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THE MAKERS OF CANADA

INDEX AND DICTIONARY
OF CANADIAN HISTORY

EDITED BY

LAWRENCE J. BURPEE, F.R.G.S.

LIBRARIAN OF THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY, OTTAWA

AND

ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY, C.M.G., LITT.D.

DOMINION ARCHIVIST, OTTAWA

TORONTO
MORANG & CO., LIMITED

1912

Copyright, 1911.

Copyright in Great Britain.

INTRODUCTION

This Supplement is designed to supply a double need: it furnishes an analytical index to the entire series of twenty volumes; and it affords a great deal of additional information, bearing on the subject-matter of these volumes, but which from its very nature it was impossible to incorporate in the text. This additional information includes biographical sketches of the characters mentioned in each volume; similar sketches of prominent Canadians who for one reason or another do not appear in any of the twenty volumes; and brief descriptions of wars, battles, treaties, and political and other events having a vital bearing on the history of Canada. References have been added, wherever necessary, to the principal sources which the student may consult for further information. The whole has been thrown into one alphabetical arrangement, and it constitutes, to a large extent, a dictionary of Canadian history.

To satisfy further the desire of those who, after reading the foregoing volumes, find it profitable to investigate more fully certain lines of inquiry suggested by the narratives, it has been thought advisable to add a list of manuscript sources from which new material may be gleaned. The collection of documents most convenient for this purpose is to be found in the Dominion Archives. It is not possible in the present work to do more than indicate the principal documents, as there are fifteen thousand volumes of manuscript in the Archives bearing on Canadian history. The sources indicated here are drawn principally from the series designated A, B, C, F, Q, M. The letter refers to the series, and the number to the volume. The Calendars published by the Archives in the Annual Reports should also be consulted by the student. For convenience of reference, it has been deemed preferable to group the manuscript sources under general headings, and print the list as a separate section in the volume.

In the preparation of the bibliographical references, the object has been to include only those works that have a direct and vital bearing on the subject. A complete bibliography in each case would obviously be neither possible nor desirable. Nor, except in special cases, has any attempt been made to include articles or papers in periodicals or in the publications of learned societies. It will be sufficient to make a general reference here to some of the more important sources of information on the many topics covered in this volume. First among these sources probably should rank the publications of the Royal Society of Canada. The Society has published in a separate volume a very full General Index to its Proceedings and Transactions, 1882-1906, compiled by Dr. Benjamin Sulte. For volumes subsequent to 1906, the individual indexes should be consulted. A key to the Annual Reports of the Geological Survey of Canada is found in two General Indexes, one covering the years 1863-1884, and the other the years 1885-1906. The latter, compiled by F. J. Nicolas, is very complete. Wurtële's Index to the Transactions and other Publications of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1829-1891, furnishes a guide to the material issued by this oldest of Canadian learned societies. Unfortunately, no general index is available for the publications of the Canadian Institute, which cover a very wide and important field; nor for those of the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, the Ontario Historical Society, the Nova Scotia Historical Society, and various other Canadian institutions of a similar character. Much important material, bearing on, or supplementary to, the topics treated in the several volumes of the Makers of Canada will be found in the foregoing publications. The reader may also find it profitable in many cases to consult the publications of the American Historical Association, and the State Historical Societies of New York, Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. A great deal of important material is also to be found in Canadian and other periodicals. Of the more significant of these, the Revue Canadienne marked the completion of its fifty-third volume in 1907 by publishing in separate form a comprehensive Index to the entire series up to that year. In consulting other Canadian magazines, reference must in most cases be made to the individual indexes in each volume. The series of the Canadian Monthly and the New Dominion Monthly are, however, fully covered by Poole's Index; the Canadian Magazine, to a large extent, by Wilson's Guide to Periodical Literature, as well as by a General Index published by the magazine in 1907. A key to the publications of several Canadian historical societies and periodicals, since the year 1906, is furnished by the Magazine Subject-Index (Boston). The three admirable American guides mentioned above, that is, Poole's Index, Wilson's Guide, and the Magazine Subject-Index, with their annual or cumulative supplements, provide also a key to the great body of literature in the principal American and English periodicals, bearing on Canadian topics.

Among other important guides to Canadian subjects, historical, political, biographical, social, literary, and scientific, should be mentioned the Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada, edited by Wrong and Langton; Larned's Literature of American History, which includes a section on Canada; the various encyclopædias; the annual bibliographies of Canadian scientific work published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada; Gagnon's Essai de Bibliographie Canadienne; Morgan's Bibliotheca Canadensis; James's Bibliography of Canadian Verse; Horning and Burpee's Bibliography of Canadian Fiction; Tanguay's Dictionnaire Généalogique des Familles Canadiennes; and the very full bibliographies of material published in or about the province of Quebec, by Dr. N. E. Dionne. A general reference may also be made here, for all subjects in this volume relating to Canadian history, to such general works as those of Parkman, Kingsford, Bourinot, Dent, McMullen, Ferland, Faillon, Charlevoix, Bibaud, Garneau, Sulte, Miles, Christie, Haliburton, Murdoch, Campbell, Hannay, Bryce, and Begg. In addition to the principal source of Canadian manuscript material, the Archives at Ottawa, a large number of important documents will be found in the Provincial Archives at Halifax, Quebec, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Victoria, as well as in the universities of Laval, McGill, and Toronto. Finally, reference may be made to the various biographical dictionaries in the accompanying list.

The inclusion in the Supplement of several names of Canadians, both living and dead, who are not of the very first importance, and the omission of others who filled at least as important a place in the history of the country, will be explained largely by the fact that the former were incidentally mentioned somewhere in the series, and therefore had to be included, while the latter were not.

L. J. B.
A. G. D.

Ottawa, January, 1911

CONTENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

To avoid unnecessary repetitions, references to sources are abbreviated as follows:—

ILLUSTRATIONS

VOLUME I

VOLUME II

VOLUME III

VOLUME IV

VOLUME V

VOLUME VI

VOLUME VII

VOLUME VIII

VOLUME IX

VOLUME X

VOLUME XI

INDEX REFERENCES

The titles of the volumes in the series are indicated by initial letters as follows:

INDEX AND DICTIONARY

Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell (1821-1893). Educated at McGill University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1847. A candidate for the Legislative Assembly for Argenteuil, 1857, but defeated by Sydney Bellingham. Bellingham subsequently unseated and Abbott declared elected, 1860. Solicitor-general for Lower Canada in Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862-1863, and for a few days retained same position in Macdonald-Dorion ministry. From 1867 to 1874 and from 1880 to 1887 represented Argenteuil in House of Commons. May, 1887, admitted to Macdonald ministry as minister without portfolio, and at same time appointed to Senate, where he became leader of Conservative party. On death of Macdonald, became prime minister, June, 1891; held this position until ill health compelled him to resign, November, 1892. A recognized authority on questions of commercial and constitutional law. Framed Insolvent Act of 1864, and Jury Law Consolidation Act of Lower Canada. Index: C Countenances Annexation Movement in 1849, 44-45. BL On the Annexation Manifesto, 336. Md A witness before Pacific Scandal Committee, 204. Bib.: Annual Register, 1893; Terrill, Chronology of Montreal; Thomas, History of Argenteuil and Prescott; Weir, Sixty Years in Canada; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Abbott, Joseph (1789-1863). Born and educated in England. Came to Canada, 1818. Missionary of the Church of England. Wrote The Emigrant, containing information for farmers about Canada.

Abenaquis Indians. See Abnaki.

Abercrombie, James. Entered the army, and obtained a captaincy in the 42nd or 1st Battalion of Royal Highlanders, 1756. Appointed aide-de-camp to Major-General Amherst, 1759, with whom he made the campaigns in Canada of that and the following year. Appointed major of the 78th or 2nd Highland Battalion, 1760, and, in September following, employed by General Amherst in communicating to the Marquis de Vaudreuil the conditions preparatory to the surrender of Montreal, and in obtaining his signature to them. The 78th Regiment having been disbanded in 1763, retired on half-pay. Again entered active service, 1770, as lieutenant-colonel of the 22nd Regiment, then serving in America under the command of Lieutenant-General Gage; killed in the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Abercromby, James (1706-1781). Entered the army, and obtained commission as major, 1742; lieutenant-colonel, 1744; colonel, 1746. Sent to America with 50th Regiment, 1756; superseded Shirley and Webb in command of the army; and then resigned command to Lord Loudon. In 1757 commanded second brigade against Louisbourg. On Loudon's recall, became commander-in-chief, 1758. Led expedition against Ticonderoga, with Lord Howe as second in command. On Howe's death, the campaign became a dismal failure for the British, Abercromby being outgeneralled at every point by Montcalm. Returned to England, and in 1772 deputy-governor of Stirling Castle. Index: WM Sent to America with reinforcements, 33; commands division intended to operate by way of Lake Champlain, 54; repulsed at Fort Carillon, 55-61. Hd His recall, 21. See also Howe; Rogers; Ticonderoga; Carillon. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Rogers, Journals during the Late War, ed. by Hough.

Abercromby, Sir Ralph (1734-1801). Commanded a brigade in Holland under Duke of York, 1793, and wounded at Nimeguen. Afterwards appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in the West Indies. Held successive commands in Ireland, Scotland, in the expedition to Holland, and, in 1801, appointed to command the expedition against the French in Egypt. Won a brilliant victory near Alexandria, but died of wounds received in the battle. Index: Bk Brock serves under, in Holland, 14. Bib.: Dunfermline, Sir Ralph Abercromby: a Memoir; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Aberdeen, John Campbell Hamilton Gordon, seventh Earl of (1847- ). A baronet of Nova Scotia. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Succeeded to peerage, 1870. Appointed viceroy of Ireland, 1886. Appointed governor-general of Canada, 1893. Again appointed viceroy of Ireland, 1905. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who.

Abnaki Indians. A tribe of the Algonquian family, inhabiting a portion of what is now the province of New Brunswick. They were early converts of the French missionaries, and made common cause with the French against the English colonists. A number were brought to Canada in the seventeenth century, and formed a settlement on the St. Francis River, a few miles above its junction with the St. Lawrence. The Indian town was destroyed by Robert Rogers in 1759. Index: F Hostile to New England, 240; incited by Governor Denonville, 249; ravages committed by, 316; attack settlement at York, 326; repulsed at Wells, 327; disposed to make peace with New England, 328; French influence in opposite direction prevails, 330; attack settlement of Oyster River, 330; fired on from Fort Pemaquid under flag of truce, 331. L Ravages committed by, on New England settlements, 12; in Acadia, 228. WM Enemies of the English, 16. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Montcalm and Wolfe; Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Vetromile, The Abnakis and their History.

Abraham, Plains of. See Plains of Abraham.

Academy of Arts. See Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.

Acadia. The name Acadia or "la Cadie" is found as early as Nov. 8, 1603, in the commission of Henry IV appointing Pierre du Gua, Sieur de Monts, lieutenant-general in La Cadie, extending from the fortieth to the forty-sixth degree of north latitude. The limits were afterwards reduced, and the boundaries of Acadia became a cause of contention between France and England. France claimed that the English possessions were restricted to the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and that the territory now known as New Brunswick had not been ceded to England. The first settlement in Acadia was on the Island of St. Croix in 1604, but the following year it was transferred to Port Royal, and abandoned in 1607. Three years later the Sieur de Poutrincourt established a new settlement at Port Royal, which was destroyed by Argall in 1613. In September, 1621, James I granted the territory of Acadia, under the name of Nova Scotia, to Sir William Alexander. This grant was renewed in July, 1625, by Charles I. A small Scottish settlement was established at Port Royal by the grantee. Acadia was restored to France by the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye in 1632, and during the same year new settlers were brought from France. Acadia was finally ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Index: Ch Its resources and limits, 18; English king indisposed to restore, 213. F Attempt to form settlement in, 6; seized by English under Kirke, 22; subsequent vicissitudes, 268-272; seized under orders from Cromwell, 268; settlers disposed to trade with New England, 270; Port Royal (Annapolis) made capital, 270; visited by Meulles and Saint Vallier, and census taken, 271; Port Royal and other posts captured by Phipps, who establishes government, 274; passes again under French control, 316. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Lescarbot, New France; Denys, Acadia; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Rameau de Saint-Père, Une Colonie Feodale; Calnek and Savary, History of the County of Annapolis; Moreau, Histoire de l'Acadie; Hannay, History of Acadia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.

