Please see the [Transcriber’s Notes] at the end of this text.
THE
CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE
ESSENTIAL FACTS OF EVERYDAY INTEREST IN NATURE, GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, TRAVEL, GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, INVENTION, EDUCATION, LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, FINE ARTS, PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION, INDUSTRY, BIOGRAPHY, HUMAN CULTURE, AND UNIVERSAL PROGRESS
Easy to Read; Easy to Understand; Easy to Retain
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
HENRY W. RUOFF, M.A., Litt.D., D.C.L.
Editor of “The Century Book of Facts,” “The Capitals of the World,”
“Leaders of Men,” “The Standard Dictionary of Facts,”
“Masters of Achievement,” “The Volume Library,”
“The Human Interest Library,” Etc.
NUMEROUS TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS
TABLES, DUOTONE AND COLOR PLATES
Exclusive Publishers for Canada and
Newfoundland:
THE JOHN A. HERTEL CO., Ltd.
TORONTO, ONTARIO
THE STANDARD PUBLICATION COMPANY
BOSTON · WASHINGTON · CHICAGO
1917
Copyright, 1916, by
THE STANDARD PUBLICATION COMPANY
Copyright, 1917, by
THE STANDARD PUBLICATION COMPANY
All Rights Reserved
THE PUBLISHER’S PREFATORY
All books that are really worth while may be divided into four classes: first, books of information; second, books of inspiration; third, books of entertainment; fourth, books of excitement. By far the most important and practical of these classes is the first. The next in importance is the second; while rather trivial importance attaches to the third and fourth.
THE CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE preëminently belongs to the first; but it is also designed to be both inspiring and entertaining. In its methods of presentation and in its editorship it typifies the modern, progressive spirit. Behind it lies a quarter of a century of successful editorial experience in selecting, adapting, and translating from highly technical treatises into simple, clear, understandable language the essentials as well as important sidelights of human knowledge. Its purpose is to answer the why, who, what, when, where, how, of the vast majority of inquiring minds, both young and mature, and to stimulate them to still further questionings. For it is only through this self-questioning process of the active mind that individual progress is possible.
It is a fact of singular interest that every human being born into the world must independently go through practically the same educative processes from childhood to maturity. No matter how great the storehouse of the world’s past knowledge, or how marvelous the multitude and wonder of new discoveries in every department of human endeavor, each individual must acquire and learn for himself the selfsame facts of nature, history, science, literature, human culture, and everyday needs.
In the present work special effort has been made to separate essentials from non-essentials; to distinguish human interest subjects of universal importance from those of minor concern; to present living facts instead of dead verbiage; and to bring the whole within the understanding of the average reader, without regard to age, in an acceptable and interesting form. The use of graphic outlines and tables; maps, drawings, and diagrams; the pictured works of great painters, sculptors, and architects—all combine in vizualizing and vitalizing both the useful and cultural knowledge of past and present. Indeed it is difficult to conceive how the purely pictorial interest of the work could be surpassed, with its veritable picture galleries illustrating the pageant of man’s progress; while the entire field of knowledge, from the measureless universe of space down to the simple fancy of a child, is sketched in its practical and essential outlines.
Never has there been greater demand for books of knowledge of the present type. The busy reader or consulter soon tires of the diffuse book or set of books of interminable words. He wants conciseness, directness, reasonable compass, reliability, with up-to-date treatment of topics of permanent usefulness. Above all he wants something that appeals to the eye, and, through the interest of its form and subject matter, stimulates thought and the imagination. While simplicity and clearness are undoubted virtues, great care has been exercised to prevent them from degenerating into those childish forms, all too frequent in certain books, that rob real knowledge of almost its entire value.
The best sources in the world of books have been laid under tribute in the preparation of this work, wisely supplemented by the wide experience of many eminent, practical, and progressive men and women—masters in their respective fields. It is earnestly hoped that this joint product will create for it a large sphere of usefulness and numerous satisfied readers.
EDITOR’S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Editor desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to the following distinguished educators, scientists, writers and publicists for helpful suggestions, counsel, contributions, or revisions connected with the various departments of THE CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE.
EDWIN A. ALDERMAN, LL.D., D.C.L.
President University of Virginia; Editor-in-Chief Library of Southern Literature; author of Obligations and Opportunities of Citizenship, etc.
E. BENJAMIN ANDREWS, D.D., LL.D.
Educator and Historian; author of Institutes of General History, History of the United States, etc.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL.D.
Late President University of Michigan; author of The Higher Education, Progress in International Law, etc.
LIBERTY H. BAILEY, D.Sc., LL.D.
Cornell University; author of Plant Breeding, Manual of Gardening, Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, etc.
GEORGE F. BARKER, Sc.D., LL.D.
University of Pennsylvania; author of Text-book of Chemistry, Text-book of Physics, etc.
JOHN HENRY BARROWS, LL.D.
Late President Oberlin College; author of Christian Evidences, Lectures, etc.
