BRITISH POMOLOGY.

Transcriber’s Note

The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is placed in the public domain.

Variant spellings and inconsistent hyphenation are retained.

Spellings of French, German and Latin words and names are kept as originally printed.

Punctuation and formatting are inconsistent in the list of references and in headings. These have not been standardized.

As well as many abbreviations not being marked with a full stop, some words are followed by a full stop, as though they were abbreviations. These have not been standardized.

Illustrations are moved to the beginning of the description of the variety of apple which they illustrate.

Footnotes are moved to the end of the paragraph, or the description of the variety of apple, in which they occur.

Other changes that have been made are listed at the end of the book.

BRITISH POMOLOGY;

OR, THE

HISTORY, DESCRIPTION, CLASSIFICATION, AND SYNONYMES,

OF THE

FRUITS AND FRUIT TREES

OF

GREAT BRITAIN;

ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS,

BY

ROBERT HOGG.

—————————“Fruit of all kinds, in coat

Rough or smooth rind, or bearded husk or shell.”—Milton.

THE APPLE.

“Arboris est suavis Fructus, sunt dulcia Poma,
Dulcior est inquam Nectare, et Ambrosia.”

LONDON: GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW;
EDINBURGH: JAMES HOGG;
GLASGOW: DAVID BRYCE.

MDCCCLI.

PRINTED BY WILLIAM FORD,
28, Russell Court, Brydges Street, Covent Garden,
LONDON.

TO

MR. ROBERT THOMPSON,

FOR

THE IMPORTANT SERVICES HE HAS RENDERED TO THE

STUDY OF POMOLOGY

AND FOR

HIS UNWEARIED LABORS IN DETERMINING AND ARRANGING

POMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE.

THIS WORK

IS DEDICATED BY HIS SINCERE FRIEND,

THE AUTHOR.

[PREFACE.]

It is much to be regretted, that of late years, so little attention has been given in this country, to the study of pomology, and that so few efforts have been made to encourge a taste for this most important, most instructive, and intellectual branch of horticultural science.

Towards the end of the last, and beginning of the present century, when the late Mr. Knight was in the full vigor of his scientific pursuits, this was the subject which engaged so much of his powerful intellect, and from which he succeeded in producing such great and beneficial results. With Mr. Knight as president, and Mr. Sabine as secretary, the Horticultural Society of London did much for the advancement of this subject, and in extending a knowledge not only of the fruits of this country, but of the most valuable varieties of the continent of Europe, and America. Through the exertions of these gentlemen, and in conjunction with the illustrious pomologists, Dr. Diel and Professor Van Mons, and other eminent continental correspondents, was obtained that vast collection of fruits which once existed in the Society’s garden; and by means of which that great undertaking of determining and arranging the nomenclature was accomplished. During this period the Society’s Transactions teemed with rich, and interesting pomological papers, and several works of a high character were ushered into existence. Of these the most important were the Pomonas of Brookshaw and Hooker, the Pomological Magazine, and Ronalds’s Pyrus Malus Brentfordiensis; but these are all of such a class, as from their great cost to be regarded more as works of art, than of general utility. The only one which was at all calculated to be of general benefit was, Lindley’s “Guide to the Orchard;” a work which furnished descriptions of, and embraced a greater number of varieties than had hitherto been attempted. This then may be regarded as the most complete work for general reference, with which pomologists in this country had ever been furnished.

Upwards of twenty years have now elapsed since the “Guide to the Orchard” issued from the press, and during that period, Knight, Sabine, and many great patrons of pomology have entered into their rest, leaving none behind them to prosecute, with the same vigour, that study which they so much loved and adorned. But although there has been no corporate effort to promote and stimulate this study, private enterprize has not altogether been awanting to keep pace with the rapid progression of the Continent and America; but for this, we might yet have been in total ignorance of many of the most desirable fruits of modern times, and particularly of those valuable varieties, the result of the later labors of Van Mons, Esperen, and others; together with several of considerable merit, furnished by the fertile pomology of the New World.

Since the publication of Lindley’s “Guide,” therefore, there has not only been such additions to our varieties of fruits, but such a complete reformation and arrangement of pomological nomenclature as to have rendered that book, as a work of reference of considerably less value; and it was on account of the necessity for a new work, adapted to the wants of the present day, and embracing the most recent information on the subject, that I entered upon the present undertaking. The facilities I have possessed for carrying it out, are perhaps greater than fall to the lot of most men. My earliest associations were with fruits and fruit trees; the greater part of my active life has been engaged in their cultivation and devoted to their study; and for nearly ten years, I had the advantage of making an annual tour throughout the length and breadth of England and Scotland, during which, I allowed no opportunity to escape of making myself acquainted with the fruits of the various districts, and securing correspondents to whom I could apply, in cases of necessity. With these advantages, I some years ago established an orchard, for the purpose of examining the distinctive characters and determining the nomenclature of fruits; and there I have succeeded, in securing all the varieties it is possible to procure, either in this country or abroad, and thereby to obtain from personal observation all the information attainable on the subject.

In the execution of this work, my object has been, not to give a mere selection of the best varieties of fruits cultivated in this country, but to describe minutely, and at length, all the varieties with their essential characters, distinguishing those which are, and those which are not worthy of cultivation. I have endeavoured to embrace all the fruits which are recorded as existing in Great Britain, and although it cannot be supposed I have been able to obtain the whole of them, still, I have secured such a number as will leave but a very small portion un-noticed. The plan which I have adopted in the general arrangement will be found to embrace all matters both descriptive, historical, and critical, touching the several varieties. The nomenclature I have followed is, except in some instances for reasons given, that of the London Horticultural Society’s Catalogue, a valuable work prepared by that patient and indefatigable pomologist, Mr. Robert Thompson. The advantage of this identity of nomenclature is evident, as it sets at rest that mass of confusion, which so long existed as to the correct names of fruits. In describing each variety, the approved name, that is the name which shall serve as a standard by which that variety shall in future be distinguished, is printed in Roman Capitals; and either abbreviated, or in full length, is annexed the name of the author who first records or describes it. When the variety is of such antiquity as not to be identified with any particular author, the name of the one who first distinctly describes it is given. Following the standard name, is the identification or list of works in which the variety is identified as being described; the synonymes or names by which it is mentioned in all works on pomology, or known in various districts; and then a list of works in which it is most correctly and faithfully figured. Then follow the description, history, and critical observations, when such are necessary. I have furnished diagrams, of the newest, rarest, and most esteemed varieties; and this mode of illustration conveys a better idea of the general character of the fruit, than a fore-shortened drawing, and answers the same purpose as a highly finished engraving, without swelling the price of the work to such an extent, as to render it unavailable for ordinary use. At the end, I have given lists of the most excellent varieties adapted for various districts of the country, as also such as are suited for being grown as Standards, Dwarfs, and for Cyder. The whole work is terminated by a copious index, which includes all the synonymes, and which of itself, will afford much valuable assistance, in all matters relating to pomological nomenclature.

It now remains for me to acknowledge the favors I have received from many kind friends, who have, by furnishing materials and information, rendered me much valuable assistance. To Mr. Robert Thompson, already mentioned, I am particularly indebted for the liberal way in which he has always supplied me with any information I required. To the late Mr. John Ronalds, of Brentford, for the free use of his valuable collection; as also to his excellent and much respected foreman, Mr. William Waring. To Mr. James Lake, nurseryman, of Bridgewater, for specimens of, and communications respecting the fruits of the Somerset, Devon, and West of England orchards. To Mr. William Fairbread, of Green-street, near Sittingbourne, for those of the great orchard districts of Kent. To Mr. Mannington, of Uckfield, and Mr. Henry Barton, of Heathfield, Sussex, for the fruits of these neighbourhoods. To Mr. J. C. Wheeler, of Gloucester, and the late Mr. Hignell, orchardist, of Tewkesbury. To George Jefferies, Esq., of Marlborough Terrace, Kensington, for some of the valuable fruits of Norfolk; and to the Rev. Henry Manton, of Sleaford. To Mr. Roger Hargreave, of Lancaster, for a complete collection from the Lancashire orchards. To Archibald Turnbull, Esq., of Belwood, near Perth, whose choice and extensive collection, was freely placed at my disposal. To Mr. A. Gorrie, of Annat, and Robert Mathew, Esq., of Gourdiehill, in the Carse of Gowrie, for much valuable information, and specimens of the fruits of that great orchard district of the North. To Mr. Evans, superintendent of the Caledonian Horticultural Society’s Garden, Edinburgh, for much valuable assistance derived from a free inspection of the collection of the Society. To my brother, Mr. Thomas Hogg, of Coldstream, for the fruits of the Tweedside orchards, and to numerous nurserymen and private individuals, who have aided me in the prosecution of this work, I now tender my warmest and heartfelt thanks.

R. H.

13, Gilston Road, Brompton,
Dec., 1851.

[ABBREVIATIONS, AND LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO IN THE FOLLOWING WORK.]

