THE
Vivisectors’ Directory;

BEING A LIST OF THE
LICENSED VIVISECTORS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM,
TOGETHER WITH THE
LEADING PHYSIOLOGISTS IN FOREIGN LABORATORIES.

COMPILED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES.

Edited by
BENJAMIN BRYAN,
WITH A PREFACE BY
FRANCES POWER COBBE.

LONDON:
Published by the Victoria Street Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection,
UNITED WITH THE
International Association for the Total Suppression of Vivisection.
1884.

Price, 1s. 6d.; Cloth, 2s.

London:
Printed by PEWTRESS & Co.,
Steam Printing Works,
28, Little Queen Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

PREFACE.

It was reported at the time of the Franco-German war that the Prussian soldiers profited much by their general acquaintance with the geography of France, and by the possession of convenient pocket maps furnished to them of the invaded districts.

To supply the combatants in the Anti-Vivisection Crusade with some such knowledge, and such cartes du pays of the physiologists’ ground, was the original purpose of the Vivisectors’ Directory, as prepared for The Zoophilist. It was recognised by those engaged in the thick of the fight against scientific cruelty that it was impossible to retain in the memory the names of all, even of the most notorious Vivisectors, or to attach to them their particular class of experiments; nor, in the case of English physiologists, was it practicable to recall without continual reference to the whole series of Parliamentary Returns what were the Licenses and Certificates wherewith they have been annually provided. These facts,—so often needed in controversy,—it was proposed to marshal in the compendious form of a Directory, so that each Zoophilist possessed of a copy should be enabled at a moment’s notice to tell in which province of the “doloroso regno” of Research each Vivisector might be found, what were his titles and address, and the books he had published; and (if he were a British subject) how many Licenses and Certificates he had received.

It is hoped that this original purpose of the Directory has been fairly fulfilled, and that Anti-vivisectionists will universally find it to be a very serviceable book of reference. It is not pretended that it is a perfect work, that the names of all the Vivisectors in Europe have been ascertained, or their worst deeds always ferreted out. Great pains have been taken to make the list thus complete, and several able agents have been employed for the purpose abroad as well as at home, under the editor’s supervision. But years would have been needed for the exhaustive completion of the task, and the publication would have been indefinitely delayed. As it now appears, the Directory presents (it is confidently believed) a mass of reliable information in a convenient form, and at a moment when it is urgently needed for use in our sorrowful controversy.

But even while this first purpose of the Directory was being patiently carried out, it became obvious to those concerned that the work would fulfil at the same time another and still more important end. As name after name appeared for registration, and cruel experiment followed cruel experiment in endless variety, the utility of the Directory as affording evidence of the extent to which Vivisection is now carried on in Europe, became revealed. No doubt or dispute, it was obvious, could possibly attach to this testimony. There can be no question here of that “exaggeration” or those “sensational appeals” wherewith our opponents are wont to charge us. There can be no “sensational appeal” in a Dictionary; nay, care has been taken that there should not be one single epithet editorially applied to any experiment recorded from first to last. The Directory is a mere dry Register, like an ordinary Medical or Clerical Directory of names, dates, places, degrees, books, pamphlets, licenses, and certificates. Only some verbatim quotations are added, with exact references to chapter and verse. If these should happen to convey most damning accusations, it is the Vivisectors themselves who have registered their own offences.