CHARLES E. BESSEY, Ph.D., LL.D.
University of Nebraska; author of Essentials of Botany, Botany for High Schools and Colleges, Elementary Botany, etc.
FRANK W. BLACKMAR, Ph.D.
University of Kansas; author of The Story of Human Progress, Outlines of Sociology, etc.
DAVID J. BREWER, LL.D.
Jurist, Publicist; Associate Justice U. S. Supreme Court; author of American Citizenship, The Twentieth Century, etc.
ELMER ELLSWORTH BROWN, Ph.D., LL.D.
President N. Y. University; former U. S. Commissioner of Education; author of The Making of our Middle Schools, Origin of American State Universities, etc.
JAMES M. BUCKLEY, LL.D.
Late editor New York Christian Advocate; author of Travels in Three Continents, The Land of the Czar, etc.
JOHN W. BURGESS, Ph.D., LL.D.
Columbia University; author of The Civil War and the Constitution, Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law, etc.
G. MONTAGUE BUTLER, M.E.
Colorado School of Mines; Geologist for Colorado Geological Survey; author of A Pocket Handbook of Minerals, etc.
JAMES McKEAN CATTELL, Ph.D.
Editor Popular Science Monthly; author of School and Society, American Men of Science, etc.
JOHN W. CAVANAUGH, C.S.C., LL.D.
President Notre Dame University; author of Priests of Holy Cross, etc.
EDWARD CHANNING, Ph.D., LL.D.
Harvard University; author of History of United States, English History for American Readers, etc.
SUSAN FRANCES CHASE, M.A., Ph.D.
Department of Psychology and Literature, Buffalo State Normal School; author of Talks to Teachers, Outlines of Literature, etc.
FOSTER D. COBURN, LL.D.
Former Secretary Kansas Department of Agriculture; author of Swine Husbandry, Alfalfa, The Farmer’s Encyclopedia, etc.
MAURICE F. EGAN, Litt.D., LL.D.
U. S. Minister to Denmark; author of Lectures on English Literature, Modern Novelists, etc.
CHARLES W. ELIOT, LL.D.
President Emeritus Harvard University; author of Educational Reform, The Durable Satisfactions of Life, etc.
EPHRAIM EMERTON, Ph.D.
Harvard University; author of Synopsis of the History of Continental Europe, Mediæval Europe, etc.
WILLIAM H. EMMONS, Ph.D.
University of Minnesota; Geologist of Minnesota; author of numerous Reports and Technical Papers on Geology.
ALCEE FORTIER, Litt.D., LL.D.
Tulane University; author of History of French Literature, Louisiana Folk Tales, History of France, etc.
ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, Ph.D.
Author of History of Sculpture, Mediaeval Art Inventions of the Vatican, etc.; co-author Sturgis, History of Architecture, etc.
HORACE HOWARD FURNESS, Litt.D., LL.D.
Shakespearean Scholar, Critic; author of The Variorum Shakespeare, etc.
MERRILL E. GATES, LL.D., L.H.D.
Ex-President Amherst College; author of Land and Law as Agents in Educating the Indian, International Arbitration, etc.
JOHN F. GENUNG, D.D., Ph.D., Litt.D.
Amherst College; author of Practical Elements of Rhetoric, Working Principles of Rhetoric, The Idylls of the Ages, etc.
NICHOLAS PAINE GILMAN, L.H.D.
Meadville Theological School; author of Profit Sharing, A Dividend to Labor, Methods of Industrial Peace, etc.
WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, D.C.L., LL.D.
Harvard University; author of Greek Grammar, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb, etc.
EDWARD HOWARD GRIGGS, L.H.D.
Lecturer, Educator; author of Moral Education, Self-Culture through the Vocation, etc.
FRANK W. GUNSAULUS, D.D., LL.D.
President Armour Institute; author of Paths to Power, Higher Ministries of Recent English Poetry, etc.
G. STANLEY HALL, Ph.D., LL.D.
President Clark University; author of Adolescence, Youth—Its Education, Regimen and Hygiene, etc.; editor of the American Journal of Psychology, The Pedagogical Seminary, etc.
JOHN HAY, LL.D.
Diplomat, Historian; co-author of Life of Abraham Lincoln, Castilian Days, etc.
EMIL G. HIRSCH, L.H.D., LL.D., D.C.L.
University of Chicago; minister of Sinai Congregation, Chicago; associate editor Jewish Encyclopedia; author of many articles on religion, etc.
GEORGE HODGES, D.D., D.C.L.
Dean Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.; author of The Episcopal Church, The Pursuit of Happiness, etc.
ARTHUR HOEBER, A.N.A.
Art Critic New York Globe; Art Editor New Encyclopedia Britannica; author of Painting in the Nineteenth Century, etc.
GEORGE S. HOLMESTED, K.C., Esq.
Registrar of the High Court of Justice of Ontario; editor of the Ontario Mechanics Lien Act, etc.
