THE
BOOK OF ANTELOPES.

BY

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.,

SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

AND

OLDFIELD THOMAS, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.,

ASSISTANT IN THE ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

IN FOUR VOLUMES (1894–1900).

VOL. I.

LONDON:
R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.
1894–1900.

ALERE FLAMMAM.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

Dedicated

TO

THE MEMORY

OF

Sir VICTOR ALEXANDER BROOKE, Bart.,

NATURALIST AND SPORTSMAN

(Born 5th January, 1843, died 27th November, 1891),

BY

HIS FRIENDS AND FELLOW-WORKERS,

THE AUTHORS.

PREFACE.

A short Introduction, stating the general plan of this work, was given in the first number of ‘The Book of Antelopes,’ published in August 1894. On completing the work by the issue of the last Part it has been determined by the Authors to explain its origin and object a little more fully, and this portion of the task has been intrusted to me.

It should be quite understood, in the first place, that, as has been stated in the Introduction, the original conception of the work is due to the genius and energy of the late Sir Victor Brooke, under whose supervision the greater number of the plates and other illustrations were prepared, and I need hardly say that it is greatly regretted by the authors that Sir Victor did not live to carry out his plan. Sir Victor was elected a Fellow of the Zoological Society of London in 1864, at which time I knew him only as an ardent sportsman, much attached to Natural History. Some time in the year 1870, I think it was, he called upon me at my office, and stated that he had been attending Sir William (then Professor) Flower’s lectures at the College of Surgeons, and had quite determined to commence serious work in Natural History, being deeply interested in that subject. After talking over the matter with him for some time it was suggested that the Ruminant Mammals, with many of which Sir Victor as a sportsman was well acquainted, offered an excellent subject for work, and I promised that I would take every opportunity that fell in my way of putting at his disposal specimens of this class. I was, of course, delighted at getting a recruit for Natural History of such energy and ability. I may mention here that amongst other questions which I asked him at this interview was whether he knew German, as without a knowledge of that language it would be impossible for anyone in these days to do good work in Natural Science. Sir Victor in reply regretted his ignorance of this language, but stated that he should set to work and learn it at once. A few months afterwards I found to my surprise that he had kept his word, and was already able to translate passages in the German authorities to which he had occasion to refer. I may add that I have given the same advice more than once to other would-be students of Natural History, but that I never recollect it having been followed with such immediate and successful results.

From my position at the Zoological Society and from the aid received from numerous correspondents in all parts of the world, I had little difficulty from the first in providing my much-esteemed friend with materials for his studies, and in the beginning of 1871 had the pleasure of putting at his disposal some notes and materials concerning the Antelopes of the genus Tragelaphus. Upon these was based the excellent paper on that genus read by Sir Victor before the Zoological Society on the 16th of May of that year, the first of a series of essays on this and kindred subjects. Four similar papers, as will be seen by reference to the Zoological Society’s ‘Proceedings,’ followed in 1872, three in 1874, and others in succeeding years, until 1878, when, I regret to say, they came to an abrupt conclusion. The last of the series was one of an extremely useful and important character, containing, as it did, a complete essay on the classification of the Deer-family and a synopsis of the existing species, which, until recently, has remained our leading authority upon this difficult group of Mammals. During the whole of this time also Sir Victor had been engaged in collecting specimens, and in having drawings made by Wolf and put upon the stone by Smit, for a complete work on the Bovine animals which he had planned out and proposed to write. After 1878, however, other matters intervened and sadly interfered with my friend’s studies in Natural History. Sir Victor changed his habitual residence to Pau, and though I now saw him occasionally in London on his way from France to his home in Ireland, I could never induce him to continue his former researches, although he always assured me that he was still devoted to Natural Science and was determined to return to it eventually. Circumstances, however, prevented him from carrying his wishes into effect. In November 1891, when still in the prime of life, Sir Victor died, leaving his great work still unfinished, and represented mainly by a series of over a hundred lithographic plates, which, as already mentioned in the Introduction, have formed the basis of the present work. The MSS. which were also kindly placed at my disposal by the family, not having been touched for nearly fifteen years, were in such an incomplete state that it was impossible to utilize them. Upon pointing out this to his son, the present Sir Douglas Brooke, he was good enough to assure me that his only wish was that the best possible use for Science should be made of the whole of the materials accumulated by his father. Acting upon this understanding I undertook to prepare the letterpress of an entirely new work on the Antelopes, using such of Sir Victor’s plates as I could employ for its illustration.

Such was the origin of the present work, now happily brought to a close after a period of six years, during which it has occupied no unimportant part of my leisure time. Even so it would not have been possible for me to have accomplished it without the able assistance of my excellent friend Mr. Oldfield Thomas, of the British Museum. It was, of course, of the greatest advantage to the work that Thomas was already familiarly acquainted with the subject, and had, moreover, under his charge the unrivalled series of specimens of Mammals contained in our National Collection.