But it is a sickening revelation, even to those who have for years back been steeped to the lips in this Dead Sea literature. Few or none will have realized, we believe, till they look into this Directory as a whole, how infinitely varied have been the devices of the tormentors of animals, how relentless the diligence of these explorers of living tissues, these harpists whose instruments are quivering nerves, these diggers into living brains who leave them “like lately-hoed potato fields.” Not the poor humble frogs alone, of which we are wont to hear, but every class of sensitive and intelligent animal seems to be in turn the victim of pitiless experiment,—the commonest of all being the most loving servants of mankind. Not one organ of their beautiful frames but has been chosen for the explorations of a dozen enquirers, and mangled, burned, torn out, or inoculated with some horrible disease. The well-known maladies which result from human drunkenness and vice have been cunningly conveyed to dogs and apes. The breasts of mother brutes nursing their young have been cut off, and the mutilated creatures dropped back to die among their little ones whom they can no longer feed. Pregnant animals have been continually cut open. An Italian physiologist (Mosso) injects putrified human brains into animals. The eyes are chosen as the special seats for inoculation, because, through the transparent body the processes of disease can be most easily watched. Balbiani varnished the skins of dogs, so that after long hours in which all exudation was stopped, the creatures expired—stewed, as it were, in their own blackened blood. Claude Bernard and Alfred Richet baked them alive in stoves constructed for that hideous purpose. Paul Bert and Cyon place them under atmospheric pressures till a dog comes out stiffened all over “like a piece of wood.” Brown-Séquard and Brondgeest cut the spinal cords of guinea-pigs and rabbits, and Chauveau opens the spinal canal of horses and irritates the roots of the nerves. Nasse injects salt into the veins, and Watson Cheyne injects micrococci into the eyes. Blondlot and Heidenhain establish fistulas. Aufrecht endeavours to create kidney disease, and Köbner leprosy. Bacchi and Donders pour acetic acid on the nerves of the eyes. Audigé, Colin, Miss Adams, Gréhaut, and Gscheidlen, experiment on various animals with mineral and vegetable poisons; and Fayrer, Brunton, and Lacerda with that of snakes. The bile ducts of dogs and cats are ligatured by Wickham Legg and Rutherford. Skulls of monkeys and dogs are opened and the brains mutilated and stimulated with electricity by Ferrier, Yeo, Horsley, Schäfer, Goltz, Hitzig, Fritsch, Golgi, Grützner, Günther Leyden, Hermann, Lovèn, Munk, Longet, Luchsinger, Ott, and Vulpian; and the stomach, heart, liver and spleen, are cut into and diversely dissected alive by a whole host of physiologists, Roy, Gaskell, Lépine, Pellacani, Cohnheim, Marey, Martin, Colasanti, Panum, Moleschott, and Flint.

When it is remembered that, according to Claude Bernard in his latest work, we may “take for granted that experiments, when not otherwise described, are performed on curarized dogs”—that is, on highly sensitive creatures, placed in a condition which he himself describes as “accompanied by the most atrocious suffering which the imagination of man can conceive,”—we have before us in this small Directory a record of agonies before which the brain grows dizzy and the heart sick. That any man not utterly science-hardened can contemplate them with indifference, and refuse to lift his voice against them, is difficult to understand. He who will look through this little book and then “pass by on the other side,” might, one would think, have strolled round Nero’s martyr-lighted gardens and turned unmoved away.

F. P. C.

THE VIVISECTORS’ DIRECTORY.

Abraham, Phineas S., 5, Clare Street, Dublin. M.A.T.C. Dub.; B. Sc. Loud.; F.R.C.S.E. 1880; (St. Barthol. Lond.; T.C. Dub. and Paris); 1st Sen. Mod. and Large Gold Medallist in Nat. Sci. and Mod. in Exper. Sci., T.C. Dub., 1871; Hon. Sec. Dub. Biol. Club., Contrib. to Proc. Zool. Socs., Lond. and Paris, &c.

Held a License for Vivisection in Physiological Lecture Room of Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, in 1880.

Adams, Hope Bridges (Miss), Student Bedford College, studied medicine at Leipzig under Professors Ludwig and W. His. Graduated L.K.Q.C.P. Ireland and M.D. Zurich. Married to Dr. Walthers. Settled in practice at Frankfort. Leipzig Pathological Institute.

“Miss Bridges Adams made a number of experiments on the secretion of hæmoglobin in the Pathological Institute at Leipzig, on rabbits and dogs, which she poisoned slowly with chlorate of potassium and other similar substances, by which the kidneys, bladder, and spleen were morbidly affected. The animals vomited, a deposit collected in the bladder, and they died after sufferings more or less prolonged. Dr. Lebedoff (of St. Petersburg), who is continuing the investigations, affirms that she attained no definite result and that the experiments do not give one the impression of having been carried out with thoroughness.”—Thier u. Menschen Freund, No. 7, 1883.

Albertoni (Prof.), Materia Medica R. Univ. Genoa. Substitute in Chair of Physiology in absence of Prof. Cerradini, Senior Physician Hospital for Chronic Diseases.

Author of “Influenza del cervello nella produzione dell’ epilessia; che cosa avvenga del sangue nella trasfusione;” and joint author with Dr. Bufalini: “Sull’ aumento delle pulsazioni cardiache dietro l’eccitazione delle prime radici dorsali;” and with Dr. F. Lussana, of “Sull’ alcool, ricerche sperimentali”; 3rd art. in “Lo sperimentale,” 1874.