Acadia College. Situated at Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Founded by the Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society, 1838. Application made to the Nova Scotia Assembly for incorporation as "The Trustees, Governors and Fellows of the Queen's College." The corporation created with university powers, 1840. At the next meeting of the Legislature its name changed to Acadia College. Power of appointing governors transferred from the Education Society to the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces, 1851. Final changes in the Act of Incorporation, 1891. Index: H Founded by the Baptists, 1838; first known as Queen's College, 81; defended by James W. Johnstone, 83. Bib.: Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.

Acadian. Newspaper published at Halifax. Index: H Formerly Weekly Chronicle, 6; purchased and edited by Joseph Howe, 6; sold by Howe, 6.

Acadians. The first permanent settlers were those who came with De Razilly in 1632, and from these the Acadians of to-day are descended. Other French immigrants were brought by d'Aulnay de Charnisay from 1639 to 1649, and by La Tour and Le Borgne in 1651 and 1658 respectively. There were also small immigrations at divers later dates. The first general nominal census was taken in 1671, and gave a population of 392 souls. In 1686 there were 885 persons in Acadia. Seven years later the inhabitants numbered 1018. When Acadia was ceded to Britain in 1713, the Acadian population was 2500. Although from 1713 to 1745 a number of families had escaped to the new French colonies of Isle Royale and Isle St. Jean (now Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island), still in 1749, when the British settled Halifax, there were about 12,500 Acadians in the province. Another large influx of population to the same colonies, and to the St. John River, took place between 1749 and 1755, yet there remained in the latter year in the peninsula and in the Isthmus of Chignecto some 10,000 inhabitants, of whom nearly 7000 were deported in 1755. The rest escaped to the woods; some went to Miramichi, and later to Baie des Chaleurs; others crossed over to the Isles Royale and St. Jean, and quite a number found their way to St. John River, and from thence to the province of Quebec. The whole population of Acadians in the peninsula, the Isthmus of Chignecto, the St. John River, Isle Royale, and Isle St. Jean, at the time of the expulsion, is computed at 16,000. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Haliburton, Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia; Hannay, History of Acadia; Raymond, St. John River; Gaudet, Acadian Genealogy (Report on Dominion Archives, 1905, vol. 2).

Acadians, Expulsion of the. Governor Lawrence in 1755, with the advice of his Council and of Admirals Boscawen and Mostyn, but apparently without consulting the home government, decided that the Acadians must be deported from Nova Scotia. The reason for this decision was the obstinate refusal of the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance, and the conviction of the governor that the safety of the colony depended upon their expulsion. In September, 1755, all preparations having been made with the utmost secrecy, Monckton at Beauséjour, Winslow at Grand Pré, Murray at Piziquid, and Handfield at Annapolis, seized the inhabitants and held them prisoners until the arrival of the transport and provision ships. These having been delayed, the final embarkation did not take place until late in December. The Acadians were distributed among the British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. Some hired vessels in 1763, and sailed to Miquelon, and in 1767 and following years returned gradually to their old Acadian home. Others came directly to Nova Scotia in 1766, there being no longer any reason for their exclusion, while others went north to Quebec or south to Louisiana. The present Acadian population in the three Maritime Provinces is over 150,000, and these are the descendants of the few families who escaped deportation, and of those who returned from exile. Index: See references under Acadia. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Richard, Acadia; Casgrain, Un Pélérinage au Pays d'Evangéline; Une Seconde Acadie; Les Sulpiciens et les Prêtres des Missions Etrangères en Acadia; Documents Inédits sur l'Acadie, 1710-1815; Archibald, Expulsion of Acadians (N.S. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1887); Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Calnek and Savary, History of the County of Annapolis.

Accommodation. First steamboat on the St. Lawrence. Built by John Molson at Montreal. Arrived at Quebec from Montreal, Nov. 5, 1809, making the run in 36 hours. The vessel measured 85 feet over all, had 16 feet beam, and was equipped with an engine of six-horse power. See also Molson; Steamships. Bib.: Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal Board of Trade, 1893.

Adams. Bk United States brig on Lake Erie, 178; surrendered to British, 256; name changed to Detroit, 274; captured by Americans at Fort Erie, 289; burnt, 290. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Adams, John. Came to Nova Scotia from Boston. Appointed member of the Council, 1720. After the death of Lawrence Armstrong, administered the government during 1739 and 1740. Returned to Boston, 1740, as blindness prevented him from attending to his duties.

Addison, Robert. S First chaplain of Upper Canada Assembly, 85, 158; opens a school at Niagara, 167. R Member of Board of Education, Upper Canada, 58.

Adet, Pierre Auguste (1763-1832). Appointed on the 10th thermidor, member of the French Council of Mines. In 1795, went to the United States in the capacity of plenipotentiary. In 1796 presented to the United States Congress the tricolour flag on behalf of the French nation; and the following year, handed to the secretary of state the famous note in which the Directoire, complaining to the American government of breach of neutrality, stated that the republic would give to every neutral flag the same treatment that the latter would get from Great Britain. Index: Dr French minister to United States, intrigues of, 300, 301.

Agniers. See Mohawks.

Agriculture. Societies for improving the conditions of agriculture were founded in Nova Scotia, 1789; in Quebec the same year; and in Upper Canada in 1792. Simcoe in Upper Canada and Dorchester in Quebec did much to further agricultural interests, but Quebec owes most to J. F. Perrault (q.v.), and Nova Scotia to John Young (q.v.). An agricultural school was founded at Ste. Anne de la Pocatière in 1859; the Guelph Agricultural College was established in 1874; the Nova Scotia School of Agriculture, 1885; and the Macdonald College, at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, opened in the fall of 1907. Agricultural Colleges are also in operation in connection with the provincial universities of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Index: F In New France, difficulties in the way of, 87. S Progress of, in Upper Canada, 108, 109; Simcoe's endeavours to promote, 110, 198. E Elgin on, 49-50; department of, established by Hincks-Morin government, 117; charged with founding of model farms and agricultural schools, 117. MS Agricultural experiments of the Red River colony, 1820-1835, 222-223; experimental farm at Red River, 237; Governor Simpson's views, 273-278. D In British Columbia, 256-257, 329-330. B Splendid field for in North-West predicted by Toronto Globe, in 1852, 213-215. See also Farmers; Wheat; Flour-milling; Puget Sound Agricultural Society. Bib.: Canada: An Ency., vol. 5; Johnson, First Things in Canada.

Aguesseau, Henri-François (1668-1751). Studied law; appointed third barrister of the Parliament of Paris, 1690; and attorney-general, 1700. Seventeen years later became chancellor. His opposition to Law's financial scheme brought about his temporary disgrace. Reappointed after the failure of Law's bank, and retired, 1722. Joined the administration again in 1727 as minister of justice, and finally retired, 1750. Index: F On French Parliaments, 153.

Aiguebelle, d'. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 257.

Aiken, Thomas B. H Contributes to The Club in Howe's Nova Scotian, 10.

Aikins, James Cox (1823-1896). Educated at Victoria College. Elected for Peel County, 1854, and sat in Assembly until 1861. Elected to Legislative Council, 1862; and at Confederation became a member of the Dominion Senate. Secretary of state in Macdonald administration, 1869-1873, and again in 1878-1880; minister of inland revenue, 1880-1882; lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1882-1888; again called to Senate, 1896. Index: R Graduate of Victoria College, 143. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Ailleboust de Coulonge, Louis d'. Administered settlement of Villemarie during the absence of Maisonneuve. Promoted to governorship of Three Rivers. Became governor of Canada, 1648. Succeeded by Lauzon, 1651. Administered the colony, 1657. Died at Quebec, 1660. Index: F Succeeds Montmagny as governor, 35; interim governor, 42. L His pious administration, 8. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Aillon, Father de la Roche d'. Ch Récollet interpreter and negotiator with the Kirkes, 188-190; returns to France, 208. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of. Signed between Great Britain and France, April 18, 1748. Brought the War of the Austrian Succession to a close. The practical effect of the treaty was to renew the status quo. All former treaties were renewed and all conquests restored. So far as British North America was concerned, the most vital article was that which provided for the restoration to France of Cape Breton. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Alabama Claims. Md Exploits of the Alabama, 98; inflicts injury on Northern shipping, 165; causes irritation in United States, 167; claims referred to Joint Commission, 168-169; personnel of Commission, 169; claims finally submitted to arbitration, 181. See also Washington, Treaty of.

Alaska Boundary Question. Arose out of differences of opinion as to the interpretation of the 1828 Convention between Russia and Great Britain, and particularly as to the boundary of the coast strip. The United States contention was that the boundary should follow a line approximately parallel to the coast and thirty marine miles distant therefrom; the Canadian, that it should follow the summit of the first range, crossing many of the inlets near their mouths. The decision of the Joint Commission of 1903 did not concede the United States claims in full, but gave them an unbroken littoral, substantially what they had contended for. Index: D Effect of Russian occupation, 38; early history of, 119; history of dispute, 340-341. Bib.: Hodgins, British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada; MacArthur, The Alaska Boundary Award, in the Univ. Mag., December, 1907; Bourinot, Canada under British Rule; Proceedings of the Alaska Boundary Tribunal, Washington, 1904; Ewart, The Kingdom of Canada.

Albanel, Charles. L Explores Hudson Bay, 11.

Alberta. Created a province of the Dominion on Sept. 1, 1905. Includes the former district of Alberta, with the west half of Athabaska, and a strip of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. Area, 253,540 square miles. The former district or territory of Alberta was named in honour of the Princess Louise. Seat of government, Edmonton. See also North-West Territories.

Alberta, University of. Created by Act of the Legislature of Alberta passed at the first session after provincial autonomy had been granted. First president appointed, 1908. Seat of university at Strathcona, across the Saskatchewan River from Edmonton, the capital of the province.

Albion. Newspaper published at New York. Index: B Peter Brown contributes to, 2; a weekly newspaper, published at New York for British residents of United States, 2. BL On Draper's pronouncement as to responsible government, 94; on Bagot's reception at Montreal, 118; on Hincks's appointment as inspector-general, 120; on the seat of government, 182; on the Metcalfe crisis, 199.

Alexander VII, Pope (1599-1667). Born Fabio Chigi. Elected pope, 1655. Index: L Appoints Laval his vicar apostolic, 7.

Alexander of Rhodes, Father. L Recommends Laval for mission work in India, 23.

Alexander, Sir William. See Stirling, Earl of.

Algonquian Indians. The name is now applied to what is probably the most widely-distributed linguistic stock of North America. In the days of French Canada, it was given to a comparatively small and unimportant tribe, whose home was on the banks of the Ottawa. Index: L Two camps of, destroyed, 9; missions destroyed by drunkenness, 175. Bib.: Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Brinton, The Lenape and Their Legends; Pilling, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages.

