establish Blockade [456]
376. Declaration and Notification of Blockade [456]
377. Length of Time for Egress of Neutral Vessels [459]
378. End of Blockade [460]
III. Effectiveness of Blockade
379. Effective in contradistinction to Fictitious Blockade [461]
380. Condition of Effectiveness of Blockade [461]
381. Amount of Danger which creates Effectiveness [464]
382. Cessation of Effectiveness [464]
IV. Breach of Blockade
383. Definition of Breach of Blockade [466]
384. No Breach without Notice of Blockade [466]
385. The former practice as to what constitutes an Attempt to break Blockade [468]
385a. What constitutes an Attempt to break Blockade according to the Declaration of London [470]
386. When Ingress is not considered Breach of Blockade [472]
387. When Egress is not considered Breach of Blockade [473]
388. Passage through Unblockaded Canal no Breach of Blockade [474]
V. Consequences of Breach of Blockade
389. Capture of Blockade-running Vessels [475]
390. Penalty for Breach of Blockade [476]
CHAPTER IV
CONTRABAND
I. Conception of Contraband
391. Definition of Contraband of War [480]
392. Absolute and conditional Contraband, and free Articles [481]
393. Articles absolutely Contraband [483]
394. Articles conditionally Contraband [485]
395. Hostile Destination essential to Contraband [490]
396. Free Articles [492]
396a. Articles destined for the use of the carrying Vessel, or to aid the Wounded [493]
397. Contraband Vessels [494]
II. Carriage of Contraband
398. Carriage of Contraband Penal by the Municipal Law of Belligerents [495]
399. Direct Carriage of Contraband [497]
400. Circuitous Carriage of Contraband [499]
401. Indirect Carriage of Contraband (Doctrine of Continuous Transports) [500]
402. The Case of the Bundesrath [502]
403. Continental support to the Doctrine of Continuous Transports [504]
403a. Partial Recognition by the Declaration of London of the Doctrine of Continuous Voyages [505]
III. Consequences of Carriage of Contraband
404. Capture for Carriage of Contraband [506]
405. Penalty for Carriage of Contraband according to the Practice hitherto prevailing [508]
406. Penalty according to the Declaration of London for Carriage of Contraband [511]
406a. Seizure of Contraband without Seizure of the Vessel [513]
CHAPTER V
UNNEUTRAL SERVICE
I. The Different Kinds of Unneutral Service
407. Unneutral Service in general [515]
408. Carriage of Persons for the Enemy [517]
409. Transmission of Intelligence to the Enemy [521]
410. Unneutral Service creating Enemy Character [524]
II. Consequences of Unneutral Service
411. Capture for Unneutral Service [526]
412. Penalty for Unneutral Service [527]
413. Seizure of Enemy Persons and Despatches without Seizure of Vessel [530]
CHAPTER VI
VISITATION, CAPTURE, AND TRIAL OF NEUTRAL VESSELS
I. Visitation
414. Conception of Right of Visitation [533]
415. Right of Visitation, by whom, when, and where exercised [534]
416. Only Private Vessels may be Visited [535]
417. Vessels under Convoy [535]
418. No Universal Rules regarding Mode of Visitation [537]
419. Stopping of Vessels for the Purpose of Visitation [538]
420. Visit [538]
421. Search [539]
422. Consequences of Resistance to Visitation [540]
423. What constitutes Resistance [541]
424. Sailing under Enemy Convoy equivalent to Resistance 542
425. Resistance by Neutral Convoy [543]
426. Deficiency of Papers [543]
427. Spoliation, Defacement, and Concealment of Papers [544]
428. Double and False Papers [545]
II. Capture
429. Grounds and Mode of Capture [546]
430. Effect of Capture of Neutral Vessels, and their Conduct to Port [546]
431. Destruction of Neutral Prizes [547]
432. Ransom and Recapture of Neutral Prizes [551]
433. Release after Capture [551]