  • [Aber. Dict.]—The Universal Gardener and Botanist; or a General Dictionary of Gardening and Botany, by John Abercrombie, 1 vol. 4to., London, 1778.
  • [Aber. Gard. Dict.]—See [Aber. Dict.]
  • Acc, or acc.—When this abbreviation is prefixed to a citation, it signifies according to, or on the authority of, as acc [Hort Soc. Cat], according to, or on the authority of the Horticultural Society’s Catalogue.
  • [Aldro. Dend.]—Ulyssis Aldrovandi, Dendrologiæ naturalis scilicet Arborum Historiæ libri duo. Sylva Glandaria, Acinosumque Pomarium. 1 vol. fol. Bononiæ, 1668.
  • [Ang. Obs.]—Observations sur L’Agriculture, et Le Jardinage, pour servir d’instruction à ceux qui desireront s’y rendre habiles, par Angran de Rueneuve. 2 vols. 12mo., Paris, 1712.
  • [Aust. Orch.]—A Treatise of Fruit Trees, shewing the manner of Grafting, Planting, Pruning, and Ordering of them, in all respects, according to new and easy rules of Experience, &c. &c., by Ralph Austen. 1 vol. 4to., Oxford, 1657.
  • [Aust. Treat.]—See [Aust. Orch.]
  • [Bauh. Hist.]—Historia Plantarum universalis, Johanno Bauhino. 3 vols. fol. Ebroduni. i and ii. 1650, iii. 1651.
  • [Baum. Cat.]—Catalogue général des Végétaux de pleine terre, disponsibles dans l’etablishment horticole d’Aug. Nap. Baumann à Bolwyller, 1850-51.
  • [Bon. Jard.]—Le Bon Jardinier almanach pour l’année, 1843. Paris.
  • [Booth Cat.]—A Catalogue of Fruit Trees cultivated by G. Booth, Hamburg.
  • [Brad. Fam. Dict.]—Dictionaire Oeconomique; or Family Dictionary, &c. &c., by Richard Bradley. 2 vols. fol. London, 1725.
  • [Brad. Treat.]—A General Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening, by Richard Bradley. 3 vols. 8vo., London, 1721-1722.
  • [Bret. Ecole.]—L’Ecole du Jardin Fruitier, par M. de la Bretonnerie. 2 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1784.
  • [Brook. Pom. Brit.]—Pomona Britannica; or a collection of the most established fruits at present cultivated in Great Britain, &c., by George Brookshaw. 1 vol. fol. London, 1812.
  • [Caled. Hort. Soc. Mem.]—Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, 8vo. Edinburgh, vol. I. 1819, et seq.
  • [Cal. Traité.] —Traité complet sur les Pépiniers &c., par Etienne Calvel. ed. 2, 3 vols. 12mo., Paris. N. D.
  • [Chart. Cat.]—Catalogue des Arbres à Fruits les plus excellent, les plus rares, et les plus estimés, qui se cultivent dans les pépiniers des Révérendes Peres Chartreux de Paris. 1 vol. 12mo., Paris, 1775.
  • [Christ Gartenb.]—Allgemein-practisches Gartenbuch für Bürger und Landmann über den Küchen-und Obstgarten, von Dr. Joh. Ludw. Christ. 1 vol. 8vo. Heilbronn, 1814.
  • [Christ Handb.]—Handbuch uber die Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre, &c., von Joh. Ludw. Christ. 1 vol. 8vo., Frankfurt a M., ed. 1, 1794; ed. 2, 1797; ed. 3, 1804; ed 4, 1817.
  • [Christ Handworter.]—Pomologisches Theoretisch-practisches Handworterbuch, &c. von Joh. Ludw. Christ. 1 vol 4to. Leipzig, 1802.
  • [Christ Vollst. Pom.]—Vollständige Pomologie &c. &c. von Joh. Ludw. Christ. 2 vols. 8vo., Frankfurt, 1809.
  • [Coles Adam in Eden.]—Adam in Eden, or Nature’s Paradise. The History of Plants, Fruits, and Flowers, by William Coles. 1 vol. fol., London, 1657.
  • [Cord. Hist.]—Valerii Cordi Historiæ Stirpium Libri iv. 1 vol. fol., Argentorati, 1561.
  • [Cours Comp. d.Agric.]—Nouveau Cours complet d’Agriculture, par M. M. Thouin, Parmentier, Bosc, Chaptal, &c. &c., 16 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1823.
  • [Coxe View.]— A View of the cultivation of Fruit Trees in the United States, and of the management of Orchards and Cyder, by William Coxe, 1 vol. 8vo., Philadelphia, 1817.
  • [Coxe Cult.]— See [Coxe View.]
  • [Curtius Hort.]—Hortorum Libri xxx, auctore Benedicto Curtio. 1 vol. fol., Lugduni 1560.
  • [Dahuron Traité.]—Traité de la taille des Arbres Fruitiers, et de la maniere de les bien elever, par Renè Dahuron. 1 vol. 12mo., Cell, 1699.
  • [Dec. Prod.]—Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetablis. Aug. Pyr. Decandolle, 8vo., Paris, vol. 1, 1824, et seq.
  • [Diel Kernobst.]—Versuch einer systematischen Beschreibung in Deutschland vorhandener Kernobstsorten, von Dr. Aug. Fried. Adr. Diel. 21 Hfte 8vo., Frankfurt a M., 1799-1819. 6 Bdchn, Stuttgart, 1821.-1832.
  • [Ditt. Handb.]—Systematisches Handbuch der Obstkunde, von J. G. Dittrich. 3 vols. 8vo., Jena, 1839-1841.
  • [Doch. Centralobst.]—Die Allgemeine Centralobstbaumschule, irhe Zwecke und Einrichtung von F. J. Dochnahl. 1 vol. 8vo., Jena, 1848.
  • [Down. Fr. Amer.]—The Fruit and Fruit Trees of America; or the culture and management in the garden and orchard of Fruit Trees generally, by A. J. Downing. 1 vol. 8vo., New York, 1845.
  • [Duh. Arb. Fruit.]—Traité des Arbres Fruitiers; contenant leur figure, leur description, leur culture &c., par Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau. 2 vols. 4to Paris, 1768.
  • [Ellis Mod. Husb.]—The Modern Husbandman, or the Practice of Farming, by William Ellis. 8 vols. 8vo., London, 1744-1747.
  • [Evelyn Fr. Gard.]—The French Gardiner; instructing how to cultivate all sorts of Fruit Trees and Herbs for the garden, &c., by John Evelyn, Esq. Ed. 3, 1 vol. 12mo., London, 1672.
  • [Evelyn Pom.]—Pomona: or an appendix concerning Fruit Trees, in relation to Cyder; the making, and several ways of ordering it, by John Evelyn. Published with the Sylva. 1 vol. fol., London, 1829.
  • [Filass. Tab.]—Tableau générale des principeaux objects qui composent la Pépiniere, dirigée par M. Filassier. 1 vol. Paris, 1785.
  • [Fors. Treat.]—A Treatise on the culture and management of Fruit Trees, by William Forsyth. Ed. 7, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1824.
  • [Gallesio Pom. Ital.]— Pomona Italiana ossia trattato degli Alberi Fruttiferi di Georgeo Gallesio. fol. Pisa, 1817. et seq.
  • [Gard. Chron.]—The Gardener’s Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, edited by Professor Lindley. fol. London, 1841, et seq.
  • [Ger. Herb.]—The Herbal, or General History of Plants, by John Gerard. 1 vol. fol., London, 1597.
  • [Gibs. Fr. Gard.]—The Fruit Gardener, containing the manner of raising stocks, for multiplying of Fruit Trees by budding, grafting, &c. &c. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1768.
    • ⁂ The authorship of this work is ascribed to John Gibson, Esq., M.D., at one time a surgeon in the Royal Navy.
  • [Googe Husb.]—The whole Art and Trade of Husbandry contained in foure books, by Barnaby Googe, Esq. 1 vol. 4to., London, 1614.
  • H.—When this initial of the author’s name is placed after the standard name of any variety, it signifies, that that variety has not been recorded or described in any previous work.
  • [Henne Anweis.]—Anweisung wie man eine Baumschule von Obstbäumen in grossen anlegen und gehörig unterhalten solle, von Sam. Dav. Lud. Henne. Ed. 3, 1 vol. 8vo., Halle, 1776.
  • [Hitt Treat.]—A Treatise of Fruit Trees, by Thomas Hitt, ed. 3, 1 vol 8vo. London, 1768.
  • [Hook. Pom. Lond.]—Pomona Londonensis, &c., by William Hooker. 1 vol. 4to., London, 1813.
  • [Hort. Soc. Cat.]— A Catalogue of the Fruits cultivated in the garden of the Horticultural Society of London. 1 vol. 8vo., London. Ed. 1, 1826. Ed. 2, 1842. Ed. 3, 1843.
    • ⁂ The second and third Editions of this work, were prepared by Mr. Robert Thompson, the superintendent of the Fruit department in the Society’s Garden.
  • [H. S. C.]—See [Hort. Soc. Cat.]
  • [Hort. Trans.]—Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, 4to., London, vol. 1, 1813, et seq.
  • [Husb. Fr. Orch.]—The Husbandman’s Fruitfull Orchard, &c. &c. 1 vol. 4to, London, 1597.
  • Ibid.—When this abbreviation is made use of among the synonymes, it refers to the same work as is quoted immediately preceding it.
