AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO
SPANISH CONVERSATION

CONTAINING

ALL THAT IS NECESSARY TO MAKE A
RAPID PROGRESS IN IT.

PARTICULARLY DESIGNED

FOR PERSONS WHO HAVE LITTLE TIME TO STUDY,

OR ARE THEIR OWN INSTRUCTORS.

By M. VELAZQUEZ DE LA CADENA,

PROFESSOR OF THE SPANISH; EDITOR OF OLLENDORFF’S SPANISH
GRAMMAR, NEW SPANISH READER, ETC. ETC.

NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,

549 & 551 BROADWAY.
1872.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849,
By D. APPLETON & COMPANY,
In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Southern District
of New York.

PREFACE.

Multum in parvo is the object of this small book; in which the student will find all the elements necessary to enable him in a very short time to enter into a conversation on the most usual topics.

For this purpose, and in order that he may understand the questions put, or the answers given to him, should they be expressed in words different in tense or number from those contained in the dialogues, and also to afford him the best means to vary them himself, it has been deemed expedient to prefix to the vocabularies a synopsis of the Spanish language. The learner is earnestly desired to study it attentively, so as to become perfectly familiar with the conjugation of the verbs; a thorough knowledge of which will render his progress easy, sure, and speedy.

Persons unaccustomed to commit tasks to memory, will do well to begin by learning daily a set number (say five) of nouns, adjectives, or verbs, and as many phrases as they can remember well; repeating always the English before the Spanish. Such exercise being steadily pursued for a month, the student will have acquired an aggregate of more than five hundred of the words most frequently used in common intercourse. This plan has been often tried, and its results have constantly exceeded the most sanguine expectations.

Should the student wish to acquire a thorough knowledge of the Spanish, even without the assistance of a teacher, he may do so by studying Ollendorff’s New Method, by M. Velazquez and T. Simonné, published by D. Appleton & Co., No. 443 Broadway.

This work will also be found very useful for the younger classes of learners, as an introduction to Ollendorff, or any other Spanish grammar, as it contains in a few pages, and exhibits in the plainest manner, the elements necessary to enable them to make a very easy and rapid progress in the study of this language.

New York, June 1st, 1849.

CONTENTS.

PART I.
A SYNOPSIS, ETC.
		PAGE
	The Letters	[ 7]
	Accent	[10]
	Noun—Number	[ib. ]
	Gender	[ib. ]
	Case	[11]
	Augmentative and Diminutive Nouns	[ib. ]
	Adjectives	[12]
	Comparative	[ib. ]
	Superlative	[13]
	Pronouns	[14]
	Verbs	[16]
	Conjugation—Simple Tenses	[17]
	“ Compound Tenses	[23]
	Auxiliary Verbs	[25]
	Idiomatical Tenses	[27]
	Place of the Pronouns	[28]
	Verbs affirmatively and negatively conjugated	[ib. ]
	Passive Verbs	[ib. ]
	Pronominal Verbs	[29]
	Gerund	[30]
	Verbs that alter their radical letters	[31]
	Remarks on the Subjunctive	[ib. ]
	Participle	[32]
	Verbs that have two Participles	[ib. ]
	Adverbs	[33]
	Prepositions	[34]
	Conjunctions	[35]
	Interjections	[36]
	Abbreviations	[ib. ]
PART II.
A VOCABULARY, ETC.
	The Numbers	[37]
	Moneda corriente	[39]
	Of Heaven and the Elements	[40]
	The Weather and Seasons	[ib. ]
	Days of the Week and Months	[41]
	Holy Days	[ib. ]
	Ecclesiastical Dignities	[ib. ]
	Eatables	[42]
	Covering of the Table	[ib. ]
	For Fast Days—Fish	[44]
	For the Dessert	[ib. ]
	Conditions of Man and Woman	[46]
	Clothes and Articles for Dressing	[ib. ]
	Articles for Riding	[47]
	Clothes for Ladies	[ib. ]
	Parts of the Human Body	[48]
	The Five Senses—Ages	[49]
	Qualities of the Body	[ib. ]
	Defects of the Body	[50]
	Studying	[ib. ]
	Musical Instruments	[ib. ]
	Parts and Furniture of a House	[51]
	What is found about the Chimney, in the Kitchen,
	and in the Cellar	[52]
	The Servants of a House	[53]
	What is found in and about the Door,
	and in the Stable	[54]
	The Garden—Flowers, Trees, &c.	[54]
	Temporal Dignities	[55]
	Officers of War—The Army	[56]
	Fortifications	[ib. ]
	Professions and Trades	[57]
	Defects and Imperfections	[58]
	Good Qualities—Diseases	[ib. ]
	Bird and Quadrupeds	[59]
	The Country—The City	[60]
	Colors—Metals	[61]
	Commercial Terms	[ib. ]
	Collection of Verbs	[63]

PART III.
DIALOGUES.
I.	Saluting, &c.	[69]
II.	To pay a Visit	[70]
III.	To dress one’s self	[71]
IV.	The Tailor	[72]
V.	To breakfast	[73]
VI.	To speak Spanish	[74]
VII.	Of the Weather	[75]
VIII.	To write	[76]
IX.	To buy	[78]
X.	To inquire after News	[79]
XI.	To inquire after any one	[82]
XII.	For a journey	[83]
XIII.	Supper and Lodgings	[85]
XIV.	To reckon with the Landlord	[86]
XV.	On a Voyage by Sea	[87]
XVI.	On board of a Vessel	[89]
XVII.	On a Journey in a Litter, or on Mules	[90]
XVIII.	At the Dinner Table	[92]

PART IV.
COMMERCIAL LETTERS, ETC.
	First Letter	[95]
	Second Letter	[96]
	An Invoice	[97]
	Third and Fourth Letters	[98]
	Letter of Recommendation	[99]
	A Draft	[ib. ]
	Endorsement	[100]
	Notes	[ib. ]

EASY INTRODUCTION

SPANISH CONVERSATION.

PART I.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE CASTILIAN LANGUAGE.

THE LETTERS.

The vowels are, a, e, i, o, u, y.

Pronounce them, ah, ay, ee, oh, oo, ee. They have invariably the same sound, and must be fully and distinctly pronounced.

The vowels are never silent, except u, in the syllables gue, gui, que, qui. When the u is to be sounded in them, it is marked with a diæresis (¨) over it; thus, argüir, ar-goo-ir.

The syllables in which the consonants are pronounced differently from the English, are the following. The letters in italics under them express their respective sounds.

C.
Ca,	co,	cu,	cua,	cuo.
Kah,	koh,	koo,	kwah,	kwo.
		ce,	ci.
Th lisped,		thay,	thee.

CH.
Pronounce it invariably as in the English words chap, chess, cheese.

G.
Ga,	go,	gu,	gue,	gui.
Gah,	goh,	goo,	gay,	gee.
J.

J before all the vowels, and g before e or i, have the sound of the English h, more harshly aspirated.

Ja,	je,	ji,	jo,	ju.
Hah,	hay,	hee,	hoe,	who.
	Ge,	gi.
	Hay,	hee.

LL.

LL is not a double consonant in Spanish, consequently it must not be divided in spelling. It sounds like ll in English in million; but it must be pronounced more quickly and stronger. In some parts of the Mexican states it is sounded somewhat like the Spanish y consonant, with which they confound it in writing; and in manuscript we frequently see cabayo instead of caballo.

Lla,	lle,	lli,	llo,	llu.
Lyah,	lye-ay,	lyee,	lyoh,	lyoo.
N.

N has a strong nasal sound, like n in poniard. The gn in French gives its sound.

Na,	ñe,	ñi,	ño,	ñu.
Nyah,	nye-ay,	nyee,	nyoh,	nyoo.
Q.

The syllables qua, qüe, qüi, quo, are at present written with c, which see above.

Que,	qui.
Kay,	kee.
V.

V must be pronounced as in English. Its sound is so slender in Spanish, that most generally it is confounded with the b: but such pronunciation must not be imitated. It is frequently used in manuscript instead of the capital U; thus,

Vnion y Libertad, instead of Union y Libertad.

X, in conformity with the new orthography, is to represent solely the sound of cs; but the greater part of the people pronounce and write only the s; thus, estranjero, instead of extranjero, (ex-tran-her´-oh.)

Y is a vowel when it is followed by a consonant, or terminates a word, and then it sounds like ee. It is a consonant when it is before a vowel, and then it sounds somewhat like English j. In some parts of America it is generally pronounced as ee; thus, suyo, soo´-ee-o.

N. B.—Of late years, some persons write i instead of y in ai, y, convoi, &c., but the Academy retains the y. In manuscript, Y is to be used instead of I, whenever this letter must be a capital.

Z, before all the vowels, is pronounced like th lisped in the English words thank, theft, thin, path, truth.

