THE
Postage Stamps,
ENVELOPES,
Wrappers, and Post Cards
OF THE
NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES OF GREAT BRITAIN.

With Autotype Illustrations.

COMPILED AND PUBLISHED
BY
THE PHILATELIC SOCIETY, LONDON.

(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.)

LONDON, 1889.

PREFACE.

Investigation into the history of the various and successive issues of labels, wrappers, and envelopes connected with the Postal systems of the British Colonies in North America does not present the difficulties which had to be surmounted in the case of the Australian Colonies, and perhaps does not therefore include subject matter of so interesting a character as that comprised in the recent “Oceania” Catalogue.

Reference Lists of the North American Colonies have nevertheless been hitherto crude, as well as deficient, and even incorrect in detail, thus affording but superficial aid to the Philatelist: and the endeavour of the Society in the following pages has been to amplify the information at present in the possession of collectors; and by the collation of contents of recent papers in Canadian and English journals, as well as by reference to official gazettes and correspondence, to present as far as possible a complete history of the Postal Service in these Colonies.

In this endeavour it has derived a large amount of assistance from the researches of its late Secretary, Mr. E. D. Bacon, whose Notes at the head of each Colony were originally intended to have been read as a paper before the London Society, but which, by the desire of the Committee entrusted with the revision and publication of the accompanying lists, he has consented should be amalgamated with them, thus adding to the completeness of the present work. The Society is also largely indebted to Mr. Donald A. King for the permission to reproduce the valuable contents of certain papers he contributed to the Halifax Philatelist.

The lists of Canada and Newfoundland, the only two of the Colonies now using distinct stamps, have been completed to the end of June, 1889.

The same mode of illustration by the Autotype process, which proved successful in the case of the “Stamps of Oceania,” has been adopted on the present occasion, and is undoubtedly the most satisfactory of all methods of reproduction in fac-simile which have come under the notice of the Society.

August, 1889.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

BRITISH COLUMBIA AND VANCOUVER ISLAND.

PRELIMINARY NOTES.

By E. D. BACON.

Before laying before the members of the Society the few official notices I have collected in reference to the Stamps of the North American Colonies, I purpose prefacing what remarks I have to make in each case with a short resumé of the history of each of the provinces. These historical particulars are taken for the most part from The Colonial Office List for 1889, and are supplemented by additions from one or two other works of reference.

British Columbia is situated on the north-west coast of North America, and comprises the territory between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast; bounded on the north by the 60th parallel, and on the south by the United States, the average breadth being about 250 miles, and the length of coast line 450 miles. The area (including Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands) is about 341,000 square miles.

British Columbia was constituted a Crown Colony in 1858, owing to the large immigration consequent on the discovery of gold in that year. Vancouver Island, discovered in 1592 by Juan de Fuca, was leased to the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1843, and made a Crown Colony in 1819. In 1866 the colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island were united, and on July 20th, 1871, British Columbia entered the Dominion of Canada. Vancouver Island is sometimes called Quadra, after the Spanish commandant on the coast of the mainland, at the time that the island was visited, in 1792, by the British naval officer, Captain George Vancouver, from whom it derives its more usual name.

The earliest issue of The Government Gazette, British Columbia, I have been able to find in this country is that of January 7th, 1865. This number contains the following notices:

“PUBLIC NOTICE.

“BRITISH COLUMBIA.

“RATES OF POSTAGE.

“N.B.—Packages or Parcels other than Newspapers, and not exceeding 8 ounces in weight, will be charged at Letter rate of 6d. per ½ ounce. No Parcel can be taken exceeding 8 ounces in weight.

“(Signed) Warner R. Spalding, Postmaster-General.

“General Post Office, 8th June, 1864.”

“PUBLIC NOTICE.

“On and after the 20th day of June, 1864, all Letters and mail matter liable to postage must be prepaid. Until other stamps shall have been substituted there will be issued for the prepayment of postage the postage stamps at present in use, bearing the mark 2½d., for which the sum of 3d. will in future be charged.

(Signed) Warner R. Spalding, Postmaster-General.

“General Post Office, 11th June, 1864.”

The above no doubt first appeared in The Gazette about the middle of June, 1864; but, as is customary with similar notices, copies were published in subsequent numbers, and in this case continued to appear until the latter end of 1865. Not having been fortunate enough to find a file of The Gazette for 1861—the year the Two Pence Halfpenny stamp is said to have been first issued in—I am unable to give the exact day this stamp came into use. I am inclined to think the stamp was first solely used to prepay letters sent between New Westminster, the capital of British Columbia, and Victoria, the capital of Vancouver Island. If this was so, we see from the first of the above notices that this rate was raised one halfpenny in June, 1864. It is apparent from the second notice that whatever distance the old 2½d. rate formerly paid, it was done away with or raised in the above month, as the stamp was to be sold at 3d., pending the arrival of a new one bearing the higher value. Perhaps it is as well for collectors that the idea of surcharging the Two Pence Half penny stamp 3d. did not enter the Postmaster’s head, or there is no telling how many varieties we should have had to add to our albums if the surcharge differed in type, as it probably would have done. The escape was no doubt due to the fact that at that time surcharges on stamps were few in number, and most likely altogether unknown to the Postal authorities of British Columbia. This Two Pence Halfpenny stamp is certainly admissable into a collection as a provisional Three Pence, provided it, or the paper it is attached to, is postmarked after June 19th, 1864. Another curious point in connection with the above notices is to know how the newspaper rate of one penny was prepaid. The second notice distinctly says, “All Letters and mail matter liable to postage must be prepaid.... There will be issued for the prepayment of postage the postage stamps at present in use.” Was this Three Penny provisional divided in any way like so many of the other North American Colonies stamps, or was the postage, even in face of the notice, prepaid in coin? One of these two alternatives naturally suggests itself to have been the case. I have never seen or heard of a copy of this stamp divided; but as it could have been only employed for newspapers sent by two special routes, the use of the stamp would probably be small, and the fact that it was found upon newspapers alone would account for the disappearance of specimens. We shall see from the next notice I give that the provisional Three Penny stamp was in use down to the 1st November, 1865. This notice is taken from The Gazette for October 21st, 1865, and runs as follows:

“NOTICE.