Aliens. Dr Dorchester has Act passed in 1794 by Assembly, 288; designed to guard against danger of anti-British sentiment, 288. Mc Act passed in Upper Canada, 1804, 88; designed to guard against sedition, 88-89; terms of British Act of 1790, 140-141; hardships of, 141; Act of 1826, 141-143.

Alix, Marguerite. Ch Mother of Helen Bouillé, 66.

Alix, Simon. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.

Allan, George William (1822-1901). Born in York, Upper Canada. Educated at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar, 1846. Served in the volunteers during the Rebellion of 1837. Mayor of Toronto, 1855; elected member of the Legislative Council, 1858; appointed to the Senate, 1867; Speaker of the Senate, 1888-1891. From 1877 until his death, chancellor of Trinity University. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Allan, Sir Hugh (1810-1882). Founder of the Allan line of steamships. Came to Canada from Scotland, 1826, and in 1831 entered the shipbuilding firm of James Millar & Co., Montreal, of which he became a partner in 1835. In 1853 his firm began building iron screw steamships, and their first vessel, the Canadian, made its first voyage in 1855. The following year, with a fleet of four vessels, a regular service was opened between Canada and England, with fortnightly sailings. In 1859 the fleet was increased to eight steamers, and a weekly service opened. From these small beginnings, the Allan Line has risen to a foremost place in transatlantic transportation. Index: Md President of the Canadian Pacific Railway Co.—his agreement with American capitalists, 201-202; corrupt bargains with government, 202; denies charges, 205; Macdonald denies corrupt bargain, 207; Cartier's connection with, 207; his Company compelled to abandon railway project, 233. C His Company offers to build transcontinental railway, 53; asked to subscribe to Conservative election fund, 53; his indiscreet letters, 53. H President of Montreal Board of Trade, presides at public dinner to Joseph Howe, 138. D His connection with transcontinental railway project, 321. E His line secures mail subsidy, 115. See also Transportation; Molson; Cunard; Royal William. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Canada: An Ency., vol. 3; Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal Board of Trade, 1893.

Allanshaw, James. W Appointed to Legislative Council, New Brunswick, 69.

Allard, Father Germain. L Récollet missionary, arrival in Canada, 109.

Allcock, Henry. Studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and called to the bar, 1791. In November, 1798, appointed judge of Court of King's Bench for Upper Canada. Elected to Legislative Assembly for constituency of Durham, Simcoe, and E. York, 1800, but unseated by the Assembly, June, 1801. Under the direction of Lieutenant-Governor Hunter, engaged in the preparation of a bill to establish a Court of Equity in the province, and was to have been the first chancellor of the Court. The Court of Equity, however, was not at this time established, and on the removal of Chief-Justice Elmsley to Lower Canada, October, 1802, was appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada, and a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils. On the death of Elmsley, promoted to chief-justice of Lower Canada, July 1, 1805. In August, 1806, took his seat as a member of the Executive Council, and in January, 1807, appointed a member and chairman of the Legislative Council. Died at Quebec, Feb. 22, 1808. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges; Cartwright, Life and Letters of Richard Cartwright.

Allen, Ethan (1737-1789). Index: Dr Seizes Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 83; marches against Montreal, 98; captured with part of his force, 99; put into irons, 100; proposes separate arrangements between Vermont and Canada, 244, 245. Hd His intrigues in connection with political status of Vermont, 197-216; his great duplicity, 209, 213; proposes secret treaty to Haldimand, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. See also Montgomery; Arnold; American Invasion. Bib.: Allen's Captivity: Being a Narrative Containing his Voyages, Travels, etc.; Henry Hall, Ethan Allen; Jared Sparks, American Biography, ser. 1, vol. 1; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada.

Allen, Ira (1751-1814). Index: Hd Brother of Ethan—has conference with British emissary, 204; little confidence placed in good faith of, 205, 209; receives documents justifying his mission, 210; proposes secret treaty with Britain, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. Dr His plans for attacking Canada, 299, 300.

Allen, John Campbell. T Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1856, 41; opposition candidate in York, 1865, elected, 86; his sterling honesty, 87; attorney-general in Smith government, 91; a Conservative, 91; appointed to the bench, 93, 95; chief justice, 87. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.

Allison, Joseph. H On his death, 1839, Joseph Howe offered his seat in Executive Council, Nova Scotia, but refuses, 72.

Allouez, Father Claude. Came to Quebec, 1657. Left for the West, 1665. Laboured for twenty-five years among the tribes of what are now the states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. Met La Salle in Illinois, 1679. Died in 1690. Index: L Missionary labours of, 11; impresses Indians of Sault Ste. Marie with power of French king, 104. Bib.: Shea, Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley; Griffin, Discovery of the Mississippi.

Allsopp, George. Settled in Quebec, 1761, and became prominent in maintaining the rights of the civil authority as opposed to the military. January, 1766, appointed deputy secretary, clerk of the Council, and registrar of enrolments, but because of his opposition to the government, Murray refused to admit him to office. In April, 1768, Carleton confirmed him in these appointments, which he retained until superseded by George Pownall in 1775. From 1771 to 1776 deputy commissary-general. One of the original members of the Legislative Council, under the Quebec Act. In 1780, when the Legislative Council presented an address to Haldimand opposing the passing of an ordinance amending the judicial system of the province in accordance with royal instructions to the governor, voted against the address and caused a strongly worded protest to be entered in the minutes of the Council. This action resented by members of the Council, and ultimately led to his dismissal by Haldimand, February, 1783. Index: Hd Member of Council suspended for sedition, 1783, 175. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Almon, William Bruce. H A "bitter Tory," 86; called to Executive and Legislative Councils of Nova Scotia, 1843, 86; his appointment leads to resignation of Howe, 87; challenges Howe to a duel, 236. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Alwington. Sy Name of governor-general's residence at Kingston, 294.

American Colonies. Dr Their objections to the Quebec Act, 70. Hd Loudon's letter to Pitt regarding taxation of, 11; objections to in colonies, 58; Haldimand's opinion of, 84; feeling in London against taxation of, 86.

American Invasion (1775-1776). Grew out of the belief entertained by the rebellious colonists that the French of Canada could readily be won to their side. As a matter of fact the latter, while for the most part showing no enthusiasm to join Carleton's forces, were still less inclined to coöperate with the invading army under Montgomery and Arnold, or to support the movement for union with the New Englanders. On the other hand, the Americans had a number of English-speaking sympathizers in Montreal—men who had come there from the colonies to the south. This, and its geographical position, made the capture of Montreal an easy matter; but Quebec was a different problem. Here Carleton gathered a small but efficient force of regulars and militia, and successfully held the town against the invading army. Montgomery was killed in the assault, Dec. 31, 1775, and in the spring of 1776 the siege was raised. The invading army hastily retreated to Montreal, and finally was driven out of the country. Index: P Joseph Papineau carries despatch to Carleton, 5. Dr Agitation worked up by American emissaries, 79-80; disaffection in Montreal, 82; seizure of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 82; Arnold captures vessel on Lake Champlain, 83; defence of St. Johns, 84-85; martial law proclaimed, 86; militia called out, 86-88; the habitants indifferent or disaffected, 88; English-speaking inhabitants of Montreal refuse to serve, 88; Guy Johnson raises Indian levies, 88; measures of defence, 90-93; Congress decides to invade Canada, 95-96; Arnold starts for the Kennebec, 96; Montgomery assumes command, 97; Allen appears before Montreal, is captured and sent to England, 98-99; Montgomery lays siege to St. Johns, 100-101; Chambly captured by the Americans, 101; Preston surrenders at St. Johns, 102; Arnold marches on Quebec, 106-111; Carleton escapes to Quebec, 112-113; organizes the defence, 114-115; progress of the siege, 118-124; Montgomery and Arnold attack the city, 124-126; death of Montgomery, 126; failure of Arnold's attack, 127-132; Franklin's mission to Montreal, 135-136; arrival of the fleet at Quebec with reinforcements, 137; Carleton attacks the Americans, 138-139; evacuation of Canada, 141-147. See also Montgomery; Arnold; Dorchester; Ethan Allen. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Stone, Invasion of Canada; Codman, Arnold's Expedition to Quebec; Lucas, History of Canada; Coffin, The Province of Quebec and the Early American Revolution; Bradley, The Making of Canada.

American Revolution. WM Traced to battle of the Plains, 205. T Loyalists in, 2-3.

Americans. Dr Settled in Canada, disloyalty of, 82, 85; disorderly retreat of, 146.

Amherst, Jeffrey, Baron (1717-1797). Sent to America, 1758, and in co-operation with Admiral Boscawen, captured Louisbourg that year. With General Prideaux and Sir W. Johnson, took Ticonderoga, 1759. Reduced Montreal the following year. Appointed commander-in-chief and governor-general in America, 1761. Raised to peerage, 1776, as Baron Amherst of Holmesdale. Index: WM In command of Louisbourg expedition, 73; commander-in-chief of forces in America, 77; operates against Montreal, 77; his slowness of movement, 97, 122; held in check by Bourlamaque, 131; compels Bourlamaque to evacuate Forts Carillon and Frederic, 146. Hd Replaces Abercromby, 21; wrecks Fort George, 22; his delay at Lake Champlain, 25; praises Haldimand's forbearance at Niagara, 27; builds a strong fort at Crown Point, 28; arrives at Oswego, 34; Montreal surrenders to, 38; takes up quarters at New York, 40; nominal governor of Canada, 41; notifies Haldimand of promotion, 42; approves scheme for smelting old guns, 47; retirement of, 53; letter from Haldimand, 82; recommends Haldimand for New York command, 83; his interest in Louis Haldimand, 88; blind to true situation in America, 103; anxious to see Haldimand on his return to England, 105-106; meets Haldimand at Sydneys, 311; entertainments given by, 324-325; Haldimand on, 326, 332; Haldimand visits, 337, 339. Dr Canada surrendered to, 2; grants religious freedom, 10. See also Louisbourg; Ticonderoga; Crown Point. Bib.: Expedition of British and Provincial Army ... against Ticonderoga and Crown Point; Samuel Waldo, Reduction of Louisbourg (Dominion Archives, 1886); Johnstone, Journal of Louisbourg, 1750-1758 (Coll. de doc. rel. à la Nouvelle France, vol. 3); Dict. of Eng. Hist.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bradley, The Fight with France; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Amherstburg. A town on the Canadian side of the Detroit River. Index: Bk Fort, village, and naval station, 59; deputy quartermaster-general stationed at, 80; military importance of, 177, 236; garrison of, 202, 235. BL Early municipal government of, 298. Bib.: James, Early History of the Town of Amherstburg.

Amherst's Regiment. WM On British left, at Quebec, 189.

Amiens, Treaty of. Signed between Great Britain and France, March 25, 1802. Brought to an end the war that had lasted since 1793. Among other provisions, the Newfoundland fisheries were restored to the same position held before the war. Index: Bk Preliminaries of peace entered into in London, and treaty signed at Amiens, 30-31. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions; Bowman, Preliminary Stages of the Peace of Amiens.

Amnesty Act, 1838. Mc Enables the government to extend conditional pardon in certain cases to political offenders, 474-475.

Amnesty Act, 1849. E William Lyon Mackenzie takes advantage of, 91. BL Proposed by Elgin, on behalf of Imperial government, as a measure of pardon for those implicated in the Rebellion of 1837-1838, 287; Act passed, 292. Mc Mackenzie takes advantage of, 480. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Amusements in Canada. Hd Contemporary accounts of, in 1781, 221-224.

Anadabijou. Ch Montagnais chief, makes long harangue to Champlain, 10; his relations with Champlain, 50-51.

Anahotaha. L Huron chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69.