Za,	ze,	zi,	zo,	zu.
Thah,	thay,	thee,	thoh,	thoo.
Az,	ez,	iz,	oz,	uz.
Ath,	eth,	eeth,	oth,	ooth.

In Spanish America z is generally pronounced s, and also frequently written instead of that letter.

DIVISION OF SYLLABLES.

Gra-cio-so, cons-truc-cion, abs-te-ner-se, ha-bla-do-res, ca-ro, car-ro, des-en-re-dar, ca-ba-llo, con-flic-to, pers-pi-caz, flu-xion.

ACCENT.

This mark (´) is set over a vowel to point out that a particular stress of the voice must be laid on it. When the word has no mark on any of its letters, the penultimate, or last syllable but one, must be pronounced with particular emphasis.

Amo, este, ira, oso, Amó, esté, irá, osó.

Nouns ending in a consonant (plurals excepted) have the last syllable long, and consequently do not require the mark: otherwise, they have it on the syllable on which the stress of the voice lies; as,

Caridad, animal, capitan, favor, interes. | Césped, fácil, órden, carácter, ménos.

ARTICLES.

		Singular.		Plural.
The	{ masculine	El		Los
The	{ feminine	La		Las
A or an	{ masculine	Un	SOME	unos
A or an	{ feminine	Una	“	unas

NOUN

Nouns are substantive or adjective, and have number, gender, and case.

NUMBER

Singular and Plural.—Nouns terminating in a short, or unaccented vowel, add an s for the plural; as, boy, muchacho; boys, muchachos. Nouns ending in an accented vowel, or in a consonant, or in y, add es to the singular; as, ruby, rubí; rubies, rubíes; lion, leon; lions, leones; ox, buey; oxen, bueyes. Nouns terminating in z, change it into c to form the plural; as, cross, cruz; crosses, cruces.

GENDER

Every he, or male animal, is of the masculine gender; as, man, hombre; every she, or female, is of the feminine gender; as, woman, mujer. Nouns of inanimate objects or things ending in a, ad, bre, ion, are for the most part feminine; and those terminating in e, i, o, u, on, are masculine. The exceptions, however, are very numerous.

Common nouns ending in o, change it into a to form the feminine; as, son, hijo; daughter, hija. There are some that express their gender by a different word or termination; as, father, padre; mother, madre; bull, toro; cow, vaca; poet, poeta; poetess, poetisa. (See Ollendorff, p. 246.)

Common nouns terminating in an, on, or, add an a to form the feminine; as lion, leon; lioness, leona; shepherd, pastor; shepherdess, pastora.

CASE.

There are two cases, the Nominative and the Objective. The Nominative case expresses the subject of the verb; as, The man gives, El hombre da. The Objective case is either direct or indirect. It is direct when it is the immediate object of the action of the verb; as, The man gives alms, El hombre da limosna. It is indirect (called also complement) when it is the term, or end of the action expressed by the verb; as, The man gives alms to the poor, El hombre da limosna á los pobres. When the object direct of an active verb is the noun of a rational being, or a proper noun, or thing personified, it must be preceded by the preposition á; as, The brother loves his sister, El hermano ama á su hermana. The brother loves his money, El hermano ama su dinero.

AUGMENTATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE NOUNS.

Augmentative nouns are those that increase the extent of their signification by adding on, ote, or azo, to the masculine nouns, and ona, ota, or aza, to the feminine, suppressing their last letter, should it be a, e, or o; as, a boy, un muchacho; a big boy, un muchachon; a girl, una muchacha; a big girl, una muchachona. The termination azo frequently signifies the blow, or injury caused by the object to which it is added; as, whip, látigo; a very large whip, un latigazo; a stroke with a whip, un latigazo.

Diminutive nouns are formed by adding ito, illo, ico, or uelo for the masculine, and ita, illa, ica, or uela for the feminine, to the noun, which suppresses its last letter if it be a or e; as, a boy, un muchacho; a little boy, un muchachito, un muchachillo, un muchachuelo; a girl, una muchacha; a little girl, una muchachita, una muchachilla, una muchachuela.

N. B.—The terminations, ito, ita, &c., added to christian names, or those that express relationship, indicate love, affection, and regard towards the object; thus, hermanita, dear sister; Juanito, esteemed John, &c.

ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives ending in o are masculine, and change it into a to form the feminine; as, fine, fino, fina. Those ending in any other letter are common to both genders; as, prudent, prudente; useful, útil.

Except adjectives expressing the natives of a country, or things belonging to it; and also most of those terminating in an or on, which add an a for the feminine; as, Spaniard, or Spanish, español, española; idle, haragan, haragana; clamorous, griton, gritona.

Adjectives form their plural according to the rules set forth for the nouns; as, white, blanco, blancos, blanca, blancas; deep blue, turquí, turquíes; natural, natural, naturales; happy, feliz, felices, or felizes.

Uno, one; alguno, some; ninguno, none; primero, first; bueno, good; malo, bad; suppress the o when they are immediately followed by a substantive masculine in the singular, whether it be alone, or preceded by an adjective; as, no heart, ningun corazon; ningun humano corazon.

Ciento, hundred, loses the last syllable before a substantive masculine or feminine; the same does Santo before a noun masculine in the singular. Grande, great, generally loses it also when it refers to qualities; as, El Gran Capitan.

COMPARATIVE.

More, (or the termination er,) mas——than, que.
He is richer, or more rich than she.	El es mas rico que ella.
Less, ménos——than, que.
She is less rich than he.	Ella es ménos rica que él.
As, (or so,) tan——as, como.
He is as rich as she.	El es tan rico como ella.
As much, (so much,) tanto or tanta——as, como.
She has as much money as he.	Ella tiene tanto dinero como él.
She has as much beauty as modesty.	Ella tiene tanta hermosura como modestia.
As many, (so many,) tantos or tantas——as, como.
He has as many books as his brother.	El tiene tantos libros como su hermano.
As many houses.	Tantas casas.
The more, cuanto mas——the more, tanto mas.
The more he studies, the more he learns.	Cuanto mas estudia, tanto mas aprende.
The less, cuanto ménos——the less, tanto ménos.
The less he works, the less he earns.	Cuanto ménos trabaja, tanto ménos gana.

Greater, mayor; less, menor; better, mejor; worse, peor, superior, superior, &c.

SUPERLATIVE.

It is formed, first, by literally translating the adverb very, muy; as, very high, muy alto. Secondly, by adding the termination ísimo, or ísima, to the adjective, which suppresses the last letter if it be an o, or e: very fine, finísimo; very sweet, dulcisimo; very useful, utilísimo. Adjectives in ble change it into bilísimo; those in co, into quísimo; and those in go, into guísimo; as, amabilísimo, riquísimo, prodiguísimo. Thirdly, by prefixing el, los, la, las mas, or ménos to the adjective; as, The most industrious, El mas industrioso; the most humane, el, or los mas humanos; la, or las mas humanas.

Best, óptimo, worst, pésimo; greatest, máximo; least, mínimo; lowest, ínfimo; supreme, supremo.

PRONOUNS.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Nom.	I, yo.	Nom.	We, nosotros, nosotras.
Obj. Dir.	Me, me.	Obj. Dir.	Us, nos, nos.
Obj. Ind.	Me, mí.	Obj. Ind.	Us, nosotros, nosotras.
“	With me, conmigo.	“	With us, con nosotros,
		“	“ con nosotras.

Nom.	Thou, tú.	Nom.	You, vosotros, vosotras.
Obj. Dir.	Thee, te.	Obj. Dir.	You, os, os.
Obj. Ind.	Thee, tí.	Obj. Ind.	You, vosotros, vosotras.
“	With thee, contigo.	“	With you, con vosotros.
		“	“ con vosotras.

You, in familiar polite style, is translated usted for both genders, and the verb agrees with it in the singular or the plural, according to the sense. Usted and its plural are always written in abbreviation, thus: V. or Vm. for the first, and VV. or Vms. for the latter.

Nom.	You, usted, (V. or Vm.)	Nom.	You, ustedes, (VV. or Vms.)
Obj. Dir.	You, á usted, le, la, se.	Obj. Dir.	You, á VV. los, las, se.
Obj. Ind.	You, á V. le, se:	Obj. Ind.	You, á VV. les, se:
	á él, ella, sí.		á ellos, ellas, sí.
“	With you, con usted.	“	With you, con ustedes.
“	With yourself, consigo.	“	“ consigo.

Nom.	He or it, él.	Nom.	They, ellos.
Obj. Dir.	Him or it, le, se; él, sí.	Obj. Dir.	Them, los, se; ellos, sí.
Obj. Ind.	Him or it, le, se; él, sí.	Obj. Ind.	Them, les, se; ellos, sí.
“	With him or it, con él.	“	With them, con ellos.
“	With himself or itself, consigo.	“	With themselves, consigo.