“General Post Office, 28th September, 1865.

“It having been found necessary to issue a new postage stamp to meet the requirements of the Postal Ordinance, 1864, notice is hereby given that from and after the 1st November next the stamp at present in use will not be received by the Post Office Department. Persons in possession of the stamp at present in use may exchange the same on application at any of the Post-offices of British Columbia on or after the 1st November.

“(Signed) Warner R. Spalding, Postmaster-General.”

The new postage stamp mentioned in the above is obviously the Three Pence, blue, with large fancy letter “v” and Crown in the centre, which is catalogued by M. Moens as issued on the 20th June, 1861, the date, we have seen, the provisional Three Penny stamp came into use. Like that provisional, I think it is possible the Three Pence, blue, may also have been divided to prepay the one penny newspaper rate; but future research will, I hope, definitely determine in each instance whether or not such was the case.

The following list of Post-offices, with the names of the Postmasters, was published in The Gazette, for April 14th, 1866. The list is chiefly interesting as showing upon what a small scale the Postal Service of the country then was, as at that time there were only sixteen Post-offices opened throughout the whole colony.

LIST OF POST OFFICES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.

[A] Ashcroft Post-office is the junction whence mail matter for Big Bend District will be forwarded.

On March 20th, 1867, an Act was passed which changed the currency of the colony to the decimal system of cents and dollars. On March 13th, in the same year, a new Postal Ordinance Act also became law. The following clauses are taken from the latter:

“IX. That on every Letter deposited in, or passing through, any Post-office in the Colony, and not exceeding half an ounce in weight, there shall be paid a postage according to the following scale; that is to say:

And for every additional half an ounce, or fraction of half an ounce beyond the above weight, there shall be paid on each such Letter an additional postage, according to the foregoing rates.

“X. That for every single Newspaper deposited in or passing through any Post-office in the Colony, there shall be paid a postage of Two Cents.”

I have been unable to find any notice in The Gazette of the issue of stamps surcharged with the value in cents, but they probably came into use at the time the above Act was passed, or shortly afterwards. In The Gazette for January 18th, 1868, there is a notice giving certain Postal rates in cents, and stating that “letters, papers, &c., for Great Britain, Canada, the United States, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland, must be prepaid in the Postage Stamps of the colony.” So it is evident, from the plural word used, the Cents stamps were then in use. This set, as we know, consisted of the following values: 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 cents and 1 dollar. It is possible all the values may not have appeared at once, but they are usually catalogued as one issue. As we see from Clause X. of the Postal Ordinance 1867 Act, the Two Cents value prepaid newspapers alone, which accounts for the stamp being so rarely met with postmarked. Looking at the list of letter rates in Clause IX., we should expect to find a Twelve and a Half Cents stamp, but, as we know, no such value was issued. Here again I can only suggest that the Twenty-five Cents may have been divided, or the Five Cents cut in two, and used in conjunction with a Ten Cents or two Five Cent stamps to make up the required rate. The stamps of British Columbia were withdrawn from use on July 20th, 1871, on the admittance of the colony into the Dominion of Canada. Mr. N. Shakespeare is the present Postmaster of Victoria.

REFERENCE LIST OF THE PHILATELIC SOCIETY, LONDON.

Issue I. 1861.

One value. Engraved and type-printed by Messrs. De La Rue and Co., of London, on white, unwatermarked, slightly-surfaced paper; white gum. Design: Diademed profile of Queen Victoria to left, on ground of horizontal lines. Above and below the head are a straight and a curved label of solid colour—one with convex, and the other with concave ends. The upper labels are inscribed “BRITISH—COLUMBIA &,” and the lower ones “VANCOUVERS—ISLAND” respectively, all in small white Roman capitals. On either side are straight white labels, with rounded ends, inscribed in coloured Roman capitals—“POSTAGE” on the left, reading upwards; and “TWO PENCE—HALFPENNY” in two lines on the right, reading downwards. The remainder of the stamp is filled in with reticulations, and two outer lines of colour complete the design. Shape, upright rectangular. ([Illustration 1.])

(A) Imperforate.

• 2½d., rosy-brown.

(B) Perforated 14.

• 2½d., rose, rosy-brown (shades).

Remarks.—No postmarked copy of the imperforate variety is known to the Society. The perforated stamp, although bearing the face value of Two Pence Halfpenny, was sold at Three Pence, and did duty provisionally for this latter value from 20th June, 1864, until 1st November, 1865, when it was replaced by the Three Pence, blue, of the next issue.

Issue II. 1st November, 1865.

One value. Engraved and type-printed by Messrs. De La Rue and Co. on white slightly-surfaced paper, watermarked Crown and CC; white gum; machine perforated 14. The sheet is composed of 240 stamps, divided into four panes, each containing sixty stamps, arranged in six horizontal rows of ten. Design: Ornamental letter “v,” representing “Victoria,” with heraldic rose inside, thistle on the left, and sprig of shamrock on the right, surmounted by Gothic crown; is enclosed within a white oval band, inscribed “BRITISH COLUMBIA POSTAGE” above and “THREE PENCE” below, the two inscriptions being separated by a star-like ornament at either side. The remainder of the stamp is filled in with a diaper pattern, the corners being rounded, and the design is completed by a single outer line of colour. Shape, upright rectangular. ([Illustration 2.])

• 3d., blue, deep blue.

Issue III. 13th March (?), 1867.

Six values. All of the same design, and printed from the same die as the preceding issue, but with the values in the altered currency, surcharged in a straight line across the bottom of the stamp. The paper is white wove, watermarked Crown and CC, and the perforation is 14 or 12½. Like the preceding issue, each sheet contains 240 stamps, which are similarly disposed. The values are printed as follows: “TWO CENTS,” in black block type; “5 CENT 5,” in black Roman capitals; “10 CENTS 10,” in blue Roman capitals; “25 CENTS 25,” in violet Roman capitals; “50 CENTS 50,” in carmine Roman capitals; “1 DOLLAR 1,” in green Roman capitals. Shape, upright rectangular. ([Illustrations 3, 4, 5.])

(A) Perforated 14.