Andastes. A once-powerful tribe, who spoke a dialect of the Iroquois, but were at deadly enmity with the Five Nations, by whom, according to Parkman, they were nearly destroyed about the year 1672. Index: Ch Indian tribe of Virginia, 90; adopted into the Hurons and spoke their language, 90.

Andehoua. Ch Indian youth baptized, 233.

Anderson, Captain. Dr British officer killed at Sault au Matelot barrier, 130.

Anderson, A. Caulfield. An officer of the Hudson's Bay Company, employed for many years in the New Caledonia district, under Dr. McLoughlin. Index: D In charge at Alexandria, on the Lower Fraser, 186; explores a road from Kamloops to the Lower Fraser, 186.

Anderson, Anthony. Mc Given command of the rebels, 360; moves on Toronto, 363; takes prisoners, 364; victim of Powell's treachery, 365.

Anderson, David (1814-1885). Born in London, England. Educated at Edinburgh Academy and at Exeter College, Oxford. Vice-principal of St. Bees College, Cumberland, 1841-1847, and incumbent of All Saints', Derby, 1848-1849. Came to the Red River Settlement as bishop of Rupert's Land, 1849. Remained until 1864, when he returned to England. Subsequently vicar of Clifton and chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. Bib.: Works: Notes on the Flood; Net in the Bay. For biog. see, Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland; Machray, Life of Archbishop Machray.

Andros, Sir Edmund (1637-1713). Appointed governor of New York, 1674; governor of all the New England colonies, 1685. Recalled on account of his extreme unpopularity, 1688. Subsequently governor of Virginia, 1692-1698. Index: F Governor of New England, 263; seized and imprisoned, 266. L His offer respecting liquor traffic, 173. Bib.: Whitmore, Andros Tracts (Prince Soc., 1868-1874); Ferguson, Essays in American History.

Aneda. Ch An Indian chief, 29.

Aneda. An evergreen, used by Jacques Cartier and his men as a remedy against scurvy. Parkman suggests that it was a spruce, or, more probably, an arbor-vitæ. Douglas believes it to have been balsam. Cartier spells the name ameda, and Lescarbot, annedda. Index: Ch Remedy for scurvy, 29; the Iroquois word for spruce tree, 30.

Ange Gardien. A village on the St. Lawrence, north shore, below Quebec. Index: WM Wolfe seriously ill at, 154.

Angers, Auguste Rèal (1838- ). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar; made Q.C. 1880, and the same year appointed a puisne judge of the Superior Court of Quebec. Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1887; resigned and called to the Senate, 1892. Minister of agriculture, 1892-1895; president of the Council, 1896. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Chapais, Angers (Men of the Day).

Old Fort, near Annapolis Royal From the John Ross Robertson collection

Anglican Church. See Church of England.

Anglin, Timothy Warren (1822-1886). Born in Ireland. Came to St. John, New Brunswick, 1849. Established Weekly Freeman that year. Elected to New Brunswick Legislature for St. John, 1860. Opposed Confederation. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867, for Gloucester. Elected Speaker, 1874, and again in 1878. Index: C Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73. T Elected for St. John to New Brunswick Assembly on Anti-Confederate ticket, 85; member of Smith government, 91; his influence, 93; differences with colleagues in railway matter, 94; resigns his seat, 1865, 95; defeated for county of St. John, 1866, 109. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.

Angus, Richard Bladworth (1831- ). Born at Bathgate, near Edinburgh. Came to Canada, 1857, and joined the staff of the Bank of Montreal. Rose steadily in the service of the bank, and in 1869 became general manager. President of the Bank of Montreal, 1910; and director of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Index: Md Director of Canadian Pacific Railway syndicate, 236. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Anian, Strait of. Dr. Ruge says that the name arose through a misunderstanding of Marco Polo's book (bk. 3, ch. 5). His Ania "is no doubt the present Anam, but the Dutch cartographers thought that this land was in north-east Asia, and called the strait that was said to separate the continents the Strait of Anian." The name appears for the first time on Gerh. Mercator's famous maritime chart of 1569. Index: D History of search for, 2; De Fuca's voyage to, 9; Carver's River of Oregon, 20. Bib.: Soph. Ruge, Fretum Aniam; Dawson, Canada.

Annand, William (1808-1892). Born in Halifax County. Entered the Nova Scotia Assembly as one of the members for Halifax, 1836; financial secretary in Howe's ministry, 1860-1863. An active opponent of Confederation. Formed the first Anti-Confederate or repeal government in Nova Scotia, 1867; retired in 1874 to accept the position of immigration agent at London, where he died. Index: H Elected to represent Halifax in Nova Scotia Legislature, as Joseph Howe's colleague, 1836, 29; assumes control of Nova Scotian, 74-75; publishes Morning Chronicle, 75; advocates central non-sectarian college for Nova Scotia, 82; becomes financial secretary of province, 169; Wm. Miller brings action against for libel, 188; goes to London, 1866, as Anti-Confederate delegate, 192; becomes head of Nova Scotia government, 202; member of repeal delegation to London, 1868, 204; turns against Howe, 208, 209, 217; receives vote of thanks from Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Annapolis Royal. When Nicholson, with his fleet and New England troops, captured Port Royal in 1710, he changed the name to Annapolis Royal, in honour of Queen Anne. It was besieged the following year by the Acadians with their Micmac and Penobscot allies, but the New England garrison held the fort. Under treaty of Utrecht, 1713, ceded to England by France. In 1744 Paul Mascarene successfully defended the place against Du Vivier. See also Port Royal. Bib.: Calnek and Savary, History of the County of Annapolis; Nicholson, Journal of the Capture of Annapolis (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 1).

Anne, Saint. L Chapel dedicated to, in the church at Quebec, 84; chapels erected to, at Beaupré, 101; relic of, 102.

Annexation to United States. A fitful movement, never reaching serious proportions, and generally the result of temporary or local dissatisfaction with political conditions, or of commercial depression. Goldwin Smith was for many years its prophet. Index: Md Favoured by small wing of Reform party, 23; manifesto issued by business men of Montreal, its causes, 39, 40, 95; opposition to Confederation raises hopes of American party, 118; movement in Nova Scotia, 145; movement in British Columbia, 149; Goldwin Smith, the gloomy prophet of, 293; advocated by Edward Farrer, 312-313. Mc W. L. Mackenzie not in favour of, 10. BL Manifesto of 1849, 336; Sir John Abbott on, 336; advocated by many of the Radicals of Lower Canada, 343. C Advocated by Democratic party in Quebec, 26; said by Elgin to be popular among commercial classes in 1849, 44; countenanced by Sir John Abbott and L. H. Holton, 44-45; what it would mean for Quebec, 64. B Threatened by repeal of Corn Laws in 1846, 31, 32; the Montreal Manifesto, 36-37; sentiment for, charged against Clear Grits, 42; opposition charged with, in Confederation debate, 185; Brown holds that Reciprocity scheme designed to promote, 194; charge of, denied by Canada First party, 237. E Sentiment for, in 1847, 5; Elgin on, 58; Montreal Manifesto, 80-82; advocated by the Parti Rouge, 109; Elgin's efforts to counteract movement, 189-190; Durham on, 192-193; conditions favouring movement, 194-195; repeal of Reciprocity Treaty designed to promote, 202. P Threatened in Ninety-Two Resolutions, 92-93; advocated in 1848, and since Confederation, 96; advocated by Papineau, O'Callaghan, and their friends, 97. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Weir, Sixty Years in Canada; Kirby, Counter Manifesto to the Annexationists of Montreal; Denison, The Struggle for Imperial Unity.

Anse des Mères. WM Frigates stationed at, 87; British vessels anchored at, 124.

Anstruther's Regiment. WM In the attack on Quebec, 135; secures Sillery road, 183; detachment keeps Bougainville's corps in check, 189.

Antell. Dr A disaffected Montrealer, 122.

Anticosti. The first mention of the island is in Cartier's narrative of his first voyage, 1534. The following year he again visited the island, which he named Isle de l'Assomption. On the origin of the present Indian name, see W. F. Ganong's note, Royal Society Trans., 1889, II, 51. Placed under jurisdiction of Newfoundland in 1763; transferred to Canada, 1774. Bib.: Huard, Labrador et Anticosti; Guay, Lettres sur l'île Anticosti; Schmitt, Monographie de l'île d'Anticosti; Lewis, Menier and his Island.

Apprenticeship, System of. L Adopted with new-comers, in New France, 78.

Archambault, Louis. C Confirms statements as to Cartier's action in connection with alleged alterations in British North America Act, 103. E Member of Seigniorial Commission, 186.

Archibald, Sir Adams George (1814-1892). Educated at Pictou Academy. Studied law; in 1838 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island; and to that of Nova Scotia in 1839. Elected to the Nova Scotia Assembly for Colchester, 1851. Attorney-general of Nova Scotia, 1860-1863. Delegate to the various Conferences leading up to Confederation. Became secretary of state for the provinces in first Dominion ministry. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1870-1872; and of Nova Scotia, 1873-1883. Knighted, 1885. Index: Md. Secretary of state for provinces in first Dominion ministry, 135; succeeds MacDougall as lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 161-162. H Becomes solicitor-general and member of Executive Council of Nova Scotia, 1856, 157; attorney-general, 1860, 169; leader of the opposition, 176; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 1864, 177; supports Confederation, 186; goes to England as delegate to complete Confederation, 189; his interview with Joseph Howe, 189; member of first Dominion ministry, 1867, 198; retires from ministry, and succeeded by Howe, 226. C First lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 130. T Delegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; secretary of state in first Dominion ministry, 129. Bib.: Expulsion of Acadians (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 5). For biog., see Dent, Can. Por.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Archibald, Samuel George William (1777-1846). Born in Colchester County, Nova Scotia. Studied law and practised in Nova Scotia; obtained a seat in the Legislature; became Speaker, solicitor-general, and afterwards attorney-general of the province. Chief-justice of Prince Edward Island, 1824-1828, remaining Speaker of the Nova Scotia Assembly and solicitor-general, during the whole term of his incumbency of the chief-justiceship. Index: H Contributes to The Club in Howe's Nova Scotian, 10; in House of Assembly, 18; leader of popular party, 35; becomes Speaker, 57; appointed Master of the Rolls, 74. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Archives. Provision was made by the Parliament of Canada, in 1872, for an Archives Branch, and Douglas Brymner was appointed Dominion Archivist. His first report appeared in 1873. The earlier reports were of a preliminary nature, but in 1884 the first of the important series of calendars was included in the report. Abbé Verreau made a special report on historical material in Europe bearing on Canadian history, published in 1874. A report on manuscript material in the colonial archives at Paris, by Edouard Richard, was published as a supplement to the report for 1899. Dr. Brymner died in 1902, and Arthur G. Doughty was appointed Dominion Archivist in 1904. The report for 1905, in 3 vols., represented a new departure; the publication of calendars was abandoned, and replaced by volumes containing series of documents relating to definite subjects, systematically arranged. The archives were moved into a special building in 1907. In 1910 began the issue of a series of publications, containing historical journals and other special material. Provincial archives, of a more or less distinct character, have also been established in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Alberta. Index: Hd Quoted, 254; Haldimand collection in, 319.

Arctic Archipelago. Embraces the islands lying north of the mainland of Canada. Transferred to the Dominion by an Imperial order-in-council, Sept. 1, 1880. Bib.: Johnson, Canada's Northern Fringe.