JAMES M. HOPPIN, D.D.
Yale University; author of Great Epochs in Art History, Old England: Its Art, Scenery and People, etc.
WILLIAM WIRT HOWE, LL.D.
Jurist, Lecturer; Justice Supreme Court of La.; author of Studies in Civil Law, etc.
GEORGE HOLMES HOWISON, LL.D.
University of California; author of Limits of Evolution, Philosophy: Its Fundamental Concepts and Methods, etc.
THOMAS WELBURN HUGHES, LL.D.
Dean Washburn College of Law; author of Hughes’ Cases on Evidence, Outline of Criminal Law, Commercial Law, etc.
JOHN F. HURST, D.D., LL.D.
Late Chancellor American University; author of History of the Christian Church, etc.
WILLIAM DeWITT HYDE, D.D., LL.D.
President Bowdoin College; author of The Teacher’s Philosophy In and Out of School, The Quest of the Best, etc.
MORRIS JASTROW, Ph.D.
University of Pennsylvania; author of Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria, The Study of Religion, etc.
JEREMIAH W. JENKS, Ph.D., LL.D.
New York University; author of The Trust Problem, Citizenship and the Schools, Government Action for Social Welfare, etc.
DAVID STARR JORDAN, Ph.D., LL.D.
Leland Stanford Jr. University; author of Science Sketches, Footnotes to Evolution, Animal Life, Food and Game Fishes of North America, etc.
ARTHUR B. LAMB, Ph.D.
Director Chemical Laboratory, Harvard University; translator of Haber’s Thermodynamics of Technical Gas Reaction; author of many papers on chemical subjects.
JOSEPHUS N. LARNED, LL.D.
Librarian and Historian; author of History for Ready Reference, Literature of American History, etc.
HENRY C. LEA, LL.D.
Historian; author of Studies in Church History, Superstition and Force, etc.
SIMON LITMAN, Jur.D., Ph.D.
University of Illinois; author of Trade and Commerce, and of many articles on commerce and industry.
THOMAS H. MACBRIDE, Ph.D., LL.D.
Ex-President Iowa State University; author of Textbook of Botany, etc.
OTIS T. MASON, Ph.D., LL.D.
Ethnologist, Scientist; author of Origin of Inventions, Woman’s Share in Primitive Culture, etc.
HUGO MÜNSTERBERG, M.D., Ph.D., LL.D.,
Harvard University; author of Psychology and the Teacher, The Eternal Values, American Problems, etc.
CHARLES W. NEEDHAM, LL.D.
Educator, Lawyer; Ex-President George Washington University; associate counsel Interstate Commerce Commission; etc.
THOMAS NELSON PAGE, Litt.D., LL.D.
Lawyer, Diplomat, Novelist; U. S. Ambassador to Italy; author of Social Life in Old Virginia, Robert E. Lee: Man and Soldier, etc.
JOHN K. PAINE, Mus.D.
Harvard University; Musician, Composer; author of Realm of Fancy, Song of Promise, etc.
GEORGE H. PALMER, Litt.D., LL.D.
Harvard University; author of Self-Cultivation in English, The Teacher, Trades and Professions, etc.
HORATIO W. PARKER, Mus.D.
Yale University; Composer; author of the operas Mona, Fairyland, and much other music.
HARRY THURSTON PECK, Ph.D., L.H.D.
Co-editor New International Encyclopedia, editor of Harper’s Classical Dictionary, etc.
JOHN W. POWELL, Ph.D., LL.D.
Late Chief of Bureau of American Ethnology; author of Studies in Sociology, The Cañons of the Colorado, etc.
IRA REMSEN, Ph.D., LL.D.
Ex-President Johns Hopkins University; author of The Elements of Chemistry, Classical Experiments, etc.
HENRY A. ROWLAND, Ph.D., LL.D.
Late Professor Johns Hopkins University; author of Mechanical Equivalents of Heat, The Solar Spectrum, etc.
BOHUMIL SHIMEK, C.E., M.Sc.
Iowa State University; Botanist; author of numerous scientific papers.
AINSWORTH R. SPOFFORD, LL.D.
Late Librarian of Congress, Critic; editor of Library of Choice Literature, Book for All Readers, etc.
ROBERT H. THURSTON, LL.D., D.Eng.
Late Professor Cornell University; author of History of the Steam Engine, Materials of Construction, etc.
CRAWFORD H. TOY, M.A., LL.D.
Harvard University; author of The Religion of Israel, Judaism and Christianity, Quotations in the New Testament, etc.
JOHN C. VAN DYKE, L.H.D.
Rutgers College; author of New Guides to Old Masters, Studies in Pictures, etc.
LESTER F. WARD, Ph.D., LL.D.
Brown University; Scientist; author of Sociology and Economics, Pure Sociology, etc.
ROBERT M. WENLEY, Ph.D., Litt.D., D.Sc., LL.D.
