RESEARCHES,
CHEMICAL and PHILOSOPHICAL;
CHIEFLY CONCERNING
NITROUS OXIDE,

OR
DEPHLOGISTICATED NITROUS AIR,

AND ITS
RESPIRATION.

By HUMPHRY DAVY,

SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MEDICAL PNEUMATIC
INSTITUTION.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON, ST. PAUL’S CHURCH-YARD,
BY BIGGS AND COTTLE, BRISTOL,
1800.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

In consequence of the discovery of the respirability and extraordinary effects of nitrous oxide, or the dephlogisticated nitrous gas of Dr. Priestley, made in April 1799, in a manner to be particularly described hereafter,[1] I was induced to carry on the following investigation concerning its composition, properties, combinations, and mode of operation on living beings.

In the course of this investigation, I have met with many difficulties; some arising from the novel and obscure nature of the subject, and others from a want of coincidence in the observations of different experimentalists on the properties and mode of production of the gas. By extending my researches to the different substances connected with nitrous oxide; nitrous acid, nitrous gas and ammoniac; and by multiplying the comparisons of facts, I have succeeded in removing the greater number of those difficulties, and have been enabled to give a tolerably clear history of the combinations of oxygene and nitrogene.

By employing both analysis and synthesis whenever these methods were equally applicable, and comparing experiments made under different circumstances, I have endeavoured to guard against sources of error; but I cannot flatter myself that I have altogether avoided them. The physical sciences are almost wholly dependant on the minute observation and comparison of properties of things not immediately obvious to the senses; and from the difficulty of discovering every possible mode of examination, and from the modification of perceptions by the state of feeling, it appears nearly impossible that all the relations of a series of phænomena can be discovered by a single investigation, particularly when these relations are complicated, and many of the agents unknown. Fortunately for the active and progressive nature of the human mind, even experimental research is only a method of approximation to truth.

In the arrangement of facts, I have been guided as much as possible by obvious and simple analogies only. Hence I have seldom entered into theoretical discussions, particularly concerning light, heat, and other agents, which are known only by isolated effects.

Early experience has taught me the folly of hasty generalisation. We are ignorant of the laws of corpuscular motion; and an immense mass of minute observations concerning the more complicated chemical changes must be collected, probably before we shall be able to ascertain even whether we are capable of discovering them. Chemistry in its present state, is simply a partial history of phænomena, consisting of many series more or less extensive of accurately connected facts.

With the most important of these series, the arrangement of the combinations of oxygene or the antiphlogistic theory discovered by Lavoisier, the chemical details in this work are capable of being connected.

In the present state of science, it will be unnecessary to enter into discussions concerning the importance of investigations relating to the properties of physiological agents, and the changes effected in them during their operation. By means of such investigations, we arrive nearer towards that point from which we shall be able to view what is within the reach of discovery, and what must for ever remain unknown to us, in the phænomena of organic life. They are of immediate utility, by enabling us to extend our analogies so as to investigate the properties of untried substances, with greater accuracy and probability of success.

The [first Research] in this work chiefly relates to the production of nitrous oxide and the analysis of nitrous gas and nitrous acid. In this there is little that can be properly called mine; and if by repeating the experiments of other chemists, I have sometimes been able to make more minute observations concerning phænomena, and to draw different conclusions, it is wholly owing to the use I have made of the instruments of investigation discovered by the illustrious fathers of chemical philosophy,[2] and so successfully applied by them to the discovery of truth.

In the [second Research] the combinations and composition of nitrous oxide are investigated, and an account given of its decomposition by most of the combustible bodies.

The [third Research] contains observations on the action of nitrous oxide upon animals, and an investigation of the changes effected in it by respiration.

In the [fourth Research] the history of the respirability and extraordinary effects of nitrous oxide is given, with details of experiments on its powers made by different individuals.

I cannot close this introduction, without acknowledging my obligations to Dr. Beddoes. In the conception of many of the following experiments, I have been aided by his conversation and advice. They were executed in an Institution which owes its existence to his benevolent and philosophic exertions.

Dowry-Square, Hotwells, Bristol.
June 25th, 1800.

RESEARCH I.

concerning the analysis of
NITRIC ACID and NITROUS GAS

and the production of
NITROUS OXIDE.

Pl. I.
MERCURIAL AIRHOLDER and BREATHING MACHINE.

Lowry sculpᵗ.

RESEARCH I.

INTO THE PRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF
NITROUS OXIDE,
AND THE AËRIFORM FLUIDS RELATED TO IT.

DIVISION I.

EXPERIMENTS and OBSERVATIONS on the composition of NITRIC ACID, and on its combinations with Water and Nitrous Gas.

I. Though since the commencement of Pneumatic Chemistry, no substance has been more the subject of experiment than Nitrous Acid; yet still the greatest uncertainty exists with regard to the quantities of the principles entering into its composition.

In comparing the experiments of the illustrious Cavendish on the synthesis of nitrous acid, with those of Lavoisier on the decomposition of nitre by charcoal, we find a much greater difference in the results than can be accounted for by supposing the acid formed, and that decomposed, of different degrees of oxygenation.

In the most accurate experiment of Cavendish, when the nitrous acid appeared to be in a state of deoxygenation, 1 of nitrogene combined with about 2,346 of oxygene.[3] In an earlier experiment, when the acid was probably fully oxygenated, the nitrogene employed was to the oxygene nearly as 1 to 2,92.[4]

Lavoisier, from his experiments on the decomposition of nitre, and combination of nitrous gas and oxygene, concludes, that the perfectly oxygenated, or what he calls nitric acid, is composed of nearly 1 nitrogene, with 3,9 of oxygene; and the acid in the last state of deoxygenation, or nitrous acid, of about 3 oxygene with 1 nitrogene.[5]

Great as the difference is between the estimations of these philosophers, we find differences still greater in the accounts of the quantities of nitrous gas necessary to saturate a given quantity of oxygene, as laid down by very accurate experimentalists. On the one hand, Priestley found 1 of oxygene condensed by 2 of nitrous gas, and Lavoisier by 1⅞. On the other, Ingenhouz, Scherer, and De la Metherie, state the quantity necessary to be from 3 to 5.[6] Humbolt, who has lately investigated Eudiometry with great ingenuity, considers the mean quantity of nitrous gas necessary to saturate 1 of oxygene, as about 2,55.[7]

II. To reconcile these different results is impossible, and the immediate connection of the subject with the production of nitrous oxide, as well as its general importance, obliged me to search for means of accurately determining the composition of nitrous acid in its different degrees of oxygenation.

The first desideratum was to ascertain the nature and composition of a fluid acid, which by being deprived of, or combined with nitrous gas, might become a standard of comparison for all other acids.

To obtain this acid I should have preferred the immediate combination of oxygene and nitrogene over water by the electric spark, had it been possible to obtain in this way by a common apparatus sufficient for extensive examination; but on carefully perusing the laborious experiments of Cavendish, I gave up all thoughts of attempting it.

My first experiments were made on the decomposition of nitre, formed from a known quantity of pale nitrous acid of known specific gravity, by phosphorus, tin, and charcoal: but in those processes, unascertainable quantities of nitrous acid, with excess of nitrous gas, always escaped undecompounded, and from the non-coincidence of results, where different quantities of combustible substances were employed, I had reasons for believing that water was generally decomposed.

Before these experiments were attempted, I had analized nitrous gas and nitrous oxide, in a manner to be particularly described hereafter; so that a knowledge of the quantities of nitrous gas and oxygene entering into the composition of any acid, enabled me to determine the proportions of nitrogene and oxygene it contained. In consequence of which I attempted to combine together oxygene and nitrous gas, in such a manner as to absorb the nitrous acid formed by water, in an apparatus by which the quantities of the gases employed, and the increase of weight of the water, might be ascertained; but this process likewise failed. It was impossible to procure the gases perfectly free from nitrogene, and during their combination, this nitrogene made to pass into a pneumatic apparatus communicating with a vessel containing the water carried over with it, much nitrous acid vapor, of different composition from the acid absorbed.

After many unsuccessful trials, Dr. Priestley’s experiments on nitrous vapor[8] induced me to suppose that oxygene and nitrous gas, made to combine out of the contact of bodies having affinity for oxygene, would remain permanently aëriform, and on throwing them separately into an exhausted glass balloon, I found that this was actually the case; increase of temperature was produced, and orange colored nitrous acid gas formed, which after remaining for many days in the globe, at a temperature below 56°, did not in the slightest degree condense.

This fact afforded me the means not only of forming a standard acid, but likewise of ascertaining the specific gravity of nitrous acid in its aëriform state.