Nom.	She or it, ella.	Nom.	They, ellas.
Obj. Dir.	Her or it, la, se; ella, sí.	Obj. Dir.	Them, las, se; ellas, sí.
Obj. Ind.	Her or it, le, se; ella, sí.	Obj. Ind.	Them, les, se; ellas, sí.
“	With her or it, con ella.	“	With them, con ellas.
“	With herself or itself, consigo.	“	With themselves, consigo.

Mí, tí, sí, are always preceded by prepositions.

Me, te, se, le, los, la, las, les, are governed by verbs, and never placed after prepositions. When the verbs are in the indicative, or in the subjunctive mood, they are placed before the verb; as, He esteems her, él la estima. Should the verb be in the infinitive, or in the imperative mood, the pronouns must be placed after it, and joined to it so as to appear one word; thus, Give it to him, (give, da, it, le, to him, se,) dásele.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS CONJUNCTIVE.

My, mi, mis.	His, su, sus.	Its, su, sus.
Thy, tu, tus.	Her, su, sus.	Their, su, sus.
Your, with reference to Usted, or Ustedes, su, sus.

These pronouns agree in number with the noun that follows them; as, He sold his horses, él vendió sus caballos; they fulfilled their promise, ellos cumplieron, su promesa.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ABSOLUTE.

Mine, mio, mios.	His, suyo, suyos.	Its, suyo, suyos.
mia, mias.	suya, suyas.	suya, suyas.
Thine, tuyo, tuyos.	Hers, suyo, suyos.	Theirs, suyo, suyos.
tuya, tuyas.	suya, suyas.	suya, suyas.
Our, nuestro, nuestros.	Your, vuestro, vuestros.	Your, de Usted.
nuestra, nuestras.	vuestra, vuestras.	de Ustedes.
Your, with reference to Usted, is translated also suyo, suyos, suya, suyas.

RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

Who, which, que, quien, quienes. What, that, que.

Which, what, cual, cuales; also, el cual, los cuales, la cual, las cuales.

Whose, cuyo, cuyos, cuya, cuyas; also, de quien, de cual, &c.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

This,	este.	These,	estos.	That,	aquel.	Those,	aquellos.
“	esta.	“	estas.	“	aquella.	“	aquellas.
That,	ese.	Those,	esos.	This,	esto.	That,	aquello.
“	esa.	“	esas.	That,	eso.	It,	ello, lo.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

One,	uno.	Such,	tal.
Each,	cada.	Something,	algo.
Nobody,	{ nadie.	Nothing,	nada.
Nobody,	{ ninguno.	Each one,	cada cual.
Somebody,	alguien.	Each other,	uno y otro.
Anybody,	}	One another,	uno á otro.
Any, some,	} alguno.	Every one,	cada uno.
Some one,	}	Every one,	}
Somebody,	}	Everybody,	} todo, todos.
Whichever,	cualquiera.	Every thing,	}
Whomsoever,	quienquiera.	All, every,	}
	{ ámbos.
Both,	{ entrámbos.
	{ ámbos á dos.

VERBS.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods, tenses, persons, and numbers.

All the verbs in the Spanish language are formed out of the present of the infinitive mood, which invariably terminates in ar, er, or ir, which syllables are called its termination; and the letters that remain of the said present of the infinitive, after separating one of the said terminations, whatever they may be, are said to be its root, and the letters of such root are called its radical letters; as, to esteem, estim-ar; to offend, ofend-er; to permit, permit-ir: in which verbs ar, er, ir are the terminations; and estim, ofend, permit, the radical letters of each respectively, to which the other combinations must be added to form the various persons and tenses of a verb.

All the Spanish verbs are, therefore, classed into three conjugations. Verbs ending in ar belong to the first; those in er to the second; and those in ir to the third.

Obs. 1. It is not necessary to express the pronouns subject or nominative, in the colloquial style, (usted and ustedes excepted;) but they must be used whenever elegance or clearness requires it.

Obs. 2. The numbers before the terminations point out the different persons. N. 2, before usted and ustedes, denotes that they are of the second person, but that the verb agrees with them in the third, (by Enallage.)

TERMINATIONS OF ALL THE REGULAR VERBS.

Obs. 3. The grave accent (`) upon a vowel in the following terminations, points out the syllable on which the stress of the voice is laid, but over which the mark of it must not be set. The acute accent (') marks the syllable on which the stress of the voice lays, and over which the accent is to be written. When there is no mark of an accent in the termination, the syllable that precedes it is long.

SIMPLE TENSES.

INFINITIVE MOOD.
First Conjugation.		Second Conjugation.		Third Conjugation.
PRESENT.		PRESENT.		PRESENT.
To arm,	armar.	To offend,	ofender.	To unite,	unir.
Termination,	ar.	Termination,	er.	Termination,	ir.
Radical letters,	arm.	Radical letters,	ofend.	Radical letters,	un.
GERUND. [1].		GERUND.		GERUND.
Arming,	ando.	Offending,	iendo.	Uniting,	iendo.
PARTICIPLE PAST.[2]		PARTICIPLE PAST.		PARTICIPLE PAST.
Armed,	ado.	Offended,	ido.	United,	ido.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
First Conjugation.			Second Conjugation.			Third Conjugation.
PRESENT.			PRESENT.			PRESENT.
1. I arm,	arm-	o.	1. I offend,	ofend-	o.	1. I unite,	un-	o.
2. Thou armest,		as.	2. Thou offendest,		es.	2. Thou unitest,		es.
3. He arms,		a.	3. He offends,		e.	3. He unites,		e.
2. You arm,	V.—	a.[3]	2. You offend,	V.—	e.[6]	2. You unite,	V.—	e.[8]
1. We arm,		àmos.	1. We offend,		èmos.	1. We unite,		imos.
2. You arm,		àis.	2. You offend,		èis.	2. You unite,		is.
3. They arm,		an.	3. They offend,		en.	3. They unite,		en.
2. You arm,	VV.—	an.[4]	2. You offend,	VV.—	en.[7]	2. You unite,	VV.—	en.[9]
IMPERFECT..			IMPERFECT..			IMPERFECT..
1. I armed,[5]	arm-	àba.	1. I offended,	ofend-	ía.	1. I united,	un-	ía.
2. Thou armedst,		àbas.	2. Thou offendedst,		ías.	2. Thou unitedst,		ías.
3. He armed,		àba.	3. He offended,		ía.	3. He united,		ía.
2. You armed,	V.—	àba.	2. You offended,	V.—	ía.	2. You united,	V.—	ía.
1. We armed,		ábamos.	1. We offended,		íamos.	1. We united,		íamos.
2. You armed,		ábais.	2. You offended,		íais.	2. You united,		íais.
3. They armed,		àban.	3. They offended,		ían.	3. They united,		ían.
2. You armed,	VV.—	àban.	2. You offended,	VV.—	ían.	2. You united,	VV.—	ían.

Remark.—Those scholars who desire a more detailed explanation of this subject, are referred to Lesson XL. page 157 of Ollendorff’s New Method of Learning to Read and Write the Spanish Language, published by D. Appleton & Co., No. 200 Broadway. This work contains every rule necessary to render easy the study of that language.

PERFECT..			PERFECT..			PERFECT..
1. I armed,[10]	arm-	é.	1. I offended,	ofend-	í.	1. I united,	un-	í.
2. Thou armedst,		àste.	2. Thou offendedst,		iste.	2. Thou unitedst,		iste.
3. He armed,		ó.	3. He offended,		ió.	3. He united,		ió.
2. You armed,	V.—	ó.	2. You offended,	V.—	ió.	2. You united,	V.—	ió.
1. We armed,		ámos.	1. We offended,		imos.	1. We united,		imos.
2. You armed,		ásteis.	2. You offended,		isteis.	2. You united,		isteis.
3. They armed,		áron.	3. They offended,		iéron.	3. They united,		iéron.
2. You armed,	VV.—	áron.	2. You offended,	VV.—	éron.	2. You united,	VV.—	iéron.
FUTURE..			FUTURE..			FUTURE..
1. I shall arm,	arm-	aré.	1. I shall offend,	ofend-	eré.	1. I shall unite,	un-	iré.
2. Thou wilt arm,		arás.	2. Thou wilt offend,		erás.	2. Thou wilt unite,		irás.
3. He will arm,		ará.	3. He will offend,		erá.	3. He will unite,		irá.
2. You will arm,	V.—	ará.	2. You will offend,	V.—	erá.	2. You will unite,	V.—	irá.
1. We shall arm,		arémos.	1. We shall offend,		erémos.	1. We shall unite,		irémos.
2. You will arm,		aréis.	2. You will offend,		eréis.	2. You will unite,		iréis.
3. They will arm,		arán.	3. They will offend,		erán.	3. They will unite,		irán.
2. You will arm,	VV.—	arán.	2. You will offend,	VV.—	erán.	2. You will unite,	VV.—	irán.