University of Michigan; co-editor of The Dictionary of Philosophy, Dictionary of Theology, Religion and Ethics; author of Introduction to Kant, Contemporary Theology and Theism, etc.
BENJAMIN I. WHEELER, Ph.D., LL.D.
President University of California; author of Introduction to the History of Language, Life of Alexander the Great, etc.
JOHN SHARP WILLIAMS, LL.D.
Publicist, U. S. Senator; author of Permanent Influence of Thomas Jefferson on American Institutions, etc.
OWEN WISTER, Litt.D., LL.D.
Lawyer, Novelist, Critic; author of The Virginians, Biography of U. S. Grant, etc.
ROBERT S. WOODWARD, D.Sc., LL.D.
Director Carnegie Institute; Scientist; author of Higher Mathematics, etc.
CARROLL D. WRIGHT, Ph.D., LL.D.
Educator, Economist, Statistician; author of The Industrial Evolution of the United States, etc.
G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, D.D., LL.D.
Oberlin College; author of Man and the Glacial Period, Science and Religion, etc.
GENERAL OUTLINE OF CONTENTS
FIRST DIVISION: THE KINGDOMS OF NATURE
[BOOK OF THE HEAVENS]
[THE UNIVERSE]—[THE SOLAR SYSTEM]—[Sun]—[Planets]—[Moon]—[Constellations]—[Stars]—[Comets]—[Meteors]—[Nebulæ]—[NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS]—[ECLIPSES]—[MYTHOLOGY OF THE CONSTELLATIONS]—[DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN ASTRONOMY]—STAR CHARTS AND MAPS.
⁂Books of Reference about the Heavens.—Campbell: Handbook of Practical Astronomy. Young: Elementary Astronomy, Manual of Astronomy, and General Astronomy. Ball: Story of the Heavens. Turner: Modern Astronomy. Newcomb: Popular Astronomy. Todd: A New Astronomy. Gregory: Vault of Heaven.
[BOOK OF THE EARTH]
[OUR EARTH: ITS STRUCTURE AND SURFACE]—[GEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE GROWTH OF THE EARTH]—[LAND FORMS OF THE WORLD]—[DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND WATER]—[THE CONTINENTS]—[ISLANDS]—[MOUNTAINS]—[WATERS OF THE EARTH]—[FORMS OF WATER]—[RIVERS]—[WATERFALLS AND RAPIDS]—[LAKES]—[OCEANS]—[VOLCANOES]—[GEYSERS]—[ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE, AND WEATHER]—[WINDS]—[CLOUDS]—[ATMOSPHERIC VAPOR], ([Dew], [Mist], [Fog], [Rain], [Hail], [Snow])—[GLACIERS]—[ICEBERGS]—[DESERTS]—NATURAL FORCES—[MINERAL PRODUCTS]—[PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS]—MAPS AND CHARTS.
⁂Books of Reference about the Earth.—Dawson: Story of the Earth. Lyell: Principles of Geology. Geikie: Primer of Geology. Shaler: Sea and Land. Scott: Geology. Geikie: Text-Book of Geology. Chamberlin and Salisbury: Geology. Le Conte: Elements of Geology. Dana: Manual of Geology. Miers: Mineralogy. Dana: Text-Book of Mineralogy and System of Mineralogy (most comprehensive work in English). Brush and Penfield: Determinative Mineralogy. Rosenbusch-Iddings: Rock-Making Minerals. Hatch: Petrology. Butler: Pocket Handbook of Minerals. Mill: Realm of Nature. W. M. Davis: Physical Geography. Tarr: Physical Geography.
[BOOK OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM]
[REALMS OF LIFE UPON THE EARTH]—[CHIEF DIVISIONS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM]: (1) [Cereals, Grasses and Forage Plants]; (2) [Kitchen Vegetables]; (3) [The Fruit Trees]; (4) [Fruit-bearing Shrubs and Plants]; (5) [Flowers and Other Ornamental Plants]; (6) [Wild Flowers and Flowerless Plants]; (7) [Trees of the Forest]; (8) [Fiber and Commercial Plants]; (9) [Poisonous Plants]; (10) [Some Wonders of Plant Life]—[BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS]—[SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN BOTANY, CLASSIFIED AND ILLUSTRATED]—[MAP OF THE PLANT KINGDOM].
⁂Books of Reference about the Vegetable Kingdom.—Gray: New Manual of Botany. Bessey: Synopsis of Plant Phyla. Small: Flora of the Southeastern United States. Coulter and Nelson: New Manual of the Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains. Gray: Synoptical Flora of North America. Britton: Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada. Strasburger, Noll, Schenck and Karsten: Textbook of Botany. Pfeffer: Physiology of Plants. Ward: Disease in Plants. Schimper: Plant Geography. Campbell: Evolution of Plants. Green: Landmarks of Botanical History. Sach: History of Botany, 1530-1860. Green: History of Botany, 1860-1900. Baker: Elementary Lessons in Botanical Geography.