  • [Inst. Arb. Fruict.]—Instructions pour les Arbres Fructiers, par M. R. T. P. D. S. M. Ed. 3, 1 vol. 12mo., Roven, 1659.
  • [Jard. Franç.]—Le Jardinier François, qui enseigne à cultiver les Arbres, Herbes, Potageres, &c. &c. Ed. 4, 1 vol. 12mo., Paris, 1653.
  • [Jard. Fruit.]—See [Nois. Jard. Fruit.]
  • [Ken. Amer. Or.]—The New American Orchardist, by William Kenrick. 1 vol. 8vo., Boston, 1833.
  • [Knoop Pom.]—Pomologie; ou description des meilleurs sortes des Pommes et des Poires, &c. &c. 1 vol. fol. Amsterdam, 1771.
  • [Lang. Pom.]—Pomona; or the Fruit Garden illustrated, by Batty Langley. 1 vol. fol., London, 1729.
  • [Laws. Cat.]—Catalogue of Fruit Trees, et cætera. Peter Lawson and Son, Edinburgh, 1851.
  • [Laws. New. Or.]— A New Orchard and Garden; or the best way for planting, grafting, and to make any ground good for a rich orchard, &c., by William Lawson. 1 vol. 4to., London 1597.
  • [Laws. Orch.]—See [Laws. New. Or.]
  • [Leslie & Anders. Cat.]—Catalogue of Hardy Shrubs, Greenhouse and Hothouse Plants, Fruit and Forest Trees, &c., &c., sold by Leslie, Anderson, and Co., Edinburgh, 1780.
  • [Lind. Guide.] —A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden; or an account of the most valuable Fruit and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain, by George Lindley. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1831.
  • [Lind. Plan. Or.]—A Plan of an Orchard, by George Lindley, 1796.
  • [M. C. H. S.]—See [Caled. Hort. Soc. Mem.]
  • [McInt. Orch.]—The Orchard, including the management of Wall and Standard Fruit Trees, by Charles McIntosh. 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1839.
  • [Maund Fruit.]—The Fruitist, by Benjamin Maund, 4to., London, published along with Maund’s British Flower Garden.
  • [Mayer Pom. Franc.]—Pomona Franconica; oder natürliche Abbildung und Beschreibung der besten und vorzüglichsten Europaischen Gattungen der Obstbäumen und Fruchte, von J. Mayer. 3 vols. 4to., Nürenberg, 1776-1801.
  • [Meager Eng. Gard.]—The English Gardener; or a sure Guide to young planters and gardeners, in three parts, by Leonard Meager. 1 vol. 4to., London, 1670.
  • [Merlet Abrégé.]—Abrégé des bons fruits, avec la maniere de les connoitre et de cultiver les arbres, par Jean Merlet. ed. 2, 1 vol. 12mo., Paris, 1675.
  • [Meyen Bäumsch.]—Physicalisch-oeconomische Bäumschule, &c., von J. J. Meyer. Stettin, 1795.
  • [Mid. Flor.]—The Midland Florist, by William Wood. 12mo., Nottingham, V. Y.
  • [Mill. Dict.]—The Gardener’s Dictionary, by Philip Miller, ed. 8, 1 vol. fol. London, 1768.
  • [Miller & Sweet Cat.]—A Catalogue of Fruit and Forest Trees, &c. Sold by Miller and Sweet, nurserymen, Bristol, 1790.
  • [Nicol Gard. Kal.]—The Gardener’s Kalendar; or Monthly Directory of operations in every branch of Horticulture, by Walter Nicol. 1 vol. 8vo., Edinburgh, 1810.
  • [Nicol Villa Gard.]—The Villa Garden Directory; or Monthly Index of work to be done in the town and villa gardens, by Walter Nicol. 1 vol. 8vo., Edinburgh, 1809.
  • [Nois. Jard. Fruit.]—Le Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette. ed. 1, 3 vols. 4to., Paris, 1821. ed. 2, 2 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1839.
  • [Nourse Camp. Fel.]—Campania Felix; or a Discourse of the benefits, and improvements of Husbandry, by Tim. Nourse. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1700.
  • [Park. Par.]—Paradisi in sole Paradisius Terrestris, &c., by John Parkinson. 1. vol. fol. London, 1629.
  • [Philips Cyder.]—Cyder, a Poem in two books, by John Philips. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1708.
  • [Plin. Hist. Nat.]—C. Plinii Secundi, Historiæ Mundi Libri xxxvii, annotat. Jacobi Dalechampi. 1 vol. fol., Frankfurt ad Moenum, 1599.
  • [Poit. et. Turp.]—Traité des Arbres Fruitiers de Duhamel, nouvelle edition augmentée, par Poiteau et Turpin. 5 vols. fol. Paris, 1808, et seq.
  • [Poit. Pom. Franç]—Pomologie Française; Receuil des plus beaux fruits cultivés en France, par Poiteau., 4to., Paris, 1838, et seq
  • [Pom. Heref.]—Pomona Herefordienses; or a descriptive account of the old Cyder and Perry fruits of Herefordshire, by Thomas Andrew Knight. 1 vol. 4to., London, 1809.
  • [Pom. Lond.]—See [Hook. Pom. Lond.]
  • [Pom. Mag.]—The Pomological Magazine; or Figures and Descriptions of the most important varieties of Fruits cultivated in Great Britain. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1827-1830.
  • [Portæ Villæ]—Villæ Jo. Baptistæ Portæ, Neopolitani Libri xii. 1 vol. 4to, Frankfurti, 1592.
  • [Quint. Inst.] —Instructions pour les Arbres Fruitiers et Potageres, par M. de la Quintinye. 2 vols. 4to., Paris, 1695.
  • [Quint. Traité.]—See [Quint. Inst.]
  • [Raii. Hist.]—Historia Plantarum, Joannis Raii. 3 vols. fol., Londini, 1686, 1693, and 1704.
  • [Rea Pom.]—Flora, Ceres, et Pomona, by John Rea. 1 vol. fol. London, 1665.
  • [Riv. Cat.]—Catalogue of Fruit Trees cultivated by Thomas Rivers, nurseryman, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, V. Y.
  • [Riv. et Moul. Meth.]—Methode pour bien cultiver les Arbres Fruits et pour élever des Treilles. par De La Riviere & Du Moulin. 1 vol. 12mo., Utrecht, 1738.
  • [Rog. Fr. Cult.]—The Fruit Cultivator, being a practical and accurate description of all the most esteemed species and varieties of Fruit, cultivated in the Gardens and Orchards of Britain, by John Rogers. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1837.
  • [Ron. Cat.]—Catalogue of Fruit Trees cultivated by Hugh Ronalds and Sons, Brentford, Middlesex.
  • [Ron. Pyr Mal.]—Pyrus Malus Brentfordiensis; or a concise description of selected apples, with a figure of each sort, by Hugh Ronalds. 1 vol. 4to., London, 1831.
  • [Salisb. Orch.]—Hints addressed to proprietors of Orchards and to growers of fruit in general, &c. &c., by William Salisbury. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1816.
  • [Saltz. Pom.]—Pomologie oder Fruchtlehre enthaltend eine Anweisung alles in freier Luft unseres klimas Wachsende Obst, &c., zu erkennen, von F. Z. Saltzmann. 1 vol. 8vo., Berlin, 1793.
  • [Schab. Prat.]—La Pratique du Jardinage, par. L’Abbé Roger Schabol. 2 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1774.
  • [Sickler Obstgärt.]—Der Teutsche Obstgärtner, von J. B. Sickler. 22 vols. 8vo., Weimar, 1794-1804.
  • [Switz. Fr. Gard.]—The Practical Fruit Gardener, by Stephen Switzer. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1724.
  • [Thomp.]—Where this abbreviation is made use of, it refers to the authority of Mr. Robert Thompson, author of the Horticultural Society’s Catalogue of Fruits, and many valuable pomological and other scientific papers.
  • [Toll. Traité.]—Traité des Végétaux qui composent l’Agriculture de l’empire Française par Tollard. 1 vol. 8vo., Paris, 1805.
  • [Tragus. Hist.]—Hieronymi Tragi De Stirpium, &c. interprete Davide Kybro. 1 vol. 4to., Argentorati, 1552.
  • [Walter Gartenb.]—Allgemeine Deutsches Gartenbuch, von J. J. Walter. 1 vol. 8vo, Stuttgart, 1799.
  • [West. Bot.]—The Universal Botanist and Nurseryman, containing descriptions of the species and varieties of all the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, Flowers, and Fruits, native and exotics, &c., by Richard Weston. 4 vols. 8vo., London, 1770, 1774.
  • [Willich Dom. Encyc.]—The Domestic Encyclopedia, by A. F. M. Willich. 5 vols. 8vo., London.
  • [Worl. Vin.]—Vinetum Britannicum, or a Treatise of Cyder, and such other Wines and Drinks, that are extracted from all manner of fruits growing in this Kingdom, by J. Worlidge. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1676.
  • [Zink. Pom.]—Dieser Pomologie, von J. C. Zink. 1 vol. fol., Nürnberg, 1766.

