A Museum for Young Gentlemen and Ladies / Or, a Private Tutor for Little Masters and Misses

E-text prepared by J. Paul Morrison

Transcriber's Notes:

• This 15th edition of A MUSEUM FOR YOUNG GENTLEMEN AND LADIES was published ca. 1799.
• Each page repeats the first word of the next page at the bottom right - this has not been reproduced in this text version.
• As can be seen on the title page below, the book uses the long 's' (ſ) in non-final positions - this has not been reproduced in this text version, as it would make the text less easily searchable. A non-final double 's' is sometimes written with two long 's's, and sometimes with a long 's' followed by a short (or final) 's' (somewhat like the ß of German).
• 'st' and 'ct' are usually written with a ligature - this has not been preserved in the text; 'ae' and 'oe' ligatures have been preserved, however.
  
• Colons, semicolons, question marks, and brackets are usually surrounded by spaces - in this text, the modern convention has been followed.
• The book consistently uses '&c.' where we today use 'etc.' - this has been preserved.
  
• The dimensions of the book are approx. 13½ cm. by 9 cm., so each line contains 8-9 words on average. This means that the layout of the following text does not usually match that of the book.
• Compound words like "every body" are often written with a space in the middle - this has been preserved where it appears.
• Page numbers have been omitted.
  
• '[sic]' has been inserted at many places in the text to let the reader know that the preceding word or phrase appeared as such in the original. These appear in blue in the HTML version.
• A number of names are spelled differently from present-day usage, e.g. Anna Bullen (Anne Boleyn) - in most cases, these have not been marked.
  
• On one page, a letter is corrupted, and on the following line letters appear to be missing - these have been marked with a comment in square brackets.
• One major point of confusion should be mentioned: In the section on the Seven Wonders of the World, what is usually described as the Lighthouse of Pharos (shown in the woodcut) appears to have been merged with the so-called Egyptian Labyrinth (described by Herodotus) - see the title and the description in the text. In the next section (the Pyramids of Egypt), there is a reference to a black marble head on the third pyramid - perhaps this represents some confusion with the Sphynx.
  

With Letters, Tales and Fables, for amuſement and Inſtruction.
ILLUSTRATED WITH CUTS.
THE FIFTEENTH EDITION,
WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS.

Printed for DARTON and HARVEY, Gracechurch-ſtreet, CROSBY and LETTERMAN, Stationers-Court, and E. NEWBERY, St. Paul's Church-yard; and B.C. COLLINS, Saliſbury.

[Price one Shilling.]

[Reverse of title page]
Printed by B.C. COLLINS, Canal, Saliſbury.

THE
INTRODUCTION.

I AM very much concerned when I see young gentlemen of fortune and quality so wholly set upon pleasure and diversions, that they neglect all those improvements in wisdom and knowledge which may make them easy to themselves and useful to the world. The greatest part of our British youth lose their figure, and grow out of fashion, by that time they are five and twenty. As soon as the natural gaiety and amiableness of the young man wears off, they have nothing left to recommend them, but

lie by

the rest of their lives among the lumber and refuse of the species. It sometimes happens, indeed, that for want of applying themselves in due time to the pursuit of knowledge, they take up a book in their declining years, and grow very hopeful scholars by the time they are threescore. I must therefore earnestly press my readers, who are in the flower of their youth, to labour at those accomplishments which may set off their persons when their bloom is gone, and to

lay in

timely provisions for manhood and old age. In short, I would advise the youth of fifteen to be dressing up every day the man of fifty, or to consider how to make himself venerable at threescore.

Young men, who are naturally ambitious, would do well to observe how the greatest men of antiquity made it their ambition to excel all their contemporaries in knowledge. Julius Cæsar and Alexander, the most celebrated instances of human greatness, took a particular care to distinguish themselves by their skill in the arts and sciences. We have still extant several remains of the former, which justify the character given of him by the learned men of his own age. As for the latter, it is a known saying of his, that he was more obliged to Aristotle, who had instructed him, than to Philip, who had given him life and empire. There is a letter of his recorded by Plutarch and Aulus Gellius, which he wrote to Aristotle upon hearing that he had published those lectures he had given him in private. This letter was written in the following words, at a time when he was in the height of his Persian conquest:

ALEXANDER to ARISTOTLE, greeting.