Argall, Sir Samuel. Born in Walthamstow, England. A type of the founders of British colonial dominion. Sent, May, 1609, with a small vessel to the new settlement at Jamestown, Va., to trade and fish. The following year took out Lord Delaware to Jamestown, arriving in time to save the colony from starvation. In 1812 carried off Pocahontas to the settlement of Jamestown. Later in the year sent with a vessel of 14 guns to destroy the French settlements on the north coast, regarded as infringing on the Virginia patent. Captured Mount Desert, St. Croix, and Port Royal. On return voyage forced the commandant at New Amsterdam to recognize English suzerainty by hauling down the Dutch flag and running up the English. May, 1617, made deputy governor of Virginia. In 1620 served against the Algerine pirates under Sir Robert Mansell. Knighted in 1622. In 1625 admiral of a squadron cruising after a hostile Dunkirk fleet, and took some prizes. In October, 1625, with the futile expedition against Cadiz under Lord Wimbledon. Died, 1626. Bib.: Argall's own narrative; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Calnek and Savary, History of the County of Annapolis.

Argenson, Pierre de Voyer, Vicomte d' (1626-1710). Succeeded Jean de Lauson as governor of New France, 1658. His governorship marked by personal quarrels with Laval, and a series of humiliating raids throughout the colony by the Iroquois. Recalled in 1661. Index: F Arrives as governor, 43; on Laval, 45. L His opinion of Laval, 29; hostility to Maisonneuve, 176. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Argyll, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth Duke of (1845- ). Married H. R. H. Princess Louise, 1871; succeeded to dukedom, 1900. Represented Argyllshire in Parliament, 1868-1878. Governor-general of Canada (as Marquis of Lorne), 1878-1883. Founded Royal Society of Canada, 1881. Index: Md Refers Letellier difficulty to Imperial government, 249-250. Bib.: Works: Memories of Canada and Scotland; Imperial Federation; Canadian Pictures; Passages from the Past. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por.; Who's Who; Collins, Canada under the Administration of Lord Lorne.

Arkansas River. L Reached by Jolliet and Marquette, 146.

Armistice. In War of 1812. Index: Bk Effects of, 261-263, 269, 272; termination of, 270; position of enemy strengthened during its continuance, 272.

Armour, John Douglas (1830-1903). Educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar, 1853; made Q.C., 1867; Bencher of the Law Society, 1871. Appointed a puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench of Ontario, 1877; raised to the chief-justiceship, 1887. Chief-justice of Ontario and president of the Court of Appeal, 1890. Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1902; in the same year represented Canada on the Alaska Boundary Commission. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.

Armstrong, Lawrence. Came to Nova Scotia as lieutenant-colonel of General Philipps's regiment. Appointed to the governor's Council, 1720. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1724; held office until 1739. Served in America for more than thirty years. Committed suicide, 1739. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Arnold, Benedict (1741-1801). A druggist at New Haven, Conn. When the War of Independence broke out, in 1775, organized an expedition against British on Lake Champlain. The same year led a body of picked men to Quebec by way of the Kennebec and Chaudière. After the unsuccessful assault on Quebec, was in several small engagements near Montreal; finally driven out of the province. Given command of Philadelphia; took offence at slights put upon him by Congress, and attempted to betray West Point to Clinton. Afterwards commanded a corps of American refugees on the British side; settled for a time in the West Indies; died in London. Index: Dr Captures and abandons Fort St. Johns, 83; his early life, 104; assigned command of expedition against Quebec, 105; constitution of his force, 106; his march through the wilderness, 107-109; assisted by the habitants, 110; crosses St. Lawrence and lands at Wolfe's Cove, 110; sends summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; retires to Pointe aux Trembles, 111; repulsed and wounded in attack on Quebec, 128; surrender of his men, 131; is transferred to Montreal, 132-135; advances to meet Foster, 142; burns château of Senneville, 143; his narrow escape, 147; in command of American ships on Lake Champlain, 155; defeated near Crown Point, 156. S Applies for grant of land in Upper Canada, 104. Hd His repulse at Quebec, 112; the invasion, 127; his "Address to the People of America," 227; commissioners sent to Montreal to confer with, 276; furnishes list of rebels to Clinton, 281. See also Montgomery; Ethan Allen; American Invasion. Bib.: Arnold, Life of Benedict Arnold; Todd, The Real Benedict Arnold; Sparks, American Biography; Codman, Arnold's Expedition to Quebec; Henry, Arnold's Campaign against Quebec; Smith, Arnold's March from Cambridge to Quebec; Jones, The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in 1776; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Arnoux. WM King's surgeon, Montcalm carried into house of, 218.

Aroostook War, 1839. W Arose out of unsettled boundary question between Maine and New Brunswick, 135. Bib.: Sprague, The North-Eastern Boundary Controversy and the Aroostook War.

Arrangement of 1830. Provided that United States vessels should have access to ports in the British West Indies, in return for a similar privilege granted to British vessels in the ports of the United States.

Arthur. Clergyman. Index: S Teaches school at Niagara, 167-168.

Arthur, Sir George (1784-1854). The last lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1838-1841. The chief event of his tenure of office was the suppression of the Upper Canadian Rebellion. Had been successively governor of Honduras and Van Diemen's Land previous to his Canadian appointment; and on leaving Canada appointed to the governorship of Bombay. Index: Mc Governor of Upper Canada, 435; disregards clemency petitions, 435; learns of intended attack on Canada, 441; renews reward for Mackenzie's capture, 445; proposes exchange of prisoners and refugees, 463; United States refuses, 463. Bk Organizes military gathering at Queenston Heights, 313. Sy Succeeds Sir F. B. Head, 109; reactionary in his views, 109-110; his attitude towards responsible government, 125-126; cautioned by colonial secretary, 127; instructed to act in harmony with new governor-general, 144; meets him at Montreal, 153; explains his position and views, 156-161; receives governor-general at Toronto, and hands over seal of province, 197. R His efforts to repel American attacks, 117; Ryerson disappointed in, 118; proposes division of Clergy Reserves, 119. See Rebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada). Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Bradshaw, Self-Government in Canada; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.

Asgill, Sir Charles (1762-1823). A lieutenant in Cornwallis's army, 1780. Taken prisoner at Yorktown, condemned to death by the Americans, to avenge death of a Revolutionary officer. Marie Antoinette having been interested in his fate, interceded, and Asgill was released. Afterwards served in the Low Countries and in Ireland. Index: Dr Chosen by lot for retaliatory hanging, 198. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron (1774-1848). Entered Parliament in 1806. Opposed measures against American commerce. President of board of trade and master of mint, 1834. Raised to peerage, 1835. Commissioner at Washington for settlement of boundary dispute, 1842. Index: BL Settles difficulties between Great Britain and the United States, 118. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Ashburton, John Dunning, First Baron (1731-1783). Index: Dr Opposes Quebec Act in House of Commons, 65. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Ashburton Treaty. Negotiated between Great Britain and the United States, 1842, Lord Ashburton acting for the former and Daniel Webster on behalf of the latter. Provided for the settlement of the international boundary between Maine and Canada. Of the territory in dispute, the United States got about seven-twelfths and Canada five-twelfths. Also provided for the determination of the boundary in the St. Mary River and thence to the Lake of the Woods; for the free navigation of the St. John River; for the suppression of the slave trade, and for the extradition of criminals. Index: Sy Sydenham takes part in negotiations leading to, 336. W Boundary question settled by, 135. T Settlement of, checks projected railway from St. Andrews to Quebec, 53. BL Settlement of, 118. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, Vol. vii; White, The Ashburton Treaty, in Univ. Mag., October, 1907; The Ashburton Treaty: an Afterword, in Univ. Mag., December, 1908; Houston, Canadian Constitutional Documents; Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Assembly. See House of Assembly.

Assiniboia. One of the provisional districts carved out of the North-West Territories, in 1882. Now included in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, principally in the latter.

Assiniboine Indians. A tribe of the Siouan family; first mentioned in the Jesuit Relation of 1640. They separated from the parent stock early in the seventeenth century, and moved north and north-west to the region about Lake Winnipeg. Later they spread over the country west of Lake Winnipeg, to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. Their population was estimated at 8000 in 1829. One-half this number perished in the smallpox epidemic of 1836. They are now settled on reservations in Alberta, and in Montana. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Assiniboine River. Discovered by La Vérendrye in 1736. Fort Rouge was built at the mouth of the river in that year, as well as Fort La Reine, near the present city of Portage la Prairie. From the latter fort, two years later, La Vérendrye set forth on his memorable journey to the Mandan Indians on the Missouri. Before the close of the century, both the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company had trading establishments at various points on the river. First named Rivière St. Charles; afterwards Rivière des Assiliboilles, and Stone Indian River; finally settling in present form. Bib.: Bryce, Assiniboine River and its Forts (R. S. C., 1892); Dawson, Canada and Newfoundland; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Hind, Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions.

Association of Canadian Refugees. Mc Formed in 1839, 448; object of, independence of Canada, 449; ended further expeditions against Canada, 449.

Astor, John Jacob (1763-1848). Founder of Astor Fur Company. Index: Bk Sends news of declaration of war in 1812, 204. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Astor Fur Company. Index: D Founds Astoria, 64. See also Pacific Fur Company.

Astoria. Established by Pacific Fur Company, 1811. Turned over to the North West Company, 1813, and renamed Fort George. The scene of Washington Irving's delightful narrative Astoria. The fort stood on the banks of the Columbia River, near its mouth. Index: D Acquired by North West Company, 71, 149; in possession of United States after War of 1812, 133-134; claimed by United States, 150; American flag raised over, 150. Bib.: Franchère, Voyage to the North-West Coast of America; Cox, Adventures on the Columbia River; Ross, Adventures of First Settlers on Columbia River; Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Bradbury, Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811.

Astorians. Name applied to members of the two expeditions fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to found trading establishment at the mouth of the Columbia. One party sailed around the Horn in the Tonquin; the other went overland by way of the Missouri and the Columbia. Index: D Their influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; their first vessel, the Tonquin, captured by natives and the crew murdered, 1811, 37; the overland expedition, 71. See also Pacific Fur Company; Tonquin.

Atahualpa. D Vessel, attacked by Milbank Sound savages, 1805, 37.

Atalanta. Hd Vessel in which Haldimand embarked for England, 309.

Atalante. WM French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.

Athabaska. One of the provisional districts formed out of the North-West Territories in 1882; area about 122,000 square miles. Now divided between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, forming the northern half of each.

Athabaska Lake. First discovered by Peter Pond, about 1778. Ten years later the first trading post on the lake was built by Roderick McKenzie of the North West Company, and named Fort Chipewyan. It was afterwards moved to the north side of the lake. Index: Frobisher's men penetrate to, 5; importance of in fur trade, 21, 24; called Lake of the Hills, 24.

Athabaska Pass. Discovered by David Thompson of the North West Company, in January, 1811. The pass was used thereafter by the traders as a route from the Athabaska to the Columbia. Index: D Discovered by David Thompson, 58.

Athabaska River. Rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains, close to the head waters of the north branch of the North Saskatchewan, and after a course of 765 miles empties into Athabaska Lake. Discovered by Peter Pond in 1778. Index: MS Pond builds post on, 21; named also Elk River and Rivière à la Biche, 21.

Atkins, D. A. S Opens school at Napanee, 167.

Attignaouantans. Ch Huron tribe (the Bears), 88, 91.

Attigninonghacs. Ch Huron tribe devoted to the French, 92.

Aube-Rivière, François Louis de Pourroy de l'. Appointed bishop of Quebec, Aug. 16, 1739. Arrived at Quebec, Aug. 12, 1740, and died of fever on the 20th of the same month. Index: L Bishop of Quebec, 12.

Aubère, Father Joseph. Ch Jesuit missionary, his labours in Acadia, 236.

Aubert, Joseph. Ch Director of the Company of New France, 170.