[BOOK OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM]
[SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS]—[TABULAR VIEW OF REPRESENTATIVE ANIMAL TYPES]—[ANIMALS IN CLASSIFIED GROUPS]:
I. [Wild Animals]:
- [THE MAMMALS]: (a) [The Monkey Tribe]; (b) [Animals of Prey]; (c) [Gnawing Animals]; (d) [Hoofed Animals]; (e) [Toothless Animals]; (f) [Thick-Skinned Animals]; (g) [Pouched Animals]; (h) [Flying Animals]; (i) [The Seals]; (j) [The Whales].
- [THE BIRDS]: (a) [Birds of Prey]; (b) [Climbing Birds]; (c) [Singing Birds]; (d) [Wading Birds]; (e) [Swimming Birds]; (f) [Running Birds]; (g) [Game Birds].
- [THE REPTILES]: [Lizards]—[Chameleons]—[Snakes]—[Crocodiles]—[Tortoises]— [Turtles].
- [AMPHIBIANS]: [Frogs]—[Toads]—[Salamanders].
- [THE FISHES]: (a) [Bony Fishes]; (b) [Cartilaginous Fishes]; (c) [Armored Fishes]; (d) [Lungfishes].
- [THE MOLLUSCS]: [Snails]—[Cuttlefish]—[Squids]—[Octopus]—[Tusk Shells]—[Bivalves]—[Oysters].
- [JOINTED-LIMBED ANIMALS]: [Crabs]—[Lobsters]—[Scorpions]—[Spiders]—[Insects]—[Grasshoppers].
- [BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS]: [Straight-Winged Insects]—[Ants and Bees]—[Flies].
- [STARFISHES AND SEA-URCHINS].
- [SIMPLEST FORMS OF LIFE].
II. [Domesticated Animals]:
- [DOMESTICATED MAMMALS]: [Alpaca]—[Ass]—[Camel]—[Cat]—[Cattle]—[Dog]—[Elephant]—[Gayal]—[Goat]—[Guinea Pig]—[Horse]—[Llama]—[Rabbit]—[Reindeer]—[Sheep]—[Swine]—[Yak]—[Zebu].
- [DOMESTICATED BIRDS]: [Canary]—[Chickens or Fowls]—[Guinea]—[Goose]—[Ostrich]—[Parrot]—[Peacock]—[Pigeon]—[Swan]—[Turkey].
- [DOMESTICATED INSECTS]: [Bee]—Cochineal—[Silkworm Moth].
III. [Pronouncing Dictionary of Scientific Terms concerning Animals].
⁂Books of Reference about Animals.—Rolleston: Forms of Animal Life. Huxley: Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals and Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals. Lankester: Treatise on Zoölogy. Parker and Haswell: Text-Book of Zoölogy. Kingsley: The Standard Natural History and Elements of Comparative Zoölogy. Newton: A Dictionary of Birds. Headley: The Structure and Life of Birds. Wilson: American Ornithology. Audubon: Ornithological Biography. Coues: Key to North American Birds. Chapman: Handbook of Birds of East North America. Bendire: Life Histories of North American Birds. Comstock: Insect Life. Packard: Text-Book of Entomology and Guide to Study of Insects. Howard: The Insect Book. Beddard: Text-Book of Zoögeography. A. Heilprin: The Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals.
SECOND DIVISION: THE KINGDOMS OF MAN
[BOOK OF RACES AND PEOPLES]
I. [MAN AND THE HUMAN FAMILY]—[HOW MAN DIFFERS FROM OTHER ANIMALS]—[QUESTIONS OF MAN’S ORIGIN]—[HIS PRIMEVAL HOME]—[OLDEST EXTANT REMAINS OF THE HUMAN RACE]—[MAN’S ADVANCEMENT IN THE PRE-HISTORIC AGES]—[CHART SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF THE RACE THROUGH THE AGES]: (1) Dawn; Stone Age; (2) Old Stone Age; (3) New Stone Age; (4) Bronze Age; (5) Early Iron Age; (6) Late Iron Age; (7) Age of Letters.
II. [HOW THE RACES ARE CLASSIFIED]—[CHART OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL RACE CHARACTERISTICS]—[GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES OF MANKIND]—[DICTIONARY OF THE HISTORICAL RACE GROUPS]—[COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF RACES AND PEOPLES.]
⁂Books of Reference about Man.—Prichard: Researches into the Physical History of Mankind. Latham: Natural History of the Varieties of Man. Waitz: Anthropology. Darwin: The Descent of Man. Huxley: Essays and Man’s Place in Nature. Quatrefages: Classification des Races Humaines. Peschel: The Races of Man. Tylor: Anthropology. Lubbock: Prehistoric Times. Ratzel: History of Mankind. Keane: Ethnology and Man. Past and Present. Deniker: The Races of Man. Hutchinson: The Living Races of Mankind.