[BRITISH POMOLOGY.]

ETC. ETC. ETC.

[THE APPLE.]

There is no fruit, in temperate climates, so universally esteemed, and so extensively cultivated, nor is there any which is so closely identified with the social habits of the human species as the apple. Apart from the many domestic purposes to which it is applicable, the facility of its cultivation, and its adaptation to almost every latitude, have rendered it, in all ages, an object of special attention and regard. There is no part of our island where one or other of its numerous varieties is not cultivated, and few localities where the finest cannot be brought to perfection.

The apple is a native of this, as well as almost every other country in Europe. Its normal form is the Common Wild Crab, the Pyrus Malus of Linnæus, and the numerous varieties with which our gardens and orchards abound, are the result either of the natural tendency of that tree to variation, or by its varieties being hybridized with the original species, or with each other. It belongs to the natural order Rosaceæ, section Pomeæ, and is, by botanists, included in the same genus as the pear. The principal difference between apples and pears, when considered botanically, consists in their stamens and styles; the stamens of the apple have their filaments straight, united together at the base, and forming a bundle round the styles, of which they conceal the inferior part. All the filaments of the pear on the contrary are divergent, disposed almost like the radii of a wheel, and leave the bases of the styles entirely naked and exposed. The styles in the apple are united at their base into one body, and are generally villous in that part where they adhere to each other: in the pear, however, they are separate at their base. But although the apple and pear very much resemble each other in their botanical characters, they differ very materially in their form, cellular tissue, and specific gravity. Apples have always the base umbellicate, or hollowed with a deep cavity, in which the stalk is inserted, and are generally spherical. The pear, on the other hand, is elongated towards the stalk, and is generally of a pyramidal shape, or nearly so. The cellular tissue of the apple, according to the microscopical observations of Turpin, is composed of a great number of agglomerated, distinct vesicles, each existing independent of the other, varying in size in the same fruit, and, in general, larger, as the apple is large and light. These vesicles are colorless and transparent, and vary in their form according to the want of space requisite for their individual development. They contain in greater or less abundance, a sugary, acid, or bitter juice, which is perceivable in the different varieties. The cellular tissue of the apple possesses no stony concretions, and its specific gravity is greater than that of the pear; so much so, that by taking a cube of each, of equal size, and throwing them into a vessel of water, that of the apple will float, while that of the pear will sink. In its natural or wild state the apple tree is of a small size, attaining generally about twenty feet in height, of a crooked habit of growth, with small, harsh, and austere fruit, and small thin leaves. But when improved by cultivation, it loses much of its original form, assumes a more free and luxuriant growth, with larger, thicker, and more downy leaves, and produces fruit distinguished for its size, color, and richness of flavor.

Some authors have ascribed the introduction of the apple into this country to the Romans, and others to the Normans; in both cases, however, without any evidence or well grounded authority. Mr. Loudon says, “The apple was, in all probability, introduced into Britain by the Romans, as well as the pear; and like that fruit, perhaps, re-introduced by the heads of religious houses on their establishment, after the introduction of christianity.”[A] It is more probable that it has existed as an indigenous tree throughout all ages, and that the most ancient varieties were accidental variations of the original species, with which the forests abounded. These being cultivated, and subjected to the art and industry of man, would give rise to other varieties, and thus a gradual amelioration of the fruit would be obtained. The earliest records make mention of the apple in the most familiar terms. That it was known to the ancient Britons, before the arrival of the Romans is evident from their language. In Celtic, it is called Abhall, or Abhal; in Welch, Avall; in Armoric, Afall and Avall; in Cornish, Aval and Avel. The word is derived from the pure Celtic, ball, signifying any round body.[B] The ancient Glastonbury was called by the Britons Ynys Avallaç, and Ynys Avallon, which signify an apple orchard,[C] and from this its Roman name Avallonia was derived. The apple must therefore have been known in Britain before the arrival of the Romans; and that it continued to exist after they left the island, and before the Norman conquest, is certified by William of Malmesbury, who says, that King Edgar in 973, while hunting in a wood was left alone by his associates; in this situation he was overcome by an irresistable desire to sleep, and alighting from his horse he lay down under the shade of a wild apple tree.[D] Shortly after the Norman conquest, the same author writes with reference to Gloucestershire. “Cernas tramites publicos vestitos pomiferis arboribus, non insitiva manus industria, sed ipsius solius humi natura.” Some writers[E] entertain the popular error that the cultivation of apples was not a branch of rural economy in England before Richard Harris planted orchards in several parts of Kent, in the reign of Henry the Eighth; but there is evidence to the contrary. In a bull of Pope Alexander the Third, in the year 1175, confirming the property belonging to the monastery of Winchcombe, in Gloucestershire, is mentioned, “The town of Twining with all the lands, orchards, meadows, &c.;”[F] and in a charter of King John, granting property to the priory of Lanthony, near Gloucester, is mentioned “the church of Herdesley, with twelve acres of land, and an orchard.”[G] But its cultivation was not confined to the southern counties, for we find there was an extensive manufacture of cider as far north as Richmond, in Yorkshire, in the early part of the thirteenth century. It would be too much to say that all the varieties cultivated at an early period, were indigenous to this country; many no doubt, were introduced at the Norman conquest, and it is probable that in the middle ages some varieties were introduced from the continent, by members of the different religious houses which then existed, who not unfrequently had personal intercourse with France, and who devoted considerable attention to horticulture; but there is every reason to believe that the earliest varieties were native productions. The oldest works which treat on the cultivation of fruits, afford little or no information as to these early varieties. In some ancient documents of the twelfth century, we find the Pearmain[H] and Costard mentioned, but the horticultural works of the period are too much occupied with the fallacies and nonsense which distinguish those of the Roman agricultural writers, to convey to us any knowledge of the early pomology of this country. Turner in his Herbal, has no record of any of the varieties, and simply states, in reference to the apple, “I nede not to descrybe thys tre, because it is knowen well inoughe in all countres.” Barnaby Googe mentions as, “Chiefe in price, the Pippin, the Romet, the Pomeroyall, the Marigold, with a great number of others that were too long to speake of.” Leonarde Mascal gives instruction how “to graffe the Quyne Apple;” but that is the only variety he mentions. In a note book in the possession of Sir John Trevelyan, of Nettlecombe, near Taunton, which was kept by one of his ancestors, from the year 1580 to 1584, is an entry of “The names of Apelles, which I had their graffes from Brentmarch, from one Mr. Pace—Item, the Appell out of Essex; Lethercott, or Russet Apell; Lounden Peppen; Kew Goneling, or the Croke; Glass Appell or Pearmeane; Red Stear; Nemes Appell, or Grenlinge; Bellabone; Appell out of Dorsettsher; Domine quo Vadis.” In “The Husbandman’s Fruitfull Orchard,” we have Pippins, Pearemains, John Apples, Winter Russetings, and Leather Coats. Gerard enumerates and figures “The Pome Water, the Baker’s Ditch, the King of Apples, the Quining or Queene of Apples, the Sommer Pearemaine,” and “the Winter Pearemaine;” and he says, “I have seene in the pastures and hedgerowes about the grounds of a worshippfull gentleman, dwelling two miles from Hereford, called M. Roger Bednome, so many trees of all sortes, that the seruants drinke for the most part no other drinke, but that which is made of Apples. The quantitie is such, that by the report of the gentleman himselfe, the parson hath for tithe many hogsheads of Syder.”