• 2 c. on 3d., bistre, black surcharge.
• 5 c. on 3d., vermilion, black surcharge.
• 10 c. on 3d., rose-pink, blue ”
• 25 c. on 3d., orange, violet ”
• 50 c. on 3d., mauve, carmine ”
• 1 d. on 3d., green, green ”

(B) Perforated 12½.

• 2 c. on 3d., bistre, black surcharge (?).
• 5 c. on 3d., vermilion, black surcharge (shades).
• 10 c. on 3d., rose-pink, blue ” ( ” ).
• 25 c. on 3d., orange, violet ” ( ” ).
• 50 c. on 3d., mauve, carmine ” ( ” ).
• 1 d. on 3d., green, green ”( ” ).

Remarks.—The Two Cents has not been met with perforated 12½, by the Society.

VANCOUVER ISLAND.

Issue I. July, 1865.

Two values. Engraved and type-printed by Messrs. De La Rue and Co. on white wove paper, watermarked Crown and CC; white gum. Designs: FIVE CENTS. Diademed profile of Queen Victoria to left, on ground of horizontal lines, within a circle. Above and below are curved labels of solid colour, inscribed with white block letters. Conventional ornaments in spandrels, and outer border filled in with chequers. Ten Cents. Same portrait of Her Majesty in circle; straight coloured label above, inscribed with white block letters; white label with rounded ends below, with coloured block letters. Floriate ornaments in spandrels. An outer line of colour completes the design of each value. Shape, upright rectangular. ([Illustrations 6, 7.])

T. “VANCOUVER ISLAND.” B. “FIVE CENTS.” “TEN CENTS.”

(A) Imperforate.

• 5 c., rose.
• 10 c., blue.

(B) Perforated 14.

• 5 c., rose (shades).
• 10 c., blue ( ” ).

CANADA.

PRELIMINARY NOTES.

By E. D. BACON.

Canada is said to have been discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1497, but this is not certain. In 1525 the French took possession of the country in the name of the king of France, and ten years later Cartier explored the St. Lawrence, so naming that splendid river from having entered it on St. Lawrence’s Day.

In 1608 Quebec, the first settlement, was founded. The town succumbed to the British forces under General Wolfe, and in 1763 the whole territory of Canada was ceded to Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris.

In 1791 an Act of Parliament was passed dividing Canada into two Provinces, Upper Canada (now Ontario) and Lower Canada (now Quebec), and establishing a constitution for each. The provinces were afterwards re-united in 1840.

THE DOMINION OF CANADA.

The Provinces of Ontario and Quebec (formerly constituting the Colony of Canada), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, were by “The British North American Act, 1867,” formed into one Dominion. This Act was brought into force by Royal Proclamation, bearing date the 27th of May, 1867. On the 15th of July, 1870, the newly-formed province of Manitoba; on the 20th of July, 1871, the colony of British Columbia; and on the 1st of July, 1873, that of Prince Edward Island, were successively admitted to the Dominion, Newfoundland now alone, of all the North American Colonies, retaining its independence.

As far as I have been able to discover, Post-office notices relating to the issue of stamps were not published in The Canada Gazette with other official matter. The number of The Gazette for March 8th, 1851, contains a long notice, stating that on April 5th following the management of the Inland Posts would be transferred to the control of the Provincial Government, and that the new rates of postage would then come into force. We learn from the report of the Postmaster-General of Great Britain for 1857 what those rates were; for we read:

“In 1851 a reduced rate of postage was established. Payment in advance is optional.

“Newspapers are conveyed free.

“Books are charged ½d. per oz., the weight of a single Packet being limited to 4 lbs.”

I should add, the local rate of ½d. did not come into use until 1857. In giving these extracts from the Postmaster-General’s Report, I have invariably altered the rates to their proper currency value, as they are given in the list at “about” the sterling equivalent.

The rates to England in operation on May 1st, 1856, probably earlier, were:

We know from the extract from the Report of the Postmaster-General of Canada for 1851, given further on in the Society’s list, that the first stamps consisted of a Three Penny, Six Penny, and One Shilling, and that these three values were issued shortly after April 1st. Taking into consideration the notice I have mentioned, it seems probable the issue took place on April 5th, 1851. I can give no new information about any of the later issues, and I shall conclude my remarks on this province by giving some postal statistics taken from The Colonial Office List, 1889, which prove to what a huge system the Post-office establishment of the Dominion has grown. We find, however, the present expenditure greatly exceeds the revenue, owing, I am told, to the desire of the Government to extend postal facilities as widely as possible. I understand some changes have been made by an Act passed this year, one of which abolishes the privilege hitherto granted to Canadian newspapers of free transmission by post to subscribers from the publishing office.

The number of letters sent in the year ending 30th June, 1887, was 74,300,000; of post cards, 16,356,000; and of newspapers (other than those sent from the office of publication, which are all carried free), periodicals, parcels, &c., 31,160,000. The number of newspapers sent from the office of publication was about 60,000,000; the number of letters per head of population was 15.24; the number of offices was 7,534; the revenue for 1887 was $2,603,255, and the expenditure $3,458,100. There is weekly mail communication with Great Britain viâ Quebec or Halifax, and twice a week viâ New York. There is a through daily service by the Canadian-Pacific Railway to the Pacific Coast.

The present rates of postage are as follows:

There is a Parcels Post to Newfoundland, the United States, and Europe. The present Postmaster-General is the Hon. J. G. Haggart.

REFERENCE LIST OF THE PHILATELIC SOCIETY, LONDON.

Issue I. 5th (?) April, 1851.