Although Thomas and I consider ourselves, of course, jointly responsible for all the statements in this work, every line of which has undergone the supervision of both authors, I may state that Thomas’s chief part of the task was, as agreed between us, to be the synonymy and scientific descriptions, and my speciality the preparation of the ordinary letterpress. I must also not omit to mention that as regards the much-vexed subject of Zoological Nomenclature my friend and I are not in perfect accord, as he takes a more severe view of the rule of priority than I am disposed to adopt. There has, therefore, been necessarily a little “give and take” on each side as to the names to be adopted in this work. For these latter, in so far as they may be held to contravene the strict laws of nomenclature, Thomas desires to disclaim—as I am willing to accept—all responsibility. It should also be mentioned that during the issue of the last volume Thomas’s somewhat serious illness and consequent absence from his post in London has compelled him to relegate some of his share in the present work to Mr. R. I. Pocock, of the British Museum, who, I need hardly say, has most efficiently assisted me in finishing the task and to whom I hereby tender my most sincere thanks.

I must also not forget to record the names of other friends and correspondents who have materially assisted us in the preparation of the ‘Book of Antelopes.’ Amongst these I must specially mention Herr Matschie, of the Natural History Museum of Berlin, who has kindly furnished many notes on the collection of Mammals under his charge in that Institution; nor must I forget the names of Mr. F. C. Selous, Herr Oscar Neumann, Mr. S. L. Hinde, Mr. F. V. Kirby, Capt. H. G. C. Swayne, Mr. Ernest Gedge, Sir Harry Johnston, K.C.B., Mr. R. Crawshay, Mr. Alfred Sharpe, Sir John Kirk, Mr. F. E. Blaauw, Mr. F. J. Jackson, Major F. C. Trollope, Dr. E. Büchner, Mr. E. Buxton, Mr. J. I. S. Whitaker, Sir Edmund Loder, Mr. A. E. Pease, Mr. Lort Phillips, Mr. T. W. H. Clarke, Mr. J. ffolliott Darling, Mr. John Millais, Mr. W. E. de Winton, and my son Mr. W. L. Sclater, Director of the South African Museum, Capetown, to all of whom, on behalf of Thomas and myself, I wish to tender our most heartfelt thanks for their kind assistance.

Finally, I may mention that this work has been issued in parts at the following dates:—

Part I.		Bubalidinæ	Aug.	1894
II.		„	Jan.	1895
III.		Cephalophinæ	May	1895
IV.		„	Sept.	1895
V.		Neotraginæ	Jan.	1896
VI.		Cervicaprinæ	Aug.	1896
VII.		„	Jan.	1897
VIII.		„	Mar.	1897
IX.		Antilopinæ	Aug.	1897
X.		„	Feb.	1898
XI.		„	June	1898
XII.		„	Oct.	1898
XIII.		Hippotraginæ	Feb.	1899
XIV.		„	May	1899
XV.		Tragelaphinæ	Jan.	1900
XVI.
XVII		„	Aug.	1900

The date attached to the letterpress at the end of each article is, as nearly as possible, that at which it was finished and corrected for the press.

P. L. S.

3 Hanover Square, London, W.

June 1st, 1900.

CONTENTS.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

IN THE TEXT.