But it is to Parkinson we are indebted for the best account of the early English varieties, of which he enumerates no less than fifty-nine, with “tweenty sorts of sweetings and none good;” and from him may be dated the dawn of British Pomology. Hartlib mentions one who had 200 sorts of apples, and was of opinion that 500 sorts existed. Rea, in his Pomona, enumerates twenty varieties, sixteen of which are not mentioned by Parkinson; and Meager gives a list of eighty-three, which were cultivated in the Brompton Park, and some other nurseries round London, of which fifty-one are not found in the lists of either Parkinson or Rea. Worlidge mentions ninety-two, which are chiefly cider fruits. The seventy-seven varieties of Ray are much the same as those enumerated by Worlidge. During the last century, the writings of Switzer, Langley, Hitt, Miller, and Abercrombie, added little to what have already been noticed, except that Switzer first mentions the Nonpareil; and it is to Forsyth that we are indebted for a more extended knowledge of the different varieties, then known to exist in this country. With Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., the first President of the London Horticultural Society, a new era in the history of pomology commenced, and during his lifetime there was more attention devoted to this study, than had been since the days of Evelyn and De Quintinye. It was with this zealous horticulturist, that a practical application of the discovery of the sexes of plants, was first systematically carried into operation; and the success which attended his labors in hybridization, is evinced by the many valuable varieties of fruits which he was the means of producing. Through the exertions of this gentleman, and his illustrious cotemporaries, Sabine, Williams, and Braddick, the gardens of the Horticultural Society, became a depository for all the varieties which could be gathered together from all parts of Europe and America, and the result has been, that in the last edition of the Society’s Catalogue, Mr. Thompson has enumerated upwards of 1400 varieties of the apple alone, the greater portion of which, however, are proved to be unworthy of cultivation for any purpose whatever.

The apple is a very wholesome fruit. In its raw state it is highly esteemed in the dessert, and when either roasted, boiled, or in pies, it forms an excellent and nutritious food. Dr. Johnson says he knew a clergyman, of small income, who brought up a family very reputably, which he chiefly fed on apple dumplings! Administered to invalids it is cooling, refreshing, and laxative. It is well known as furnishing an excellent sauce; and apple jelly forms one of the finest preserves. Norfolk Beefings are that variety of apple baked in ovens, after the bread is drawn, and flattened to the form in which they are sold in the shops of the confectioners and fruiterers. In Normandy and America, apples are to a considerable extent dried in the sun, in which state they may be preserved for a long period and used at pleasure, when they form an excellent dish stewed with sugar, cloves, and other spices. Those dried in America are cut into quarters, while those of Normandy are preserved whole. There is a drink with which our ancestors were wont to regale themselves called Lambs-wool, or more properly Lamasool, a word derived from La maes Abhal, which signifies the day of apple fruit. This drink was composed of ale and the pulp of roasted apples, with sugar and spice. It is mentioned by Gerard, and in an old song, called “The King and the Miller,” we find it referred to

“A cup of Lambs-wool they drank to him there.”

Besides these, and many other uses to which the apple is applied, its juice produces cider, which forms, in many parts of this country, in Normandy, and the United States, an indispensable beverage. The juice of the wild species, called crab vinegar, or verjuice, when applied externally is good for strains, spasms, and cramps.

The chemical composition of the apple is, chlorophylle, sugar, gum, vegetable fibre, albumen, malic acid, tannin and gallic acid, lime, and a great quantity of water.

The apple may be grown on almost any description of soil, provided it is not absolutely wet. That on which it succeeds best is a humid sandy loam, or a well-drained strong clay, which if it possesses a calcareous, or gravelly subsoil, will be still more advantageous. It is not requisite that it should be of so great depth as for pears, as the apple, having no tap-root, does not penetrate so far into the soil. From eighteen inches to two feet will be found a good depth; but where the soil is good, and the subsoil sufficiently humid without being literally wet, even a foot to eighteen inches will answer every purpose.

[A] [Arb. Brit.] vol. ii, p. 895.

[B] Armstrong’s Gaelic Dictionary.

[C] Owen’s Dictionary of the Welch Language.

[D] Lib. ii. cap. 8.

[E] Duncumb’s History of Herefordshire, vol. 1, p. 187.

[F] Rudder’s History of Gloucestershire, App. liii., No. xxxv.

[G] Rudder’s History of Gloucestershire, App. xxvii., No. xix.

[H] Blomefield’s History of Norfolk, vol. xi., p. 242.

[CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES.]

A great desideratum in pomological science is, a system of classification for the apple, founded on characters which are at once permanent and well defined. The Germans have been most assiduous in endeavoring to attain this object, and many systems have been suggested, of which those of Manger, Sickler, Christ, and Diel, are most generally known. But it is to Diel that the greatest merit is due, for having produced a system, which, though far from perfect, is greatly in advance of any which had hitherto been produced; and which has been universally adopted by all the German pomologists. In 1847, my friend Dochnahl, an eminent and assiduous pomologist, published a system, based upon that of Diel, of which it is a modification, and which possesses such advantages over its type, as to be more easily reduced to practise.

As the systems of Diel and Dochnahl, are certainly the best which have yet appeared, I have introduced them here, for the benefit of those who may want a groundwork on which to form an arrangement.

DIEL’S CLASSIFICATION.

CLASS I. RIBBED APPLES.

1. They are furnished with very prominent, but regular ribs round the eye, extending also over the fruit, but which do not render the shape irregular.—2. Having wide, open, and very irregular cells.

ORDER I. TRUE CALVILLES.

1. They taper from about the middle of the fruit towards the eye.—2. They are covered with bloom when on the tree.—3. They have, or acquire by keeping, an unctuous skin.—4. They are not distinctly and purely striped.—5. They have light, spongy, delicate flesh.—6. They have a strawberry or raspberry flavor.

ORDER II. SCHLOTTERÄPFEL.

1. The skin does not feel unctuous.—2. They are not covered with bloom.—3. They are either of a flat, conical, cylindrical, or tapering form.—4. They have not a balsamic, but mostly a sweetish or sourish flavor.—5. They have a granulous, loose, and coarse-grained flesh.

ORDER III. GULDERLINGE.

1. They are not balsamic like Order I., but of an aromatic flavor.—2. They have a fine flesh, almost like that of the Reinettes.—3. They are either of a conical or flat shape.—4. They are most prominently ribbed round the eye.

CLASS II. ROSENÄPFEL.—ROSE APPLES.

1. They are covered with blue bloom when on the tree.—2. They have not unproportionally large, but often only regular cells.—3. They emit a pleasant odor when briskly rubbed.—4. The skin does not feel unctuous.—5. They are handsomely and regularly ribbed round the eye, and often also over the fruit.—6. They have a tender, loose, spongy, and mostly fine-grained flesh.—7. They have a fine rose, fennel, or anise flavor.—8. They are mostly of short duration, and are often only summer, or autumn apples.—9. They are mostly striped like a tulip.

ORDER I. FRUIT TAPERING OR OBLONG.
ORDER II. FRUIT ROUND OR FLAT.

CLASS III. RAMBOURS.

1. They are all large apples, and comprise the largest sorts.—2. They have mostly, or almost always, two unequal halves, namely one side lower than the other.—3. They are constantly furnished with ribs round the eye, which are broad, rising irregularly the one above the other, and extending over the fruit, so as to render it irregular in its shape; they are also compressed and have one side higher than the other.—4. They are constantly broader than high, and only sometimes elongated.—5. They have all a loose, coarse-grained, and often very pleasant flesh.

ORDER I. WITH WIDE CELLS.
ORDER II. WITH NARROW CELLS.

CLASS IV. REINETTES.

1. They have a fine-grained, delicate, crisp, firm, or tender flesh.—2. They are mostly the ideal of a handsome shaped apple; in them the convexity or bulge of the middle of the apple, towards the eye, is the same as that towards the stalk, or not much different.—3. They are all grey dotted, or have russety patches, or completely covered with russet.—4. They have only rarely an unctuous skin.—5. They have all the rich, aromatic, sugary, and brisk flavor, which is called the Reinette flavor—6. They decay very readily, and must, of all apples, hang longest on the tree.—7. The really sweet, and at the same time aromatic apples, belong to the Reinettes, only as regards their shape, their russety character, and their fine or firm flesh.—8. Apples with fine, firm, crisp flesh, which cannot of themselves form a separate class,—for instance, the Pippins also belong to this class.

ORDER I. SELF COLORED REINETTES.

1. Having an uniform green ground color, which changes to the most beautiful golden yellow.—2. Having no lively colors or marks of russet on the side next the sun; except those that are very much exposed, and which assume a slight tinge of red.—3. Having no covering of russet, but only slight traces of russety stripes.

ORDER II. RED REINETTES.

Having all the properties of the self colored Reinettes, but of a pure red on the side next the sun, without any mixture of russet.

ORDER III. GREY REINETTES.

1. Their ground color is green, changing to dingy dull yellow.—2. The coating of russet, or the russety patches spread over the greater part of the fruit are very conspicious.—3. The side next the sun is often dull brownish, or ochreous red.

ORDER IV. GOLDEN REINETTES.

1. On the side next the sun they are washed, or striped with beautiful crimson.—2. The ground color changes by keeping to beautiful deep yellow.—3. Over the ground color, and the crimson of the exposed side, are spread light thin patches, or a complete coat of russet.

CLASS V. STREIFLINGE.—STRIPED APPLES.