IMPERATIVE MOOD..
First Conjugation.			Second Conjugation.			Third Conjugation.
1. Let me arm,[11]	arm-	e.	1. Let me offend,	ofend-	a.	1. Let me unite,	un-	a.
2. Arm thou,		a.	2. Offend thou,		as.	2. Unite thou,		e.
2. Arm thou not,[12]	no —	es.	2. Offend thou not,	no —	as.	2. Unite thou not,	no —	as.
3. Let him arm,		e.	3. Let him offend,		a.	3. Let him unite,		a.
2. Arm you,		e V.	2. Offend you,		a V.	2. Unite you,		a V.
1. Let us arm,		èmos.	1. Let us offend,		àmos.	1. Let us unite,		àmos.
2. Arm ye,		ad.	2. Offend ye,		ed.	2. Unite ye,		id.
2. Arm you not,	no —	éis	2. Offend ye not,	no —	ais.	2. Unite ye not,	no —	ais.
3. Let them arm,		en.	3. Let them offend,		an.	3. Let them unite,		an.
2. Arm you,		en VV.	2. Offend you,		an VV.	2. Unite you,		an VV.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD..
PRESENT..			PRESENT..			PRESENT..
1. I may arm,	arm-	e.	1. I may offend,	ofend-	a.	1. I may unite,	un-	a.
2. Thou mayst arm,		es.	2. Thou mayst offend,		as.	2. Thou mayst unite,		as.
3. He may arm,		e.	3. He may offend,		a.	3. He may unite,		a.
2. You may arm,	V.—	e.	2. You may offend,	V.—	a.	2. You may unite,	V.—	a.
1. We may arm,		èmos.	1. We may offend,		àmos.	1. We may unite,		àmos.
2. You may arm,		èis.	2. You may offend,		àis.	2. You may unite,		àis.
3. They may arm,		en.	3. They may offend,		an.	3. They may unite,		an.
2. You may arm,	VV.—	en.	2. You may offend,	VV.—	an.	2. You may unite,	VV.—	an.
IMPERFECT..			IMPERFECT..			IMPERFECT..
Termination—àra.			Termination—ièra.			Termination—ièra.
1. I might arm,	arm-	àra.	1. I might offend,	ofend-	ièra.	1. I might unite,	un-	ièra.
2. Thou mightst arm,		àras.	2. Thou mightst offend,		ièras.	2. Thou mightst unite,		ièras.
3. He might arm,		àra.	3. He might offend,		ièra.	3. He might unite,		ièra.
2. You might arm,	V.—	àra.	2. You might offend,	V.—	ièra.	2. You might unite,	V.—	ièra.
1. We might arm,		àramos.	1. We might offend,		ièramos.	1. We might unite,		ièramos.
2. You might arm,		àrais.	2. You might offend,		ièrais.	2. You might unite,		ièrais.
3. They might arm,		àran.	3. They might offend,		ièran.	3. They might unite,		ièran.
2. You might arm,	VV.—	àran.	2. You might offend,	VV.—	ièran.	2. You might unite,	VV.—	ièran.
Termination—aria.			Termination—eira.			Termination—iria.
1. I might arm,	arm-	aría.	1. I might offend,	ofend-	ería.	1. I might unite,	un-	iría.
2. Thou mightst arm,		arías.	2. Thou mightst offend,		erías.	2. Thou mightst unite,		irías.
3. He might arm,		aría.	3. He might offend,		ería.	3. He might unite,		iría.
2. You might arm,	V.—	aría.	2. You might offend,	V.—	ería.	2. You might unite,	V.—	iría.
1. We might arm,		aríamos.	1. We might offend,		eríamos.	1. We might unite,		iríamos.
2. You might arm,		aríais.	2. You might offend,		eríais.	2. You might unite,		iríais.
3. They might arm,		arían.	3. They might offend,		erían.	3. They might unite,		iríain.
2. You might arm,	VV.—	arían.	2. You might offend,	VV.—	erían.	2. You might unite,	VV.—	irían.
First Conjugation.			Second Conjugation.			Third Conjugation.
Termination—àse.			Termination—ièse.			Termination—ièse.
1. I might arm,	arm-	àse.	1. I might offend,	ofend-	ièse.	1. I might unite,	un-	ièse.
2. Thou mightst arm,		àses.	2. Thou mightst offend,		ièses.	2. Thou mightst unite,		ièses.
3. He might arm,		àse.	3. He might offend,		ièse.	3. He might unite,		ièse.
2. You might arm,	V.—	àse.	2. You might offend,	V.—	ièse.	2. You might unite,	V.—	ièse.
1. We might arm,		àsemos.	1. We might offend,		ièsemos.	1. We might unite,		ièsemos.
2. You might arm,		àseis.	2. You might offend,		ièseis.	2. You might unite,		ièseis.
3. They might arm,		àsen.	3. They might offend,		ièsen.	3. They might unite,		ièsen.
2. You might arm,	VV.—	àsen.	2. You might offend,	VV.—	ièsen.	2. You might unite,	VV.—	ièsen.
FUTURE..			FUTURE..			FUTURE.
1. If I should arm,	arm-	àre.	1. If I should offend,	ofend-	ière.	1. If I should unite,	un-	ière.
2. If thou shouldst arm,		àres.	2. If thou shouldst offend,		ières.	2. If thou shouldst unite,		ières.
3. If he should arm,		àre.	3. If he should offend,		ière.	3. If he should unite,		ière.
2. If you should arm,	V.—	àre.	2. If you should offend,	V.—	ière.	2. If you should unite,	V.—	ière.
1. If we should arm,		áremos.	1. If we should offend,		iéremos.	1. If we should unite,		iéremos.
2. If you should arm,		áreis.	2. If you should offend,		iéreis.	2. If you should unite,		ièreis.
3. If they should arm,		àren.	3. If they should offend,		ièren.	3. If they should unite,		ièren.
2. If they should arm,	VV.—	àren.	2. If they should offend,		ièren.	2. If they should unite,	VV.—	ièren.

Remark.—Could, would, or should express as well as might any of the above tenses, but the translation of the verb preceded by them in English, depends entirely on the meaning of the Spanish verb or conjunction that governs, or requires it in the subjunctive mood, as it is explained in Lesson LXXIX. p. 356 of Ollendorff’s Method, which the learner must study with attention.

The future of the subjunctive might be translated in English when I shall, and the verb in the usual way.

COMPOUND TENSES.

Obs. 4. These tenses being formed by placing after the verb haber, (to have,) the participle past of the principal verb, or the verb that is conjugated, only one participle for each conjugation is here given, in all the tenses.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PERFECT, OR PRETERIT DEFINITE.

It is compounded of the present of the indicative of the verb haber, (to have,) and the perfect, or participle past of the verb which is conjugated. For brevity’s sake, the English is prefixed only to the first person of all these tenses.

	I have	armed.		Yo he	armado.
	I have	offended.		Yo he	ofendido.
	I have	united.		Yo he	unido.
1. He		} armado.	Hemos		} armado.
2. Has		} ofendido.	Habeis		} ofendido.
3. Ha		} unido.	Han		} unido.
2. V. ha		}	VV. han		}
PLUPERFECT.
	I had	armed.		Yo habia	armado.
	I had	offended.		Yo habia	ofendido.
	I had	united.		Yo habia	unido.
1. Habia		} armado.	Habíamos		} armado.
2. Habias		} ofendido.	Habíais		} ofendido.
3. Habia		} unido.	Habian		} unido.
2. V. habia		}	VV. habian		}
PRETERIT INDEFINITE, OR ANTERIOR.
	I had	armed.		Yo hube	armado.
	I had	offended.		Yo hube	ofendido.
	I had	united.		Yo hube	unido.
1. Hube		} armado.	Hubimos		} armado.
2. Hubiste		} ofendido.	Hubisteis		} ofendido.
3. Hubo		} unido.	Hubieron		} unido.
2. V. hubo		}	VV. hubieron		}
FUTURE DEFINITE.
	I shall have	armed.		Yo habré	armado.
	I shall have	offended.		Yo habré	ofendido.
	I shall have	united.		Yo habré	unido.
1. Habré		} armado.	Habrémos		} armado.
2. Habrás		} ofendido.	Habréis		} ofendido.
3. Habrá		} unido.	Habrán		} unido.
2. V. habrá		}	VV. habrán		}