Aubert de Gaspé, Philippe (1786-1871). French-Canadian writer. Index: L His description of Canadians, 118. Bib.: Works: Les Anciens Canadiens, translated into English by Mrs. Pennie, and by C. G. D. Roberts; Mémoires. For biog., see Casgrain, Biographies Canadiennes; Roy, Étude sur "Les Anciens Canadiens" (R. S. C., 1906).

Aubert de la Chesnaye, Charles (1630-1702). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1655. Chief clerk of the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, 1665. Engaged in the fur-trade at Cataraqui, 1674. In 1677 obtained a grant of Ile Dupas. In 1679 made a visit to Paris, and in 1683 back again at Cataraqui. In 1696 prepared an important memoir on the commerce of the colony. Index: L His description of Canadians, 117-118; his liberality on occasion of Quebec fire, 186. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Aubert de la Chesnaye, Jacques. F Trader, La Barre's dealings with, 175.

Aubry. WM Force gathered by, and Ligneris, dispersed, 146.

Aubry. Ch Priest of De Monts's expedition, at Ste. Croix, 25.

Auckland, George Eden, Earl of (1784-4849). Index: Sy President of board of trade, when Poulett Thomson was vice-president, 26.

Auguste. Hd Transport ship wrecked in St. Lawrence, 40.

Aulneau, Jean-Pierre. Jesuit missionary, with La Vérendrye in his western explorations. Murdered by Sioux on an island in the Lake of the Woods, May, 1736.

Aumont, Maréchal d'. Ch Champlain serves under, 1.

Austerlitz. Bk Battle of, its significance, 72-73.

Auteuil, Denis Joseph Ruette d'. See Ruette d'Auteuil.

Avaugour, Pierre Dubois, Baron d'. Governor of New France, 1661-1663, succeeding D'Argenson. Index: F Governor, 45; disagrees with clergy on liquor question, 46; describes earthquake, 46. L His attitude on liquor question, 10, 38; recalled, 39; his report on Canada, 40. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Aylesworth, Sir Allen Bristol (1854- ). Born in Newburgh, Ontario. Educated at Newburgh High School and at the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1878; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed one of the British Commissioners in connection with the settlement of the Alaska boundary, 1903; elected to the House of Commons, 1905; postmaster-general, 1905; minister of justice, 1906; British agent in connection with the Fisheries case before the Hague Tribunal, 1910. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Aylmer, Matthew Whitworth, Baron (1775-1850). Entered the army, 1787; served in the West Indies, in Holland, and in the Peninsula under Wellington. Reached the full rank of general, 1825, and in 1830 became the governor-general of Canada; returned to England, 1835. Index: Bk Present with Brock at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17. BL Pays official salaries from the war chest, 21. P His influence did not extend beyond Quebec—hostility towards French-Canadians, 39-40; his conciliatory attitude, 75-76; at open war with the Assembly, 77-78; remonstrates with Assembly, 86; refuses to interfere in factional strife in Montreal, 87; held responsible by Papineau and his friends for cholera epidemic, 88-89; bitterly attacked in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 95; attacked by Papineau, 100, 105; criticizes the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 106. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Aylwin, Thomas Cushing (1806-1871). Born in Quebec city. Studied law and called to the bar, 1828. First entered public life, 1841, as member for Portneuf. After filling the office of solicitor-general in two administrations, raised to the bench, 1848. Index: Sy Opposed to union of provinces, 235. BL Member for Portneuf, his relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cuvillier for speakership, 1841, 87; his attitude as to debt for public works, 99; denounces government, 130; becomes solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 134; elected for Quebec, 1844, 252; his bitter attack on Metcalfe on his elevation to peerage, 257; solicitor-general, 284. E One of opposition leaders in 1847, 45; returned in 1847 elections, 50; solicitor-general for Lower Canada in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; member of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Babbitt, Samuel. T Master of Madras School, Gagetown, New Brunswick, 5; also clerk of the parish, 5.

Baby, James (1762-1833). Born at Detroit. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and in 1784 travelled in Europe. On his return the following year engaged in the fur trade at Detroit. On the formation of the province of Upper Canada in 1791, appointed a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils. Simcoe made him lieutenant for the county of Kent and judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Commanded the 1st Regiment of Kent militia in the War of 1812. In 1815 succeeded McGill as inspector-general of accounts for Upper Canada. Index: Bk His house occupied by General Hull, 209, 229. S Member of Legislative and Executive Councils, 79. Bib.: Daniel, Nos Gloires Nationales; Morgan, Cel. Can.

Baby, Louis François Georges (1834-1906). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1857; made a Q.C., 1873. Represented Joliette in Dominion House, 1872-1880; minister of inland revenue, 1878-1880. Appointed puisne judge of Superior Court of Quebec, 1880; transferred to Queen's Bench, 1881. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men.

Back, Sir George (1796-1878). Entered the navy as midshipman in 1808; accompanied Franklin on his Arctic expeditions of 1818, 1819-1822, and 1824-1827. Promoted lieutenant, 1822, and commander, 1827. In 1833-1835, led an expedition through what is now northern Canada, to the shores of the Arctic, to ascertain the fate of Captain Ross. The expedition resulted in the exploration of Great Fish River, which was renamed Back River in honour of the explorer. In 1836 explored the Arctic coast, between Regent Inlet and Cape Turnagain. Twice granted the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society; knighted, 1839; promoted admiral, 1857. Bib.: Works: Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition; Narrative of Expedition in H.M.S. Terror. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.

Badeaux. Dr His account of American invasion, 89.

Badgley, William (1801-1888). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called to the bar, 1823. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1847-1855; member of the Executive Council for Lower Canada, 1847-1848; appointed attorney-general. Judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, 1855-1863; assistant judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Quebec, 1863-1864; puisne judge of the same Court, 1866-1874. Index: E Made a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. S Member of Constitutional Association, 112. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Badin, Father. L Companion of Father Marquette, 62.

Bagot, Sir Charles (1781-1843). Born in England. Educated at Rugby and Oxford; entered Parliament, 1807, becoming under-secretary for foreign affairs. Minister plenipotentiary to France, 1814; and to the United States, 1815-1820. Privy councillor, 1815; ambassador to St. Petersburg, 1820; and to the Hague, 1824. Governor-general of Canada, 1841-1843. Died in Kingston soon after retiring from office. Index: Sy Follows Canadian line of policy, 351; finds country tranquil, 355. BL His letter to Lord Stanley on La Fontaine's arrest, 49; succeeds Sydenham, 113; a Tory of the old school, 113; previous career, 113; his policy, 113-114; studies political conditions, 114-115; his popularity in Lower Canada, 115; plans a coalition government, 117; his speech from the throne, 122; anxious to bring Baldwin and La Fontaine into Cabinet, 121; his letter to La Fontaine, 122-124; denounced by Tory press, 140-142; difficulties of his position, 141; his illness, 149; subjected to bitter attacks and censure, 149-152; asks for and obtains his recall, 152; his death, May 19, 1843, 152; denounced even in death, 153; on responsible government, 162, 163, 164; Kaye on, 171; lays corner-stone of King's College, 193. E His political attitude as governor, 30; friendly towards French-Canadians, 30-31. R Supported by Ryerson, 122; favourable attitude towards popular government, 126; question of popular education, 163. B Relations of Peel government with, xii; friendly attitude towards French-Canadians, 16; attacked by Tories for bringing La Fontaine and Baldwin into Cabinet, 16; his action denounced by Peel and Duke of Wellington, 17, 18; recalled at his own request, 18; his death, 18. C Concedes responsible government, 17. Md Succeeds Sydenham, 17; brings Reform leaders into Cabinet, 18; resigns government, 18. Bib.: Richardson, Eight Years in Canada; Kingsford, History of Canada, Dent, Last Forty Years and Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Bagot, Father. L Director of Jesuit college of La Fléche, 20.

Baie de Chaleur. In west coast of Gulf of St. Lawrence, on boundary between Quebec and New Brunswick. Discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534, described in his narrative, and so named because he found it as warm there as in sunny Spain.

Baie St. Paul. A village in Charlevoix County, sixty miles below Quebec. Index: WM Settlements near burnt by Wolfe's orders, 150.

Bailiffs. Dr Accused of instigating litigation, 53.

Baillie, Thomas. W Commissioner of crown lands for New Brunswick, 1824-1851, 21; his income exceeded that of the lieutenant-governor, 21; his enormous pension, 22; protests against reduction of his salary, 62; surveyor-general, retires, 69; elected to Assembly for York, 103; retires from government and pensioned, 116.

Bailly, Mgr. Dr Coadjutor bishop of Quebec, on education in Canada, 229.

Bailly, François. L Master mason of Montreal church, 88.

Bain, James (1842-1908). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with his parents at early age; educated at the Toronto Academy and the Toronto Grammar School. Spent some years in London engaged in the publishing business. Returned to Canada, 1882; appointed chief librarian of Toronto Public Library, 1883. Index: Bk Discovers list of Brock's books, 135. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Baldoon. A settlement near Lake St. Clair in Upper Canada, made by Lord Selkirk, 1803, and named after one of his own estates. Index: MS Highland colonists in Prince Edward Island settled at, 133; Alexander Macdonell in charge of, 133.

Baldoon Street. Built by Selkirk settlers, from Baldoon to Chatham on the River Thames. Index: MS Connected Baldoon and Chatham, 33.