"You have not done well to publish your books of select knowledge; for what is there now, in which I can surpass others, if those things which I have been instructed in are communicated to every body? For my own part, I declare to you, I would rather excel others in knowledge than in power."

"Farewel."

We see by this letter, that the love of conquest was but a second ambition in Alexander's soul. Knowledge is indeed that, which, next to virtue, truly and essentially raises one man above another. It furnishes one half of the human soul. It makes life pleasant to us, fills the mind with entertaining views, and administers to it a perpetual series of gratifications. It gives ease to solitude, and gracefulness to retirement. It fills a public station with suitable abilities, and adds a lustre to those who are in possession of them.

Learning, by which I mean all useful knowledge, whether speculative or practical, is in popular and mixt governments the natural source of wealth and honour. If we look into most of the reigns from the conquest, we shall find that the favourites of each reign have been those who have raised themselves. The greatest men are generally the growth of that particular age in which they flourish. A superior capacity for business, and a more extensive knowledge, are the steps by which a new man often mounts to favour, and outshines the rest of his contemporaries. But when men are actually born to titles, it is almost impossible that they should fail of receiving additional greatness, if they take care to accomplish themselves for it.

The story of Solomon's choice does not only instruct us in that point of history, but furnishes out a very fine moral to us, namely, that he who applies his heart to wisdom, does, at the same time, take the most proper method for gaining long life, riches, and reputation, which are very often not only the reward, but the effects of wisdom.

MUSEUM
FOR
YOUNG GENTLEMEN AND LADIES.

Before I begin to lay down rules for reading, it will be necessary to take notice of the several points or marks used in printing or writing, for resting or stopping the voice, which are four in number, called

These points are to give a proper time for breathing when you read, and to prevent confusion of sense in joining words together in a sentence. The

Comma

stops the reader's voice till he can tell

one

, and divides the lesser parts of a sentence. The

Semicolon

divides the greater parts of a sentence, and requires the reader to pause while he can count

two

. The

Colon

is used where the sense is complete, and not the sentence, and rests the voice of the reader till he can count

three

. The

Period

is put when the sentence is ended, and requires a pause while he can tell

four

.

But we must here remark, that the

Colon

and

Semicolon

are frequently used promiscuously, especially in our bibles.

There are two other points, which may be called marks of affection; the one of which is termed an

Interrogation

, which signifies a question being asked, and expressed thus (?); the other called an

Admiration

or

Exclamation

, and marked thus (!). These two points require a pause as long as a period.

We have twelve other marks to be met with in reading, namely,

Apostrophe

is set over a word where some letter is wanting, as in

lov'd

.

Hyphen

joins syllables and words together, as in

pan-cake

.

Parenthesis

includes something not necessary to the sense, as,

I know that in me

(that is in my flesh)

liveth

, &c.

Brackets

include a word or words mentioned as a matter of discourse, as,

The little word

[man]

makes a great noise

, &c. They are also used to enclose a cited sentence, or what is to be explained, and sometimes the explanation itself.

Brackets

and

Parenthesis

are often used for each other without distinction.

Paragraph

is chiefly used in the bible, and denotes the beginning of a new subject.

Quotation

is used to distinguish what is taken from an author in his own words.

Section

shews the division of a chapter.

Ellipsis

is used when part of a word or sentence is omitted, as p—ce.

Index

denotes some remarkable passage.

Asterisk

refers to some note in the margin, or remarks at the bottom of the page; and when many stand together, thus ***, they imply that something is wanting, or not fit to be read, in the author. The

Obelisk

or

Dagger

, and also parallel lines marked thus (||), refer to something in the margin. The

Caret

, marked thus (^), is made use of in writing, when any line or word is left out, and wrote over where it is to come in, as thus,

Here the word

had

was left out, wrote over, and marked by the

Caret

where to come in.

It may also in this place be proper to mention the crooked lines or

Braces

, which couple two or three words or lines together that tend to the same thing; for instance,

This is often used in poetry, where three lines have the same rhyme.

The other marks relate to single words, as

Dialysis

or

Diæresis

, placed over vowels to shew they must be pronounced in distinct syllables, as

Raphaël

. The

Circumflex

is set over a vowel to carry a long sound, as

Euphrâtes

. An

Accent

is marked thus (á), to shew where the emphasis must be placed, as

negléct

; or to shew that the consonant following must be pronounced double, as

hómage

. To these may be added the long ( ¯) and short ( ˘) marks, which denote the quantity of syllables, as wātĕr.