VOL. I.
		Page
1a, 1b. Horns of Bubalis major		[12]
1c, 1d. Horns and skull of Bubalis major		[13]
2. Head of Bubalis tora		[18]
3. Skull of Bubalis swaynei		[24]
4a. Horns of Bubalis cokei, front view		[28]
4b. Horns of Bubalis cokei, side view		[29]
4c. Horns of Bubalis cokei, front view		[30]
5. Front view of head of Jackson’s Hartebeest		[43]
6a. Skull of Bubalis lichtensteini, ♂		[49]
6b. Skull of Bubalis lichtensteini, ♀		[50]
7a. Head of Damaliscus hunteri		[54]
7b. Skull and horns of Damaliscus hunteri, ♂ ad.		[55]
7c. Skull and horns of Damaliscus hunteri, ♀ ad.		[55]
8. Skull of Damaliscus tiang, ♀		[64]
9. Skull of Damaliscus jimela, from Lamu		[69]
9a. Head of Damaliscus jimela, from Malindi		[69]
10. Damaliscus pygargus		[77]
11. Damaliscus albifrons		[82]
12. Head of supposed hybrid between Damaliscus lunatus and Bubalis caama		[90]
13. Adult Brindled Gnu		[98]
14. Skull of Connochætes albojubatus, ♂		[106]
15. Young White-tailed Gnu (five months old)		[115]
15a. Young White-tailed Gnu (eight months old)		[116]
15b. Horns of young Gnu (11 weeks old)		[118]
15c. Horns of young Gnu (19 months old)		[118]
16. Skull of Cephalophus sylvicultrix, ad.		[128]
16a. Skull of Cephalophus sylvicultrix, jr.		[129]
17. Head of Harvey’s Duiker		[146]
18. Skull of Cephalophus nigrifrons		[150]
19. Skull of Cephalophus rufilatus, jr.		[169]
20. Skull of Cephalophus maxwelli		[182]
21. Skull of Cephalophus coronatus		[196]
22. Skull of Cephalophus grimmi		[207]
VOL. II.
23. Ourebia scoparia, ♂		17
24. Skull of Ourebia haggardi, ♂		30
25. Skull of Nesotragus livingstonianus, ♂		57
26. Skull of Nesotragus pygmæus, ♂		64
27. Skull of Madoqua phillipsi		77
28. Fore part of skull of Madoqua damarensis, side view		80
28a. Upper view of snout of M. damarensis
28b. Lower view of snout of M. damarensis
28c. Lower view of snout of M. saltiana
28d. Posterior mandibulary molar of M. saltiana
28e. Posterior mandibulary molar of M. damarensis
29. Head of Madoqua kirki		84
29a. Skull of Madoqua kirki (side view)		85
29b. Skull of Madoqua kirki (upper view)		85
30. Skull of Madoqua guentheri (side view)		90
30a. Skull of Maduqua guentheri (from above)		90
31. Skull and horns of Cobus crawshayi		110
32. Head and foot of “Nsumma Antelope”		117
33. Head of Cobus maria, ♂		123
34. Head of Cobus thomasi, ♂		135
35. Horns of Cobus vardoni.—a. Side view; b. Front view		143
36. Head of Cobus lechee		151
37. Horns of Cervicapra arundinum from Nyasaland		163
38. Skull of Cervicapra fulvorufula		168
39. Skull of Cervicapra bohor		169
40. Head of Cervicapra redunca		174
41. Horns of Cervicapra fulvorufula, not adult		181
42. Horns of Cervicapra fulvorufula, aged		181
43. Head of Cervicapra chanleri		184
44. Head of Vaal Rhébok, ♂		193
VOL. III.
45. Horns of Black-buck, ♂		13
46. Abnormal horns of female Indian Antelope		14
47. Head of Pallah, ♂, front view		23
48. Front view of head of Angolan Pallah		26
49. Group of Saigas		35
50. Frontlet and horns of Saiga (fossil), ♂		39
51. Head of male Saiga in its winter dress		40
52. Horns of Chiru		48
53. Horns of Springbuck, ♂ & ♀		61
54. Skull and horns of the Tibetan Gazelle		73
55. Goa Antelopes on the Donkia Pass		74
56. Skull and horns of Mongolian Gazelle		87
57. Head of Dorcas Gazelle, ♂		108
58. Head of Edmi Gazelle, ♂		113
59. Front view of head of Edmi Gazelle, ♀		114
60. Head of Arabian Gazelle		117
61. Head of Gazella fuscifrons, ♀		123
62. Head of adult male Speke’s Gazelle		128
63. Head of adult female Speke’s Gazelle		129
64. Head of young male Speke’s Gazelle		131
65. Head of Pelzeln’s Gazelle, ♂		135
65 a. Skull of Pelzeln’s Gazelle, ♀		135
66. Diagram of horns of Rhime (a) and Admi (b)		143
67. Front view of head of a female Loder’s Gazelle		147
68. Skull of Gazella leptoceros loderi, ♂		148
69, 69 a. Heads of Isabella Gazelle, ♂ & ♀		154
70, 70 a. Heads of Muscat Gazelle, ♂ & ♀		156
71, 72. Heads of Heuglin’s Gazelle, ♂ & ♀		160
73. Skull of Rufous Gazelle		168
74. Horns of Thomson’s Gazelle, ♂		172
75. Front view of head of Thomson’s Gazelle, ♀		174
76. Grant’s Gazelle, Ugogo		181
77, 78. Heads of Grant’s Gazelle, ♂ & ♀		182
79. Skull and horns of Peters’s Gazelle, ♂		188
80. Skin of the Banded Gazelle		192
81. Skull and horns of Gazella soemmerringi typica (male)		197
82 a, 82 b. Skull and horns of Gazella soemmerringi berberana, ♂ & ♀		198
83. Head of the Dibatag		222
84. Map of Somaliland (showing the localities of the Dibatag)		225
85. Skull of the Gerenuk		231
86. Sketch of Gerenuk, ♂ & ♀, in characteristic attitudes		232
87. Front view of the head of the Beira		245
VOL. IV.
88. Frontlet of the Blue-buck		11
89. Horns of Baker’s Roan Antelope		25
90. Head of Roan Antelope		29
91. Head of Sable Antelope		38
92. A Leucoryx attacked by a Lion		48
93. Young Leucoryx		49
94. Female Beisa		70
95. Horns of male Addax		83
96. Horns of female Addax		83
97. Head of a female Addax		85
98. Skull and horns of an adult male Nilgai		100
99. Frontlet of an adult male Nilgai		101
100. Skull and horns of Cumming’s Bushbuck		126
101. Frontlet of Cumming’s Bushbuck		127
102. Delamere’s Bushbuck		130
103. The Bongo Antelope		134
104. Head and horns of the Broad-horned Antelope		135
105. Head and horns of Angas’ Antelope		140
106. Angas’ Antelope, ♂ & ♀		146
107. Horns of Tragelaphus sp. inc.		147
108. Speke’s Sitatunga in a Papyrus-swamp		153
109. Horns and feet of Speke’s Sitatunga		154
110. Speke’s Sitatunga, ♂ & ♀		156
111. Outer view of right foot of Selous’s Sitatunga, ⅓ nat. size		158
112. Horns of Congan Sitatunga		167
113. Head of Congan Sitatunga, from the specimen in the British Museum		169
114. Male and female Kudu		183
115. Horns of Lesser and Greater Kudus		188
116. Skull and horns of Livingstone’s Eland, ♂		205
117. Horns of Taurotragus oryx gigas		208
118. Abnormal horns of female Eland		209
119. Herd of Derbian Elands		218
120. Horns of Derbian Eland		219
121. Front view of the horns of the Derbian Eland		221