Baldwin, C. T. Born in Ireland. Entered the army; served throughout the Peninsular War; afterwards in the West Indies; for a time in the service of the emperor of Brazil. Emigrated to Canada. Served during the Rebellion of 1837-1838, in command of a regiment of militia. A magistrate, and in political life a follower of Robert Baldwin. Died, 1861. Index: B Presents address to Elgin, 36. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Baldwin, Robert (1804-1858). Index: BL Name associated with responsible government, ix; a "man of one idea," ix; his ancestry, 23; born, May 12, 1804, at York, 25; early years, 25; studies law, 25; called to the bar, 1825, 26; political views, 27; in public life, 28; drafts Willis petition, 29; enters the Legislature, 31; defeated in next election, 31; his marriage, 32; appointed to Council by Head, 38; recommended by Colborne for a seat in Legislative Council, 38-39; death of his wife, 39; his letter to Peter Perry, 39; disapproves of an elective Legislative Council, 40; resigns from Council, 41; sails for England, 42; his connection with Rebellion of 1837, 44-45; enters into correspondence with La Fontaine and other Lower Canada leaders, 63; offered by Sydenham solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, and accepts, 63; made an executive councillor, 64; resigns office, 64; his action condemned, 64; his motives, 64-67; elected in two constituencies, 69; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 76; his views, 76-77; his letter to Sydenham on personnel of new Cabinet, 78-79; calls meeting of Reform party, 79; commends reconstruction of ministry, 79-80; his resignation, 80; censured by Poulett Scrope, 80; his uncompromising attitude in matter of responsible government, 81; his attitude in the Legislature, 85; his speech on responsible government, 1841, 92-94; supports Neilson's motion against Union Act, 96; sides with French-Canadians on question of public works, 99; opposes Municipal Government Bill, 102; his relations with Hincks, 103; his resolutions on responsible government, 108-110; proposes candidature of La Fontaine in York County, 116; Bagot anxious to bring him into the Cabinet, 121; referred to in Draper's speech, 127; replies to Draper, 128-130; withdraws amendment, 132; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 134; his defeat in Hastings—account of the election, 134-136; beaten in York, 136; elected for Rimouski, 137; attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance with La Fontaine, 142-143; personal appearance, 148; references to in petition to governor, 166, 167; Kaye's description of, 169, 170-171; Davies on, 172; his part in the Assembly, 178-179; moves resolution to remove capital to Montreal, 182; his speech, 183; his bill for the discouragement of secret societies, 185-188; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 187; his University of Toronto Bill, 190-197; resigns office, 199; his interview with Metcalfe, 201; the official statements of La Fontaine and Metcalfe, giving their respective versions of the causes of the ministers' resignation, 201-209; presents to Assembly the reasons for his resignation, 213-214; returns to practise law in Toronto, 217; Wakefield on, 219; heads the agitation against Metcalfe in Upper Canada, 220; guest of honour at Toronto banquet, 220-221; his speech, 221; address before Reform Association, 221-223; speaks at public meetings, 225; address from his constituents of Rimouski, 225; tours Lower Canada, 226; his political views, 229-230; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, 236; his speech in Toronto, May, 1844, 238; attacked by Buchanan, 239-240; criticized by Ryerson, 242, 243, 245-246; resigns as Queen's Counsel, 250; elected in York, 252; his University Bill, 256; moves vote of censure against the governor-general, 256; attacks Metcalfe in the Assembly, 257; referred to in Caron's letter, 260; correspondence with La Fontaine as to Draper's proposals, 261, 262, 263-265; his speech at public dinner given him in November, 1846, 268-269; his tour of Western Canada, 269; on responsible government, 273; moves amendment to address, 277; aids in foundation of Emigration Association, 278; elected in York, 279; in second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281-284; proposes Morin for Speaker, 283; interview with Elgin, 285; re-elected, 286; his Municipal Corporations Act and University Act, 292-300; revision of judicial system in Upper Canada, 300-301; his part in Rebellion Losses Bill, 310, 311-312; burned in effigy in Toronto, 318-319; his boarding house in Montreal attacked by the mob, 324; petitions for removal of Navigation Act, 337; his political views, 339-340; his relations with George Brown, 342; his attitude on secularization of Clergy Reserves, 348-349; his resignation, 352-353; MacNab's tribute, 353; defeated in York and retires finally from public life, 357; lives in retirement at "Spadina," 357; made a C.B., 357; offered chief-justiceship of Common Pleas, 357; and nomination for seat in Legislative Council, 358; failing health compels him to decline both offers, 358; his death, Dec. 9, 1858, 358; value of his public work, 359-360. Sy His premature demand for strict party government, 187; consulted by Sydenham in regard to Clergy Reserves question, 247; made solicitor-general, 252; appointed to same office under Union, 283; advises Sydenham as to choice of returning officers and polling places, 290; his defection from Sydenham's government, 294, 296; opposes some of the most beneficial measures of government, 296; loses for a time sympathy of Reformers, 299, 307; Sydenham's remarks upon his manœuvres, 305-307; opposes Sydenham's Bill for local self-government in Upper Canada, 323. R Resigns, 122; forms party with Hincks, La Fontaine, and others, 122; moves resolutions on responsible government, 122-123; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126, 128; his scheme for a provincial university, 149-152; his resignation, 152; his University Bill of 1849, 157-159, 160; secures disallowance of School Bill of 1849, 182. E On responsible government, 28; his political attitude, 30; forms ministry with La Fontaine in 1842, 31; his greatest desire the success of responsible government, 32; his conflict with Metcalfe, 34; in opposition, 45; returned in elections of 1847, 50; on parliamentary government, 51; sent for by Elgin, 52; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 53; remains in office until 1851, 85; sound views on parliamentary practice, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical statesmanship, 93; carries measure for creation of University of Toronto, 93, 94; views on Clergy Reserves, 102-103, 160, 162-163, 164; his resignation and its causes, 103-104, 112; his retirement from politics, 104, 107; and death, 1858, 104, 220; his strong views on Imperial connection, 229-230; his value as a statesman, 236. P Alliance with La Fontaine, 168. C Forms alliance with La Fontaine, 16; called to Council by Bagot, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again, 1846, 18; "great reformer and good man," 97; his influence with La Fontaine's against racial antagonisms, 97; with La Fontaine, 99; wins constitutional battle, 100; circumstances which led to his retirement from politics, 132. B Called to Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with Metcalfe, 19; "father of responsible government," 21; criticized by Ryerson, 22-23; his views obnoxious to Metcalfe, 23; his wise leadership of Reformers, 24; forms administration with La Fontaine, 33; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 36; legislation of his ministry, 39; government defended by George Brown, 42; his retirement, 44, 47, 48; approves of MacNab-Morin coalition, 78; leader of movement for responsible government, 261; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his retirement, 262. Md Brought into Cabinet by Sir Charles Bagot, 18; resigns, 1843, 18; criticized by extremists in his own party, 22; resigns from La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 46; approves coalition of 1854, 64; cause of his resignation, 78-79. Mc Defends Judge Willis, 133; supported by Mackenzie, 159; elected to the Assembly, 159; on banks in politics, 170; appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294; goes to England, 305; opposed by Head, 305; accompanies flag of truce, 368; retires from Executive Council, 408; Mackenzie defeats government of, 492. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Davin, The Irishman in Canada; Baldwin, Correspondence (Toronto Public Library Mss.).

Baldwin, William Warren. Born in Ireland. Came to Canada 1798, and finally settled in York, now known as Toronto. Represented Norfolk in the Legislature of Upper Canada. Died 1844. Index: BL Comes to Canada 1798, 23; practises medicine at York, 24; opens a classical school, 24, 106; practises law, 25; his marriage, 25; father of Robert Baldwin, 25; purchases "Spadina," 26; political views, 26-27; chairman of public meeting in Willis affair, 28; president of Constitutional Reform Society, 42; member of Legislative Council, 177. Mc Upholds Judge Willis, 132; protests against his removal, 133. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Scadding, Toronto of Old.

Baldwin Reformer. B Origin of the name, 78.

Ball. Dr The maiden name of Dorchester's mother, 29.

Ball. F First given in Canada, 59. See also Amusements.

Ballot. Sy Sydenham an early advocate of, 18.

Bancroft, George (1800-1891). Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, and in Germany. Secretary of the navy, 1845; ambassador to Great Britain, 1846-1849; and in 1867-1874 minister at the court of Berlin. Index: L On La Salle, 153. Ch On the difficulties encountered by missionaries, 87. Bib.: History of the United States. For biog., see Howe, Life and Letters of George Bancroft; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Bank of Upper Canada. Established 1823 with a capital of $41,364, which had increased in 1859 to $3,126,250. Its headquarters were in Toronto. After a long, prosperous career the bank stopped payment in 1866, the chief cause being the collapse in real estate in Canada West in 1857-1858. Index: Mc Increase of capital vetoed, 215; run on, 340. Bib.: See Banking.

Banking. The first bank established in Canada was the Bank of Montreal, which dates from the year 1817. The Bank of Quebec was established in 1818; and the Bank of Canada the same year. All three were chartered in 1822. A Banking Act was passed in 1841, providing a uniform system of banking. The Act of 1850 prohibited banks other than those incorporated by Parliament or royal charter from issuing notes. It also provided for a deposit with the government to be held as a guarantee; also for bank statistics. Further provisions designed to place banking on a more secure footing were incorporated in the Act of 1871. Further banking legislation was passed in 1881 and in 1890. Index: Sy Sydenham's plans for establishment of bank of issue, 327-329; idea partially adopted by Sir F. Hincks, as finance minister of Dominion, 330. Mc Report of House on system of, 161. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada; Shortt, Early History of Canadian Banking; Breckenridge, Canadian Banking System; Hague, Banking and Commerce; Historical Sketch of Canadian Banking, in Canada: An Ency., vol. 1; History of the Bank of Nova Scotia; McLachlan, The Nova Scotia Treasury Notes; Walker, History of Banking in Canada.

Banner. Newspaper, published at Toronto. Index: B Founded in 1843 by Peter and George Brown, 3, 5; champions government by the people, 5; on disruption of Scottish Church, 6; controversy with the Church, 6-7; defines its political principles, 9; becomes the Globe, 10; Peter Brown writes for, 243.

Baptist Church. Like several other religious denominations in Canada, it had its origin in Nova Scotia. Some Baptists were living in Lunenburg as early as 1753. In 1800 the first Baptist Association was formed at Granville, Nova Scotia, and by 1850 there were Baptist Associations in many parts of the province. In 1828 the Nova Scotia Baptist Educational Society was established. The first church was built in Montreal, 1830; and in 1834 the Baptist Seminary of New Brunswick was founded at Fredericton. In 1852 the Baptist Missionary Society of Canada was established. Since then the Baptists have grown rapidly in all the provinces, and several Baptist colleges and institutions have been established, notably Acadia and McMaster Universities (q.v.). The Baptist Church was organized in British Columbia in 1877. Index: W First founded in Fredericton, 1813, 10; represented by one member in Legislative Council, 69. Bib.: Wells, History of the Baptist Denomination in Canada, in Canada: An Ency., vol. 3; Hill, Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada.

Baranof, Alexander Andrevitch (1747-1819). Governor of Russian America. Had been manager of a glass factory at Irkutsk, Siberia; grew tired of the monotonous though profitable business, and engaged in the fur trade of eastern Siberia. Appointed governor of the principal Russian trading company in America, 1790. Nine years later, the different companies were united, and Baranof moved his headquarters from Kadiak to New Archangel (Sitka), where he built a strong fort, with a shipyard, foundry, churches, and hospitals. Even a library and picture-gallery were afterwards added to this little outpost of Russian civilization. In 1818 sailed for home, and died at sea on the voyage. Index: D His rule at Sitka, 44; his character, 44; his death, 1819, 45, Bib.: Laut, Vikings of the Pacific.

Barbarie, A. W Referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104. T Represents Restigouche in New Brunswick Assembly, 18.

Barclay, Robert H. Born in Scotland. Took part in the battle of Trafalgar. Sent to Canada, and commander of British naval force on Lake Erie in 1813. On Sept. 10, 1813, defeated by the American fleet under Perry. Subsequently court-martialled, but acquitted. Died, 1837. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog. See also War of 1812.

Barclay, Thomas (1753-1830). Born in New York. In 1775 served in the British army during the American Revolution, and in 1777 became major. At the end of the war moved to Nova Scotia; entered the House of Assembly, and for some time Speaker. Appointed adjutant-general of militia; served as a commissioner under Jay's Treaty; appointed consul-general at New York for the Northern and Eastern states. Index: Bk Declares war to be inevitable, 202. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Barker, T. B. T Founder of business firm of St. John, 8.

Barkley, Charles William (1759-1832). Served in the East India Company; sailed on a trading voyage for sea-otter skins to the North-West Coast, 1787. Brought his bride with him, the first white woman on the North-West Coast. Discovered and named Juan de Fuca Strait the same year, and carried his cargo of furs to China. In 1792 made another voyage to the North-West Coast, again accompanied by his wife, who kept interesting journals of both voyages. Died at North Crescent, Hartford. Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, discovered and named by him. Index: D His two voyages to North-West Coast, 23; his wife first woman to visit North-West Coast, 23. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Barnsfare, Captain. Dr Commands battery at Près de Ville, 127.