1. They are all, and almost always, marked with broken stripes of red.—2. These stripes are found either over the whole fruit, or only very indistinctly on the side exposed to the sun.—3. The stripes may be distinct, that is to say, truly striped; or between these stripes on the side next the sun, the fruit is dotted, shaded, or washed with red; but on the shaded side the stripes are well defined.—4. The cells are regular.—5. They are of a purely sweet, vinous, or acid flavor.—6. They have not the same flavor as the Rosenäpfel.—7. They do not decay except when gathered before maturity, or after the period when properly ripened.—8. They form a large and somewhat considerable class among the culinary fruits.

ORDER I. FLAT STREIFLINGE.

1. They have the bulge at the same distance from the eye, as from the stalk, and are broadly flattened.—2. They are constantly half an inch broader than high.

ORDER II. TAPERING STREIFLINGE.

1. They are broader than high.—2. They diminish from the middle of the apple towards the eye, so that the superior half is conical, or pyramidal, and is not at all similiar to the inferior half.

ORDER III. OBLONG OR CYLINDRICAL STREIFLINGE.

1. The height and breath are almost equal.—2. They diminish gradually from the base to the apex.—3. Or from the middle of the fruit, they gradually diminish towards the base and apex equally.

ORDER IV. ROUND STREIFLINGE.

1. The convexity of the fruit next the base and the apex is the same.—2. The breadth does not differ from the height, except only about a quarter of an inch.—3. Laid in the hand with the eye and stalk sideways, they have the appearance of a roundish shape.

CLASS VI. TAPERING APPLES.

1. They have the cells regular.—2. They are not covered with bloom.—3. They are not striped, and are either of an uniform color, or washed with red on the side next the sun.—4. Constantly diminishing to a point towards the eye.—5. They are sweet, or vinous, approaching a pure acid.—6. They do not decay readily.

ORDER I. OBLONG, CYLINDRICAL, OR CONICAL.

Characters the same as Order III. of the Streiflinge.

ORDER II. TAPERING TO A POINT.

Characters the same as Order II. of the Streiflinge.

CLASS VII. FLAT APPLES.

1. They are constantly broader than high.—2. They are never striped.—3. They are either of an uniform color, or on the side exposed to the sun more or less washed or shaded with red.—4. They have regular cells.—5. They are not unctuous when handled.—6. They do not decay readily.—7. Flavor purely sweet or purely sour.

ORDER I. PURELY FLAT APPLES.

1. The difference is obvious to the eye.—2. The breadth is constantly half an inch more than the height.

ORDER II. ROUND-SHAPED FLAT APPLES.

1. The eye cannot easily detect a distinction between the breadth and height.—2. The breadth rarely exceeds the height by a quarter of an inch.—3. The fruit cut transversely, exhibits almost or quite two equal halves.

DOCHNAHL’S CLASSIFICATION.

SECTION I.
PLEUROIDEA.—ANGULAR OR RIBBED APPLES.

Having sharp or flat ribs, which extend over the length of the fruit, and are most prominent round the eye, where they are most generally situated.

CLASS I. MALA CYDONARIA.—QUINCE-SHAPED APPLES.
ORDER I. CALVILLA,—CALVILLES.

1. They have large heart-shaped cells, open towards the axis, or often entirely torn; the cells extend very often from the stalk, even to the tube of the calyx.—2. They diminish from about the middle of the fruit, or a little above it towards the eye.—3. They are regular, and provided generally with fine ribs, which do not disfigure the fruit.—4. On the tree the fruit is covered with bloom.—5. They are never distinctly striped.—6. Their flesh is soft, loose, fine, and light, of a balsamic flavor, similar to that of strawberries or raspberries.—7. The eye is frequently closed.—8. Many of them acquire by keeping, an oily or unctuous skin.

GROUP I. FRUCTUS RUBRI—FRUIT RED.

The fruit almost entirely covered with red.

GROUP 2. FRUCTUS BICOLORES.—FRUIT TWO-COLORED.

Yellow, very much striped or washed with red.

GROUP 3. FRUCTUS LUTEI.—FRUIT YELLOW.

Of a whitish, greenish, or golden yellow.

ORDER II. PSEUDO-CALVILLA.—BASTARD CALVILLES.

1. The cells are the same as the true Calvilles, very large and open.—2. The calycinal tube is wide and generally very short.—3. They are slightly narrowed towards the eye, and flattened towards the stalk.—4. Their ribs are very prominent, especially round the eye.—5. They are aromatic, and have not the balsamic flavor of the true Calvilles.—6. Their flesh is fine, opaque, a little succulent, and almost equal to the Reinettes.

The Groups are the same as in the First Order.

CLASS II. MALA PYRARIA.—PEAR-SHAPED APPLES.

Their flavor is neither balsamic nor aromatic; they are purely sweet or acid, their flesh is granulous and loose.

ORDER I. TREMARIA.—SEEDS LOOSE.

1. These are almost always large apples, the skin of which is neither unctuous nor covered with bloom.—2. They are also furnished with ribs, but they are not so regular as in the Calvilles.—3. The cells are very large, irregular, widened, and generally open.—4. The calycinal tube is most generally widely conical, and does not extend to the cells.—5. They are of a flattened, conical, cylindrical, or pointed shape.—6. Their flesh is loose, more often a little coarse, and of a slight balsamic flavor.—7. The leaves of these trees are very large, rather deeply dentated, and less downy than those of the Calvilles and Bastard Calvilles.

GROUP 1. FRUCTUS UNICOLORES.—FRUIT SELF-COLORED.

Green, greenish-yellow, or golden yellow, and lightly tinged with red.

GROUP 2. FRUCTUS BICOLORES.—TWO COLORED.

Yellow or green, and distinctly striped or washed with red.

ORDER II. RAMBURA.—RAMBURES.

1. They are all very large.—2. They have almost always the two halves unequal.—3. They are constantly broader than high, and appear sometimes higher than they are.—4. They are not furnished with ribs except round the eye; these ribs are often irregular in numbers, and frequently form broad projections on the fruit.—5. They do not decay, but shrivel when they are past maturity.—6. The flesh is coarsely granulous, rarely aromatic, often, nevertheless, very agreeable.

GROUP 1. CAPSULIS AMPLIS.—CELLS WIDE.

GROUP 2. CAPSULIS ANGUSTIS.—CELLS NARROW.

SECTION II.
SPHÆROIDEA.—SPHERICAL APPLES.

They have sometimes prominences on the fruit and round the eye, but never true ribs.

CLASS III. MALA MESPILARIA.—MEDLAR-SHAPED APPLES.

Their flavor is sweet, aromatic, similar to that of the rose, fennel, or anise.

ORDER I. APIANA.—APIS OR ROSE APPLES.

1. Their flesh is soft, loose, marrowy, very fine-grained and of a snow-white color.—2. The cells are almost always regular and closed.—3. They are regularly ribbed round the eye, and often also over the fruit, but sometimes not at all ribbed.—4. They have a balsamic flavor, accompanied with a very agreeable odor.—5. They emit a pleasant odor, especially when briskly rubbed.—6. When they are on the tree, they are frequently covered with blue bloom, and striped like a tulip.—7. The fruit is mostly small or middle sized.—8. They are mostly of short duration, and lose their good flavor the same year.

GROUP 1. FRUCTUS OBLONGI.—OBLONG FRUIT.

GROUP 2. FRUCTUS SPHÆRICI.—ROUND OR FLATTENED FRUIT.

ORDER II. REINETTA.—REINETTES.

1. These are apples which have generally the most regular and handsome shape; having the bulge in the middle, at the same distance from the eye as from the stalk.—2. All are dotted, clouded, or entirely covered with russet.—3. They are very rarely inclined to be unctuous, but generally rough when handled.—4. They all decay very readily, (they must therefore be left as long as possible on the tree.)—5. Their flesh is fine-grained, crisp, firm, or fine and delicate.—6. They are all charged with only a balsamic, sugary acid, which is called Reinette flavored.

GROUP 1. FRUCTUS UNICOLORES.—SELF COLORED.

1. Having an uniform green ground color, which changes to the most beautiful golden yellow.—2. Having no lively colors nor marks of russet, on the side next the sun; except those that are very much exposed, and are slightly tinged with red.—3. Having no covering of russet, but only slight traces of russety stripes.

GROUP 2. FRUCTUS RUBRI.—FRUIT RED.

Having all the properties of the self colored Reinettes; but on the side next the sun, they are of a red color, with a mixture of russet.

GROUP 3. FRUCTUS RAVI.—FRUIT RUSSETED.

1. Their ground color is green, changing to dingy dull yellow.—2. The coatings of russet are very conspicious.—3. The side next the sun is often dingy, brownish, or ochreous-red.—4. They all decay very readily.

GROUP 4. FRUCTUS AUREI.—YELLOW OR GOLDEN FRUIT. GOLDEN REINETTES.

1. On the side next the sun they are washed or striped with beautiful crimson.—2. The ground color changes by keeping, to beautiful deep yellow.—3. Over the crimson there is a light, thin trace, or complete covering of russet.

CLASS IV. MALA MALARIA.—PERFECT OR PURE APPLE SHAPED.