ALPHABETICAL LIST

OF THE

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REFERENCES TO LITERATURE, AND EXPLANATIONS OF THEM[1].

Abh. Ak. Berl.—Abhandlungen der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 4to. Berlin.

Act. Ac. Imp. Sc. Petrop.—Acta Academiæ Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanæ. 4to. Petropoli.

Act. Holm.—Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens nya Handlingar. I. 8vo. Stockholm, 1780.

Acta Acad. Theod. Palat.—Acta Academiæ Electoralis Theodoro-Palatinæ. 4to. Mannhemii.

Allamand.—See Schneider’s edition of Buffon.

Andersson, Lake Ngami.—Lake Ngami; or, Explorations and Discoveries during four Years’ Wanderings in the Wilds of South-western Africa. By C. J. Andersson. 8vo. London, 1856.

Angas, Kaffirs Illustrated.—Kaffirs Illustrated in a Series of Drawings taken among the Amazulu, Amaponda, and Amakosa Tribes. By G. F. Angas. Folio. London, 1849.

Ann. Mag. N. H.—The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 8vo. London.

Ann. Mus. Genov.—Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. 8vo. Genoa.

Ann. Mus. Wien.—Annalen des k.-k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, Wien. 4to. Wien.

Ann. Sci. Nat.—Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie. 8vo. Paris.

Arch. f. Nat.—Archiv für Naturgeschichte, gegründet von A. F. A. Wiegmann. 8vo. Berlin.

Badm. Libr. Big Game Shooting.—The Badmington Library. Big Game Shooting. By Clive Phillipps-Wolley. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1894.

Baines, Expl. S.W. Afr.—Explorations in South-west Africa. By T. Baines. 8vo. London, 1864.

Baker, Ismaïlia.—Ismaïlia; a Narrative of the Expedition to Central Africa for the Suppression of the Slave Trade. By Sir Samuel W. Baker, Pacha, M.A., &c. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1874.

Baker, Nile Tributaries.—The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, and the Sword Hunters of the Hamran Arabs. By Sir Samuel W. Baker, M.A. 8vo. London, 1867.

Baldwin, Afr. Hunt.—African Hunting and Adventure from Natal to the Zambesi. By W. C. Baldwin. 8vo. London, 1854.

Barth, Reise.—Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord-und Central-Afrika in den Jahren 1849 bis 1855. Von Dr. Heinrich Barth. 8vo. Gotha, 1857.

Bechst. Allgem. Uebers. vierf. Thiere, or Bechst. Syst. Uebers. vierf. Th.—Thomas Pennant’s Allgemeine Uebersicht der vierfüssigen Thiere. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. M. Bechstein. 2 vols. 4to. Weimar, 1799–1800.

Bennett, Gard. & Menag. Z. S.—Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society delineated. 2 vols. 8vo. Chiswick, 1830.