Three values. Engraved and printed in taille-douce by Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, and Edson, of New York, on thin white paper; laid horizontally in the case of the Three Pence, and vertically in the other two values; brownish gum. Designs: Three Pence.—Beaver on bank of river; trees in the distance, with sun shining above them; oval coloured frame, broken at the top by a Royal Crown, beneath which are heraldic flowers, with “V” on the left and “R” on the right. The oval is inscribed with white Roman capitals. In each spandrel is an arabesque and the Arabic numeral of value. Two plain outer lines complete the design. Six Pence.—Nearly full face bust portrait of Prince Albert, in military uniform, looking to right, within coloured oval, lettered in white Roman capitals. Heraldic flowers on either side separate the upper and lower portions of the inscription. Arabesques and Arabic numeral of value in each spandrel; border of two plain outer lines. Twelve Pence.—Three-quarter face bust portrait of Queen Victoria on ground of horizontal lines, looking to left, with diadem and necklace within coloured oval, inscribed in white Roman capitals; a Crown on either side separating the upper and lower parts of the inscription. Arabesques and Arabic numerals of value in each spandrel; border of two plain outer lines. Shapes: small oblong rectangular for the Three Pence; small upright rectangular for the Six Pence and Twelve Pence. ([Illustrations 8, 9, 10.])

T. “CANADA POSTAGE.” B. “THREE PENCE,” “SIXPENCE,” “TWELVE PENCE.”

• 3d., vermilion (shades).
• 6d., purple-black ( ” ).
• 12d., black.

Remarks.—In The Halifax Philatelist for July, 1888, a copy of the official order notifying the issue of these three stamps is given. It is as follows:

“P.O. DEPARTMENT. (Order No. 4.)

“P. O. Department, Toronto, 1st April, 1851.

“Stamps for Prepayment of Postage on Letters.

“Postage Stamps are about to be issued, one representing the beaver, of the denomination of 3 pence; the second representing the head of Prince Albert, of the denomination of 6 pence; and the third representing the head of Her Majesty, of the denomination of 1 shilling, which will shortly be transmitted to the postmasters at important points.”

Issue II. 1852.

Three values. Identical in type with the preceding, but printed upon white wove paper. The paper varies considerably in substance, especially in the Three Penny value, which ranges from stout to nearly pelure. The latter value is also found printed upon closely-ribbed thin paper. ([Illustrations 8, 9, 10.])

(A) Wove paper.

• 3d., vermilion, orange-vermilion (shades).
• 6d., black, olive-black, dull purple, dull violet (shades).
• 12d., black.

(B) Closely-ribbed thin paper.

• 3d., vermilion.

Remarks.—The Twelve Pence has not been catalogued before as found upon wove paper, but undoubted used copies have been seen by members of the Society.

Issue III. 1855-57.

Three values. Engraved and printed in taille-douce by Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, and Edson on white wove or closely-ribbed paper; brownish gum. Designs: Ten Pence.—Profile bust portrait of Jacques Cartier to right, on ground of horizontal lines, within an oval, coloured border, inscribed with white Roman capitals. A cluster of leaves on the left and a beaver on the right separate the upper inscription from the lower; cross-hatched spandrels. In the upper “8d. STG.,” or sterling; in the lower “10 CY.,” or currency, in white. Outer border of two plain, coloured lines. Seven Pence Halfpenny.—The same portrait of Queen Victoria as in the Twelve Pence of the first issue, within coloured oval frame, inscribed with white block letters, the upper inscription now reading “CANADA PACKET POSTAGE.” The upper and lower left spandrels are inscribed “6d. STG.,” or sterling; and the upper and lower right spandrels “7½d. CY.,” or currency, all in white, on coloured cross-hatched ground. Outer border of two plain lines. Halfpenny.—Diademed profile of Queen Victoria to left, on ground of horizontal lines, in oval frame, lettered with white Roman capitals; reticulated spandrels; outer border of two plain lines. Shape, small upright rectangular. ([Illustrations 11, 12, 13.])

T. “CANADA POSTAGE.” B. “TEN PENCE,” “SIX PENCE STERLING,” “ONE HALF PENNY.”

(A) Wove paper.

• 1st April, 1855, 10d., Prussian-blue (shades).
• 2nd June, 1857, 7½d., grass-green ( ” ).
• 18th July, 1857, ½d., rose ( ” ).

(B) Closely-ribbed thin paper.

• ½d., rose.

Remarks.—Two soi-disant provisionals have been chronicled; viz., the Halfpenny surcharged in black—one with an Arabic numeral “1,” and the other with “8d. STG.” The Society can furnish no information concerning these two stamps; but supposing the surcharges to be genuine, they are probably only notifications of insufficient postage applied after the letters were posted.

With regard to the portrait on the Ten Pence, tradition has always assigned it to Jacques Cartier; but in the Catalogue of the Collection of Stamps, &c., in the Museum at the Berlin Post Office, it is given as that of Sebastian Cabot. However, as the same catalogue pronounces the portrait on the Six Pence of issue I. to be that of Lord Elgin, it is probably equally incorrect in the former case, more especially as a writer in The Halifax Philatelist for July, 1888, says “it is identically the same as that of all the existing portraits of Jacques Cartier, and totally unlike those existing of Sebastian Cabot.”

In the same article on Canadian Stamps in The Halifax Philatelist an extract from the Postmaster-General’s Report for the year 1855 is given, showing us the reason for the issue of the Ten Pence value. It was, “To promote the general convenience in prepaying letters to Great Britain at the new rate, postage stamps of the value of 10 pence currency, equal to 8 pence sterling, were procured and issued for sale.” The same article gives the following extracts from the Postmaster-General’s Report for 1857: “To facilitate the prepayment of letters passing from Canada to England by the Canadian steamers, a new stamp bearing the value of 6 pence sterling, or 7½ pence currency, being the Canadian Packet rate, has been secured and put in circulation.” The article goes on to say, “This stamp was rendered necessary on account of the contract between the Canadian Government and the Allan Line of Steamers in regard to carrying the mails, and by which contract the postage was reduced.” The other extracts read: “A new stamp has also been introduced of the value ½ penny to serve as the medium for prepaying transient newspapers.” “Moreover, the Department has been led by the increasing use of postage stamps to take measures for obtaining the Canadian Postage Stamps on sheets perforated in the dividing line in the manner adopted in England, to facilitate the separation of a single stamp from the others on a sheet when required for use.”

Issue IV. 1857.

Three values. Previously described, but machine-perforated. ([Illustrations 8, 9, 13.])

(A) Laid paper. Perforated 12.

• 6d., dull purple.

(B) Closely-ribbed thin paper. Perforated 12.

• ½d., rose.
• 3d., vermilion.

(C) Wove paper. Perforated 12.