[BOOK OF NATIONS: Geographical, Historical, Descriptive]
I. [Extinct Nations of the Past].
[CHIEF HISTORICAL PEOPLES]: [Egyptians]—[Babylonians]—[Assyrians]—[Hebrews]—[Phœnicians]—[Medes and Persians]—[Hindus]—[Greeks]—[Romans]—[PROGRESS OF HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AND DISCOVERY], B.C. 3800 TO THE PRESENT, WITH 16 MAPS—[THE WORLD’S GREATEST EXPLORERS], B.C. 1400 TO 1917 A.D.—[COMPARATIVE OUTLINE HISTORY OF ANCIENT NATIONS], B.C. 5000 TO 843 A.D.—DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT: [The Spell of Egypt: Ancient and Modern]—[The Babylonian-Assyrian Empires]—[The Hebrews and the Holy Land]—[The Phœnicians: First Nation of Colonizers]—[The Medo-Persian Empire]—[The Greeks: Glory of the Ancient World]—[Rome: Mistress of the World]—[The Saracen Empire: Its Fanaticism, Art, and Learning]—[The Germanic Empire of Charlemagne].
II. [Living Nations of To-day].
[COMPARATIVE OUTLINE HISTORY OF MODERN NATIONS]—TRANSITION PERIOD FROM THE ANCIENT TO THE MODERN—[GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT POWERS]: [Great Britain]—[France]—[Germany]—[Italy]—[Austria]—[Hungary]—[Russia]—[United States]—[Japan]—THE LESSER MODERN NATIONS: [In Europe], [Spain] and [Portugal]—Scandinavia ([Norway], [Sweden], [Denmark])—[The Netherlands]—[Switzerland]—The Balkan States ([Bulgaria], [Roumania], [Turkey], [Greece], [Servia]); In Asia, [China]—Persia—[Turkey]; In America, [Brazil]—[Argentina]—[Chile]—[Mexico]—[Canada].
III. Tables and Charts.
Including [Great Wars], [Great Battles], Dynasties, Rulers, [Comparative Government], [Biographical Facts Relating to the Presidents of the United States], Important Facts Concerning the States, etc.
IV. Historical Charts and Tables, Maps and Plans.
⁂Books of Reference about the Nations.—HISTORY—Freeman: General Sketch. Haydn: Dictionary Dates. Rawlinson: Manual of Ancient History. Peck: Harper’s Classical Dictionary. Duncker: History of Antiquity. Brugsch-Bey: Egypt under the Pharaohs. Ewald: History of Israel. Allen: Hebrew Men and Times. Ranke: Universal History. Fisher: Outlines of Universal History. Mommsen: History of Rome. Gibbon: History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Grote: History of Greece. Duruy: History of Rome. Merivale: General History of Rome. Lecky: History of European Morals. Hallam: Middle Ages. Guizot: History of Civilization. Sybel: History of the Crusades. Cox: The Crusades. Emerton: Mediaeval Europe; Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages. Harding: Essentials in Mediaeval and Modern History. Gieseler: Church History. Alzog: Manual of Universal Church History. Clarke: Events and Epochs of Religious History. Fisher: History of the Reformation. Ranke: History of the Popes. Dyer: History of Modern Europe. Fyffe: History of Europe. Sybel: History of the French Revolution. Acton: Cambridge Modern History. Larned: Topical Outlines of Universal History.
ATLASES.—Bartholomew: Atlas. Rand-McNally: Atlas; Century Dictionary and Atlas. Johnson: Historical Atlas. McClure: Historical Church Atlas.
GAZETTEERS.—Blackie: Imperial Gazetteer. Longman: Gazetteer of the World. Lippincott: Gazetteer. Baedecker: Guides.
GOVERNMENT AND LAW.—Aristotle: Politics. Bluntschli: Theory of the State. Burgess: Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law. Freeman: Comparative Politics. Goodnow: Comparative Administrative Law. Lalor: Cyclopedia of Political Science. Locke: Treatises of Government. Maine: Popular Government. Montesquieu: Spirit of Laws. Morley: Ideal Commonwealths. Plato: Republic. Rousseau: The Social Contract. Sidgwick: Elements of Politics. Spencer: Man vs. the State. Wilson: The State. Bryce: The American Commonwealth. Hart: Actual Government. Robinson: Elements of American Jurisprudence. Thompson: English and American Encyclopedia of Law. Burdick: The Essentials of Business Law. Lowell: Governments and Parties in Continental Europe. Goodnow: Comparative Administrative Law. Dicey: The Law of the Constitution.
[BOOK OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE]
I. CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES—[WRITTEN] AND [SPOKEN] ENGLISH—[The Proper Use of Words, Sentences and Paragraphs]—[Figures of Speech]—[Poetics]—[Use of Capital Letters]—[Punctuation]—Forms of Practical English Composition: [Letters], [Argument and Debate], [News], Short Story, [Fiction], [Essay], [Editorials], Reviews, Criticism, Addresses and Other Forms of Public Speech—[ABBREVIATIONS]—[PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF CLASSIC WORDS AND PHRASES]—[PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF WORDS AND PHRASES FROM THE MODERN LANGUAGES].