Blanf. E. Persia.—Eastern Persia: an Account of the Journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission, 1870–72. Vol. II. Zoology and Geology. By W. T. Blanford. 8vo. London, 1876.

Blanf. Mamm. Brit. Ind.—The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. By W. T. Blanford, F.R.S. 8vo. London, 1888–91.

Blanf. Yark. Miss., Mamm.—Scientific Results of the Second Yarkand Mission; based upon the Collections and Notes of the late Ferdinand Stolickza, Ph.D. Mammalia. By W. T. Blanford. 4to. Calcutta, 1879.

Blanf. Zool. Abyss.—Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia. By W. T. Blanford. 8vo. London, 1870.

Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc.—Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum Asiatic Society. By Edward Blyth. 8vo. Calcutta. 1863.

Bodd. Elench. Anim.—P. Boddaert, Elenchus Animalium. 8vo. Rotterodami, 1785.

Brehm, Thierl.—Brehm’s Thierleben. Allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs. Säugethiere. Band III. Royal 8vo. Leipzig, 1880.

Brookes, Cat. Mus.—A Catalogue of the Anatomical and Zoological Museum of Joshua Brookes, Esq. 8vo. London, 1828.

Bryden, Gun and Camera.—Gun and Camera in Southern Africa. By H. Anderson Bryden. 8vo. London, 1893.

Bryden, Kloof and Karroo.—Kloof and Karroo: Sport, Legend, and Natural History in Cape Colony. 8vo. London, 1889.

Buff. Hist. Nat.—Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la Description du Cabinet du Roi. Par Comte de Buffon. 44 vols. 4to. Paris, 1749–1804.

——. See also Schneider.

Bull. Soc. Acclim.—Bulletin de la Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France. 8vo. Paris.

Bull. Soc. Moscou.—Bulletin Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 8vo. Moscou.

Bull. Soc. Philom.—Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris. 4to. and 8vo. Paris.

Burch. List Mamm. pres. to B. M.—List of the Mammals presented to the British Museum. By W. J. Burchell. 8vo. London, 1825.

Burchell, Trav.—Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa. By William J. Burchell. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1822–24.

Büttik. Reisebilder, or Büttik. Reiseb. a. Liberia.—Reisebilder aus Liberia. Von J. Büttikofer. 2 vols. 8vo. Leiden, 1890.

Calc. Journ. N. H.—Calcutta Journal of Natural History. 8vo. Calcutta.

Chanler, Through Jungle and Desert.—Through Jungle and Desert, Travels in Eastern Africa. By W. A. Chanler. 8vo. London, 1896.

Chapman, Travels &c.—Travels in the Interior of South Africa. By James Chapman. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1868.

Cretzschmar, Atl. Rüpp. Reise.—Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika von Eduard Rüppell. Säugethiere. Bearbeitet von Ph. J. Cretzschmar. Folio. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1826.

Cumming, Hunter’s Life in S. Afr.—Five Years of a Hunter’s Life in the far Interior of South Africa. By R. Gordon Cumming. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1850.

Cuv. An. K.—See Griff. Cuv. An. K.

F. Cuv. H. N. Mamm.—Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d’après des Animaux vivants; ouvrage publié sous l’autorité de l’Administration du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. Par Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire et Frédéric Cuvier. Folio. Paris.

G. Cuv. R. A.—Le Règne Animal. Par M. le Ch^er. Cuvier. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817.

——.——. 8vo. Paris, 1836–46. (Masson & Co.)

G. Cuv. Tabl. Élém.—Tableau élémentaire de l’Histoire Naturelle des Animaux. 8vo. Paris, 1798.

Daniell, African Scenery.—African Scenery, being Illustrations of the Animals and Native Inhabitants in Southern Africa. By Samuel Daniell. Folio. London, 1804–8.

Daniell, Afr. Sketch.—Sketches representing the Native Tribes, Animals, and Scenery of Southern Africa, from Drawings made by the late Mr. Samuel Daniell, engraved by William Daniell. 4to. London, 1820.

De Fil. Viagg. in Persia.—Note di un Viaggio in Persia nel 1862. Di F. de Filippi. 8vo. Milano, 1865.

Démidoff, Voy. Russ. Mérid.—Voyage dans la Russie Méridionale et la Crimée. Exécuté en 1837, sous la Direction de M. Anatole de Démidoff. Tome III. 8vo. Paris, 1840.

Denh. & Clapp. Trav.—Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa in the Years 1822–24. By Major Denham, Captain Clapperton, and the late Doctor Oudney; with an Appendix by Major Dixon Denham and Captain Hugh Clapperton. 4to. London, 1826.

Desm. Mamm.—Mammalogie, ou Description des Espèces de Mammifères, par M. A. G. Desmarest. 2 parts in 1 vol. 4to. Paris, 1820–22.