They are of a perfectly sweet or vinous flavor, approaching to pure acid.

ORDER I. STRIOLA.—STRIPED APPLES.

1. They are all, and almost always, marked with broken stripes of red.—2. These are either over the whole fruit, or only indistinctly on the side exposed to the sun.—3. The stripes may all be distinct, that is, clearly and finely striped; or between these stripes on the side next the sun, the fruit is dotted, shaded, or washed with red; but on the shaded side, the stripes are well defined.—4. The cells are regular.—5. The fruit does not decay, except when gathered before maturity, or after the period when it has been properly ripened.

GROUP 1. FRUCTUS DEPRESSI.—FRUIT FLAT.

1. They have the bulge at the same distance from the eye, as from the stalk, and are broadly flattened.—2. They are always half an inch broader than high.

GROUP 2. FRUCTUS ACUMINATI.—POINTED FRUIT.

1. They are broader than high.—2. They diminish from the middle of the apple towards the eye, so that the superior half is conical or pyramidal, and is not at all similiar to the inferior half.

GROUP 3. FRUCTUS OBLONGI.—FRUIT OBLONG OR CYLINDRICAL.

1. The height and breadth are almost equal.—2. They diminish gradually from the base to the apex.—3. Or from the middle of the fruit, they gradually diminish towards the base and apex equally.

GROUP 4. FRUCTUS SPHÆRICI.—FRUIT ROUND.

1. The convexity of the fruit next the base and the apex is the same.—2. The breadth does not differ from the height, except only about a quarter of an inch.—3. When laid on their sides they present a spherical shape.

ORDER II. CONTUBERNALIA.—STORING OR HOUSEHOLD APPLES.

1. Having the cells regular.—2. They are not striped, and are either of an uniform color, or washed with red on the side next the sun.—3. They do not decay readily.—4. They are not unctuous when handled.—5. They are never covered with bloom.

GROUP 1. FRUCTUS ACUMINATI.—FRUIT TAPERING.

Diminishing towards the eye.

GROUP 2. FRUCTUS DEPRESSI.—FRUIT FLAT.

They are constantly broader than high.

Such is the classification of Dochnahl, and although it is not all that could be desired, it is certainly the best which has yet been published, and will serve as a good foundation on which to raise a more perfect work.

I have not had an opportunity of applying either of these arrangements to the classification of our British apples, but for the purpose of affording a little assistance in identifying the different varieties described in this work, I have prepared the following, which, although I am aware is not what could be desired, will at least be sufficient for all general purposes. The period of duration, and the coloring of fruits, vary to a considerable extent according to circumstances of soil, situation, and season; but in the following arrangement, I have endeavored to embrace those characters which they are most generally found to possess.

I. SUMMER APPLES.

Consisting of such as either ripen on the tree, or shortly after being gathered, and which generally do not last longer than the beginning of October.

§—ROUND, ROUNDISH, OR OBLATE.
A. Pale Colored.

Being either of an uniform pale color, or occasionally tinged with faint red.

  • Calville Blanche d’Eté
  • Dutch Codlin
  • Early Harvest
  • Early Julien
  • Early Spice
  • Joanneting
  • Large Yellow Bough
  • Madeleine
  • Oslin
  • Sack and Sugar
  • Stirzaker’s Early Square
B. Striped.

Being wholly or partially marked with stripes, either on a pale or colored ground.

  • Borovitsky
  • Duchess of Oldenburgh
  • Nonesuch
  • Ravelstone Pippin
  • Whorle
C. Red.

Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely covered with red.

  • Calville Rouge d’Eté
  • Calville Rouge de Micoud
  • Cole
  • Devonshire Quarrenden
  • Irish Peach
  • Maiden’s Blush
  • Passe Pomme d’Automne
  • Passe Pomme Rouge
  • Red Astrachan
§§—OBLONG, CONICAL, OVAL, OR OVATE.
A. Pale Colored.

Being either of an uniform pale color, or occasionally tinged with faint red.

  • Carlisle Codlin
  • Early Wax
  • English Codlin
  • Keswick Codlin
  • Manks Codlin
  • Springrove Codlin
  • Sugar Loaf Pippin
  • Summer Golden Pippin
  • Teuchat’s Egg
  • White Astrachan
B. Striped.

Being wholly or partially marked with stripes, either on a pale or colored ground.

  • American Summer Pearmain
  • Creeper
  • Kerry Pippin
  • Longville’s Kernel
  • Margaret
  • Pigeonnet
C. Red.

Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely covered with red.

  • Dr. Helsham’s Pippin
  • Hollow Core
  • King of the Pippins
  • Sugar and Brandy

II. AUTUMN APPLES.

Including such as are in use from the time of gathering to Christmas.

§—ROUND, ROUNDISH, OR OBLATE.
A. Pale Colored.

Being either of an uniform pale color, or occasionally tinged with faint red.

  • American Fall
  • Bland’s Jubilee
  • Breedon Pippin
  • Bridgewater Pippin
  • Broadend
  • Broad Eyed Pippin
  • Cobham
  • Dowell’s Pippin
  • Downton Pippin
  • Drap d’Or
  • Early Nonpareil
  • Flanders Pippin
  • Forest Stire
  • Franklin’s Golden Pippin
  • Gloria Mundi
  • Golden Monday
  • Golden Noble
  • Gooseberry Apple
  • Grange
  • Harvey Apple
  • Pawsan
  • Small Stalk
  • Stead’s Kernel
  • Waltham Abbey Seedling
  • White Westling
  • Winter Lading
  • Yellow Elliot
B. Striped.

Being wholly or partially marked with stripes, either on a pale or colored ground.

  • Bachelor’s Glory
  • Biggs’s Nonesuch
  • Cellini
  • Chester Pearmain
  • Creed’s Marigold
  • Elford Pippin
  • Flushing Spitzenburgh
  • Gravenstein
  • Green Woodcock
  • Hermann’s Pippin
  • Hoary Morning
  • Hollandbury
  • Kentish Fill Basket
  • Kingston Black
  • Longstart
  • Monkton
  • Nanny
  • Rabine
  • Rambour Franc
  • Red-Streak
  • Red Streaked Rawling
  • Siberian Harvey
  • Summer Strawberry
  • Trumpington
C. Red.

Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely covered with red.

  • Api Etoillé
  • Bere Court Pippin
  • Borsdorffer
  • Burn’s Seedling
  • Calville Rouge d’Automne
  • Cherry Apple
  • Contin Reinette
  • Flower of Kent
  • Forge
  • Foxley
  • Glory of the West
  • Greenup’s Pippin
  • Hawthornden
  • Isle of Wight Pippin
  • Lady’s Delight
  • De Neige
  • Red-Must
  • Rymer
  • Scarlet Crofton
  • Scarlet Tiffing
  • Scotch Bridget
  • Siberian Bitter Sweet
  • Summer Broadend
D. Russet.

Being entirely or to a great extent covered with russet.

  • Brown Kenting
  • Cornish Aromatic
  • Ten Shillings
§§—OBLONG, CONICAL, OVAL, OR OVATE.
A. Pale Colored.

Being either of an uniform pale color, or occasionally tinged with faint red.

  • Brookes’s
  • Catshead
  • Coccagee
  • Costard
  • Cray Pippin
  • Green Tiffing
  • Hargreave’s Green Sweet
  • Harvey’s Wiltshire Defiance
  • Isleworth Crab
  • Kilkenny Pearmain
  • Lucombe’s Pine
  • Marmalade
  • Melrose
  • Monkland Pippin
  • Nelson Codlin
  • Pitmaston Golden Wreath
  • Proliferous Reinette
  • Sheep’s Nose
  • Tarvey Codlin
  • Toker’s Incomparable
  • Transparent Codlin
  • White Wine
  • Wormsley Pippin
  • Yellow Ingestrie
B. Striped.

Being wholly or partially marked, with stripes, either on a pale or colored ground.

  • Augustus Pearmain
  • Belle Bonne
  • Colonel Vaughan’s
  • Bennet Apple
  • Best Bache
  • Broughton
  • Cowarne Red
  • Duke of Beaufort’s Pippin
  • Duncan
  • Emperor Alexander
  • Fill Basket
  • Garter
  • Glory of England
  • Golden Streak
  • Golden Winter Pearmain
  • Hagloe Crab
  • Mère de Ménage
  • Moore’s Seedling
  • Queen of Sauce
  • Summer Pearmain
  • White Paradise
C. Red.

Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely covered with red.

  • Fox Whelp
  • Friar
  • Ganges
  • Grey Leadington
  • Kentish Pippin
  • Long Nose
  • Pigeon
  • Red Ingestrie
  • Wickham’s Pearmain
  • Woodcock
D. Russet.

Being entirely, or to a great extent covered with russet.

  • Bowyer’s Russet
  • Patch’s Russet
  • Pine Apple Russet

III.—WINTER APPLES.