III. Previous to the experiment, for the purpose of correcting incidental errors, I was induced to ascertain the specific gravity of the gases employed, particularly as I was unacquainted with any process by which the weight of nitrous gas had been accurately determined. Mr. Kirwan’s estimation, which is generally adopted, being founded upon the comparison of the loss of weight of a solution of copper in dilute nitrous acid, with the quantity of gas produced.[9]

The instruments that I made use of for containing and measuring my gases, were two mercurial airholders graduated to the cubic inch of Everard, and furnished with stop-cocks.[10]

They were weighed in a glass globe, of the capacity of 108 cubic inches, which with the small glass stop-cock affixed to it, was equal, when filled with atmospheric air, to 1755 grains. The balance that I employed, when loaded with a pound, turned with less than one eighth of a grain.

Into a mercurial airholder, of the capacity of 200 cubic inches, 160 cubic inches of nitrous gas were thrown from a solution of mercury in nitrous acid.

70 measures of this were agitated for some minutes in a solution of sulphate of iron,[11] till the diminution was complete. The nitrogene remaining hardly filled a measure; and if we suppose with Humbolt[12] that a very small portion of it was absorbed with the nitrous gas, the whole quantity it contained may be estimated at 0,0142, or ¹/₇₀.

75 cubic inches received from the airholder into an exhausted balloon, increased it in weight 25,5 grains; thermometer being 56°, and barometer 30,9. And allowing for the small quantity of nitrogene in the gas, 100 cubic inches of it will weigh 34.3 grains.

One hundred and thirty cubic inches of oxygene were procured from oxide of manganese and sulphuric acid, by heat, and received in another mercurial airholder.

10 measures of it, mingled with 26 of the nitrous gas, gave, after the residuum was exposed to solution of sulphate of iron, rather more than one measure. Hence we may conclude that it contained about 0,1 nitrogene.

60 cubic inches of it weighed 20,75 grains; and accounting for the nitrogene contained in these, 100 grains of pure oxygene will weigh 35,09 grains.

Atmospherical air was decomposed by nitrous gas in excess; and the residuum washed with solution of sulphate of iron till the Nitrogene remained pure; 87 cubic inches of it weighed 26,5 grains, thermometer being 48°, barometer 30,1; 100 will consequently weigh 30,45.

90 cubic inches of the air of the laboratory not deprived of its carbonic acid, weighed 28,75 grains; thermometer 53, barometer 30: 100 cubic inches will consequently weigh 31,9.[13] 16 measures of this air, with 16 nitrous gas, of known composition, diminished to 19. Hence it contained about,26 oxygene.[14]

In comparing my results with those of Lavoisier and Kirwan, the estimation of the weights of nitrogene and oxygene is very little different, the corrections for temperature and pressure being made, from that of those celebrated philosophers. The first makes oxygene to weigh[15] 34,21, and nitrogene 30,064 per cent; and the last, oxygene 34,[16] and nitrogene 30,5.

The specific gravity of nitrous gas, according to Kirwan, is to that of common air as 1194 to 1000. Hence it should weigh about 37 grains per cent. This difference from my estimation is not nearly so great as I expected to have found it.[17]

IV.[18] The thermometer in the laboratory standing at 55°, and the barometer at 30,1, I now proceeded to my experiment. The oxygene that I employed was of the same composition as that which I had previously weighed. The nitrous gas contained,0166 nitrogene.

For the purpose of combining the gases, a glass balloon was procured, of the capacity of 148 cubic inches, with a glass stop-cock adapted to it, having its upper orifice tubulated and graduated for the purpose of containing and measuring a fluid. The whole weight of this globe and its appendages, when filled with common air, was 2066,5 grains.

It was partially exhausted by the air-pump, and lost in weight just 32 grains. From whence we may conclude that about 15 grains of air remained in it.

In this state of exhaustion it was immediately cemented to the stop-cock of the mercurial airholder, and the communication being made with great caution, 82 cubic inches of nitrous gas rushed into the globe, on the outside of which a slight increase of temperature was perceived, while the gases on the inside appeared of a deep orange.

Before the common temperature was restored, the communication was stopped, and the globe removed. The increase of weight was 29,25 grains; whence it appeared that 1,14 grains of common air, part of which had been contained in the stop-cocks, had entered with the nitrous gas.

Whilst it was cooling, from the accidental loosening of the stopper of the cock, 3 grains more of common air entered.[19]

The communication was now made between the globe and the mercurial airholder containing oxygene. 64 cubic inches were slowly pressed in, when the outside of the globe became warmer, and the color on the inside changed to a very dark orange. As it cooled, 6 cubic inches more slowly entered; but no new increase of temperature, or change of color took place.

The globe being now completely cold, was stopped, removed, and weighed; it had gained 24,5 grains, from whence it appears that 0,4 grains of common air contained in the stop-cocks, had entered with the oxygene.[20]

To absorb the nitrous acid gas, 41 grains of water were introduced by the tube of the stop-cock, which though closed as rapidly as possible, must have suffered nearly,5 grains of air to enter at the same time, as the increase of weight was 41,5 grains. The dark orange of the globe diminished rapidly; it became warm at the bottom, and moist on the sides. After a few minutes the color had almost wholly disappeared.

To ascertain the quantity of aëriform fluid absorbed, the globe was again attached to the mercurial air apparatus, containing 140 cubic inches of common air. When the communication was made, 51 cubic inches rushed in, and it gained in weight 16,5 grains.

A quantity of fluid equal to 54 grains was now taken out of the globe. On examination it proved to be slightly tinged with green, and occupied a space equal to that filled by 41,5 grains of water. Its specific gravity was consequently 1,301.

To ascertain if any unabsorbed aëriform nitrous acid remained in the globe, 13 grains of solution of ammonia were introduced in the same manner as the water, and after some minutes, when the white vapor had condensed, the communication was again made with the mercurial airholder containing common air. A minute quantity entered, which could not be estimated at more than three fourths of an inch, and the globe was increased in weight about 13,25 grains.[21]

Common air was now thrown into the globe till the residual gases of the experiment were judged to be displaced; it weighed 2106,5 grains, that is, 40 grains more than it had weighed when filled with common air before the experiment.[22]

And if from those 40 grains we take 13 for the solution of ammonia introduced, the remainder, 27, will be the quantity of solution of nitrous acid in water remaining in the globe, which added to 54, equals 81 grains, the whole quantity formed; but if from this be taken 41 grains, the quantity of water, the remainder 40 grains, will be the quantity of nitrous acid gas absorbed in the solution.

To find the absolute quantity of nitrous acid formed, we must find the specific gravity of that absorbed; but as during, and after its absorption, 17 grains of air, equal to 53,2 cubic inches entered, it evidently filled such a space. 53,2 cubic inches of it consequently weigh 40 grains, and 100 cubic inches 75,17 grains. Then,75 cubic inches weigh,56 grains, and this added to 40, makes 40,56 grains, equal to 53,95 cubic inches, the whole quantity of aëriform nitrous acid produced.

But the quantity of nitrous gas entering into this, allowing for the nitrogene it contained, is 27,6 grains, equal to about 80,5 cubic inches; and the oxygene is 40,56-27,6 = to 12,96 grains, or 36,9 cubic inches.

V. There could exist in this experiment no circumstance connected with inaccuracy, except the impossibility of very minutely determining the quantities of common air which entered with the gases from the stop-cocks. But if errors have arisen from this source, they must be very inconsiderable; as will appear from a calculation of the specific gravity of the nitrous acid gas, founded on the volume of the gases that entered the globe.

And this remainder taken from 80,5 nitrous gas + 36,9 oxygene, leaves 52,4 cubic inches, which is the space occupied by the nitrous acid gas, and which differs from 53,95 only by 1,55 cubic inches.

I ought to have observed, that before this conclusive experiment, two similar ones had been made. In comparing the results of one of them, performed with the assistance of my friend, Mr. Joseph Priestley, Dr. Priestley’s eldest son, and chiefly detailed by him in the journal, I find a coincidence greater than could be even well expected, where the processes are so complex. According to that experiment, 41,5 grains of nitrous acid gas fill a space equal to 53 cubic inches, and are composed of nearly 29 nitrous gas, and 12,5 oxygene.

We may then conclude, First, that 100 cubic inches of nitrous acid, such as exists in the[24] aëriform state saturated with oxygene, at temperature 55°, and atmospheric pressure 30,1 weigh 75,17 grains.

Secondly, that 100 grains of it are composed of 68,06 nitrous gas, and 31,94 oxygene. Or assuming what will be hereafter proved, that 100 parts of nitrous gas consist of 55,95 oxygene, and 44,05 nitrogene, of 29,9 nitrogene, and 70,1 oxygene; or taking away decimals, of 30 of the one to 70 of the other.