Dict. Class.—Dictionnaire Classique d’Histoire Naturelle. 8vo. Paris, 1822–30.

Dict. Sci. Nat.—Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. 8vo. Paris, 1816–30.

Dict. Univ. d’H. N.—Dictionnaire Universel d’Histoire Naturelle. Dirigé par M. Charles d’Orbigny. Text 13 vols., Atlas 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1847–49.

Distant, Transvaal.—A Naturalist in the Transvaal. By W. L. Distant. 8vo. London, 1892.

Donnd. Zool. Beytr.—Zoologische Beyträge zur xiii. Ausgabe des Linnéischen Natursystems. By Johann August Donndorff. 4 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1792–98.

Drummond, Large Game S. Afr.—The Large Game and Natural History of South and South-east Africa. From the Journals of the Hon. W. H. Drummond. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1875.

Du Chaill. Expl. & Adv. Equat. Afr.—Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa. By Paul B. Du Chaillu. 8vo. London, 1861.

Echo du Monde Savant.—L’Echo du Monde Savant. 4to. Paris.

Edinb. Journ. Sc.—Edinburgh Journal of Science. 8vo. Edinburgh.

Ehrenb. Symb. Phys.—Symbolæ Physicæ, seu Icones et Descriptiones corporum naturalium novorum aut minus cognitorum quæ ex itineribus per Libyam, Ægyptum, Nubiam, Dongalam, Syriam, Arabiam et Habessiniam. Publico Institutis sumptu F. G. Hemprich et C. G. Ehrenberg. Folio. Berolini, 1828.

Eichwald, Faun. Caspio-Caucas.—Fauna Caspio-Caucasia. Von E. Eichwald. 4to. Petropoli, 1841.

Elliot, Publ. Chicago Mus., Zool.—Field Columbian Museum. Publications. Zoological Series. 8vo. Chicago, U.S.A.

Emin, Reise-Briefen.—Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and Journal. Edited and annotated by Prof. G. Schweinfurth, Prof. F. Ratzel, Dr. R. W. Felkin, and Dr. G. Hartlaub. Translated by Mrs. R. W. Felkin. 8vo. London, 1888.

Erxl. Syst. R. A.—Christ. Polyc. Erxleben Systema Regni Animalis per Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, &c. Classis I. Mammalia. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1777.

“Field.”—Field, the Farm, the Garden; the Country Gentleman’s Newspaper. Folio. London, 1853–1900.

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I. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Voy. Jacq. Mamm.—Voyage dans l’Inde, par Victor Jacquemont, pendant les Années 1828 à 1832. Tome IV. Mammifères, par I. Geoff. Saint-Hilaire. Folio. Paris, 1844.

Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. B. M.—Catalogue of the Bones of Mammalia in the British Museum. By Edward Gerrard. 8vo. London, 1862.

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Gm. S. N.—Caroli a Linné Systema Naturæ. Cura Jo. Frid. Gmelin. Vol. I. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1788.

Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll., or Cat. Mamm. Nepal, Hodgson Coll.—Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammalia and Birds of Nepal and Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. By J. E. Gray. 12mo. London, 1846.

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Gray, Cat. Rum. B. M.—Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia (Pecora, Linnæus) in the British Museum. By J. E. Gray. 8vo. London, 1872.

Gray, Cat. Ung. B. M.—Catalogue of the Specimens of Mammalia in the Collection of the British Museum. Part III. Ungulata Furcipeda. By J. E. Gray. 12mo. London, 1852.

Gray, Hand-l. Rum.—Hand-list of the Edentate, Thick-skinned, and Ruminant Mammals in the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 8vo. London, 1873.

Gray, List Mamm. B. M.—List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the Collection of the British Museum. By J. E. Gray. 12mo. London, 1843.

Gray, List Ost. B. M.—List of the Osteological Specimens in the Collection of the British Museum. By J. E. Gray. 12mo. London, 1847.

Gray, Med. Repos.—Gray in Medical Repository, or Original Essays and Intelligence, relative to Physic, Surgery, Chemistry, and Natural History. 8vo. New York, vol. xv. (1821).

Gray & Hardw. Ill. Ind. Zool.—Illustrations of Indian Zoology, chiefly selected from the Collection of Major-Gen. Hardwicke. By J. E. Gray. 2 vols. Folio. London, 1830–34.

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Harris, Wild Sports S. Afr.—The Wild Sports of Southern Africa; being a Narrative of a Hunting Expedition from the Cape of Good Hope, through the Territories of the Chief Moselekatse, to the Tropic of Capricorn. By Capt. William Cornwallis Harris. 8vo. London, 1839.

——.——. Fifth edition. Royal 8vo. London, 1852.