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PERFECT, OR PRETERIT DEFINITE.
	I may have	armed.		Yo haya	armado.
	I may have	offended.		Yo haya	ofendido.
	I may have	united.		Yo haya	unido.
1. Haya		} armado.	Háyamos		} armado.
2. Hayas		} ofendido.	Háyais		} ofendido.
3. Haya		} unido.	Hayan		} unido.
2. V. haya		}	VV. hayan		}
PLUPERFECT.
Termination IERA.
I	might have	armed.	Yo	hubiera	armado.
I	might have	offended.	Yo	hubiera	ofendido.
I	might have	united.	Yo	hubiera	unido.
1. Hubiera		} armado.	Hubiéramos		} armado.
2. Hubieras		} ofendido.	Hubiérais		} ofendido.
3. Hubiera		} unido.	Hubieran		} unido.
2. V. hubiera		}	VV. hubieran		}
PLUPERFECT.
Termination RIA.
I might	(would) have	armed.		Yo habria	armado.
I might	(would) have	offended.		Yo habria	ofendido.
I might	(would) have	united.		Yo habria	unido.
1. Habria		} armado.	Habríamos		} armado.
2. Habrias		} ofendido.	Habríais		} ofendido.
3. Habria		} unido.	Habrian		} unido.
2. V. habria		}	VV. habrian		}

PLUPERFECT.
Termination IESE.
I might	have	armed.		Yo hubiese	armado.
I might	have	offended.		Yo hubiese	ofendido.
I might	have	united.		Yo hubiese	unido.
1. Hubiese		} armado.	Hubiésemos		} armado.
2. Hubieses		} ofendido.	Hubiéseis		} ofendido.
3. Hubiese		} unido.	Hubiesen		} unido.
2. V. hubiese		}	VV. hubiesen		}

FUTURE DEFINITE.
Should I	have	armed.	Si yo	hubiere	armado.
Should I	have	offended.	Si yo	hubiere	ofendido.
Should I	have	united.	Si yo	hubiere	unido.
1. Hubiere		} armado.	Hubiéremos		} armado.
2. Hubieres		} ofendido.	Hubiéreis		} ofendido.
3. Hubiere		} unido.	Hubieren		} unido.
2. V. hubiere		}	VV. hubieren		}

CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS.

INFINITIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
	To have.			To be.
Haber.		Tener.	Ser.		Estar.
GERUND.
	Having.			Being.
Habiendo.		Teniendo.	Siendo.		Estando.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
	Had.			Been.
Habido.		Tenido.	Sido.		Estado.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
I have.		I am.
1. He.	Tengo.	Soy.	Estoy.
2. Has.	Tienes.	Eres.	Estas.
3. Ha.	Tiene.	Es.	Está.
2. V. ha.	V. tiene.	V. es.	V. está.
1. Hemos.	Tenemos.	Somos.	Estamos.
2. Habeis.	Teneis.	Sois.	Estais.
3. Han.	Tienen.	Son.	Estan.
2. VV. han.	VV. tienen.	VV. son.	VV. estan.
IMPERFECT.
I had.		I was.
1. Habia.	Tenia.	Era.	Estaba.
2. Habias.	Tenias.	Eras.	Estabas.
3. Habia.	Tenia.	Era.	Estaba.
2. V. habia.	V. tenia.	V. era.	V. estaba.
1. Habíamos.	Teníamos.	Éramos.	Estábamos.
2. Habíais.	Teníais.	Érais.	Estábais.
3. Habian.	Tenian.	Eran.	Estaban.
2. VV. habian.	VV. tenian.	VV. eran.	VV. estaban.
PRETERIT.
I had.		I was.
1. Hube.	Tuve.	Fui.	Estuve.
2. Hubiste.	Tuviste.	Fuiste.	Estuviste.
3. Hubo.	Tuvo.	Fué.	Estuvo.
2. V. hubo.	V. tuvo.	V. fué.	V. estuvo.
1. Hubímos.	Tuvímos.	Fuímos.	Estuvimos.
2. Hubisteis.	Tuvisteis.	Fuísteis.	Estuvísteis.
3. Hubiéron.	Tuviéron.	Fuéron.	Estuviéron.
2. VV. hubiéron.	VV. tuviéron.	VV. fuéron.	VV. estuviéron.
FUTURE.
I shall have.		I shall be.
1. Habré.	Tendré.	Seré.	Estaré.
2. Habrás.	Tendrás.	Serás.	Estarás.
3. Habrá.	Tendrá.	Será.	Estará.
2. V. habrá.	V. tendrá.	V. será.	V. estará.
1. Habrémos.	Tendrémos.	Serémos.	Estarémos.
2. Habréis.	Tendréis.	Seréis.	Estaréis.
3. Habrán.	Tendrán.	Serán.	Estarán.
2. VV. habrán.	VV. tendrán.	VV. serán.	VV. estarán.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Let me have.		Let me be.
1. Let me have.	Tenga yo.	Sea.	Esté.
2. Have thou.	Ten tú.	Se.	Está.
2. Have not.	No tengas.	Nó seas.	No estes.
3. Let him have.	Tenga él.	Sea.	Esté.
2. Have.	Tenga V.	Sea V.	Esté V.
1. Let us have.	Tengamos.	Seamos.	Estemos.
2. Have ye.	Tened.	Sed.	Estad.
2. Have not.	No tengais.	No seais.	No estais.
3. Let them have.	Tengan.	Sean.	Esten.
2. Have you.	Tengan VV.	Sean VV.	Esten VV.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
I may have.		I may be.
1. Haya.	Tenga.	Sea.	Esté.
2. Hayas.	Tengas.	Seas.	Estes.
3. Haya.	Tenga.	Sea.	Esté.
2. V. haya.	V. tenga.	V. sea.	V. esté.
1. Háyamos.	Tengamos.	Seamos.	Estemos.
2. Háyais.	Tengais.	Seais.	Esteis.
3. Hayan.	Tengan.	Sean.	Esten.
2. VV. hayan.	VV. tengan.	VV. sean.	VV. esten.
IMPERFECT.
FIRST TERMINATION.
I would have.		I would be.
1. Hubiera.	Tuviera.	Fuera.	Estuviera.
2. Hubieras.	Tuvieras.	Fueras.	Estuvieras.
3. Hubiera.	Tuviera.	Fuera.	Estuviera.
2. V. hubiera.	V. tuviera.	V. fuera.	V. estuviera.
1. Hubiéramos.	Tuviéramos.	Fuéramos.	Estuviéramos.
2. Hubiérais.	Tuviérais.	Fuérais.	Estuviérais.
3. Hubieran.	Tuvieran.	Fueran.	Estuvieran.
2. VV. hubieran.	VV. tuvieran.	VV. fueran.	VV. estuvieran.
SECOND TERMINATION.
I would have.		I would be.
1. Habria.	Tendria.	Seria.	Estaria.
2. Habrias.	Tendrias.	Serias.	Estarias.
3. Habria.	Tendria.	Seria.	Estaria.
2. V. habria.	V. tendria.	V. seria.	V. estaria.
1. Habríamos.	Tendríamos.	Seríamos.	Estaríamos.
2. Habríais.	Tendríais.	Seríais.	Estaríais.
3. Habrian.	Tendrian.	Serian.	Estarian.
2. VV. habrian.	VV. tendrian.	VV. serian.	VV. estarian.
THIRD TERMINATION.
I should have.		I should be.
1. Hubiese.	Tuviese.	Fuese.	Estuviese.
2. Hubieses.	Tuvieses.	Fueses.	Estuvieses.
3. Hubiese.	Tuviese.	Fuese.	Estuviese.
2. V. hubiese.	V. tuviese.	V. fuese.	V. estuviese.
1. Hubiésemos.	Tuviésemos.	Fuésemos.	Estuviésemos.
2. Hubiéseis.	Tuviéseis.	Fuéseis.	Estuviéseis.
3. Hubiesen.	Tuviesen.	Fuesen.	Estuviesen.
2. VV. hubiesen.	VV. tuviesen.	VV. fuesen.	VV. estuviesen.
FUTURE.
When I shall have.		When I shall be.
1. Hubiere.	Tuviere.	Fuere.	Estuviere.
2. Hubieres.	Tuvieres.	Fueres.	Estuvieres.
3. Hubiere.	Tuviere.	Fuere.	Estuviere.
2. V. hubiere.	V. tuviere.	V. fuere.	V. estuviere.
1. Hubiéremos.	Tuviéremos.	Fuéremos.	Estuviéremos.
2. Hubiéreis.	Tuviéreis.	Fuéreis.	Estuviéreis.
3. Hubieren.	Tuvieren.	Fueren.	Estuvieren.
2. VV. hubieren.	VV. tuvieren.	VV. fuéren.	VV. estuviéren.

IDIOMATICAL TRANSLATION OF SOME TENSES.

N.B.—The (i) stands for the present of the infinitive mood, and the (p) for the past participle.