Thirdly, that 100 grains of pale green solution of nitrous acid in water, of specific gravity 1,301, are composed of 50,62 water, and 49,38 acid of the above composition.

VI. Having thus ascertained the composition of a standard acid, my next object was to obtain it in a more condensed state, as it was otherwise impossible to saturate it to its full extent with nitrous gas. But this I could effect in no other way than by comparing mixtures of known quantities of water, and acids of different specific gravities and colors, with the acid of 1,301.

For the purpose of combining my acids with water, I made use of a cylinder about 8 inches long, and,3 inches in diameter, accurately graduated to grain measures, and furnished with a very tight stopper.

The concentrated acid was first slowly poured into it, and the water gradually added till the required specific gravity was produced;[25] the cylinder being closed and agitated after each addition, so as to produce combination without any liberation of elastic fluid.

After making a number of experiments with acids of different colors in this advantageous way, I at length found that 90 grains of a deep yellow acid, of specific gravity 1,5, became, when mingled at 40° with 77,5 grains of water, of specific gravity 1,302, and of a light green tinge, as nearly as possible resembling that of the standard acid.

Supposing, then, that these acids contain nearly the same relative proportions of oxygene and nitrogene, 100 grains of the deep yellow acid of 1,5, are composed of 91,9 grains true nitrous acid,[26] and 8,1 grains of water.

To ascertain the difference between the composition of this acid, and that of the pale, or nitric acid, of the same specific gravity, I inserted 150 grains of it into a small cylindrical mattrass of the capacity of,5 cubic inches, accurately graduated to grain measures, and connected by a curved tube with the water apparatus. After heat had been applied to the bottom of the mattrass for a few minutes, the color of the fluid gradually changed to a deep red, whilst the globules of gas formed at the bottom of the acid, were almost wholly absorbed in passing through it. In a short time deep red vapour began to fill the tube, and being condensed by the water in the apparatus, was converted into a bright green fluid, at the same time that minute globules of gas were given out. As the heat applied became more intense, a very singular phænomenon presented itself; the condensed vapor, increased in quantity, at length filled the curvature of the tube, and when expelled, formed itself into dark green spherules, which sunk to the bottom of the water, rested for a moment, and then resolved themselves into nitrous gas.[27]

When the acid was become completely pale, it was suffered to cool, and weighed. It had lost near 15 grains, and was of specific gravity 1,491. 2 cubic inches and quarter of nitrous gas only were collected.

From this experiment evidently no conclusions could be drawn, as the nitrous gas had carried over with it much nitrous acid (in the form of what Dr. Priestley calls nitrous vapor) and was partially dissolved with it in the water.[28]

To ascertain, then, the difference between the pale and yellow acids, I was obliged to make use of synthesis, compared with analysis, carried on in a different mode, by means of the following apparatus.

VII. To the stop-cock of the upper cylinder of the mercurial airholder, a capillary tube was adapted, bent so as to be capable of introduction into an orifice in the stopper of a graduated phial similar to that employed for mingling acids with water, and sufficiently long to reach the bottom. With another orifice in the stopper of the phial was connected a similar tube curved, for the purpose of containing a fluid, and of increased diameter at the extremity.[29]

50 cubic inches of pure nitrous gas[30] were thrown into the mercurial apparatus. The graduated phial, containing 90 grains of nitric acid, of specific gravity 1,5, was placed on the top of the airholding cylinder, and made to communicate with it by means of the stop-cock and first tube. Into the second tube a small quantity of solution of potash was placed. When all the junctures were carefully cemented, by pressing on the airholder, the nitrous gas was slowly passed into the phial, and absorbed by the nitrous acid it contained; whilst the small quantities of nitrogene evolved, slowly drove forward the solution in the curved tube; from the height of which, as compared with that of the mercury in the conducing tube, the pressure on the air in the cylinder was known.

In proportion as the nitrous gas was absorbed, the phial became warm, and the acid changed color; it first became straw-colored, then pale yellow, and when about 7½ cubic inches had been combined with it, bright yellow. It had gained in weight nearly 3 grains, and was become of specific gravity 1,496.

This experiment afforded me an approximation to the real difference between nitric and yellow nitrous acid; and learning from it that nitric acid was diminished in specific gravity by combination with nitrous gas, I procured a pale acid of specific gravity 1,504.[31] After this acid had been combined in the same manner as before, with about 8 cubic inches of nitrous gas,[32] it became nearly of specific gravity 1,5, and had gained in weight about 3 grains.

Assuming the accuracy of this experiment as a foundation for calculation, I endeavoured in the same manner to ascertain the differences in the composition of the orange colored acids, and the acids containing still larger proportions of nitrous gas.

93 grains of the bright yellow acid of 1,5 became, when 6 cubic inches of gas had been passed through it, orange colored and fuming, whilst the undissolved gas increased in quantity so much as to render it impossible to confine it by the solution of potash. When 9 cubic inches had passed through, it became dark orange. It had gained in weight 2,75 grains, and was become of specific gravity 1,48 nearly. Hence it was evident that much nitrous gas had passed through it undissolved. 25 cubic inches more of nitrous gas were now slowly sent through it: it first became of a light olive, then of a dark olive, then of a muddy green, then of a bright green, and lastly of a blue green. After its assumption of this color, the gas appeared to pass through it unaltered, and large globules of fluid, of a darker green than the rest, remained at the bottom of the cylinder, and when agitated, did not combine with it. The increase of weight was only 1 grain, and the acid was of specific gravity 1,474 nearly.

In this experiment it was evident that the unabsorbed nitrous gas had carried over with it a considerable quantity of nitrous acid. I endeavoured to correct the errors resulting from this circumstance, by connecting the curved tube first with a small water apparatus, and afterwards with a mercurial apparatus; but when the water apparatus was used, the greater part of the unabsorbed gas was dissolved with the nitrous acid it held in solution, by the water; and when mercury was employed, the nitrous acid that came over was decomposed, and the quantity of nitrous gas evolved, in consequence increased.

As it was possible that a small deficiency of weight might arise from the red vapor given out during the processes of weighing and examining the acid in the last experiment, 35 cubic inches of nitrous gas were very slowly passed through 90 grains of pale nitrous acid, of specific gravity 1,5: it became of similar appearance to that just described, had gained in weight 6,75 grains, and was become of specific gravity 1,475.

These experiments did not afford approximations sufficiently accurate towards the composition of deoxygenated acids, containing more nitrous gas than the dark orange colored. To obtain them, a solution consisting of 94,25 grains of blue green, or perfectly nitrated acid, (if we may be allowed to employ the term), of specific gravity 1,475, was inserted into a graduated phial, and connected by a curved tube, with the mercurial airholder; in the conductor of which a small quantity of water was inserted to absorb the nitrous acid which might be carried over by the gas. Heat was slowly applied to the phial, and nitrous gas given out with great rapidity. When 4 cubic inches were collected, the acid became dark olive, when 9 dark red, when 13 bright orange, and when 18 pale. It had lost 31 grains, and when completely cool, was of specific gravity 1,502 nearly. The water in the apparatus was tinged of a light blue; from whence we may conclude that some of the nitrous gas was absorbed by it with the nitrous acid: but it will be hereafter proved that the orange colored acid is the most nitrated acid capable of combining undecompounded with water, and that the color it communicates to a large quantity of water, is light blue. If then we take 6,1 grains, the quantity of gas collected, from 31 the loss, the remainder is 24,9, which reasoning from the synthetical experiment, may be supposed to contain nearly 3 cubic inches of nitrous gas. Consequently, 94,25 grains of dark green acid, of specific gravity 1,475, are composed of nearly 21 cubic inches, or 7,2 grains of nitrous gas, and 87,05 grains of pale nitrous acid, of 1,504.

VIII. Comparing the different synthetical and analytical experiments, we may conclude with tolerable accuracy, that 92,75 grains of bright yellow, or standard acid of 1,5, are composed of 2,75 grains of nitrous gas, and 90 grains of nitric acid of 1,504; but 92,75 grains of standard acid contain 85,23 grains of nitrous acid, composed of about 27,23 of oxygene, and 58, nitrous gas: now from 58, take 2,75, and the remainder 55,25, is the quantity of nitrous gas contained in 90 grains of nitric acid of 1,504; consequently, 100 grains of it are composed of 8,45 water, and 91,55 true acid, containing 61,32 nitrous gas, and 30,23 oxygene; or 27,01 nitrogene, and 64,54 oxygene: and the nitrogene in nitric acid, is to the oxygene as 1 to 2,389.