Harris, Wild An. S. Afr.—Portraits of the Game and Wild Animals of Southern Africa. By Capt. W. Cornwallis Harris. Folio. London, 1840.

Hempr. & Ehr. Symb. Phys.—Symbolæ Physicæ, seu Icones et Descriptiones corporum naturalium novorum aut minus cognitorum quæ ex itineribus per Libyam, Ægyptum, Nubiam, Dongalam, Syriam, Arabiam et Habessiniam. Publico Institutis sumptu F. G. Hemprich et C. G. Ehrenberg. Folio. Berolini, 1828–45.

Herm. Obs. Zool.—Observationes Zoologicæ. Par Johannes Hermann. 4to. Argentorati, 1804.

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Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr.—Reise in Nordost-Afrika. Von Th. Heuglin. 2 vols. 8vo. Braunschweig, 1877.

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Ill. Prodr. Syst. Mamm.—Caroli Illigeri Prodromus systematis Mammalium et Avium. 8vo. Berolini, 1811.

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Jerd. Mamm. Ind.—The Mammals of India; a Natural History of all the Animals known to inhabit Continental India. By T. C. Jerdon. 8vo. Roorkee, 1867.

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Layard, Cat. S. Afr. Mus.—Catalogue of the Specimens in the Collection of the South African Museum. Part I. The Mammalia. By E. L. Layard. 12mo. Cape Town, 1861.

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Less. Man. Mamm.—Manuel de Mammalogie, ou Historie Naturelle des Mammifères. Par. R.-P. Lesson. 12mo. Paris, 1827.

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Le Vaill. Voy. à l’Int. de l’Afrique.—Voyage de M. Le Vaillant dans l’Intérieur de l’Afrique par le Cap de Bonne-Espérance dans les Années 1780–85. 4to. Paris, 1790.

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MB. Ak. Berl.—Monatsberichte der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 8vo. Berlin.

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Matsch. Mittheil. deutsch. Schutzgebiet.—Mittheilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten. 8vo. Berlin.

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Mém. de l’Inst., Sci. Phys.—Mémoires de l’Institut Sciences et Physiques de France. 4to. Paris.

Mem. Sci. Pisa.—Memorie Scientifiche, Pisa. Vol. I. 8vo. Pisa, 1828.

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Millais, A Breath from the Veldt.—A. Breath from the Veldt. By John Guille Millais, F.Z.S. Folio. London, 1893.

Misc. Cur. Acad. Nat. Cur.—Kaiserliche Leopoldino-Carolinische deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher, Dresden. Miscellanea Curiosa sive Ephemeridum Medicophysicarum Germanicarum ... decuriæ secundæ.

Mitth. deutsch. Schutzgebiet., or MT. deutsch. Schutz-geb.—Mittheilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten. 8vo. Berlin.

Mitth. Ges. nat. Fr.—Mittheilungen Berlinische Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde, Berlin.

Mockler-Ferryman, Up the Niger.—Up the Niger, Narrative of Major C. Macdonald’s Mission to the Niger and Benue Rivers, West Africa. By Capt. A. F. Mockler-Ferryman. 8vo. London, 1892.

Müll. Naturs.—Des Ritters Carl von Linné Natursystem. Von P. L. S. Müller. 8vo. Nürnberg, 1773–76.

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Nature.—Nature, a Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science. 4to. London.

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N. Dict. d’H. N.—Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle appliquée aux Arts. 8vo. Paris.

Neumann, Elephant-Hunting in E. Africa.—Elephant-Hunting in East Equatorial Africa. By A. H. Neumann. 8vo. London, 1898.

Nicolls & Egl. Sportsm. S. Afr.—The Sportsman in South Africa. By James A. Nicolls and William Eglington. 8vo. London, 1892.

N. L. M.—Notes from the Leyden Museum. 8vo. Leiden.

Novitat. Zool.—Novitates Zoologicæ; a Journal of Zoology in connection with the Tring Museum. Edited by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, Ph.D., Ernst Hartert, and Dr. K. Jordan. Vol. V. 8vo. London, 1898.

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Oken, Lehrb. Naturgesch.—Oken’s Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. 4 vols. 8vo. Jena, 1815–16.

Oken’s Isis.—Isis von Oken. 4to. Leipzig.

P. Ac. Philad.—Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 8vo. Philadelphia.

P. A. S. B.—Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 8vo. Calcutta.

Pall. Misc. Zool.—P. S. Pallas: Miscellanea Zoologica. 4to. Hagæ Comitum, 1766.

Pall. Spic. Zool.—Spicilegia Zoologica. Cura P. S. Pallas. 4to. Berolini, 1767–80.