• ½d., rose (shades)
• 3d., vermilion (shades)
• 6d., violet-black (shades).

Sub-variety. Perforated 13.

• 3d., vermilion.

Remarks.—The Seven Pence Halfpenny, green, and Ten Pence, blue, perforated, exist in the collection of a well-known Parisian collector. The authenticity, however, of the perforations appears to be doubtful.

Issue V. 1st July, 1859, and 1st August, 1864.

Six values. Printed by the American Bank Note Co., and consisting of the previous designs, slightly modified in order to change the currency from pence, to cents. One Cent.—The same as the One Halfpenny, save for the alteration in value. Two Cents.—Almost the same design as the One Cent, but differing somewhat in the spandrels, each of which contains an oval, with Arabic numeral of value. This stamp was not issued until 1st August, 1864. Five Cents.—Same design as the Three Pence, with substitution of the new value and numerals of value and small ornaments between the two portions of the inscriptions. Spandrels cross-hatched. Ten Cents.—Same design as the Sixpence, with substitution of the new value, and the Roman numeral “X” in each spandrel. Twelve and a Half Cents.—Same design as the Seven Pence Halfpenny of 1857, with substitution of the new value in the spandrels only. Seventeen Cents.—Same design as the Ten Pence of 1835, with substitution of the new value in the oval, and in the lower spandrels. The leaves and beaver which separate the inscription in the Ten Pence are replaced by small oval ornaments. The paper of this issue varies considerably in substance, and the perforation is 12. Shapes: small oblong rectangular for the Five Cents; small upright rectangular for the other five values. ([Illustrations 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19.])

• 1 c., rose (shades).
• 2 c., ” (shades).
• 5 c., vermilion (shades).
• 10 c., brown, black-brown, brown-lilac, reddish-lilac, purple (many shades).
• 12½ c., green, emerald-green (shades).
• 17 c., Prussian-blue (shades).

Varieties.—(A) The Five Cents has been met with imperforate. (B) The Five Cents is also known cut in half and used with a Ten Cents to make up the “packet” rate of 12½ Cents.

ENVELOPES.

Two values. On paper laid obliquely, watermarked “Ca” above “P.O.D.” (Canadian Post Office Department?), in double-lined letters, repeated twice in each envelope. Size, 5½ × ¼ inches. Yellowish gum, extending nearly the length of the flap. The stamp is embossed in the right upper corner. Design: Diademed head of Queen Victoria to left in white relief, on ground of solid colour, enclosed within a narrow oval band inscribed in Roman capitals, in white relief, “CANADA POSTAGE” at the top, and the value in words at the bottom. Shape of stamp, small upright oval. ([Illustrations 20, 21.])

(A) On yellowish-white laid paper. Flap rounded.

• 5 c., vermilion.
• 10 c., brown.

(B) On bluish-white laid paper. Flap more pointed than in Variety A.

• 5 c., vermilion.
• 10 c., brown (l)

THE DOMINION OF CANADA.

Issue I. March and April, 1868.

Seven values. Engraved and printed in taille-douce by the British-American Bank Note Company, of Montreal and Ottawa, on white wove paper, varying greatly in substance, or on white laid paper; white gum; machine perforated 12. Designs: The central design is the same in each value, and consists of a diademed profile portrait of Queen Victoria to right, on background of horizontal lines, enclosed within a narrow circular white line. The borders, the shape of the labels, and the position of the numerals, vary in each value. Shapes, small upright rectangular for the Half Cent, large upright rectangular for the other six values. ([Illustrations 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28.])

T. “CANADA POSTAGE.” B. “HALF CENT,” “ONE CENT,” “TWO,” “THREE,” “SIX,” “TWELVE AND A HALF,” “FIFTEEN CENTS.”

(A) White wove paper.

• ½ c., black.
• 1 c., brown-red (shades).
• 1 c., orange-yellow (”).
• 2 c., green, yellow-green (”).
• 3 c., red (”).
• 6 c., brown (”).
• 12½ c., blue (”).
• 15 c., lilac (”).

(B) White horizontal laid paper.

• 1 c., brown-red.
• 1 c., yellow.
• 3 c., red (shades).

(C) Bluish-white wove paper.

• ½ c., black.

Remarks.—The One Cent, yellow, on laid paper, is not known to the Society. It is taken from The Halifax Philatelist for July, 1888, page 74. Some of the stamps on wove paper have been catalogued with a watermark, consisting of various letters. It is probable these letters are portions of the name of the papermaker, which most likely exists in the margin of the sheets. The Half Cent, on bluish paper, is taken from the sixth edition of M. Moens’ Catalogue.

Issue II. 1870-1874.

Five values.—Engraved and printed in taille-douce by the British-American Bank Note Company on white wove paper, varying in substance; white gum; machine perforated 12. The entire sheets contain 100 stamps, each in ten rows of ten. The size of the stamps and the designs are similar to that of the Half Cent of the preceding issue, except as regards the borders of the stamps, which differ for each value. The Six Cents was not issued until January, 1872; while the Ten Cents did not make its appearance until the end of 1874. ([Illustrations 29, 30, 31, 32, 33.])

• 1 c., orange, yellow (shades).
• 2 c., green, yellow-green (shades).
• 3 c., vermilion, red, rose, vermilion-red (shades).
• 6 c., brown (shades).
• 10 c., lilac-rose (shades).

Varieties.

• (A) 3 c., imperforate,
• (B) 5 c., perf. 13½ × 12.

Remarks.—The Halifax Philatelist, in its number for February, 1887, mentions that the Three Cents exists in very dark brown, almost black. The specimen seen was unused, and purchased among others from the Post Office. Probably the change in colour is due to oxidation, or some other accidental cause.

Issue III. 1875-1876.

One Value. Similar in design to the stamps of the two last issues. The stamp first appeared on October 1st, 1875, with large dimensions, like those of Issue I.; but in March, 1876, the size was reduced to that of the stamps of Issue II. The perforation of both varieties is 12. ([Illustrations 34, 35.])

(A) Large size.

• 5 c., bronze-green (shades).

(B) Small size.

• 5 c., bronze-green (shades).

Issue IV. 1877-1880.