Including such as are in use during the whole of the Winter and Spring.

§—ROUND, ROUNDISH, OR OBLATE.
A. Pale Colored.

Being either of an uniform pale color, or occasionally tinged with faint red.

  • Alfriston
  • Bedfordshire Foundling
  • Belledge Pippin
  • Birmingham Pippin
  • Blenheim Pippin
  • Bringewood Pippin
  • Calville Blanche d’Hiver
  • Cluster Golden Pippin
  • Court of Wick
  • Devonshire Buckland
  • Dredge’s Fair Maid of Wishford
  • Dredge’s Fame
  • Essex Pippin
  • Fair’s Nonpareil
  • Famagusta
  • Fenouillet Jaune
  • Gogar Pippin
  • Golden Pippin
  • Holland Pippin
  • Hollow Crowned Pippin
  • Hughes’s Golden Pippin
  • Minchall Crab
  • Morris’s Court of Wick
  • Rambo
  • Reinette Diel
  • Reinette Franche
  • Reinette Jaune Sucrée
  • Reinette Vert
  • Rhode Island Greening
  • Saint Julien
  • Screveton Golden Pippin
  • Siely’s Mignonne
  • Sleeping Beauty
  • Spitzenberg
  • Veiny Pippin
  • Wyken Pippin
  • Yellow Newtown Pippin
B. Striped.

Being wholly or partially marked with stripes, either on a pale or colored ground.

  • Brabant Bellefleur
  • Calville Rouge d’Hiver
  • Caroline
  • Christie’s Pippin
  • Dutch Mignonne
  • Fulwood
  • Golden Reinette
  • Gros Faros
  • Hall Door
  • Hambledon Deux Ans
  • Hoskreiger
  • Keeping Red Streak
  • Kirke’s Lord Nelson
  • Lincolnshire Holland Pippin
  • Lucombe’s Seedling
  • Newtown Spitzenberg
  • Ribston Pippin
  • Round Winter Nonesuch
  • Royal Reinette
  • Scarlet Nonpareil
  • Selwood’s Reinette
  • Shakespere
  • Shepherd’s Fame
  • Somerset Lasting
  • Spice Apple
  • Striped Beefing
  • Striped Monstrous Reinette
  • Taunton Golden Pippin
  • Watson’s Dumpling
  • West Grinstead Pippin
  • Yorkshire Greening
C. Red.

Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely covered with red.

  • Api
  • Api Gros
  • Api Noir
  • Baddow Pippin
  • Bank
  • Belle Grisdeline
  • Braddick’s Nonpareil
  • Brickley Seedling
  • Calville Malingre
  • Clara Pippin
  • Coul Blush
  • Court-pendu Plat
  • Dumelow’s Seedling
  • Fair Maid of Taunton
  • Fearn’s Pippin
  • Harvey’s Pippin
  • Haute Bonté
  • London Pippin
  • Mela Carla
  • Minier’s Dumpling
  • Newtown Pippin
  • Nonpareil
  • Norfolk Beefing
  • Norfolk Paradise
  • Northern Greening
  • Osterley Pippin
  • Padley’s Pippin
  • Pearson’s Plate
  • Petworth Nonpareil
  • Pomewater
  • Reinette de Breda
  • Reinette Blanche d’Espagne
  • Reinette de Canada
  • Reinette Van Mons
  • Rose de China
  • Royal Shepherd
  • Sir William Gibbons’s
  • Sops in Wine
  • Squire’s Greening
  • Sturmer Pippin
  • Surry Flat Cap
  • Turk’s Cap
  • Wanstall
  • Wheeler’s Extreme
  • White Virgin
  • Winter Colman
  • Winter Greening
  • Winter Majetin
D. Russet.

Being entirely, or to a great extent, covered with russet.

  • Acklam’s Russet
  • Aromatic Russet
  • Ashmead’s Kernel
  • Boston Russet
  • Byson Wood Russet
  • Fenouillet Gris
  • Fenouillet Rouge
  • Golden Harvey
  • Horsham Russet
  • Keeping Russet
  • Knobbed Russet
  • Morris’s Russet
  • New Rock Pippin
  • Pennington’s Seedling
  • Pile’s Russet
  • Pitmaston Nonpareil
  • Pomme Grise
  • Powell’s Russet
  • Reinette Carpentin
  • Reinette Grise
  • Robinson’s Pippin
  • Ross Nonpareil
  • Royal Russet
  • Sam Young
  • Sweeney Nonpareil
  • Sykehouse Russet
  • Wheeler’s Russet

§§—OBLONG, CONICAL, OVAL, OR OVATE.
A. Pale Colored.

Being either of an uniform pale color or occasionally tinged with faint red.

  • Barton’s Incomparable
  • Beachamwell
  • Bossom
  • Cockle Pippin
  • Coe’s Golden Drop
  • Colonel Harbord’s Pippin
  • Darling Pippin
  • Hanwell Souring
  • Hormead Pearmain
  • Hunthouse
  • Lemon Pippin
  • Mitchelson’s Seedling
  • Norfolk Stone Pippin
  • Nottingham Pippin
  • Oxnead Pearmain
  • Pitmaston Golden Pippin
  • Pope’s Apple
  • Tower of Glammis
  • Trumpeter
  • Warner’s King
  • Winter Codlin
B. Striped.

Being wholly or partially marked with stripes, either on a pale or colored ground.

  • Adams’s Pearmain
  • Baldwin
  • Baxter’s Pearmain
  • Beauty of Kent
  • Benwell’s Pearmain
  • Bess Pool
  • Bristol Pearmain
  • Claygate Pearmain
  • Cornish Gilliflower
  • Esopus Spitzenburgh
  • Federal Pearmain
  • Grange’s Pearmain
  • Lamb Abbey Pearmain
  • Lewis’s Incomparable
  • Loan’s Pearmain
  • Margil
  • Parry’s Pearmain
  • Royal Pearmain
  • Scarlet Leadington
  • Scarlet Pearmain
  • Seek-no-Farther
  • Winter Pearmain
  • Winter Quoining
C. Red.

Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely covered with red.

  • Barcelona Pearmain
  • Farleigh Pippin
  • Foulden Pearmain
  • Hunt’s Deux Ans
  • Hutton Square
  • Irish Reinette
  • Lady’s Finger
  • Mannington’s Pearmain
  • New York Pippin
  • Ord’s Apple
  • Petit Jean
  • Pomeroy
  • Ponto Pippin
  • Russet Table Pearmain
  • Tulip
  • Vale Mascal Pearmain
  • Violette
  • Wadhurst Pippin
  • Whitmore Pippin
  • Woolman’s Long
D. Russet.

Being entirely, or to a great extent, covered with russet.

  • Betsey
  • Forman’s Crew
  • Golden Knob
  • Golden Pearmain
  • Golden Russet
  • Hubbard’s Pearmain
  • Hunt’s Duke of Gloucester
  • Martin Nonpareil
  • Morris’s Nonpareil Russet
  • Pinner Seedling
  • Rosemary Russet
  • Rushock Pearmain
  • Uellner’s Gold Reinette

[THE APPLE.—ITS VARIETIES.]

1. ACKLAM’S RUSSET.—Fors.

Fruit, below the medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high; round and somewhat flattened. Skin, pale yellow tinged with green, and covered with thin grey russet, particularly on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a smooth, round, and shallow basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh, white with a greenish tinge, firm, crisp, juicy, and highly flavoured.

An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality; ripe in November, and will keep under favourable circumstances till March.

The tree is very hardy, and an excellent bearer. It succeeds best in a dry soil, and is well adapted for espalier training.

This variety is supposed to have originated at the village of Acklam, in Yorkshire.

2. ADAMS’S PEARMAIN.—Lind.

Fruit, large, varying from two inches and a half to three inches high and about the same in breadth at the widest part; pearmain-shaped, very even, and regularly formed. Skin, pale yellow tinged with green, and covered with delicate russet on the shaded side; but deep yellow tinged with red, and delicately streaked with livelier red on the side next the sun. Eye, small and open, with acute erect segments, set in a narrow, round, and plaited basin. Stalk, varying from half an inch to an inch long, obliquely inserted in a shallow cavity, and generally with a fleshy protuberance on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, and sugary, with an agreeable and pleasantly perfumed flavor.

A dessert apple of first-rate quality; in use from December to February. It is a large and very handsome variety, and worthy of general cultivation.

The tree is a free and healthy grower, producing long slender shoots, by which, and its cucullated ovate leaves, it is easily distinguished. It is an excellent bearer even in a young state, particularly on the paradise or doucin stock, and succeeds well as an espalier.

3. ALFRISTON.—Hort.

Fruit, of the largest size, generally about three inches and a half wide, and from two and three quarters to three inches high; roundish, and angular on the sides. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and tinged with orange next the sun, covered all over with veins, or reticulations of russet. Eye, open, set in a deep and uneven basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sugary, and briskly flavoured.