II. [ENGLISH] AND [AMERICAN] LITERATURE—OUTLINE CHARTS OF [ENGLISH] AND [AMERICAN] AUTHORS—[DICTIONARY OF LITERARY ALLUSIONS]: Famous Books, Poems, Dramas, Literary Characters, Plots, Pen Names, Literary Shrines and Geography, and other Miscellany—[PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF MYTHOLOGY]: Gods, Heroes, and Mythical Wonder Tales—[CHART OF GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHS], their Origin, Relationship and Descent.
⁂Books of Reference.—LANGUAGE.—Sayce: Introduction to the Science of Language. Whitney: Language and the Study of Language. Paul: Principles of the History of Language. Muller: Science of Language. Skeat: Philosophy. Jesperson: Progress in Language, with Special Reference to English. Giles: Manual of Comparative Philosophy for Classical Students. Oertel: Lectures on the Study of Language. Sweet: Primer of Spoken English. Skeat: Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Sweet: Grammar, Logical and Historical. Lewis: Applied English Grammar. Genung: Practical Elements of Rhetoric. Gummere: Poetics. Wendell: English Composition. Palmer: Self-Cultivation in English. Kittredge: Words and their Ways in English Speech. Trench: Study of Words. Fernald: Synonymns and Antonymns.
LITERATURE.—Jevons: History of Greek Literature. Mahaffy: Greek Literature. Crutwell: History of Roman Literature. Fortier: History of French Literature. Robertson: History of German Literature. Garnett: Short History of Italian Literature. Symonds: Italian Renaissance. Horn: History of Scandinavian Literature and Jewish Encyclopedia. Morley: Library of English Literature. Brooke: History of English Literature. Ward: English Poets. Gosse: Short History of English Literature. Tyler: History of American Literature. Matthews: History of American Literature. Stedman: An American Anthology. Johnson: Elements of Literary Criticism. Warner: Library of Universal Literature.
DICTIONARIES.—Webster: New International Dictionary. Worcester: Dictionary of the English Language. Funk and Wagnalls: Standard Dictionary. Whitney: The Century Dictionary. Murray: Oxford English Dictionary. Wright: Dialect Dictionary.
[BOOK OF THE SCIENCES AND INVENTION]
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENCES IN PARALLEL OUTLINES—[PRACTICAL MATHEMATICS]—Arithematic and its Modern Applications—The Arithmetic of Business, Commercial and Industrial Transactions—Corporations, [Stocks and Bonds]—[Table of Commercial Laws]—[Weights] and [Measures]—PHYSICS: Laws and Properties of Matter—Mechanics and Inventions—Sound—Heat—Light and Color—[Electricity and Magnetism]—[CHEMISTRY]: [Theory of Chemistry]—[Table of the Chemical Elements]—[The Chemistry of Common Things]—[REMARKABLE INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES]—RECENT SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS, [X-rays] and [Radium], [Wireless Telegraphy], [Wireless Telephone], [Aeroplanes], [Submarines], [Airships], and Explosives.
⁂Books of Reference.—BIOLOGY.—Brooks: Foundations of Zoology. Morgan: Animal Behavior. Pearson: The Grammar of Science. Spencer: Principles of Biology. Thomson: The Science of Life. Verworn: General Physiology. Weismann: The Germ-Plasm.
PHYSICS.—Ames: General Physics. Ames and Bliss: Manual of Experiments. Hoadley: Measurements in Magnetism and Electricity. Preston: Theory of Heat and Theory of Light. Poynting and Thomson: Heat. Tyndal: Light. Schuster: Theory of Optics. Barker: Physics. Merrill: Theoretical Mechanics. Helmholtz: Sensations of Tone. Kapp: Electric Transmission of Energy. Crocker: Electric Lighting. Sewell: Elements of Electrical Engineering. Jackson: Elements of Electricity and Magnetism and Alternating Currents and Alternating Current Machinery.
CHEMISTRY.—Remsen: Introduction to the Study of Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry. Roscoe: Lessons in Elementary Chemistry. Wurtz: Elements of Modern Chemistry. Ostwald: Inorganic Chemistry. Alexander Smith: Laboratory Outline of General Chemistry and General Inorganic Chemistry. Wiley: Chemistry of Foods and Agricultural Chemistry. Roscoe and Schorlemmer: Treatise on Chemistry. Watts: Dictionary of Chemistry. Thorp: Industrial Chemistry.
(Abridged in the Concise Edition.)
[BOOK OF THE HUMAN BODY]
[ITS STRUCTURE]—[ORGANIZATION INTO SYSTEMS]—[FUNCTIONS]—[SPECIAL SENSES]—[NERVOUS SYSTEM]—PERSONAL HYGIENE—PREVENTION OF DISEASE—INTERDEPENDENCE OF BODY AND MIND—EUGENICS—ILLUSTRATIONS AND CHARTS.