RULES FOR READING.

When you have gained a perfect knowledge of the sounds of the letters, never guess at a word on sight, lest you get a habit of reading falsely. Pronounce every word distinctly. Let the tone of your voice be the same in reading as in speaking. Never read in a hurry, lest you learn to stammer. Read no louder than to be heard by those about you. Observe to make your pauses regular, and make not any where the sense will admit of none. Suit your voice to the subject. Be attentive to those who read well, and remember to imitate their pronunciation. Read often before good judges, and thank them for correcting you. Consider well the place of emphasis, and pronounce it accordingly: For the stress of voice is the same with regard to sentences as in words. The emphasis or force of voice is for the most part laid upon the accented syllable; but if there is a particular opposition between two words in a sentence, one whereof differs from the other in parts, the accent must be removed from its place: for instance,

The sun shines upon the just and upon the unjust

. Here the emphasis is laid upon the first syllable in

unjust

, because it is opposed to

just

in the same sentence, without which opposition it would lie in its proper place, that is, on the last syllable, as

we must not imitate the unjust practices of others

.

The general rule for knowing which is the emphatical word in a sentence, is,

to consider the design of the whole

; for particular directions cannot be easily given, excepting only where words evidently oppose one another in a sentence, and those are always

emphatical

. So frequently is the word that asks a question, as,

who

,

what

,

when

, &c. but not always. Nor must the emphasis be always laid upon the same words in the same sentence, but varied according to the principal meaning of the speaker. Thus, suppose I enquire,

Did my father walk abroad yesterday?

If I lay the emphasis on the word

father

, it is evident I want to know whether it was

he

, or

somebody

else

. If I lay it upon

walk

, the person I speak to will know, that I want to be informed whether he went on

foot

or rode on

horseback

. If I put the emphasis upon

yesterday

, it denotes, that I am satisfied that my father went abroad, and on foot, though I want to be informed whether it was

yesterday

, or some time before.

RULES TO READ VERSE.

There are two ways of writing on a subject, namely, in

prose

and

verse

.

Prose

is the common way of writing, without being confined to a certain number of syllables, or having the trouble of disposing of the words in any particular form.

Verse

requires words to be ranged so, as the accents may naturally fall on particular syllables, and make a sort of harmony to the ear: This is termed

metre

or

measure

, to which rhyme is generally added, that is, to make two or more verses, near to each other, and with the same sound; but this practice is not absolutely necessary; for that which has no rhyme is called

blank verse

.

In metre the words must be so disposed, as that the accent may fall on every

second

,

fourth

, and

sixth

syllable, and also on the

eighth

,

tenth

, and

twelfth

, if the lines run to that length. The following verse of ten syllables may serve for an example:

The mónarch spóke, and stráit a múrmur róse.

But

English

poetry allows of frequent variations from this rule, especially in the first and second syllables in the line, as in the verse which rhymes with the former, where the accent is laid upon the first syllable.

Lóud as the súrges, whén the témpest blóws.

But there are two sorts of metre, which vary from this rule; one of which is when the verse contains but seven syllables, and the accent lies upon the

first

,

third

,

fifth

, and

seventh

, as below:

The other sort has a hasty sound, and requires an accent upon every third syllable; as,

You must always observe to pronounce a verse as you do prose, giving each word and syllable its natural accent, with these two restrictions:

First

, If there is no point at the end of the line, make a short pause before you begin the next.

Secondly

, If any word in a line has two sounds, give it that which agrees best with the rhyme and metre; for example the word

glittering

must sometimes be pronounced as of three syllables, and sometimes

glitt'ring

, as of two.

The USE of CAPITALS, and the different LETTERS used in PRINTING.

The names of the letters made use of in printed books are distinguished thus: The round, full, and upright, are called

Roman

; the long, leaning, narrow letters are called

Italic

; and the ancient black character is called

English

. You have a specimen as follows, viz.

The

Old English

is seldom used but in acts of parliament, proclamations, &c. The

Roman

is chiefly in vogue for books and pamphlets, intermixed with

Italic

, to distinguish proper names, chapters, arguments, words in any foreign language, texts of scripture, citations from authors, speeches or sayings of any person, emphatical words, and whatever is strongly significant.