One value. The Fifteen Cents of Issue I. printed in modified colours. The perforation remains 12. ([Illustration 28.])

• January, 1877. 15 c., grey-violet (shades).
• End 1880. 15 c., slate ( ” ).

Issue V. July, 1882.

One value. A Half Cent stamp of similar design to that of Issue I., but of much smaller dimensions; printed upon white wove paper, and perforated 12. The stamp was produced by the same firm as the preceding issues, and the sheet contains 100 stamps, in ten rows of ten, as before. ([Illustration 36.])

• ½ c., black.

Issue VI. 1888.

Three values. Consisting of the Two and Ten Cents, Issue II., and the Five Cents, issued in March, 1876, with the colours modified. The Two Cents was described in the Philatelic journals of the above year as printed from a new die, but on comparing the stamp carefully with that first issued, no alteration can be discovered in the design. ([Illustrations 30, 35, 33.])

• 2 c., emerald-green (shades).
• 5 c., greenish-grey ( ” ).
• 10 c., carmine-red ( ” ).

REGISTRATION STAMPS.

Issue I. November 15th, 1875.

Three values. Engraved and printed in taille-douce by the British-American Bank Note Co. on white wove paper; white gum; machine-perforated 12. Design: an engine-turned cartouche, with scalloped edges at top and bottom, and labels, with value in full, at the two ends. Small straight label above inscribed “CANADA;” large curved label in centre, with “REGISTERED,” and smaller curved label below, with “LETTER STAMP,” all in white Roman capitals. Large Arabic numeral of value in the upper corners. Shape, narrow oblong rectangular. ([Illustration 37.])

• 2 c., orange-vermilion (shades).
• 2 c., brown (error?).
• 2 c., vermilion-red, 1888 ( ” ).
• 5 c., green, yellow-green ( ” ).
• 8 c., blue, dark blue ( ” ).

Variety.

• 5 c., green, imperforate.

Remarks.—The Eight Cents was withdrawn from circulation in January, 1878. The Five Cents imperforate is taken from The Halifax Philatelist for November, 1888. With regard to the much disputed Two Cents, brown, the members of the Society think they cannot do better than reproduce here the interesting article published in the above-mentioned paper for January, 1888, upon this stamp.

“THE CANADIAN ERROR.

“The Canada Two Cent brown registration, is at this time mentioned frequently in the Figaro and several other philatelic publications. As there seems to be considerable doubt as to the origin, and as I was in the main instrumental in introducing them to the philatelic public, I have decided to give the information I possess on this subject to them.

“About the beginning of January, 1887, I was shown a registered letter received from Miscou Lighthouse Post-office, in New Brunswick. It had a BROWN Two Cent registration stamp on it—a clear unmistakable dark brown. I immediately wrote the postmaster there for information relative to them. He answered and said that he had twenty-three on hand; that he had originally received fifty from the Post Office Department at Ottawa; and that they were BROWN when he received them. This he stated positively. I then sent to him for them, but before my letter reached him he had used two of them, so that I received only twenty-one.

“Those stamps I showed to several philatelists, and could not get two to agree as to their origin. Some said the change in colour was due to the gum, others to chemical changes, others again said it was due to the atmosphere from the salt water. Very few would allow a misprint. In the meantime Mr. F. C. Kaye came across another registered letter with brown registration stamp. This time it was from the Post-office of New Ross, in Lunenburg Co., N.S. From this office about fifty were obtained. The postmaster at this office was also positive as to having received them from the Department at Ottawa in brown. The same objections were raised to those as to the others, as to whether they were genuine misprints or not. In this case the atmosphere of salt water was not the cause, as New Ross is in the interior. If the gum was the cause of their changing colour, it is peculiar we do not get more of them. Changes by chemical means were also tried. The only thing which would turn the red of the genuine colour to brown was sulphuric acid mixed with water, and this did not give a good clear colour, having a somewhat greyish shade in it. Those experiments have, in my opinion, confirmed their genuineness. And now as if to make assurance in regard to their genuineness more sure, we find a third Post-office with them. This was Beauly, in Antigonish Co., N.S. There were, however, only six received from there. The postmaster had the same story as the others—he had received them from the Department at Ottawa in a brown colour.

“After reading this, I do not think that any reasonable-minded person will doubt their genuineness.

“The Department at Ottawa was written to in regard to them, but, as was to be expected, knew nothing of them whatsoever. No doubt if they had been seen they would not have been allowed to be issued to the public.

“We do not deny that time does change the colour in stamps, but with those we do not think that it had anything to do. A friend of ours informed us that in looking over a lot of old letters which he had taken out of a trunk, and which had not been opened for several years, he found among them several registered letters, one with the Two Cent registration stamp almost a black, all the others having their normal colour. With due consideration and deference to better judges than myself, I have no doubt in saying that it is my firm belief that those Canada Two Cent, brown, registration stamps are a genuine misprint.

“Donald A. King.”

The members have not had an opportunity of examining any of the specimens referred to in Mr. King’s paper, so they are unable to give an opinion upon them. At the same time it should be stated that copies of this stamp are frequently met with showing traces of oxidation; some changed completely to brown or even black in colour. It seems therefore probable that the specimens described by Mr. King may be referred to the same category.

OFFICIAL STAMP FOR RETURNED LETTERS.

1879 (?).

The stamp in shape is a large oblong rectangular, printed in taille-douce upon white wove paper, and perforated 12. The design consists of a straight label of solid colour inscribed, in white block letters, “OFFICIALLY SEALED;” above this are the words “POST OFFICE CANADA,” in a curved line; and below the label “DEAD LETTER OFFICE,” also in a curve, both inscriptions being in small coloured Roman capitals. The rest of the design is composed of engine-turning, with ornaments of a trefoil character in the four corners. ([Illustration 38.])

• Without expressed value; dark red-brown.

Remarks.—The only information the Society can give about this stamp is contained in an article in The Halifax Philatelist for December, 1887, which is reproduced here for the benefit of those collectors who may not have seen it.

“THE ‘OFFICIALLY SEALED’ DEAD LETTER OFFICE STAMP OF CANADA.