⁂Books of Reference.—Morris: Treatise on Anatomy. Gray: Anatomy. Davidson: Human Body and Health. Martin: Human Body. Huxley and Youmans: Elements of Physiology and Hygiene. Wilson: The Cell in Development and in Inheritance. Thomson: Heredity. Loeb: Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology. Sternberg: Manual of Bacteriology.
(Abridged in the Concise Edition.)
[BOOK OF BIOGRAPHY]
[BIOGRAPHICAL CHART SHOWING THE WORLD’S MASTERS OF ACHIEVEMENT BY CENTURIES].
CHRONOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY: (a) The World’s Immortals, specially treated; (b) Present-Day Biographies.
(The Biographical Chart only is included in the Concise edition.)
⁂Books of Reference.—Philips: Dictionary of Biographical Reference. Vincent: Dictionary of Biography. Thomas: Dictionary of Biography. Appleton: Dictionary of American Biography; Dictionary of National Biography; Who’s Who in Great Britain; Who’s Who in America. Ruoff: Masters of Achievement; American Statesmen Series; American Men of Letters; English Statesmen Series; English Men of Letters. Smith: Dictionary of Christian Biography.
(Omitted in the Concise Edition.)
[BOOK OF THE CHILD WORLD]
PLAYLAND—STORYLAND—NATURE-LAND—SCHOOL-LAND: SIMPLE LESSONS ABOUT WORDS, READING, WRITING, NUMBERS, ETC.—MANNERS AND CONDUCT—THE PARENT AND CHILD—THE OUTLOOK UPON LIFE—EDUCATION AND MORAL GROWTH—CARE OF THE BODY.
⁂Books of Reference.—PRIMARY EDUCATION.—Arnold: Rhythms. Barnard: Kindergarten and Child-Culture Papers. Blow: Educational Issues; Letters to a Mother; Symbolic Education. Froebel’s translated Mother-Play Songs. Froebel: Education of Man; Education by Development; Last Volumes of Pedagogics; Pedagogics of the Kindergarten. Hailman: Laws of Childhood. Harrison: A Study of Child-Nature; Kindergarten Building Gifts; Misunderstood Children; Two Children of the Foothills. Hughes: Educational Laws. Peabody: Kindergarten Lectures. Snider: Commentary on Froebel’s Mother-Play Songs; Life of Froebel; Psychology of the Play-Gifts. Vanderwalker: The Kindergarten in American Education. Von Bulow: The Child; Reminiscences of Froebel.
(Abridged in the Concise Edition.)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Color Plates
[Marvels of the Earth’s Rotation and Forces]
[Proud Color Beauties of the Land of Flowers]
[Three Celebrated Pictures of Animal Favorites]
[Washington, America’s City Beautiful]
Architectural Glories of Famous Lands
Famous Historical Pictures by Oriental Artists
[Tennyson’s Beautiful “Lady of Shalott”]
“Open Sesame!” Ali Baba at the Cave
[Picture Diagrams of Eye and Ear]
The Fiery Furnace that Purifies Bessemer Steel
“The Ides of March”
Famous Masterpieces by Famous Painters
(Only six Color Plates are included in the single volume edition)
Diagrams, Maps and Charts
[Color Diagram Showing the Ocean Beds]
[Diagram of Orbits of the Planets]
[Picture Diagram of the Moon’s Phases]
[Star Charts of the Chief Constellations]
[Maps of the Chief Constellations]
[Diagrams Showing Formation of Eclipses]
[Diagram Showing a Bisection of the Earth]
[Chart Showing the Geological Growth of the Earth]
[Geological Map of the United States]
[Maps Showing Relative Size of Islands of the World]
[Diagram of the World’s Famous Rivers and Mountains]
[Maps Showing Relative Size of Lakes]
[Diagrams Explaining the Seasons, Day and Night]
[Pictorial Chart of Cloud Formations]
[Map Showing Distribution of Plant Life]
[Map Showing Range of Animal Life]
[16 Maps in Color Showing the Progress of Geographical Discovery]
[2 Picture Maps Presenting a Panoramic View of Paris]
[5 Picture Maps Giving a Panorama of the River Rhine]
[Picture Diagram Showing Parts of a Locomotive]
[Picture Diagram of Submarine]
[Picture Diagram Explaining Wireless Telegraphy]
[Picture Diagram Explaining an Electric Battery]
[Picture Diagram Showing How Electricity is Generated]
[Picture Diagram Explaining Radioactivity]
[Map of Panama Canal and Connections]
Other Full Page and Text Illustrations
These include hundreds of beautiful and instructive reproductions illustrative of the heavens, earth, minerals, plants and plant products, animal life, races and peoples, famous examples of architecture, scenes in great cities, historic shrines and ruins, mythology, science, marvels of mechanism, great works of engineering, monuments, industries, etc., as well as numerous photographic and art pictures of famous persons and episodes in the history of progress.