The use of capitals, or great letters, is to begin every name of the Supreme Being, as God, Lord, Almighty, Father, Son, &c. All proper names of men and things, titles of distinction, as King, Duke, Lord, Knight, &c. must also begin with a capital. So ought every book, chapter, verse, paragraph, and sentence after a period. A saying, or quotation from any author, should begin with a capital; as ought every line in a poem. I and O, when they stand single, must always be capitals; any words, particularly names or substantives, may begin with a capital; but the common way of beginning every substantive with a capital is not commendable, and is now much disused.

Capitals are likewise often used for ornament, as in the title of books; and also to express numbers, and abbreviations.

[Top]

A CONCISE
ACCOUNT OF ANCIENT BRITAIN.
CHAP. I.

ENGLAND and Scotland, though but one island, are two kingdoms, viz. the kingdom of England and the kingdom of Scotland; which two kingdoms being united, were in the reign of James I. called Great-Britain. The shape of it is triangular, as thus

, and 'tis surrounded by the seas. Its utmost extent or length is 812 miles, its breadth is 320, and its circumference 1836; and it is reckoned one of the finest islands in Europe. The whole island was anciently called Albion, which seems to have been softened from Alpion; because the word alp, in some of the original western languages, generally signifies very high lands, or hills; as this isle appears to those who approach it from the Continent. It was likewise called Olbion, which in the Greek signifies

happy

; but of those times there is no certainty in history, more than that it had the denomination, and was very little known by the rest of the world.

The people that first lived in this island, according to the best historians, were the Gauls, and afterwards the Britons. These Britons were tall, well made, and yellow haired, and lived frequently a hundred and twenty years, owing to their sobriety and temperance, and the wholesomeness of the air. The use of clothes was scarce known among them. Some of them that inhabited the southern parts covered their nakedness with the skins of wild beasts carelessly thrown over them, not so much to defend themselves against the cold as to avoid giving offence to strangers that came to traffic among them. By way of ornament they used to cut the shape of flowers, and trees, and animals, on their skin, and afterwards painted it of a sky colour, with the juice of woad,

that never wore out. They lived in woods, in huts covered with skins, boughs, or turfs. Their towns and villages were a confused parcel of huts, placed at a little distance from each other, without any order or distinction of streets. They were generally in the middle of a wood, defended with ramparts, or mounds of earth thrown up. Ten or a dozen of them, friends and brothers, lived together, and had their wives in common. Their food was milk and flesh got by hunting, their woods and plains being well stocked with game. Fish and tame fowls, which they kept for pleasure, they were forbid by their religion to eat.

The chief commerce was with the the Phœnician merchants, who, after the discovery of the island, exported every year great quantities of tin, with which they drove a very gainful trade with distant nations.

In this situation were the Ancient Britons when Julius Cæsar, the first Emperor of Rome, and a great conqueror, formed a design of invading their island, which the Britons hearing of, they endeavoured to divert him from his purpose by sending ambassadors with offers of obedience to him, which he refused, and in the 55th year before the coming of our Saviour upon earth, he embarked in Gaul (that is France) a great many soldiers on board eighty ships.

At his arrival on the coast of Britain he saw the hills and cliffs that ran out into the sea covered with troops, that could easily prevent his landing, on which he sailed two leagues farther to a plain and open shore, which the Britons perceiving sent their chariots and horse that way, whilst the rest of their army advanced to support them. The largeness of Cæsar's vessels hindered them from coming near the shore, so that the Roman soldiers saw themselves under a necessity of leaping into the sea, armed as they were, in order to attack their enemies, who stood ready to receive them on the dry ground. Cæsar perceiving that his soldiers did not exert their usual bravery, ordered some small ships to get as near the shore as possible, which they did, and with their slings, engines, and arrows so pelted the Britons, that their courage began to abate. But the Romans were unwilling to throw themselves into the water, till one of the standard-bearers leaped in first with his colours in his hand, crying out aloud,

Follow me, fellow soldiers, unless you will betray the Roman Eagle into the hands of the enemy. For my part I am resolved to discharge my duty to Caesar and the Commonwealth.