IX. My ingenious friend, Mr. James Thomson, has communicated to me some observations relating to the composition of nitrous acid (that is, the orange colored acid), from which he draws a conclusion which is, in my opinion, countenanced by all the facts we are in possession of, namely, “that it ought not to be considered as a distinct and less oxygenated state of acid, but simply as nitric or pale acid, holding in solution, that is, loosely combined with, nitrous gas.”[33]

It is impossible to call any substance a simple acid that is incapable of entering undecompounded into combination with the alkalies, &c; but it will appear hereafter that the salts called in the new nomenclature nitrites, cannot be directly formed. If, indeed, it could be proved, that the heat produced by the combination of nitrous acid with salifiable bases, was the only cause of the partial decomposition of it, and that when this process was effected in such a way as to prevent increase of temperature, no nitrous gas was liberated, the common theory might have some foundation; but though dilute phlogisticated nitrous acid combines[34] with alkaline solutions without decomposition, yet no excess of nitrous gas is found in the solid salt: it is either disengaged in proportion as the water is evaporated, or it absorbs oxygene from the atmosphere, and becomes nitric acid.

In proportion as the nitrous acids contain more nitrous gas, so in proportion do they more readily give it out. From the blue green acid it is liberated slowly at the temperature of 50°, and from the green likewise on agitation. The orange coloured and yellow acids do not require a heat above 200° to free them of their nitrous gas; and all the colored acids, when exposed to the atmosphere absorb oxygene, and become by degrees pale.

If the nitrous vapour, i. e. such as is disengaged during the denitration of the colored acids, was capable of combining with the alkalies, it might be supposed a distinct acid, and called nitrous acid; and the acids of different colors might be considered simply as compounds of this acid with nitric acid; but it appears to be nothing more than a solution of nitric acid in nitrous gas, incapable of condensation, undecompounded, and when decompounded and condensed, constituting the dark green acid, which is immiscible with water,[35] and uncombinable with the alkalies.[36]

It seems therefore reasonable, till we are in possession of new lights on the subject, to consider, with Mr. Thomson, the deoxygenated or nitrous acids simply as solutions of nitrous gas composed of sulphuric acid, metallic oxides, and nitrous gas.[37]

Supposing the truth of these principles according to the logic of the French nomenclature, there is no acid to which the term nitrous acid ought to be applied; but as it has been used to signify the acids holding in solution nitrous gas, it is perhaps better still to apply it to those substances, than to invent for them new names. A nomenclature, accurately expressing their constituent parts, would be too complex, and like all other nomenclatures founded upon theory, liable to perpetual alterations. Their composition is known from their specific gravity and their colors; hence it is better to denote it by those physical properties: thus orange nitrous acid, of specific gravity 1,480, will signify a solution of nitrous gas in nitric acid, in which the nitric acid is to the nitrous gas, nearly as 87 to 5, and to the water as 11 to 1.

X. The estimation of the composition of the yellow and orange colored nitrous acids given in the following table, may be considered as tolerably accurate, being deduced from the synthetical experiments in the sixth section, compared with the analytical ones. But as in the synthetical experiment, when the acid became green, it was impossible to ascertain the quantity of nitrous gas that passed through it unabsorbed, and as in the analysis the quantity of nitrous gas dissolved by the water at different periods of the experiment could not be ascertained, the accounts of the composition of the green acids must be considered only as very imperfect approximations to truth.

TABLE I.

Containing Approximations to the quantities of NITRIC ACID, NITROUS GAS, and WATER in NITROUS ACIDS, of different colors and specific gravities.

TABLE II.

Binary Proportions of OXYGENE and NITROGENE in NITRIC and NITROUS ACIDS.[40]

XI. I have before mentioned that dilute nitric acids are incapable of dissolving so much nitrous gas in proportion to their quantities of true acid, as concentrated ones. During their absorption of it, they go through similar changes of color; 330 grains of nitric acid, of specific gravity 1,36, after 50 cubic inches of gas had been passed through it, became blue green, and of specific gravity 1,351. It had gained in weight but 3 grains; and when the nitrous gas was driven from it by heat into a water apparatus, but 7 cubic inches were collected.[41]

From the diminution of specific gravity of nitric acid by combination with nitrous gas, and from the smaller attraction of nitric acid for nitrous gas, in proportion as it is diluted, it is probable that the nitrated acids, in their combinations with water, do not contract so much as[42] nitric acids of the same specific gravities. The affinities resulting from the small attraction of nitrous gas for water, and its greater attraction for nitric acid, must be such as to lessen the affinity of nitric acid and water for each other.

Hence it would require an infinite number of experiments to ascertain the real quantities of acid, nitrous gas, and water, contained in the different diluted nitrous acids; and after these quantities were determined, they would probably have no important connection with the chemical arrangement. As yet, our instruments of experiment are not sufficiently exact to afford us the means of ascertaining the ratio in which the attraction of nitric acid[43] for water diminishes in its progress towards saturation.

The estimations in the following table, of the real quantities of nitric acid in solutions of different specific gravities, were deduced from experiments made in the manner described in section VI, except that the phial employed was longer, narrower, and graduated to half grains. The temperature, at the time of combination, was from 40° to 46°.

TABLE III.

Of the Quantities of True NITRIC ACID in solutions of different SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.

XII. The blue green spherules mentioned in section V. produced by the condensation of nitrous vapor, and by the combination of nitric acid with nitrous gas, may be considered as saturated solutions of nitrous gas in nitric acid. The combinations of nitric acid and nitrous gas containing a larger proportion of nitrous gas, are incapable of existing in the fluid state at common temperatures; and, as appears from the first experiment, an increase of volume takes place during their formation. They consequently ought to be looked upon as solutions of nitric acid in nitrous gas, identical with the nitrous vapor of Priestley.

From the researches of this great discoverer, we learn that nitrous vapor is decomposable, both by water and mercury. Hence it is almost impossible accurately to ascertain its composition. In one of his experiments,[45] when more than 130 grains of strong nitrous acid were exposed for two days to nearly 247 cubic inches of nitrous gas, over water: about half of the acid was dissolved, and deposited with the gas in the water.[46]

XIII. In comparing the results of my fundamental experiment on the composition of nitrous acid, with those of Cavendish, the great coincidence between them gave me very high satisfaction, as affording additional proofs of accuracy. If the acid formed in the last experiment of this illustrious philosopher be supposed analogous to the light green acid formed in my first experiment, our estimations will be almost identical.

Lavoisier’s account of the composition of the nitric and nitrous acids, has been generally adopted. According to his estimation, these substances contain a much larger quantity of oxygene than I have assigned to them.

The fundamental experiments of this great philosopher were made at an early period of pneumatic chemistry,[47] on the decomposition of nitre by charcoal; and he considered the nitrogene evolved, and the oxygene of the carbonic acid produced in this process, as the component parts of the nitric acid contained in the nitre.

I have before mentioned the liberation of nitrous acid, in the decomposition of nitre by combustible bodies; and I had reasons for suspecting that this circumstance was not the only source of inaccuracy.

That my suspicions were well founded, will appear from the following experiments:

EXPERIMENT a. I introduced into a strong glass tube, 3 inches long, and nearly,3 wide, a mixture of 10 grains of pulverised, well burnt charcoal, and 60 grains of nitre. It was fired by means of touch-paper, and the tube instantly plunged under a jar filled with dry mercury. A quantity of gas, clouded with dense white vapor was collected. When this vapor was precipitated, so that the surface of the mercury could be seen, it appeared white, as if acted on by nitrous acid. On introducing a little oxygene into the jar, copious red fumes appeared.

EXP. b. A similar mixture was fired[48] under the jar, the top of the mercury being covered with a small quantity of red cabbage juice, rendered green by an alkali. This juice, examined when the vapor was precipitated, was become red, and on introducing to it a little carbonate of potash, a slight effervescence took place.

EXP. c. Five grains of charcoal, and 20 of nitre, were now fired in the same manner as before, the mercury being covered with a stratum of water. After the precipitation of the vapor on the introduction of oxygene, no red fumes were perceived.

EXP. d. 30 grains of nitre, 5 of charcoal, and five of silicious earth,[49] were now mingled and fired. The gas received under mercury was composed of 18 carbonic acid, and nearly 12 nitrogene.[50] A little muriatic acid was poured on the residuum in the tube; a slight effervescence took place.

EXP. e. The top of the mercury in the jar was now covered with a little diluted muriatic acid, and a small glass tube filled with a mixture of 3 grains of charcoal, and 20 nitre. After the deflagration, the tube itself with the residuum it contained, were thrown into the jar. The carbonic acid was quickly detached from them by the muriatic acid, and the whole quantity of gas generated in the process, obtained; it measured 15 cubic inches.

4 cubic inches of it exposed to solution of potash, diminished to 1⁴/₁₀; 7 of the remainder, with 8 of oxygene, gave only 12.