I am to, (i,)	He de, (i,) (139-153)[13]
Thou art to, (i,) &c.	Has de, (i,) &c.
I was to, (i,) &c.	Habia de, (i,) &c.
I shall be obliged to, (i,) &c.	Habré de, (i,) &c.
I have just, (p,) &c.	Acabo de, (i,) acabas de, (i,) &c. (211.)
I had just, &c.	Acababa de, (i,) acababas de, (i,) &c.
I am going to, (i,) &c.	{Voy á, (i,) vas á, (i,) va á, (i.)
	{Vamos á, (i,) vais á, (i,) van á, (i.)
I was going to, (i,) &c.	Iba á, (i,) ibas á,(i,) iba á, (i,) &c.
	{Volver á, (i.)
To (i) again, &c.	{Vuelvo á, (i,) vuelves á, (i,) vuelve á, (i.)
	{Volvemos á, (i,) volveis á, (i,) vuelven á, (i.)
I liked to have, (p.)	Estuve para, (i.)
To be near. } Pres.	{Estar á pique de, (i.)
To come near.} participle.	{Estar á punto de, (i.)
	{ Estar para, (i.)
To be about, (p. or i.)	Estar para.
To be to, (i.)	Ser de. Haber de. Deber.
It is to be observed.	{Es de notar. Se ha de notar.
	{Debe notarse.

TABLE SHOWING HOW TO PLACE THE DIFFERENT PRONOUNS IN A SENTENCE, (69.)

Él me le	(los, la, las, lo)	da.
Él no te le	(los, la, las, lo)	envia.
¿Nos le	(los, la, las, lo)	ofrece él?
¿Nos le	(los, la, las, lo)	trae él?
V. no se le	(los, la, las, lo)	promete.

A VERB AFFIRMATIVELY, NEGATIVELY, AND INTERROGATIVELY CONJUGATED.

I recompense, or do recompense.	Recompenso.
I do not recompense.	{Yo no recompenso, or
I do not recompense.	{No recompenso.
Do I recompense?	{¿Recompenso? or
Do I recompense?	{¿Recompenso yo?
Do I not recompense?	{¿No recompenso?
Do I not recompense?	{¿No recompenso yo?
I have corresponded.	He correspondido.
I have not corresponded.	No he correspondido.
Have I corresponded?	{¿He correspondido? or
Have I corresponded?	{¿He correspondido yo?
Have I not corresponded?	¿No he correspondido yo?

PASSIVE VERBS. (175.)

Passive verbs are formed from active-transitive verbs by adding their participle past, or passive, to the auxiliary verb ser, (to be,) through all its changes, as in English; thus, from the active verb amar, (to love,) is formed the passive verb ser amado, (to be loved.)

Obs. 5. The participle must agree in gender and number with the nominative it refers to; consequently it changes the o into a when the subject is feminine, and adds s for the plural; thus,

SINGULAR.
He is loved.	El es amado.
She is loved.	Ella es amada.
You are loved.	V. es amado, (amada.)
PLURAL.
They are loved.	Ellos son amados.
They are loved.	Ellas son amadas.
You are loved.	VV. son amados, (amadas.)

Obs. 6. In the compound tenses the participle of the principal verb is the only one that admits the change; the participle of the auxiliary verb to be (been, sido) is unchangeable; as,

He has been rewarded.	El ha sido premiado.
They have been rewarded.	Ellos han sido premiados.
She had been admired.	Ella habia sido admirada.
They had been admired.	Ellas habian sido admiradas.
You could have been employed.	V. habria sido empleado, (empleada.)
You could have been assisted.	VV. habrian sido asistidos, (asistidas.)

Obs. 7. Passive impersonal verbs, and those referring to inanimate objects or things, are translated by placing the verb which is in the participle past in English, in the same person and number in which the verb to be is in the English sentence, placing the pronoun se before it; thus,—This ship was built in less than three months; Esta fragata se construyó en ménos de tres meses, instead of fué construida. It is said; Se dice, instead of Es dicho.

PRONOMINAL, OR REFLECTIVE VERBS.

A pronominal, or reflective verb, is that which has the same person or thing as subject and object; as,

He arms himself. | El se arma á sí mismo.

These verbs terminate their present of the infinitive mood by the pronoun se, which must be suppressed in order to find out the conjugation, thus—

To approach.	Acercarse.
To be sorry.	Dolerse.
To repent.	Arrepentirse.

Taking off the se we here have, acercar, 1st conjugation, doler, 2d conjugation; and arrepentir, 3d conjugation. (80.)

These verbs are conjugated by placing the pronouns me, te, se, se, nos, os, se, se, according to the number and person of the nominative they refer to, immediately before the verb, if the subject be expressed before it; and either before or after the verb, if the subject be not expressed or placed after it. When they are placed, after the verb, they must be written so as to form one word with it.

In the imperative mood they are always placed after the verb, which suppresses the s in the first person plural, and the d in the second person of the same number. When the second person singular or plural is used with the adverb no, the pronouns are placed before the verb. Examples:—

1. I congratulate myself.	Yo me congratulo.
2. Thou congratulatest thyself.	Tú te congratulas.
3. He congratulates himself.	El se congratula.
2. You congratulate yourself.	V. se congratula.
1. We congratulate ourselves.	Nosotros nos congratulamos.
2. You congratulate yourselves.	Vosotros os congratulais.
3. They congratulate themselves.	Ellos se congratulan.
2. You congratulate yourselves.	VV. se congratulan.
1. I had congratulated myself.	Me habia congratulado.
2. I have armed myself.	Yo me he armado.
3. They had flattered themselves.	Ellos se habian lisonjeado.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Behave (thou) well.	Pórtate bien.
Behave (you) well.	Portáos bien, (the d is suppressed)
Behave not ill.	No te portes mal.
Behave (you) not ill.	No os portéis mal.
Let us prepare ourselves.	Preparémonos. (the s is suppressed.)

GERUND.—Gerundio.

The gerund is that part of the verb that terminates in ando in the verbs of the first conjugation, and in iendo in those of the second and third; as, publicando, (publishing,) from publicar; prometiendo, (promising,) from prometer; asistiendo, (assisting,) from asistir. It does not admit any change of gender or number.

It is translated by the English present participle, and conjugated with the verb estar, (to be;) as,

Anastasia is reading, and Maria Ann is playing on the piano.

Anastasia está leyendo, y Maria Ana está tocando el piano.

It is used also absolutely; as,

By practising virtue thou wilt be happy. | Practicando la virtud, serás feliz.

VERBS THAT ALTER THEIR RADICAL LETTERS.

Verbs ending in car change the c into que, when the first letter of the termination is e; as, to mark, marcar, marc-ar, (perfect tense) marqué.

Verbs ending in gar add a u immediately after the g in the terminations beginning by e; as, to pay, pagar, pag-ar, (perfect tense) pagué.

Verbs in	cer	change the	c	into	z	}
“	ger	“	g	“	j	} when the first letter
“	gir	“	g	“	j	} of the termination is
“	quir	“	qu	“	c	} either o or a.
“	guir	lose the	u	“		}

Examples:—To vanquish, vencer, venzo; to choose, escoger escojo; to elect, elegir, elijo; to transgress the law, delinquir delinco; to follow, seguir, sigo.

REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

1. The imperfect tense of the subjunctive has three terminations; the first in ra, the second in ria, the third in se.

The termination ra (or se) must be used when the verb is governed by a conditional conjunction, or an interjection expressing a wish; and if any other verb be in the same phrase to complete its sense, it must be placed in the termination ria; as, If you studied more, you would learn very much; Si usted estudiara mas, V. aprenderia mucho.

2. When the verb begins without a conditional conjunction, the termination ra or ría may be used, and the verb requisite to complete the sentence must be placed in the termination se; as, It would be proper that you should write to him; Fuera (or seria) bueno que V. le escribiese.

3. Verbs denoting admiration, command, desire, duty, fear, ignorance, intention, permission, prohibition, application, surprise, will, and also the impersonal verbs, govern the next verb in the subjunctive with que. If the governing verb is in the present or future of the indicative, or subjunctive, the verb governed must be placed in the present of the subjunctive. If the governing verb be in any of the past tenses of the indicative, the verb governed must be placed in the first or third termination of the imperfect tense of the subjunctive; as, They beg you to come early; Suplican a V. que venga temprano. I requested him to send you my letter; Le encargué que enviara á V. mi carta.

PARTICIPLE.

The passive or past participle terminates in ado in the first conjugation, and in ido in the second and third. It changes its termination according to the number and gender of the person it refers to; except when it follows immediately after the verb haber, or any other auxiliary, in which case it does not admit of any change.

All passive participles that do not terminate in ado or ido are called irregular; such are the following, from the verbs—

To open, abrir, abierto.	To print, imprimir, impreso.
To cover, cubrir, cubierto.	To die, morir, muerto.
To say, decir, dicho.	To solve, solver, suelto.
To write, escribir, escrito.	To see, ver, visto.
To fry, freir, frito.	To put, poner, puesto.
To do, hacer, hecho.	To turn, volver, vuelto.
Their compounds have the same irregularity.

Obs. 8. The participles past of haber, ser, estar, and tener, do not admit any variation. The first and the last had it formerly.

VERBS THAT HAVE TWO PARTICIPLES.