Whereupon all the soldiers followed him, and began to fight. But their resolution was not able to compel the Britons to give ground; nay, it was feared they would have been repelled, had not Cæsar caused armed boats to supply them with recruits, which made the enemy fall back a little. The Romans improving this advantage advanced, and getting firm footing on land, pressed the Britons so vigorously that they put them to the rout. The Britons, astonished at the Roman valour, and fearing a more obstinate resistance would but expose them to greater mischiefs, sent to sue for peace and offer hostages, which Cæsar accepted, and a peace was concluded four days after their landing. Thus having given an account of Ancient Britain, and Cæsar's invasion, we shall proceed to the History of England, and the several Kings by whom it has been governed.

A COMPENDIOUS
HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
CHAP. II.

AS England was long governed by Kings who were natives of the country, so it may not be improper to distinguish that tract of time by the name of the British Period. Those Kings were afterwards subdued by the Romans, and the time that warlike people retained their conquest we shall call the Roman Period. When the Saxons brought this country under their subjection, we shall denominate the time of their sway the Saxon Period. Lastly, when the Danes invaded England, and conquered it, we shall term the series of years they possessed it the Danish Period.

This country was originally called Albion; but one Brutus, a Grecian hero, having landed here about 1100 years before Christ, changed the ancient name to Britannia; from which time, to the arrival of Julius Cæsar here, there had reigned sixty-nine Kings, all natives of England.

In respect to the Roman Period we may observe, that Julius Cæsar first landed in Britain from Gallia, and made it tributary to the Romans; but soon after the birth of Christ the Emperor Claudius brought this country entirely under his subjection, and the Emperor Adrian

built the long wall between England and Scotland.

In the beginning of the second century the Christian religion was planted in England; and in the fifth century the Britons, finding themselves overpowered by the Scots, called over the Saxons to their assistance, who were so charmed with the country that they determined to continue here, and subdue it.

The most remarkable occurrences in the Saxon Period are, that such of them who embarked for England had been particularly distinguished by the name of Angles, and from them the name of Britannia was changed to that of Anglia. The Saxons also divided the country among themselves into seven kingdoms, known by the name of the Saxon Heptarchy, viz. 1. Kent, 2. Essex, 3. Sussex, 4. Wessex, 5. East Anglia, 6. Mercia, 7. Northumberland. But at length Wessex over-powering the rest, formed them all into one monarchy.

One of those West-Saxon Kings, called Ina, made many good laws, some of which are still extant: he also was the first that granted Peter's pence to the Pope.

In regard to the Danish Period we shall only remark, that the Danes had for a long time acted as pirates or sea robbers upon the English coasts, and made several incursions into the country, when their King Canute possessed himself of the crown of England; however their government did not continue long.

Canute reigned eighteen years, and left three sons, Harold, Canute, and Sueno; to the first he gave England, to the second Denmark, and to the third Norway.

Harold reigned five years, and was succeeded by his half-brother Hardi-Canute, who died two years after, and with him ended the tyrannical government of the Danes in England.

THE
INTERMEDIATE HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
CHAP. III.

WE shall divide this part of our history into four periods; 1. The Kings of the Norman Line; 2. Those of the House of Anjou; 3. Of the House of Lancaster; 4. Of the House of York.

The NORMAN KINGS.

WILLIAM I. sirnamed

[sic]

the Conqueror, gained a signal victory over King Harold, by which means he procured the crown of England. This Prince was the son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, by one of his mistresses called Harlotte, from whom some think the word harlot is derived; however, as this amour seems odd, we shall entertain the reader with an account of it. The Duke riding one day to take the air passed by a company of country girls, who were dancing, and was so taken with the graceful carriage of one of them, named Harlotte, a skinner's daughter, that he prevailed on her to cohabit with him, and she was ten months after delivered of William, who, having reigned 21 years, died at Rouen, in September, 1087.

WILLIAM II. sirnamed Rufus, succeeded his father; he built Westminster-hall, rebuilt London-bridge, and made a new wall round the Tower of London. In his time the sea overflowed a great part of the estate belonging to Earl Goodwin, in Kent, which is at this day called the Goodwin Sands. The King was killed accidentally by an arrow in the New Forest, and left no issue. He reigned fourteen years, and was buried in Winchester Cathedral.

HENRY I. youngest son of William the Conqueror, succeeded his brother William II. in 1100. He reduced Normandy, and made his son Duke thereof. This Prince died in Normandy of a surfeit, by eating lampreys after hunting, having reigned 35 years.