EXP. f. 60 grains of nitre, and 9 of charcoal were fired, the top of the mercury in the jar being covered with water. After the deflagration, the tube that had contained them was introduced, and the carbonic acid contained by the carbonate of potash, disengaged by muriatic acid. 30 measures of the gases evolved were exposed to caustic potash; 20 exactly were absorbed, the 10 remaining, with 10 of oxygene, diminished to 17.

EXP. g. A mixture of nitre and charcoal were deflagrated over a little water in the mercurial jar: after the precipitation of the vapor, the water was absorbed by filtrating paper. This filtrating paper, heated in a solution of potash, gave a faint smell of ammoniac.

EXP. h. Water impregnated with the vapor produced in the deflagration, was heated with quicklime, and presented separately to three persons accustomed to chemical odors. Two of them instantly recognised the ammoniacal smell, the other could not ascertain it. Paper reddened with cabbage juice was quickly turned green by the vapor.

These experiments are sufficient to shew that the decomposition of nitre by charcoal is a very complex process, and that the intense degree of heat produced may effect changes in the substances employed, which we are unable to estimate.

The products, instead of being simply carbonic acid, and nitrogene, are carbonic acid, nitrogene, nitrous acid, probably ammonia, and sometimes nitrous gas. The nitrous acid is disengaged from the base by the intense heat. Concerning the formation of the ammonia, it is useless to reason till we have obtained unequivocal testimonies of its existence; it may be produced either by the decomposition of the water contained in the nitre, by the combination of its oxygene with the charcoal, and of its nascent hydrogene with the nitrogene of the nitric acid; or from some unknown decomposition of the potash.

As neither Lavoisier nor Berthollet found nitrous gas produced in the decomposition of nitre by charcoal, when a water apparatus was employed; and as it was not uniformly evolved in my experiments, the most probable supposition is, that it arises from the decomposition of a portion of the free nitrous acid intensely heated, by the mercury.

In none of my experiments was the whole of the nitre and charcoal decomposed, some of it was uniformly thrown with the gases into the mercurial apparatus. The nitrogene evolved, as far as I could ascertain by the common tests, was mingled with no inflammable gas.

If we consider experiment f as accurate, with regard to the relative quantities of carbonic acid and nitrogene produced, they are to each other nearly as 20 to 8; that is, allowing 2 for the nitrous gas, and consequently, reasoning in the same manner as Lavoisier, concerning the composition of nitric acid, it should be composed of 1 nitrogene to 3,38 oxygene. But though the quantity of oxygene in this estimation is far short of that given in his, yet still it is too much. From whatever source the errors arise, whether from the evolution of phlogisticated nitrous acid, or the decomposition of water, or the production of nitrous gas, they all tend to increase the proportion of the carbonic acid to the nitrogene.

I am unacquainted with any experiment from which accurate opinions concerning the different relative proportions of oxygene and nitrogene in the nitric and nitrous acids could be deduced. Lavoisier’s calculation is founded on his fundamental experiment, and on the combination of nitrous gas and oxygene.

Dr. Priestley’s experiment mentioned in section 12, on the absorption of nitrous gas by nitrous acid, from which Kirwan[51] deduces the composition of the differently colored nitrous acids, was made over water, by which, as is evident from a minute examination of the facts[52], the greater portion of the nitrous gas employed was absorbed.

XIV. The opinions heretofore adopted respecting the quantities of real or true acid in solutions of nitrous acid of different specific gravities, have been founded on experiments made on the nitro-neutral salts, the most accurate of which are those of Kirwan, Bergman, and Wenzel. The great difference in the results of these celebrated men, proves the difficulty of the investigation, and the existence of sources of error.[53] Kirwan deduces the composition of the solutions of nitrous acid in water, from an experiment on the formation of nitrated soda. In this experiment, 36,05 grains of soda were saturated by 145 grains of nitrous acid, of specific gravity 1,2754. By a test experiment, he found the quantity of salt formed to be 85,142 grains.[54] Hence he concludes that 100 parts of nitrous acid, of specific gravity 1,5543, contain 73,54 of the strongest, or most concentrated acid.

Supposing his estimation perfectly true, 100 parts of the aëriform acid of 55° would be composed of 74,54 of his real acid, and 25,46 water. In examining, however, one of his later experiments,[55] we shall find reasons for concluding, that the acid in nitrated soda cannot contain much less water than the aëriform acid. A solution of carbonated soda, containing 125 grains of real alkali, was saturated by 306,2 grains of nitrous acid, of specific gravity 1,416. The evaporation was carried on in a temperature not exceeding 120°, and the residuum exposed to a heat of 400° for six hours, at the end of which time it weighed 308 grains. Now according to my estimation, 306 grains of nitric acid, of 1,416, should contain 215 true acid; and we can hardly suppose, but that during the evaporation and consequent long exposure to heat, some of the nitrated soda was lost with the water.

Bergman estimates the quantity of water in this salt at 25, and the acid at 43 per cent; but his real acid was not so concentrated as Kirwan’s, consequently the nitric acid in nitrated soda should contain more water than my true acid.

Wenzel, from an experiment on the composition of nitrated soda, concludes that it contains 37,48 of alkali, and 62,52 of nitrous acid; and 1000 of this acid, from Kirwan’s calculation, contain 812,6 of his real acid; consequently, 100 parts of my aëriform acid should contain 93,28 of Wenzel’s acid, and 6,72 of water.

I saturated with potash 54 grains of solution of nitric acid, of specific gravity 1,301. Evaporated at about 212°, it produced 66 grains of nitre. This nitre exposed to a higher temperature, and kept in fusion for some time, was reduced to 60 grains.

Now from the table, 54 of 1,301, should contain 26,5 of true acid. But according to Kirwan’s estimation, 100 parts of dry nitre contain 44[56] of his real acid, with 4 water; consequently 60 should contain 26,4.

Again, 90 grains of acid, of specific gravity 1,504, saturated with potash, and treated in the same manner, gave 173 grains of dry nitre. Consequently, 100 parts of it should contain 47,3 grains of true acid.

Now Lavoisier[57] allows about 51 of dry acid to 100 grains of nitre, and Wenzel 52.

From Berthollet’s[58] experiments, 100 grains of nitre, in their decomposition by heat, give out nearly 49 grains of gas.[59]

Hence it appears that the aëriform acid, that is, the true acid of my table, contains rather less water than the acid supposed to exist in nitre.

DIVISION II.

EXPERIMENTS and OBSERVATIONS on the composition of AMMONIAC and on its combinations with WATER and NITRIC ACID.

I. Analysis of AMMONIAC or VOLATILE ALKALI.

The formation and decomposition of volatile alkali in many processes, was observed by Priestley, Scheele, Bergman, Kirwan, and Higgins; but to Berthollet we owe the discovery of its constituent parts, and their proportions to each other. These proportions this excellent philosopher deduced from an experiment on the decomposition of aëriform ammoniac by the electric spark:[60] a process in which no apparent source of error exists.

Since, however, his estimations have been made, the proportions of oxygene and hydrogene in water have been more accurately determined. This circumstance, as well as the conviction of the impossibility of too minutely scrutinizing facts, fundamental to a great mass of reasoning, induced me to make the following experiments.

A porcelain tube was provided, open at both ends, and well glazed inside and outside, its diameter being about,5 inches. To one end of this, a glass tube was affixed, curved for the purpose of communicating with the water apparatus. With the other end a glass retort was accurately connected, containing a mixture of perfectly caustic slacked lime, and muriate of ammoniac.

The water in the apparatus for receiving the gases had been previously boiled, to expel the air it might contain, and during the experiment was yet warm.

When the tube had been reddened in a furnace adapted to the purpose, the flame of a spirit lamp was applied to the bottom of the retort. A great quantity of gas was collected in the water apparatus; of this the first portions were rejected, and the last transferred to the mercurial trough.

A small quantity examined, did not at all diminish with nitrous gas, and burnt with a lambent white flame, in contact with common air.

2¾ of this gas, equal to 110 grain measures, were fired with 2, equal to 80, of oxygene, in a detonating tube, by the electric spark. They were reduced to 2¼, or 90. On introducing to the remainder a solution of strontian, it became slightly clouded on the top, and an absorption of some grain measures took place.

It was evident, then, that in this experiment, charcoal[61] had been somehow present in the tube; which being dissolved by the nascent hydrogene, had rendered it slightly carbonated, and in consequence made the results inconclusive.

A tube of thick green glass carefully made clean, was now employed, inclosed in the porcelain tube. Every other precaution was taken to prevent the existence of sources of error, and the experiment conducted as before.

140 grain measures of the gas produced, fired with 120 of oxygene, left, in two experiments, nearly 110. Solution of strontian placed in contact with the residuum, did not become clouded, and no absorption was perceived.