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Penn. Hist. of Quad.—History of Quadrupeds. By Thomas Pennant. 4to. London, 1781.

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Penny Enc.—The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 4to. London.

Petherick, Travels in Centr. Afr.—Travels in Central Africa, and Explorations of the Western Nile Tributaries. By Mr. and Mrs. Petherick. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1869.

Pet. Säug. Mossamb.—Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique. Von Wilhelm C. H. Peters. Zoologie. I. Säugethiere. Folio. Berlin, 1852.

Phil. Mag.—Philosophical Magazine. 8vo. London.

Phil. Trans.—Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 4to. London.

Pollok, Sport in Brit. Burmah.—Sport in British Burmah, Assam, and the Cassyah and Jyntiah Hills. By Lieut.-Col. Pollok. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1879.

P. Bost. Soc. N. H.—Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. VII. (1861).

P. U.S. Nat. Mus.—Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Washington. 8vo. Washington.

Przewalski, Cat. Coll.—Catalogue of the Zoological Collections collected by N. M. Przewalski in Central Asia. [In Russian.] 8vo. St. Petersburg, 1888.

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——. Mongolia, the Tangut Country. By Lieut.-Col. N. Prejevalsky. Translated by E. Delmar Morgan. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1876.

Publ. Chicago Mus. Zool.—Publications of the Chicago Museum. Zoology. Part I. 8vo. Chicago, 1897.

P. Z. S.—Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 8vo. London.

Quart. Orient. Mag.—Quarterly Oriental Magazine. 8vo. Calcutta.

Radde, Ost-Sibirien.—Reisen im Süden von Ost-Sibirien in den Jahren 1855–59 incl. Ausgeführt von Gustav Radde. Band I. Die Säugethierfauna. 4to. St. Petersburg, 1862.

Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature.—Analyse de la Nature, ou Tableau de l’Univers et des corps organisés. Par C. S. Rafinesque. 8vo. Palerme, 1815.

Ray, Quadr.—Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum et Serpentini Generis. Auctore Joanne Raio. 8vo. Londini, 1693.

Reichenb. Säug.—Die vollständigste Naturgeschichte des In-und Auslandes. Von H. G. Ludwig Reichenbach. Der Säugethiere. Band III. 8vo. Dresden und Leipzig, 1845.

Rep. Counc. Z. S. L.—Report of the Council of the Zoological Society of London. 8vo. London.

Rochebrune, Faune de la Sénégamb., Mamm.—Rochebrune, Faune de la Sénégambie. Mammifères. 8vo. Paris, 1883.

Rothschild, Nov. Zool.—Novitates Zoologicæ; a Journal of Zoology in connection with the Tring Museum. Edited by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, E. Hartert, and Dr. K. Jordan. 4to. London.

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Rütimeyer, Rind. Tert.-Epoch.—Abhandlungen der schweizerischen paläontologischen Gesellschaft. Die Rinder Tertiär-Epoche nebst Vorstudien zu einer natürlichen Geschichte der Antilopen. Von L. Rütimeyer. Folio. Zürich, 1877–78.

S. Afr. Quart. Journ.—South African Quarterly Journal. 2 vols. 8vo. Cape Town, 1829–35.

Salt, Travels in Abyssinia.—A Voyage to Abyssinia, and Travels into the Interior of that Country, executed in the Years 1809–10. By H. Salt. 4to. London, 1814.

SB. Ak. Wien., or SB. Wien.—Sitzungsberichte der kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. 8vo. Wien.

SB. nat. Freund.—Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 8vo. Berlin.

SB. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien.—Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 8vo. Wien.

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Schinz, Mon. Ant., or Mon. Säugeth.—Monographien der Säugethiere. Von H. R. Schinz. Mit Abbildungen nach der Natur und den vorzüglichsten naturwissenschaftlichen Werken gezeichnet von Conrad Kull. Text and Atlas. 4to. Zürich, 1848.

Schinz, Nat. Abb. d. Säug.—Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen der Säugethiere. Von H. R. Schinz. Text and Atlas. 4to. Zürich, 1824.

Schinz, Syn. Mamm.—Systematisches Verzeichniss aller bis jetzt bekannten Säugethiere oder Synopsis Mammalium nach dem Cuvier’schen System. Von Dr. Heinrich Schinz. 2 vols. 8vo. Solothurn, 1844–45.

Schneider’s ed. Buffon.—Buffon et Daubenton. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la Description du Cabinet du Roi. 38 vols. [Supplements par J. Allamand.] 4to. Amsterdam, Schneider, 1766–99.

Schreb. Säug.—Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Von J. C. D. von Schreber. Theile I.-IV.—Fortgesetzt von Dr. J. A. Wagner. Theile V.-VII. 4to. Erlangen, 1775–1855.

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