There are some verbs that have two passive participles, the one regular and the other irregular. Such are:—To bless, bendecir, bendecido, bendito; to compel, compeler, compelido, compulso; to convert, convertir, convertido, converso; to awake, despertar, despertado, despierto; to elect, elegir, elegido, electo; to express, expresar, expresado, expreso; to fix, fijar, fijado, fijo; to satiate, hartar, hartado, harto; to include, incluir, incluido, incluso; to join, juntar, juntado junto; to arrest, prender, prendido, preso; to provide, proveer, proveido, provisto; to break, romper, rompido, roto; to loosen, soltar, soltado, suelto; to suspend, suspender, suspendido, suspenso, &c.

The regular participles of these verbs are used to form the compound tenses with haber; as,

He has awaked early. | El ha dispertado temprano.

The irregular participles are used as verbal adjectives, and with the verbs ser, &c., and do not form compound tenses with haber; excepting preso, prescrito, provisto, roto, and a few others; as,

He is early awaked. | El está despierto temprano.

They have provided. | Ellos han provisto, (proveido.)

ADVERBS.

Adverbs are formed from adjectives of one termination by adding to them mente; as, dulce, dulcemente: and from those of two terminations by adding mente to the feminine; as, gracioso, graciosamente. They admit the superlative; as, graciosísimamente.

When two or more adverbs ending in ly occur in the same sentence, the termination mente is added to the last only; as,

He speaks elegantly and correctly.
El habla correcta y elegantemente.

A FEW OF THE ADVERBS.

Here,	acá, aquí.	Little,	poco.
There,	allá, allí, ahí.	Already,	ya.
Near,	cerca.	Often,	á menudo.
Far,	léjos.	To-day,	hoy.
Where,	donde, adonde.	Yesterday,	ayer.
Within,	dentro.	To-morrow,	mañana.
Without,	fuera.	Last night,	anoche.
Up,	arriba.	Now,	ahora.
Down,	abajo.	Presently,	luego.
Before,	delante.	Late,	tarde.
Behind,	detras.	Early,	temprano.
Upon,	encima.	Always,	siempre.
Under,	debajo.	Never,	nunca, jamas.
Well,	bien.	Thus,	así.
Ill,	mal.	Very,	muy.
More,	mas.	Even,	aun.
Less,	ménos.	Yes,	si.
Much,	mucho.	No, nor,	no, ni.

SOME ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS.

On all fours,	á gatas.
In heaps,	á montones.
Hardly,	á pénas.
On credit,	á plazo.
Sometimes,	á veces.
Truly,	á la verdad.
Knowingly,	á sabiendas.
On the back,	á cuestas.
At the utmost delay,	á mas tardar.
Slyly,	á la sordina.
Secretly,	á escondidas.
Rashly, Imprudently,	á ojos cerrados.
Instantly,	al punto.
Very nearly,	casi casi.
As soon as possible.	cuanto ántes.
How long,	cuanto tiempo.
At most,	cuando mucho.
At least,	cuando ménos.
Gratis, for nothing,	de balde.
Readily,	de contado.
Of course,	de seguro.
From time to time, }	de cuando en cuando.
Now and then, }	de cuando en cuando.
To and fro, }	de aquí para allí.
Here and there, }	de aquí para allí.
On a sudden, }	de improviso.
Unexpectedly, }	de improviso.
Purposely,	de intento.
Across,	de traves.
In fact, actually,	de hecho.
Pell-mell,	de tropel.
By chance, }	de lance.
Cheaply, }
Second-hand, }
Truly,	de véras.
In good earnest,	en conciencia.
Forthwith,	en seguida.
In the future,	en adelante.
Hereafter,	en lo sucesivo.
In a direct way,	en derechura.
Briefly,	{ en resumen.
In short,	{ en breve.
To the utmost,	hasta no mas.
Long time ago,	mucho tiempo ha.
Behold,	he aquí, or allí.
Not long since,	no ha mucho.
No sooner, Scarcely	no bien.
Lately,	poco ha.
By degrees, Softly,	poco á poco.
Of course,	por supuesto.
Nearly,	por poco.
Superficially,	por encima.
Short time ago,	poco ha.
Confidently,	{ sobre seguro.
	{ á ciencia.
	{ á cierta.
Without motive or cause,	sin ton ni son.
Some time ago,	rato ha.
Perhaps,	tal vez, acaso.
Once,	una vez.
At once,	de una vez.
Sometimes,	á véces.

PREPOSITIONS.

The most frequent are—

At, to, for,	A.	Towards,	hácia.
Before,	ántes, ante.	Until,	hasta.
With,	con.	For, to,	para.
Against,	contra.	By, for, through	por.
Of, from,	de.	According,	segun.
From,	desde.	Without,	sin.
In, on, at,	en.	On, upon,	sobre.
Between, among,	entre.	Behind,	tras, detras.

The following prepositions require de after them, when they are followed by a noun or pronoun as,

That man comes after.	Ese hombre viene despues.
Sir, he will go after you.	Señor, él irá despues de V.

About,	á cerca,	al rededor,	en torno.
About,	á cerca de,	al rededor de,	en torno de.
Before,	ántes, delante.	Within, in,	dentro.
Above, up,	encima.	After,	despues.
Below,	abajo.	Behind,	detras, tras.
Under,	bajo.	Beneath,	debajo.
Out of,	fuera.	Opposite,	enfrente.
Near,	cerca.	On, upon,	encima.

CONJUNCTIONS.

They are classed as follows:

COPULATIVE.
That,	que.
Also,	tambien.
Moreover,	además.
And,	y or i, é.[14]
DISJUNCTIVE.
Neither, nor,	ni.
Or, either, }	ó, ú, ya.[15]
Whether, }	ó, ú, ya.[15]
Whether,	sea que.
Neither,	tampoco.
ADVERSATIVE.
But,	mas, pero.
Even,	{ aun cuando.
Even,	{ aun, cuando.
Although, }	aunque.
Though, }	aunque.
CAUSAL.
Because,	porque, que.
Why?	¿porqué?
Since,	pues, pues que.
By, for,	por.
Therefore,	por tanto.
Whereas,	por cuanto.
That,	para que.
That,	{ para que.
In order that,	{ á fin de.
CONDITIONAL.
If,	si.
But,	sino.
Provided,	con tal que.
Unless,	{ á ménos de.
Unless,	{ á ménos que.
CONTINUATIVE.
Since,	pues, puesto que.
COMPARATIVE.
As,	como, así como.
So,	así.

INTERJECTIONS.

Alas!	¡Ay!
Ah!	¡Ah!
Wo to me!	¡Ay de mí!
Lo!	¡He!
Well!	¡Ea!
Holla!	¡Ola!
Take care!	¡Tate!
Hurrah!	¡Viva!
Here!	¡Ce!
Fie!	¡Puf!
God grant!	¡Ojalá!

SOME OF THE MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS.

A or a,	Arroba,	Twenty-five pounds weight.
AA.	Autores,	Authors.
A.C.	Año Cristiano,	Christian year.
Art. or art.	Artículo,	Article.
B.L.M.	{ Beso, besamos, besa,}	I, we kiss; he, she kisses;
	{ besan la mano, or }	they kiss the hands.
	{ las manos, }
B.L.P.	Beso or besa los piés,	I kiss or he kisses the feet.
D. Dn.	Don,	Mr.
Da.	Doña,	Mrs.
Dr., D.D.	Doctor, Doctores,	Doctor, Doctors.
Exmo., Esmo., }	Excelentísimo,	Most Excellent.
Escmo. }	Excelentísimo,	Most Excellent.
Fr.	Fray, Frey,	Friar, Brother.
Ib.	Ibidem,	The same.
Ill^e. Ill^mo. Ill^ma.	{ Ilustre, Ilustrísimo, }	Illustrious, Most Illustrious.
Ill^e. Ill^mo. Ill^ma.	{ Ilustrísima, }	Illustrious, Most Illustrious.
Ill. P.S.	Muy poderoso Señor,	Most powerful Sir.
N.	Fulano,	Such a one.
N^o. or Núm.	Número,	Number.
Nro. Nra.	Nuestro, a,	Our.
Onz.	Onza,	Ounce.
Orn.	Orden,	Order.
P.D.	Post data,	Postscript.
R.P.M. or Mtro.	{ Reverendo Padre }	Reverend Father and Master.
R.P.M. or Mtro.	{ Maestro, }	Reverend Father and Master.
R^do. P.	Reverendo Padre,	Reverend Father.
S.Sⁿ. Sto. Sta.	San, Santo, or Santa,	Saint.
S.A.	Su Alteza,	His Highness.
S.A.A.	Su afecto amigo,	Your affectionate friend.
S.M.	Su Magestad,	His Majesty.
Sr. Sor. or S^ra.	Señor or Señora,	Sir, Lord, Madam, Lady.
S. Sria. or S^ra.	Su Señoria,	His Lordship, Her Ladyship.
S.S.S.	Su seguro servidor,	Your assured servant.
V. Vd. Vm. or Vmd.	Usted,	Your worship, you.
VV. Vs. Vms. or }	Ustedes,	Your worships, you.
Vmds. }	Ustedes,	Your worships, you.
V.E. or V. Esc^a	Vueclelencia,	Your Excellency.
V.M.	Vuestra Majestad,	Your Majesty.
V.S.	Usia, (Vueseñoria,)	Your Lordship.
V.S.I.	Usía Ilustrísima,	Your Grace.