STEPHEN, sirnamed of Blois, succeeded his uncle Henry I. in 1135; but being continually harassed by the Scotch and Welsh, and having reigned 19 years in an uninterrupted series of troubles, he died at Dover in 1154, and was buried in the Abbey at Feversham, which he had erected for the burial place of himself and family.

HENRY II. son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, succeeded Stephen in 1154. In him the Norman and Saxon blood was united, and with him began the race of the Plantagenets, which ended with Richard III. In this King's reign Thomas à Becket, son to a tradesman in London, being made Lord High Chancellor, and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, affected on all occasions to oppose and to be independent of the court. The King hearing of his misbehaviour, complained that he had not one to revenge him on a wretched priest for the many insults he had put upon him. Hereupon four of his domestics, in hopes to gain favour, set out immediately for Canterbury, and beat out Thomas's brains with clubs, as he was saying vespers in his own cathedral, in so cruel a manner, that the altar was covered with blood. King Henry subdued Ireland, and died there in 1189, in the 34th year of his reign.

RICHARD I. succeeded his father Henry II. and was no sooner crowned than he took upon him the cross, and went with Philip, King of France, to the Holy Land in 1192. On his return he was detained by the Emperor Henry VI. and was obliged to pay 100,000 marks for his ransom. In a war which succeeded between England and France, Richard fought personally in the field, and gained a complete victory over the enemy, but was afterwards shot by an arrow at the siege of the Castle of Chalus, and died of the wound April 6, 1199.

JOHN, the fourth son of Henry II. took possession of the crown on Richard's decease, though his nephew Arthur of Bretagne, son of his elder brother Geoffrey Plantagenet, had an undoubted title to it.

His encroachments on the privileges of his people called forth the opposition of the spirited and potent Barons of that day: John was reduced to great straits; and Pope Innocent III. with the usual policy of the Holy Fathers, sided with John's disaffected subjects, and fulminated the thunders of the church against him, till he had brought him to his own terms: the King surrendered his crown at the feet of the Pope's Legate, who returned it to him on his acknowledging that he held it as the vassal of the Holy See, and binding himself and successors to pay an annual tribute thereto. The Barons and their cause were to be sacrificed to the Pope's interest, and the Legate commanded them to lay down their arms; they were however bold enough to make head against this powerful league, and by their steady opposition to the King, and their moderate demands when their efforts were crowned with success, immortalized their names: John was obliged to sign out two famous charters -- the first called Magna Charta, or the Charter of Liberties; the second the Charter of Forests; which two charters have since been the foundation of the liberties of this nation. Some time after, having thrown himself into a fever by eating peaches, he died at Newark October 28, 1216.

HENRY III. succeeded his father John in 1216, being but nine years old. He reigned 56 years, during the greatest part of which he was embroiled in a civil war. He founded the house of converts, and an hospital, in Oxford, and died at St. Edmundsbury in 1272.

EDWARD I. though in the Holy Land when his father died, yet succeeded him, and proved a warlike and successful Prince. He made France fear him, and forced the King of Scotland to pay him homage. He created his eldest son Prince of Wales, which title has been enjoyed by the eldest son of all the Kings of England ever since. In his last moments he exhorted his son to continue the war with Scotland, and added, "Let my bones be carried before you, for I am sure the rebels will never dare to stand the sight of them." He died of a bloody flux at Burgh on the sands

[sic]

, a small town in Cumberland, July 7, 1337, having reigned 34 years, and lived 68.

EDWARD II. succeeded his father, but proved an unfortunate Prince, being hated by his nobles, and slighted by the commons: he was first debauched by Gaveston his favourite, and afterwards by the two Spencers, father and son, whose oppressions he countenanced to the hazard of his crown. But the Barons taking up arms against the King, Gaveston was beheaded, the two Spencers hanged, and he himself forced to to resign the crown to Prince Edward his son. Soon after which he was barbarously murdered at Berkeley Castle, by means of Mortimer, the Queen's favourite. He reigned twenty years, and was buried at Gloucester.

EDWARD III. who succeeded his father on his resignation, claimed the crown of France, and backed his claim by embarking a powerful army for that country, where he made rapid conquests: the Scots favouring the French, invaded Cumberland, but were defeated by Edward's Queen Philippa, who took David Bruce, their King, prisoner. Edward's eldest son, sirnamed the Black Prince, gained two surprizing

[sic]

victories, one at Cressi