“While endeavouring to afford some information about those interesting and handsome adhesives emanating only from the Dead Letter Office at Ottawa, I regret being unable to give all their history or chronology. What is said here the writer has gained his knowledge by observation and experience. Doubtless there are others who can speak of matters connected with these stamps which the writer knows nothing of. In the first place they are scarce, very, which is to be accounted for when we consider the manner of their use. They are never found on Local Dead Letters, registered or unregistered. What have been seen here have all come from the United States, and always on returned dead registered letters. I discovered the manner of their use quite accidentally. A friend who travels in Canada for a United States firm showed me a letter which had been returned to his address in Michigan, and which he had posted in Canada for a Canadian address, and registered; and for some reason, misdirection or what not, the letter was not delivered to party addressed—had been sent to Dead Letter Office, Ottawa, where, on being opened to ascertain address of writer, it was resealed and adorned by Dead Letter Office Crown Official Seal Stamp, sent to Dead Letter Office, Washington, U.S., and then sent on registered to the writer’s address in Michigan, where he obtained it, and exhibited it triumphantly to me.

“The stamp itself is a large oblong, 17 × 34, perforated, and printed in brown, on thick white paper. Inscribed in three lines, ‘POST OFFICE, CANADA—OFFICIALLY SEALED—DEAD LETTER OFFICE.’

“It would be appropriate to have the colour of the stamp black.

“No. 2, C. P. A.”

ENVELOPES.

Issue I. End of 1877.

Two values. On white paper, laid obliquely, without watermark; yellowish gum, extending nearly the whole length of the flap, which is pointed. The stamp is embossed in the right upper corner. Design: Diademed head of Queen Victoria to left in white relief, on ground of solid colour, enclosed by an oval band inscribed in Roman capitals, in white relief, “CANADA POSTAGE” at the top, and the value in words at the bottom. Shape of stamp, large upright oval. ([Illustrations 39, 40.])

Size A. 5⁹⁄₂₀ × 3¹⁄₁₀ inches.

• 1 c., very pale to very dark blue.
• 3 c., vermilion (shades).

Size B. 5⁹⁄₁₀ × 3³⁄₁₀ inches.

• 3 c., vermilion (shades).

Issue II. 1881.

Two values. Similar in all respects to the last issue, except that the flap is tongue-shaped, instead of being pointed. ([Illustrations 39, 40.])

Size A. 5⁹⁄₂₀ × 3¹⁄₁₀ inches.

• 1 c., blue (shades).
• 3 c., vermilion (shades).

Size B. 5⁹⁄₁₀ × 3³⁄₁₀ inches.

• 3 c., vermilion (?).

Issue III. 1888.

Two values. Same as the last issue, but the paper is rosy-white in tint. ([Illustrations 39, 40.])

Size A. 5⁹⁄₂₀ × 3¹⁄₁₀ inches.

• 1 c., blue.
• 3 c., vermilion (?).

Size B. 5⁹⁄₁₀ × 3³⁄₁₀ inches.

• 3 c., vermilion.

Remarks.—The envelopes and wrappers of Issues I. and II., and the cards of Issue V., are frequently met with, with the stamp surcharged in red, blue, or black with the word “OFFICIAL” or “SERVICE,” and sometimes the arms of Great Britain are found added to the left of the stamp, and “HEAD QUARTERS—63RD RIFLES” in two lines lower down, to left. These surcharges are in no way official, but merely due to private speculation.

WRAPPERS.

Issue I. May, 1875, to end 1881.

One value. On light buff and yellowish-white wove unwatermarked paper. The stamp is impressed at the right side of the wrapper, about two and a half inches from the top. Design: Diademed profile of Queen Victoria to right upon a background of horizontal lines, enclosed within an oval band of solid colour contained between two white lines, the inner one of which has ornaments running round the central oval. The band is inscribed in Roman capitals “CANADA POSTAGE” above, and “ONE CENT” below. At either side, between the two inscriptions, are small circles containing a fancy Arabic numeral of value. Above and below the circles are conventional ornaments, and beneath the bottom ones a small Maltese cross. Shape of stamp, an upright oval. The wrappers are gummed at the reverse side in a straight line along the top. The gum used is brown or white in colour, and the quantity employed varies greatly in different specimens. Two sizes of the wrappers are known. ([Illustration 41.])

Size A. 9³⁄₁₀ × 5 inches.

• 1 c., dark blue.

Size B. 11 × 5 inches. (End 1881.)

• 1 c., blue (light to dark).

Variety. With the stamp printed to left. (May, 1878.)

• 1 c., dark blue.

Remarks.—The band with stamp to left is taken from The Sixth Edition of M. Moens’ Catalogue, where the size is given as 290 × 165 mm. This variety is unknown to the members of the Society.

Issue II. 1882.

One value. On light buff, straw, or cream-coloured wove unwatermarked paper. Size, 11 × 5 inches, varying slightly in the dimensions. The stamp is impressed in a similar position to that found on Issue I., and the design is a modification of the type of that issue. The principal alterations made are found in the circles at the sides containing the numeral of value. These have now no ornaments at the top; while those at the bottom, with the Maltese crosses, are replaced by other conventional ornaments of a different pattern. The central oval of the stamp has no ornaments running round it. ([Illustration 42.])

(A) On light buff paper.

• 1 c., pale blue.

(B) On straw paper.

• 1 c., blue (shades).

(C) On cream paper.

• 1 c., ultramarine (shades).

Issue III. 1887.

One value. On cream or straw wove unwatermarked paper, of the same dimensions as the preceding issue. The design of the stamp is once again modified. It is more like that found on the wrapper of Issue I., but there is no wavy line round the interior of the oval, and the numeral of value in the circles has a white line at either side of the figure. ([Illustration 43.])

(A) On cream paper.

• 1 c., ultramarine (shades).

(B) On straw paper.

• 1 c., ultramarine (shades).

OFFICIAL WRAPPER.