PART II.
A VOCABULARY OF WORDS NECESSARY TO BE KNOWN.

THE NUMBERS.—LOS NUMEROS.

Cardinal Numbers.—Números Cardinales.

One.	Uno, m. Una, f.	Twenty-five.	Veinticinco.
Two.	Dos[16].	Twenty-six.	Veintiseis.
Three.	Tres.	Twenty-seven.	Veintisiete.
Four.	Cuatro.	Twenty-eight.	Veintiocho.
Five.	Cinco.	Twenty-nine.	Veintinueve.
Six.	Seis.	Thirty.	Treinta.
Seven.	Siete.	Thirty-one.	Treinta y uno.
Eight.	Ocho.	Thirty-two, &c.	Treinta y dos.
Nine.	Nueve.	Forty.	Cuarenta.
Ten.	Diez.	Fifty.	Cincuenta.
Eleven.	Once.	Sixty.	Sesenta.
Twelve.	Doce.	Seventy.	Setenta.
Thirteen.	Trece.	Eighty.	Ochenta.
Fourteen.	Catorce.	Ninety.	Noventa.
Fifteen.	Quince.	A or one hundred.	Ciento.
Sixteen.	Diez y seis.	Two hundred.	Doscientos[17].
Seventeen.	Diez y siete.	Three hundred.	Trescientos.
Eighteen.	Diez y ocho.	Four hundred.	Cuatrocientos.
Nineteen.	Diez y nueve.	Five hundred.	Quinientos.
Twenty.	Veinte.	Six hundred.	Seiscientos.
Twenty-one.	Veintiuno.	Seven hundred.	Setecientos.
Twenty-two.	Veintidos.	Eight hundred.	Ochocientos.
Twenty-three.	Veintitres.	Nine hundred.	Novecientos.
Twenty-four.	Veinticuatro.	A or one thousand.	Mil.

One thousand and one.	Mil y uno.
One thousand and eleven.	Mil y once.
One thousand one hundred and one.	Mil, ciento y uno.
One thousand five hundred.	Mil y quinientos.
Two thousand.	Dos mil.
Five hundred thousand.	Quinientos mil.
A million.	Millon, (cuento.)

Two numbers coming together in an inverted order in English, are translated by placing the highest in the first place; thus,

Three and twenty. | Veinte y tres.

Eleven hundred, fifteen hundred, and the like expressions, are always translated, one thousand one hundred, one thousand five hundred, &c.; thus, mil y ciento, mil y quinientos, and not once cientos, &c.

The words o’clock are omitted in reference to the hours of the day, which are expressed by the cardinal numbers, preceded by the article las or la with reference to una, one; as,

What time is it? | ¿Que hora es?
It is one o’clock. | Es la una.
It is two o’clock. | Son las dos.

Ordinal Numbers.—Números Ordinales.

	Singular.	Plural.
The first.	{ El primero. }	Los primeros.
The first.	{ El primer.[18] }	Los primeros.
The second.	El segundo.	Los segundos.
The third.	{ El tercero. }	Los terceros.
The third.	{ El tercer. }	Los terceros.
The fourth.	El cuarto.	Los cuartos.
The fifth.	El quinto.	Los quintos.
The sixth.	El sexto.	Los sextos.
The seventh.	El séptimo.	Los séptimos.
The eighth.	El octavo.	Los octavos.
The ninth.	{ El nono.	Los nonos.
The ninth.	{ El noveno.	Los novenos.
The tenth.	El décimo.	Los décimos.
The eleventh.	El undécimo.	Los undécimos.
The twentieth.	El vigésimo.	Los vigésimos.
The thirtieth.	El trigésimo.	Los trigésimos.

Ordinal numbers change o into a for the feminine, and admit the same variation of numbers as the adjectives.

The cardinal numbers are used instead of the ordinal in speaking of the days of the month, excepting the first; as,

The fourth of July.	El cuatro de Julio.
The first of May.	El primero de Mayo.
What day of the month is it?	{ ¿Que dia del mes tenemos?
What day of the month is it?	{ ¿Que dia es hoy?
(It is) the first.	El primero.
(It is) the second.	El dos.
(It is) the third.	El tres.
What day of the month is this?	¿A cuantos estamos?
(It is) the eleventh.	A once.

Obs. Except the first day of the month, all the other days are expressed by a cardinal number preceded by the article.

TABLA DE LA MONEDA CORRIENTE EN ESPAÑA,
Y LAS REPUBLICAS DE AMERICA.

COBRE.
2 maravedíses	valen	1 ochavo.
2 ochavos	“	1 cuarto.
8½ cuartos	“	1 real de vellon.
4 reales de vellon	“	1 peseta.
5 pesetas	“	1 peso, or duro.
4 pesetas columnarias	“	1 “ “
PLATA.
1 duro, peso fuerte, peso, ó escudo de plata, a silver dollar	vale	$1.00
1 medio duro, ó escudo de vellon, half a dollar	“	50
1 peseta columnaria, quarter of a dollar	“	25
1 real de plata Americano, New York shilling	“	12½
1 medio real, medio, New York sixpence	“	6½

	Valor	Valor
	nominal.	real.
1 peseta provincial ó Sevillana, pistareen	20 cents.	16 cents.
2 reales de vellon, half pistareen	10 “	8 “
1 real de vellon, ó 34 maravedíses, quarter pistareen	5 “	4 “
	Valor	Valor
ORO.	nominal.	real.
1 onza ú onza de oro, a doubloon	$16.00	$15.56
½ onza, (cuatro escudos,) half of a doubloon	8.00	7.76
¼ un doblon de á dos, a quarter of a doubloon	4.00	3.88
⅛ un dobloncito, ó un escudo, an eighth of a doubloon	2.00	1.94
1/16 un escudito, un durillo, ó veinten, a sixteenth of a doubloon	1.00	.97

Of Heaven and the Elements.—Del Cielo y de los Elementos.

N.B.—A word within a parenthesis followed by an M, in the following Vocabulary and Dialogues, indicates that it is the one used in the Mexican States.

God,	Dios.	The wind,	el viento.
Jesus Christ,	Jesucristo.	The rain,	la lluvia.
The Holy Ghost,	El Espíritu Santo.	The thunder,	el trueno.
The angel,	el ángel.	The lightning,	el relámpago.
The paradise,	el paraíso.	The hail,	el granizo.
The world,	el mundo.	The thunderbolt,	el rayo, or la centella.
The fire,	el fuego.	The snow,	la nieve.
The air,	el aire.	The frost,	la helada.
The earth,	la tierra.	The ice,	el hiélo.
The sea,	el mar.	The white frost,	la escarcha.
The sun,	el sol.	The dew,	el rocío.
The moon,	la luna.	The fog,	la niébla.
The stars,	las estrellas.	A deluge,	un diluvio.
The rays,	los rayos.	The heat,	el calor.
The clouds,	las nubes.	The cold,	el frío.

Of the Weather and Seasons.—Del tiempo y de las estaciones.

The day,	el día.	The day after to-morrow,	pasado mañana.
The noon,	el mediodía.	This evening,	esta tarde.
The night,	la noche.	This morning,	esta mañana.
Midnight,	media noche.	After dinner,	despues de comer.
The morning,	la mañana.	After supper,	despues de cenar.
The afternoon, }	la tarde.	A week,	una semána.
The evening, }	la tarde.	A month,	un mes.
Hour,	hora.	A year,	un año.
Quarter of an hour,	cuarto de hora.	A moment,	un momento.
Half an hour,	media hora.	The spring,	la primavera.
Three quarters of an hour,	tres cuartos de hora.	The summer,	el verano or estío.
To-day,	hoy.	Autumn,	el otoño.
Yesterday,	ayer.	The winter,	el invierno.
The day before yesterday,	ántes de ayer.	A holiday,	día de fiesta.
A working-day,	día de trabajo.	The sun-setting,	el ponerse del sol.
The sun-rising,	la salida del sol.	The dawn,	la aurora.

The Days of the Week.—
Los días de la semána.

Monday,	Lúnes.
Tuesday,	Mártes.
Wednesday,	Miércoles.
Thursday,	Juéves.
Friday,	Viérnes.
Saturday,	Sábado.
Sunday,	Domingo.

An Easy Introduction to Spanish Conversation / Containing all that is necessary to make a rapid progress in it

AN EASY INTRODUCTION TOSPANISH CONVERSATION

PART I.A SYNOPSIS OF THE CASTILIAN LANGUAGE.