Now 150 measures of gas were destroyed, and if we take Lavoisier’s and Meusnier’s estimation of the composition of water, and suppose the weight of oxygene to be 35 grains, and that of hydrogene 2,6 the hundred cubic inches; the oxygene employed will be to the hydrogene as 243 to 576. Put x for the oxygene, and y for the hydrogene.

Then

x + y = 150

x : y :: 243 : 576

819y = 86400

y = 105 x = 45

And

140 - 105 = 35

Consequently, the nitrogene in ammoniac is to the hydrogene as 35: 105 in volume: and 13,3 grains of ammoniac are composed of 10,6 nitrogene, (supposing that 100 cubic inches weigh 30,45 grains) and 2,7 hydrogene.

According to Berthollet, the weight of the nitrogene in ammoniac is to that of the hydrogene as 121 to 29.[62] The difference between this estimation and mine is so small as to be almost unworthy of notice, and arises most probably from the slight difference between the accounts of Lavoisier and Monge, of the composition of water, and the different weights assigned to the gases employed.

We may then conclude, that 100 grains of ammoniac are composed of about 80 nitrogene, and 20 hydrogene.

The decomposition of ammoniac by heat, as well as by the electric spark, was first discovered by Priestley. In an experiment[63] when aëriform ammoniac was sent through a heated tube from a caustic solution of ammoniac in water, this great discoverer observed that an inflammable gas was produced, though in no great quantity, and that a fluid blackened by matter, probably carbonaceous, likewise came over.

In my experiments the whole of the ammoniac appeared to be decomposed; the quantity of gas generated was immense, and not clouded, as is usually the case with gases generated at high temperatures. It is possible, that the larger quantity of water carried over in his experiment, by its strong attraction for ammoniac in the aëriform state, might have, in some measure, retarded the decomposition. It is however, more probable to suppose, that a fissure existed in the earthen tube he employed, through which a certain quantity of gas escaped, and coaly matter entered.

Priestley found that the metallic oxides when strongly heated, decomposed ammoniac, the metal being revivified and water and nitrogene produced.[64] The estimations of the composition of ammoniac that may be deduced from his experiments on the oxide of lead, differ very little from those already detailed.

II. Specific gravity of Ammoniac.

From the great solubility of ammoniac in water, it is difficult to ascertain its specific gravity in the same manner as that of a gas combinable to no great extent with that fluid. It is impossible to prevent the existence of a small quantity of solution of ammoniac in the mercurial airholder,[65] or apparatus containing the gas; and during the diminution of the pressure of the atmosphere on this solution,[66] a certain quantity of gas is liberated from it, and hence a source of error.

To ascertain, then, the weight of ammoniac, I employed an apparatus similar to that used for the absorption of nitrous gas by nitric acid.

50 cubic inches of gas were collected in the mercurial airholder, from the decomposition of muriate of ammoniac by lime; thermometer being 58°, and barometer 29,6.

100 grains of diluted sulphuric acid were introduced into the small graduated cylinder, which after being carefully weighed, was made to communicate with the airholder, the curved tube containing a small quantity of water. The gas was slowly passed into the fluid, and the globules wholly absorbed before they reached the top; much increase of temperature being consequent. When the absorption was compleat, the phial was increased in weight exactly 9 grains.

This experiment was repeated three times. The difference of weight, which was probably connected with alterations of temperature and pressure, never amounted to more than one sixth of a grain.

We may then conclude, that at temperature 58°, and atmospheric pressure 29,6, 100 cubic inches of ammoniac weigh 18 grains.

According to Kirwan, 100 cubic inches of alkaline air[67] weigh 18,16 grains; barometer 30°, thermometer 61. The difference between these estimations, the corrections for temperature and pressure being made, is trifling.

III. Of the quantities of true Ammoniac in Aqueous Ammoniacal Solutions, of different specific gravities.

To ascertain the quantities of ammoniac, such as exists in the aëriform state, saturated with moisture, in solutions of different specific gravities, I employed the apparatus for absorption so often mentioned. Thermometer being 52°, the mercurial airholder was filled with ammoniacal gas, and the graduated phial, containing 50 grains of pure water, connected with it. During the absorption of the gas, the phial became warm. When about 30 cubic inches had been passed through, it was suffered to cool, and weighed: it had gained 5,25 grains, and the fluid filled a space equal to that occupied by 57[68] grains of water.

Consequently, 100 grains of solution of ammoniac in water of specific gravity,9684 contain 9,502 grains of ammoniac.

The apparatus being adjusted as before, 50 grains of pure water were now perfectly saturated with ammoniac. They gained in weight 17 grains, and when perfectly cool, filled a space equal to 74 of water. Consequently 100 grains of aqueous ammonial solution of specific gravity,9054 contain 25,37 grams of ammoniac.

The two solutions were mingled together; but no alteration of temperature took place. Consequently the resulting specific gravity might have been found by calculation.

On mingling a large quantity of caustic solution of ammoniac with ¼ of its weight of water, of exactly the same temperature, no alteration of it was perceptible by a sensible thermometer.—Hence the two experiments[69] being assumed as data, the intermediate estimations in the following table, were found by calculation.

TABLE IV.

Of approximations to the quantities of AMMONIAC, such as exists in the aëriform state, saturated with water at 52°, in AQUEOUS AMMONIACAL SOLUTIONS of different specific gravities.

As yet no mode has been discovered for obtaining gases in a state of absolute dryness; consequently we are ignorant of the different quantities of water they hold in solution at different temperatures. As far as we are acquainted with the combinations of ammoniac, there is no state in which it exists so free from moisture, as when aëriform, at low temperatures.

That no considerable source of error existed in the two experiments, is evident from the trifling difference between the estimations of the quantities of real ammoniac, in the solution of,9684, as found in the first experiment, and as given by calculation from the last.

The quantity of ammoniac in a solution of specific gravity not in the table, may be thus determined—find the difference between the two specific gravities nearest to it in the table; d, and the difference between their quantities of alkali, b; likewise the difference between the given specific gravity and that nearest to it, c.

then

d : b :: c : x

and

Which, added to the quantity of the lower specific gravity, is the alkali sought.

The differences in specific gravity of the solutions of ammoniac at temperatures between 4O° and 65°[70] are so trifling as to be hardly ascertainable, by our imperfect instruments, and consequently are unworthy of notice.

It is possible at very low temperatures to obtain ammoniacal solutions of less specific gravity than,9, but they are incapable of being kept for any length of time under the common pressure of the atmosphere.

IV. Combinations of Ammoniac with Nitric Acid,
Composition of Nitrate of Ammoniac, &c.

200 grains of ammoniacal solution, of specific gravity,9056, were saturated by 385,5 grains of nitric acid, of specific gravity 1,306. The combination was effected in a long phial, the nitrous acid added very slowly, and the phial closed after every addition, to prevent any evaporation in consequence of the great increase of temperature.[71] The specific gravity of the solution, when reduced to the common temperature, was 1,15. Evaporated at a heat of 212°,[72] it gave 254 grains of salt of fibrous crystalization. This salt was dissolved in 331 grains of water; the specific gravity of the solution was 1,148 nearly.

Hence it was evident that some of the salt had been lost during the evaporation.

To find the quantity lost, fibrous nitrate of ammoniac was dissolved in small quantities in the solution, the specific gravity of which was examined after every addition of 3 grains. When 16 grains had been added to it, it became of 1,15.

Consequently, the solution composed of 200 grains of ammoniacal, and of 385,5 of nitric acid solution, contained 262 grains of salt of fibrous crystalization, and of this salt 8 grains were lost during the evaporation.

But the alkali in 200 grains of ammoniacal solution of,9056 = 50,5 grains. And the true nitric acid in 385,5 grains of solution of 1,306 = 190 grains.

Then 262-240,5 = 21,5, the quantity of water.

And 262 grains of fibrous crystalized nitrate of ammoniac, contain 190 grains true acid, 50,5 ammoniac, and 21,5 water. And 100 parts contain 72,5 acid. 19,3 ammoniac, and 8,2 water.

In proportion as the temperature employed for the evaporation of nitro-ammoniacal solutions, is above or below 212°, so in proportion does the salt produced contain more or less water than the fibrous nitrate. But whatever may have been the temperature of evaporation, the acid and alkali appear always to be in the same proportions to each other.

Of the salts containing different quantities of water, two varieties must be particularly noticed. The prismatic nitrate of ammoniac, produced at the common temperatures of the atmosphere, and containing its full quantity of water of crystalisation; and the compact nitrate of ammoniac, either amorphous, or composed of delicately needled crystals, formed at 300°, and containing but little more water than exists in nitric acid and ammoniac.