One value, consisting of the wrapper of Issue I., size A, with inscription to the left of the stamp in three lines as follows: First, “INLAND REVENUE, CANADA,” in fancy letters, with capital initials; second, “WEIGHTS & MEASURES SERVICE,” in tall thin Roman capitals; third, “Official Circular,” in italic letters. There is an ornamental wavy line between the first and second, and second and third lines. Lower down to left is the word “TO,” followed by two ruled straight lines, the bottom one being somewhat shorter than the other. Beneath these lines for the address is the following notice, “This band is to be used on Her Majesty’s Service only, and must have no writing thereon but the name and address.” At the top of the wrapper the equivalent French translation of the preceding inscriptions is given. The whole of the legend is printed in blue, of a lighter shade than the stamp. ([Illustration 41.])

• 1 c., dark blue.

Remarks.—The wrappers of Issues I. and II. are found with the stamp surcharged across the centre with the word “OFFICIAL” or “SERVICE,” in black or blue ink. See the remarks appended to Issue III. of the envelopes.

POST CARDS.

Issue I. June (?), 1871.

One value.—Designed and printed by the British-American Bank Note Company upon light buff card; size, 4½ × 3 inches. At the top are two lines of inscription. First, “CANADA POST CARD,” in Roman capitals; second, “THE ADDRESS ONLY TO BE WRITTEN ON THIS SIDE,” in block letters. Lower down are three ruled lines, diminishing in length, and the first is headed by the word “TO” in fancy script type. Between the last line and the frame at the bottom of the card, in the centre, is “British-American Bank Note Co., Montreal and Ottawa,” in small type. The stamp is in the right upper corner. Design: Diademed head of Queen Victoria to right, upon ground of horizontal lines, within a dotted circle, which is surrounded by an ornamental frame. The corners are filled in with horizontal lines, and in the centre of each is a small trilobed figure with three balls within a circle. At the bottom of the stamp is a straight label of solid colour, with rounded ends, inscribed “ONE CENT,” in Roman capitals. The card is completed by an engine-turned frame; size, 4⅓ × 2½ inches. The inscription and the label of value at the bottom of the stamp are in darker colour than the rest of the design. The cards are separated on the sheet by thin coloured lines running the whole length of the cards. ([Illustration 44.])

• 1 c., pale to deep blue.

Issue II. 1876.

One value. Similar to Issue I., but the inscription at the bottom of the card is altered to “British-American Bank Note Co., Montreal,” and the cards are separated on the sheet by short lines of colour at the centre of the sides of the cards. ([Illustration 44.])

• 1 c., pale to deep blue.

Issue III. 1st January, 1877.

One value. Designed and printed by the British-American Bank Note Company upon light buff card; size, 4⁷⁄₁₀ × 3 inches. The inscription is in four lines at the top of the card. First, “CANADA POST CARD,” in ornamental Roman capitals, arched; second, “TO;” third, “UNITED KINGDOM,” in italic Roman capitals; fourth, “THE ADDRESS ONLY,” &c., in block letters. Lower down “TO,” in fancy script type, and three dotted lines for the address. At the centre of the card at the bottom, in small type, is “British-American Bank Note Co., Montreal.” The stamp is in the right upper corner. Design: The design resembles the stamp on Issue I., but the circle containing the head is enclosed by a plain line. The corners are differently filled in, and the label of value is more ornamented. The frame of the card is composed of three-quarter discs, with larger ornaments of a different nature at the four corners; size, 1³⁄₁₀ × 2⅗ inches. ([Illustration 45.])

• 2 c., yellow-green (shades).

Issue IV. July (?), 1879.

One value. Similar in all respects to the last issue, except as regards the inscription and stamp. The inscription is in three lines, as follows: 1st, “UNION POSTALE UNIVERSELLE,” each word commencing with a Roman capital; 2nd, “CANADA POST CARD,” in Roman capitals, the initial letter of each word being in larger type than the rest; 3rd, “THE ADDRESS ONLY,” &c., in block letters. The stamp is larger, and above and below the circle containing the head are small arched labels of solid colour, inscribed “CANADA” and “POSTCARD” respectively in Roman capitals. The label containing the value is larger, and the remainder of the design is different. ([Illustration 46.])

• 2 c., yellow-green (shades).

Issue V. June, 1882.

One value. Impressed upon light buff card. Size, 5¹⁄₁₀ × 2⁹⁄₁₀ inches. At the top of the card is an arched scroll, inscribed “CANADA POST CARD,” in coloured Roman capitals; and below this, in a straight line measuring 2¹⁷⁄₂₀ inches, “THE ADDRESS TO BE WRITTEN ON THIS SIDE,” in block letters. The stamp, type of that on the wrapper of Issue II., is placed in the right upper corner. The card is without frame. ([Illustration 47.])

• 1 c., ultramarine (shades).
• 1 c., blue ( ” ).

Issue VI. 1888.

One value. Printed upon light buff card as last, but the stamp is replaced by one of the same type as that found on the wrapper of Issue I.

• 1 c., blue.

Remarks.—This card has not been seen by the Society. It is taken from the third supplement in M. Moens’ Catalogue.

Issue VII. 1888.

One value. Impressed upon light buff card, like the previous issue; but the stamp is similar in type to that found upon the wrappers of Issue III. The line of directions, “THE ADDRESS TO BE WRITTEN ON THIS SIDE,” measures only 2¾ inches. ([Illustration 48.])

• 1 c., blue (shades).

Remarks.—In 1887 several of the Philatelic Journals described another variety of the One Cent card, having the inscription at the top of the stamp altered to “CANADA POST CARD” in place of “CANADA POSTAGE.” The reply card was also said to have been issued with the same modification in the stamp. Neither of these cards is known to the Society, and their existence has since been denied.

REPLY PAID CARDS.

Issue I. December 20th, 1882.

One value. Precisely similar to the single card of Issue V., except that the second half has the word “REPLY” in block letters beneath the scroll. The cards are folded along the top, and the design is impressed upon the first and third pages.

• 1 c. + 1 c., slate-blue.

Issue II. 1885.

One value. Similar to the last issue, but the stamps are impressed in the left upper corners of the cards.

• 1 c. + 1 c., slate-blue.

Issue III. 1888.

One value. Corresponding in all respects to Issue VII. of the single cards; but the second half has the word “REPLY” in block letters beneath the scroll. The cards are folded along the top, and the design is impressed upon the first and third pages.

• 1 c. + 1 c., greenish-black.

OFFICIAL CARD.