Baronets of Nova Scotia. An order created by James I, in 1625, for the purpose of "advancing the plantation of Nova Scotia." The scheme, which King James had deeply at heart, was designed to assist Sir William Alexander in his ambitious plans of colonization in the New World, by offering a special inducement to men of position in Scotland to take tracts of land in Nova Scotia, and to bring out numbers of colonists to settle upon them. See also Stirling. Bib.: Duncan, Royal Province of New Scotland and her Baronets; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Patterson, Sir William Alexander (R. S. C., 1892); Mackenzie, Baronets of Nova Scotia (R. S. C., 1901); Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts Relating to the Colonisation of Nova Scotia and the Institution of the Order of Knights Baronet of Nova Scotia; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Barré, Isaac (1726-1802). Born in Ireland. Served under Wolfe against Rochefort in 1757, and at Quebec in 1759, being at Wolfe's side when he fell. Entered Parliament, 1761, and a member until 1790. In 1763-1764 adjutant-general and governor of Stirling; in 1764-1768, vice-treasurer of Ireland and a privy councillor; in 1782, treasurer of the navy. Index: Dr On Quebec Act, 67. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Barren Grounds. The region of northern Canada, lying between the Mackenzie River and Hudson Bay, and from the northern timber-line to the Arctic. First visited by Samuel Hearne in 1770-1772. Late explorers who traversed portions of the country are Franklin, in 1821; Back, in 1833; Dease and Simpson, in 1839; Richardson in 1848; and Anderson in 1855. Within more recent years, Warburton Pike, J. B. Tyrrell, J. W. Tyrrell, D. T. Hanbury and Caspar Whitney have explored parts of the Barren Grounds. Bib.: Hearne, Journey to the Northern Ocean; Franklin, Narrative; Back, Arctic Land Expedition; Simpson, North Coasts of America; Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition; Anderson, Descent of Great Fish River, in Royal Geog. Soc. Journal, 1856 and 1857; Pike, Barren Grounds; Tyrrell, Across the Sub-Arctics; Hanbury, Northland of Canada; Whitney, On Snowshoes to the Barren Grounds.

Barrington, William Wildman, second Viscount (1717-1793). Entered Parliament, 1740. Lord commissioner of Admiralty, 1746; a privy councillor, 1755; chancellor of the exchequer, 1761; treasurer of the navy, 1762; secretary of war, 1765-1768; joint postmaster-general, 1782. Index: Hd Informs Haldimand he owes promotion to the king, 83; summary sent him of Haldimand's expenses, 107; compliments Haldimand, 113; promises Haldimand pay as inspector-general, 329. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Barron, Commodore (1769-1851). Born in Virginia. In command of the Chesapeake, on board which were some British deserters, 1807. On the refusal of Barron to give them up, the British frigate Leopard attacked and compelled his surrender. Court-martialled and suspended from rank and pay for five years. Fought and killed Commodore Decatur in a duel, 1820. Became senior officer of the navy, 1839. Index: Bk Enlists deserters from British ships on board Chesapeake, 83, 85. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Correspondence between the late Commodore Stephen Decatur and Commodore James Barron.

Barter. L Practised in colony in early days, 122.

Barthe, J. G. Member for Yamaska in Canadian Assembly, 1841-1844. Index: BL Takes part in Rebellion of 1837; afterwards edits L'Avenir du Canada; member for Yamaska; offered and refuses seat in Cabinet, 236.

Basques. A pre-Aryan race, occupying the border-land between France and Spain. Assertions have repeatedly been made that they made voyages to America, and discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, before Cartier, and even before Cabot, but these have never been substantiated. All the evidence goes to show that they frequented the Newfoundland fisheries in the sixteenth century, but not earlier. Index: Ch Contraband traders, 140; threaten French on St. Pierre Island, 174. Bib.: Dawson, The St. Lawrence Basin; Reade, The Basques in North America (R.S.C., 1888); Howley, Old Basque Tombstones at Placentia.

Bathurst, Henry, third Earl (1762-1834). Succeeded to the title, 1794. Entered Parliament, 1793; president of the board of trade, 1807; foreign secretary, 1809; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1812. Directed Britain's colonial policy during the important administrations of Prévost, Sherbrooke, and Dalhousie, in Lower Canada, and of Gore and Maitland, in Upper Canada. Lord president of the Council, 1828-1830; one of the original members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1833. Index: Sy Colonial secretary, his despatch on Clergy Reserves question, 240. Bk His despatch praising Brock and his officers and announcing bestowal of K. C. B. on Brock, 296. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Courts and Cabinets of George IV.

Batiscan. Ch Montagnais chief, 68.

Batoche. Md Storming of rebel camps at, 242. See also Riel Rebellion, 1885.

Battle of the Plains. See Quebec, Siege of, 1759.

Battleford. A town on the North Saskatchewan, at the mouth of the Battle River. In the Rebellion of 1885, it was threatened by Poundmaker's warriors, and relieved by Otter's column. The battle of Cut Knife Creek was fought about thirty-five miles from Battleford. See also Riel Rebellion, 1885.

Bay of Quinte. See Quinte, Bay of.

Bayfield, Henry Wolsey (1795-1885). Born in Hull, England. Entered the navy, 1806. Had a distinguished career in the navy, and served in Canadian waters, 1814. Subsequently assisted in the survey of the upper St. Lawrence, and appointed Admiralty surveyor, 1817. During his tenure of office surveyed Lakes Erie, Huron, and Superior, with their connecting waters, and almost the whole eastern coast of Canada, including Labrador. Made vice-admiral, 1856, and admiral, 1867. Resided for fourteen years in Quebec, when he removed to Charlottetown. Received the thanks of the Parliament of Canada for his services, 1854. Died in Charlottetown.

Baynes, Edward. Born in England. Served in the West Indies, at the Cape, in the East Indies, and in Malta. From 1794 to 1806 aide-de-camp to Sir James Craig, and in 1807 adjutant-general of the forces in Canada. In the War of 1812 served on the Niagara frontier. Died, 1829. Index: Bk Adjutant-general, writes Brock from Quebec, 134, 136, 137, 138, 145; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 145; notifies Brock that he may have service in Spain, 180; letter to Brock in immediate expectation of war, 205; letter on declaration of war, 208; on improvement in militia, 284. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of (1805-1881). British statesman. Index: BL On Rebellion Losses Bill, 327, 328, 330. Bib.: Speeches and Letters; O'Connor, Life of Beaconsfield; Monypenny, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Bayning, Charles Townshend, first Baron (1728-1810). Dr His criticism of Quebec Act, 66, 67. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Bayonne Decree. Bk Made by Napoleon; sequestered all American vessels arriving in France as British property or under British protection, 122.

Bearn Regiment. Established 1595, and served with distinction in a number of European campaigns. Landed at Quebec, June, 1755, with the regiment of Guienne and a portion of the Languedoc battalion, and added to its laurels at Fort Frontenac, Niagara, Oswego, Carillon, Fort William Henry, and Ticonderoga. In 1759, on the Plains of Abraham, it occupied the place of honour, having been placed by Montcalm in the centre of his line. Index: WM Regular French troops, 29; in battle of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.

Beauchesne. Ch Clerk, received gifts from Indians, 115.

Beaucour, de. F Brave conduct of, in command of party against Iroquois, 319; superintends improvements in fortifications of Quebec, 326.

Beaudoncourt, Jacques de. L On the brandy question, 39; his account of escape of Gannentaha mission, 66.

Beauharnois, Charles, Marquis de (1670-1749). Entered French navy, 1686, and rose to the rank of admiral in 1748. In 1726 appointed governor of New France, which position he held until 1747. Took a deep interest in Western exploration, and was a firm friend of La Vérendrye. Bib.: Parkman, Half Century of Conflict; Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).

Beauharnois, François de (1665-1746). Born in France. Became intendant of New France in 1702 and held the position until 1705. In 1707 granted the barony of Beauville. Appointed intendant de l'armée navale, 1706; intendant of marines, 1710; intendant générale des armées navales, 1739. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).

Monument to Laura Secord, Lundy's Lane

Beaumont. A village in Bellechasse County, on the St. Lawrence. Index: WM Troops landed at, 100; proclamation affixed to church door, 101.

Beauport. A village two miles below Quebec. Index: WM Defended by entrenched camp, 80; headquarters of intendant and commissary of stores, 88; hasty abandonment of camp at, with all its stores, 228.

Beaupré, Seigniory of. L Acquired for Seminary of Quebec, 58; chapels and churches erected to Ste. Anne at, 101, 102; pilgrimages to, 102, 103.

Beauséjour. A fort built by the French in 1750-1751, on Chignecto Bay, three miles from the British Fort Lawrence. A little tidal stream, the Missaguash, ran between—nominally marking the dividing line between British and French territory. The fort was captured by the British under Monckton, in 1755, and renamed Fort Cumberland. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, Fight with France; Hannay, History of Acadia; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Beaver. D First steamship on the Pacific, 1835, 47; carries party to build Fort Camosun (Victoria), 178; north to Forts Taku and McLoughlin, 178; returns to Victoria, 179; to Fort Vancouver, 180; history of ship, 180-181. Bib.: McCain, History of the S.S. Beaver.

Beaver Club. Founded in Montreal in 1775 by the partners of the North West Company. It opened with nineteen members, and at one time the registry showed ninety-three members, with eleven honorary members. Among them were such famous fur traders and explorers as Alexander Mackenzie and his cousin Roderick, the three Frobishers, Alexander Henry and his nephew of the same name, Simon McTavish, James Finlay, Simon Fraser, John Stuart, and David Thompson. The motto of the club was "Fortitude in Difficulties." No one was admitted who had not made a journey to the North-West and wintered there. The club entertained many distinguished guests, including Sir John Franklin, Lord Selkirk, Washington Irving, and the Earl of Dalhousie. The club was disbanded in 1824 after the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. An effort to revive it in 1827 proved unsuccessful. Index: MS Founded by the partners of the North West Company, 139; lavish hospitality and boisterous banquets, 139. Bk Famous social club at Montreal, 99. Bib.: Hetherington, Canada's First Social Club, in Univ. Mag., April, 1910.

Beaver Dam, Battle of. In War of 1812. FitzGibbon commanded a detachment of the 49th Regiment, with several hundred Indians. Boerstler, with a party of 600 men, advanced from Fort George by way of Queenston to surprise him, but was ambushed by a body of Indians. FitzGibbon, who had been warned of the approach of Boerstler by Laura Secord, advanced with his men of the 49th and demanded the surrender of the Americans, who, believing themselves surrounded by a superior force, capitulated. The engagement took place June 24, 1813. See also War of 1812. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Hannay, War of 1812: FitzGibbon, A Veteran of 1812; Curzon, Laura Secord, the Heroine of 1812: Cruikshank, The Fight in the Beechwoods; Thompson, Jubilee History of Thorold.

Beckwith, John A. T Confederate candidate in York, 108.

Becquet, Romain. L Clerk of Ecclesiastical Court, arrested, 163.

Bédard, Elzéar. For some years a member of the Assembly of Lower Canada. Moved the celebrated Ninety-Two Resolutions, 1837. Puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837; suspended, but afterwards reinstated. Died, 1849. Index: P Moves the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 117; deserts Papineau, 117; appointed judge by Gosford, 117. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Bédard, Pierre Stanislas (1762-1829). Educated at the Seminary of Quebec; studied law, and appointed advocate, 1790. Elected for Northumberland to the first Legislature of Lower Canada, 1792. In 1806, with a number of other French-Canadians in the Assembly, founded Le Canadien, to represent the views of the popular party. In 1810 the paper seized, and Bédard and his associates arrested on a charge of treasonable practices. Released the following year. In 1812 appointed judge of the District Court of Three Rivers. Retired in 1829 on account of ill health. Index: P Leader of French-Canadians in Lower Canada Assembly, 27; opposes property tax, 27; establishes Le Canadien, 28; considered by Sir James Craig a dangerous revolutionist, 28; sent to jail, 29; released and charges withdrawn, 29; moves resolution as to ministerial responsibility, 96. C Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent to jail, 95; released, 96; asks for ministerial responsibility, 96. Bk Arrested, 127; demands trial, 128; released, 145. Bib.: Parent, Pierre Bédard et Ses Deux Fils in Journal d'Instruction Publique, 1859; Christie, History of Lower Canada; De Gaspe, Memoires; Dionne, Pierre Bédard et Ses Fils; Dionne, Pierre Bédard et Son Temps (R. S. C., 1898).