To discover the composition of the prismatic nitrate of ammoniac, 200 grains of fibrous salt were dissolved in the smallest possible quantity of water, and evaporated in a temperature not exceeding 70°. The greater part of the salt was composed of perfectly formed tetrahædral prisms, terminated by tetrahædral pyramids. It had gained in weight about 8,5 grains.

Consequently 100 grains of prismatic nitrate of ammoniac may be supposed to contain 69,5 acid, 18,4 ammoniac, and 12,1 water.

To ascertain the composition of the compact nitrate of ammoniac, I exposed in a deep porcelain cup, 400 grains of the fibrous salt, in a temperature below 300°. It quickly became fluid, and slowly gave out its water without any ebullition, or liberation of gas. When it was become perfectly dry, it had lost 33 grains. I suspected, that in this experiment some of the salt had been carried off with the water; to determine this, I introduced into a small glass retort, 460 grains of fibrous salt; it was kept at a heat below 320°, in communication with a mercurial apparatus, in a regulated air-furnace, till it was perfectly dry: it had lost 23 grains. No gas, except the common air of the retort came over, and the fluid collected had but a faint taste of nitrate of ammoniac.

Though in this experiment I had removed all the fluid retained in the neck of the retort, still a few drops remained in the head, and on the sides, which I could not obtain. It was of importance to me to be accurately acquainted with the composition of the compact salt, and for that reason I compared these analytical experiments with a synthetical one.

I saturated 200 grains of solution of ammoniac, of,9056 with acid, ascertained the specific gravity of the solution, evaporated it at 212°, and fused and dried it at about 300°-260°. It gave 246 grains of salt, and a solution made of the same specific gravity as that evaporated, indicated a loss of 9 grains. Consequently, 255 grains of this salt contain 50,5 grains alkali, 100 grains acid, and 14,5 grains water.

We may then conclude, that 100 parts of compact nitrate of ammoniac contain 74,5 acid, 19,8 alkali, and 5,7 water.

V. Decomposition of Carbonate of Ammoniac by Nitric Acid.

In my first experiments on the production of nitrate of ammoniac, I endeavoured to ascertain its composition by decompounding carbonate of ammoniac by nitric acid; and in making for this purpose, the analysis of carbonate of ammoniac, I discovered that there existed many varieties of this salt, containing very different proportions of carbonic acid, alkali, and water; the carbonic acid and water being superabundant in it, in proportion as the temperature of its formation was low, and the alkali in proportion as it was high: and not only that a different salt was formed at every different temperature, but likewise that the difference in them was so great, that the carbonate of ammoniac formed at 300° contained more than 50 per cent alkali, whilst that produced at 60° contained only 20.[73]

I found 210 grains of carbonate of ammoniac, which from comparison with other salts previously analised, I suspected to contain about 20 or 21 per cent alkali, saturated by 200 grains of nitric acid of 1,504. But though the carbonate was dissolved in much water, still, from the smell of the carbonic acid generated, I suspect that a small portion of the nitric acid was dissolved, and carried off by it. The solution, evaporated at about 200°, and afterwards exposed to a temperature below 300°, gave 232 grains of compact salt. But reasoning from the quantity of acid in 200 grains of nitric acid of 1,504, it ought to have given 245. Consequently 13 were lost by evaporation; and this loss agrees with that in the other experiments.

VI. Decomposition of Sulphate of Ammoniac by Nitre.

As a cheap mode of obtaining nitrate of ammoniac, Dr. Beddoes proposed to decompose nitre by sulphate of ammoniac, which is a well known article of commerce. From synthesis of sulphate of ammoniac, compared with analysis made in August 1799,[74] I concluded that 100 grains of prismatic salt were composed of about 18 grains ammoniac, 44 acid, and 38 water; and supposing 100 grains of nitre to contain 50 acid, 100 grains of sulphate of ammoniac will require for their decomposition 134 grains of nitre, and form 90,9 grains of compact nitrate of ammoniac.

To ascertain if the sulphate of potash and nitrate of ammoniac could be easily separated, I added to a heated saturated solution of sulphate of ammoniac, pulverised nitre, till the decomposition was complete. After this decomposition, the solution contained a slight excess of sulphuric acid, which was combined with lime, and the whole set to evaporate at a temperature below 250°. As soon as the sulphate of potash began to crystalise, the solution was suffered to cool, and then poured off from the crystalised salt, which appeared to contain no nitrate of ammoniac. After a second evaporation and crystalisation, almost the whole of the sulphate appeared to be deposited, and the solution of nitrate of ammoniac was obtained nearly pure: it was evaporated at 212°, and gave fibrous crystals.

VII. Non-existence of Ammoniacal Nitrites.

I attempted in different modes to combine nitrous acids with ammoniac, so as to form the salts which have been supposed to exist, and called nitrites of ammoniac; but without success.

I first decomposed a solution of carbonate of ammoniac by dilute olive colored acid; but in this process, though no heat was generated, yet all the nitrous gas appeared to be liberated with the carbonic acid.[75] I then combined a small quantity of nitrous gas, with a solution of nitrate of ammoniac. But after evaporating this solution at 70°-80°, I could not detect the existence of nitrous gas in the solid salt; it was given out during the evaporation and crystalisation, and formed into nitrous acid by the oxygene of the atmosphere. I likewise heated nitrate of ammoniac to different degrees, and partially decomposed it, to ascertain if in any case the acid was phlogisticated by heat: but in no experiment could I detect the existence of nitrous acid in the heated salt, when it had been previously perfectly neutralised.

When nitrate of ammoniac, indeed, with excess of nitric acid, is exposed to heat, the superabundant nitric acid becomes phlogisticated, and is then liberated from the salt, which remains neutral.[76]

We may therefore conclude that nitrous gas has little or no affinity for solid nitrate of ammoniac, and that no substance exists to which the name nitrite of ammoniac can with propriety be applied.

VIII. Of the sources of error in Analysis.

To compare my synthesis of nitrate of ammoniac with analysis, I endeavoured to separate the ammoniac and nitric acid from each other, without decomposition. But in going through the analytical process, I soon discovered that it was impossible to make it accurate, without many collateral laborious experiments on the quantities of ammoniac soluble in water at different temperatures.

At a temperature above 212°, I decomposed, by caustic slacked lime, 50 grains of compact nitrate of ammoniac in a retort communicating with the mercurial airholder, the moisture in which had been previously saturated with ammoniac. 22 cubic inches of gas were collected at 38°, and from the loss of weight of the retort, it appeared that 13 grains of solution of ammoniac in water, had been deposited by the gas.

Now evidently, this solution must have contained much more alkali in proportion to its water than that of 55°, otherwise the quantity of ammoniac in 50 grains of salt would hardly equal 8 grains.[77]

IX. Of the loss of Solutions of Nitrate of Ammoniac
during evaporation.

The most concentrated solution of nitrate of ammoniac capable of existing at 60°, is of specific gravity 1,304, and contains 33 water, and 67 fibrous salt, per cent. When this solution is evaporated at temperatures between 60° and 100, the salt is increased in weight by the addition of water of crystalisation, and no portion of it is lost.

During the evaporation of solutions of specific gravity 1,146 and 1,15, at temperatures below 120°, I have never detected any loss of salt. When the temperature of evaporation is 212°, the loss is generally from 3 to 4 grains per cent; and when from 230° to the standard of their ebullition, from 4 to 6 grains.

In proportion as solutions are more diluted, their loss in evaporation at equal temperatures is greater.

DIVISION III.

Decomposition of NITRATE of AMMONIAC: preparation of RESPIRABLE NITROUS OXIDE; its ANALYSIS.

I. Of the heat required for the decomposition of
NITRATE of AMMONIAC.

The decomposition of nitrate of ammoniac has been supposed by Cornette[78] to take place at temperatures below 212°, and its sublimation at 234°.

Kirwan, from the non-coincidence in the accounts of its composition, has imagined that it is partially decomposable, even by a heat of 80°.[79]

To ascertain the changes effected by increase of temperature in this salt, a glass retort was provided, tubulated for the purpose of introducing the bulb of a thermometer. After it had been made to communicate with the mercurial airholder, and placed in a furnace, the heat of which could be easily regulated, the thermometer was introduced, and the retort filled with the salt, and carefully luted; so that the appearances produced by different temperatures could be accurately observed, and the products evolved obtained.

From a number of experiments made in this manner on different salts, the following conclusions were drawn.

1st. Compact, or dry nitrate of ammoniac, undergoes little or no change at temperatures below 260°.

2dly. At temperatures between 275° and 300°, it slowly sublimes, without decomposition, or without becoming fluid.

3dly. At 320° it becomes fluid, decomposes, and still slowly sublimes; it neither assuming, or continuing in, the fluid state, without decomposition.

4thly. At temperatures between 340° and 480°, it decomposes rapidly.

5thly. The prismatic and fibrous nitrates of ammoniac become fluid at temperatures below 300°, and undergo ebullition at temperatures between 360° and 400°, without decomposition.

6thly. They are capable of being heated to 430° without decomposition, or sublimation, till a certain quantity of their water is evaporated.

7thly. At temperatures above 450° they undergo decomposition, without previously losing their water of crystalisation.

II. Decomposition of Nitrate of Ammoniac; production of
respirable Nitrous Oxide; its properties.

200 grains of compact nitrate of ammoniac were introduced into a glass retort, and decomposed slowly by the heat of a spirit lamp. The first portions of the gas that came over were rejected, and the last received in jars containing mercury. No luminous appearance was perceived in the retort during the process, and almost the whole of the salt was resolved into fluid and gas. The fluid had a faint acid taste, and contained some undecompounded nitrate. The gas collected exhibited the following properties.—

a. A candle burnt in it with a brilliant flame, and crackling noise. Before its extinction, the white inner flame became surrounded with an exterior blue one.

b. Phosphorus introduced into it in a state of inflammation, burnt with infinitely greater vividness than before.

c. Sulphur introduced into it when burning with a feeble blue flame, was instantly extinguished; but when in a state of active inflammation (that is, forming sulphuric acid) it burnt with a beautiful and vivid rose-colored flame.

d. Inflamed charcoal, deprived of hydrogene, introduced into it, burnt with much greater vividness than in the atmosphere.

e. To some fine twisted iron wire a small piece of cork was affixed: this was inflamed, and the whole introduced into a jar of the air. The iron burned with great vividness, and threw out bright sparks as in oxygene.

f. 30 measures of it exposed to water previously boiled, was rapidly absorbed; when the diminution was complete, rather more than a measure remained.

g. Pure water saturated with it, gave it out again on ebullition, and the gas thus produced retained all its former properties.

h. It was absorbed by red cabbage juice; but no alteration of color took place.

i. Its taste was distinctly sweet, and its odor slight, but agreeable.

j. It underwent no diminution when mingled with oxygene or nitrous gas.

Such were the obvious properties of the Nitrous Oxide, or the gas produced by the decomposition of nitrate of ammoniac in a temperature not exceeding 440°. Other properties of it will be hereafter demonstrated, and its affinities fully investigated.

III. Of the gas remaining after the absorption of
Nitrous Oxide by Water.

In exposing nitrous oxide at different times to rain or spring water, and water that had been lately boiled, I found that the gas remaining after the absorption was always least when boiled water was employed, though from the mode of production of the nitrous oxide, I had reason to believe that its composition was generally the same.

This circumstance induced me to suppose that some of the residuum might be gas previously contained in the water, and liberated from it in consequence of the stronger affinity of that fluid for nitrous oxide. But the greater part of it, I conjectured to consist of nitrogene produced in consequence of a complete decomposition of part of the acid, by the hydrogene. It was in endeavoring to ascertain the relative purity of nitrous oxide produced at different periods of the process of the decomposition of nitrate of ammoniac, that I discovered the true reason of the appearance of residual gas.

I decomposed some pure nitrate of ammoniac in a small glass retort; and after suffering the first portions to escape with the common air, I caught the remainder in three separate vessels standing in the same trough, filled with water that had been long boiled, and which at the time of the experiment was so warm that I could scarcely bear my hands in it. The different quantities collected gave the same intense brilliancy to the flame of a taper.

26 measures of each of them were separately inserted into 3 graduated cylinders, of nearly the same capacity, over the same boiled water. As the water cooled, the gas was absorbed by agitation. When the diminution was complete, the residuum in each cylinder filled, as nearly as possible, the same space; about two thirds of a measure.

To each of the residuums I added two measures of nitrous gas; they gave copious red vapor, and after the condensation filled a space rather less than two measures.

Hence the residual gas contained more oxygene than common air.

I now introduced 26 measures of gas from one of the vessels into a cylinder filled with unboiled spring water of the same kind.[80] After the absorption was complete, near two measures remained. These added to two measures of nitrous air, diminished to 2,5 nearly.

These experiments induced me to believe that the residual gas was not produced in the decomposition of nitrate of ammoniac, but that it was wholly liberated from the water.

To ascertain this point with precision, I distilled a small quantity of the same kind of water, which had been near an hour in ebullition, into a graduated cylinder containing mercury. To this I introduced about one third of its bulk, i. e. 12 measures of nitrous oxide, which had been carefully generated in the mercurial apparatus. After the absorption, a small globule of gas only remained, which could hardly have equalled one fourth of a measure. On admitting to this globule a minute quantity of nitrous gas, an evident diminution took place.

Though this experiment proved that in proportion as the water was free from air, the residuum was less, and though there was no reason to suppose that the ebullition and distillation had freed the water from the whole of the air it had held in solution, still I considered a decisive experiment wanting to determine whether nitrous oxide was the only gas produced in the slow decomposition of nitrate of ammoniac, or whether a minute quantity of oxygene was not likewise evolved.

I received the middle part of the product of a decomposition of nitrate of ammoniac, under a cylinder filled with dry mercury, and introduced to it some strong solution of ammoniac. After the white cloud produced by the combination of the ammoniacal vapor with the nitric acid suspended in the nitrous oxide, had been completely precipitated, I introduced a small quantity of nitrous gas. No white vapor was produced.

Now if any gas combinable with nitrous gas had existed in the cylinder, the quantity of nitrous acid produced, however small, would have been rendered perceptible by the ammoniacal fumes; for when a minute globule of common air was admitted into the cylinder, white clouds were instantly perceptible.

It seems therefore reasonable to conclude,

1. That the residual gas of nitrous oxide, is air previously contained in the water, (which in no case can be perfectly freed from it by ebullition), and liberated by the stronger attraction of that fluid for nitrous oxide.

2. That nitrate of ammoniac, at temperatures below 440°, is decompounded into pure nitrous oxide, and fluid.

3. That in ascertaining the purity of nitrous oxide from its absorption by water, corrections ought to be made for the quantity of gas dispelled from the water. This quantity in common water distilled under mercury being about ¹/₅₀; in water simply boiled, and used when hot, about ¹/₃₆; and in common spring water, ¹/₁₂.

IV. Specific gravity of Nitrous Oxide.

To understand accurately the changes taking place during the decomposition of nitrate of ammoniac, we must be acquainted with the specific gravity and composition of nitrous oxide.

90 cubic inches of it, containing about ¹/₃₅ common air, introduced from the mercurial airholder into an exhausted globe, increased it in weight 44,75 grains; thermometer being 51°, and atmospheric pressure 30,7.

106 cubic inches, of similar composition, weighed in like manner, gave at the same temperature and pressure nearly 52,25 grains; and in another experiment, when the thermometer was 41°, 53 grains.

So that accounting for the small quantity of common air contained in the gases weighed, we may conclude, that 100 cubic inches of pure nitrous oxide weigh 50,1 grains at temperature 50°, and atmospheric pressure 30,7.

I was a little surprised at this great specific gravity, particularly as I had expected, from Dr. Priestley’s observations, to find it less heavy than atmospherical air. This philosopher supposed, from some appearances produced by the mixture of it with aëriform ammoniac, that it was even of less specific gravity than that gas.[81]

V. Analysis of Nitrous Oxide.

The nitrous oxide may be analised, either by charcoal or hydrogene; during the combustion of other bodies in it, small portions of nitrous acid are generally formed, as will be fully explained hereafter.

The gas that I employed was generated from compact nitrate of ammoniac, and was in its highest state of purity, as it left a residuum of ¹/₃₈ only, when absorbed by boiled water.

10 cubic inches of it were inserted into a jar graduated to,1 cubic inches, containing dry mercury. Through this mercury a piece of charcoal which had been deprived of its hydrogene by long exposure to heat, weighing about a grain, was introduced, while yet warm. No perceptible absorption of the gas took place.[82]

Thermometer being 46°, the focus of a lens was thrown on the charcoal, which instantly took fire, and burnt vividly for about a minute, the gas being increased in volume. After the vivid combustion had ceased, the focus was again thrown on the charcoal; it continued to burn for near ten minutes, when the process stopped.

The gas, when the original pressure and temperature were restored, filled a space equal to 12,5 cubic inches.

On introducing to it a small quantity of strong solution of ammoniac[83], white vapor was instantly perceived, and after a short time the reduction was to about 10,1 cubic inches; so that apparently, 2,4 cubic inches of carbonic acid had been formed. The 10,1 cubic inches of gas remaining were exposed to water which had been long in ebullition, and which was introduced whilst boiling, under mercury. After the absorption of the nitrous oxide by the water, the gas remaining was equal to 5,3.