Experiments in transfusion of blood, tried successfully on dogs, subsequently on three human patients who died, the transfusion having “hastened the fatal issue.”—Archiv. Ital., Tome 2, p. 180. Repeated experiments of Chirone and Curci on apes, arriving at opposite conclusions.

Albini, Commendatore Giuseppe, Palazzo Dini, Via Museo Nazionale, Naples. Oculist. Prof. Histology, Anatomy and Physiology. Director of the Institute of Physiology in Royal University, Naples. Vice-President of the Academy of Physical and Mathematical Science. President of the Neapolitan Branch of Italian Alpine Club.

Author of “Ueber das Gift der Salamander Maculata,” Vienna, 1858; “Sull’ azione aspirante del cuore,” Naples, 1862; “Sul mecanismo della deglutizione,” 1863; “Guarigione di una Fistola gastrica in un cane,” 1867; “Guida allo studio della Fisiologia normale e sperimentale,” 1870; “Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico di Parma,” Parma, 1860; “Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico di Napoli,” 1860-64.

Anderson, Richard John, 58, Wellington Park, Belfast. M.A. Qu. Univ. Irel. (1st Hons. in Exper. Science, Gold Medal and Prize), 1870; B.A. (2nd Hons. and Prize in Exper. Science), 1869; M.D. (1st Hons., Gold Medal and Prize) 1872; M.R.C.S. (Eng., and L.M.) 1872; (Belfast, St. Barthol. London, Leipzig, Paris, and Heidelberg); Demonstrator of Anat. Qu. Coll. Belfast; Prof. of Zoology, Galway, 1884.

Contributed “Abnormal Arrangement of Peritoneum,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1878; “The Presence of an Astragalo-schapoid Bone in Man,” Ibid., 1880; “Respiratory Excitation and Depression,” Dub. Journ. Med. Science, 1880; and other Contributions to Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Dub. Journ. Med. Science, Virchow’s Archiv., and Brit. Med. Journ.

Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, Queen’s College, Belfast, in 1879-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1882-83.

Arloing, (Prof.) Prof. Anat. and Physiol, and of practical experiments in the École Nationale Vétérinaire of Lyons.

Aufrecht, (Dr.), Magdeburg.

“Experiments in the artificial induction of diseases of the kidneys. Used formerly to tie the ureter, has now injected Cantharides under the skin of rabbits, and produced the disease in all its forms.”—Med. Centralblatt, No. 47, 1882.

Aubert, Hermann. Prof. Rostock University.

Author of “Physiologie der Netzhaut,” Breslau, 1865; jointly with Gustav Roever, of Rostock, of “Ueber de Vasomotorischen Wirkungen des nervus vagus, laryngicus und sympathicus,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. II., p. 211. This essay describes experiments on dogs, cats, rabbits, and lambs.

“Constructor of a ‘handy apparatus’ for bringing animals into a state of asphyxia in air attenuated or deprived of oxygen.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., 27, p. 566.

Audigé, R. H. T., 26, Avenue Bosquet, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1874.

Author of Thèse “Recherches expérimentales sur le spasme des voies biliaires,” Paris.

“Alcohols administered in a slow and continuous manner were found to give rise to various disorders. Vomiting of biliary matter and glairy mucus together with more or less severe diarrhœa were observed. Difficulty of breathing, muscular tremor, and even paresis of the hinder extremities were also recorded. Examination after death revealed congestive changes of the alimentary canal and of the liver, but no hepatic cirrhosis. Well-marked hyperæmia of the lungs and atheroma of the large vessels, especially the aorta were also detected.… Absinthe when given to the animals gave rise to great excitement with muscular contracture and cutaneous hyperæsthesia.”—Lancet, June 30th, 1883.

“… We must not overlook the extreme sensitiveness of the mucous membrane which lines the ducts; we have just seen that an injection into the biliary ducts of water mixed with a small quantity of acetic acid produces in dogs acute pain.”—Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat, Paris, 1874, p. 27.

The biliary ducts of a curarised dog dissected out and then excited by electricity so as to produce spasms.—Ibid.

Axenfeld, Alexandre, Camerino, Italy. Prof. pathologie médicale, Med. Faculty, Paris.

Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales,” Paris, 1880.

Bacchi, M. E. M.D., Turin, Laureate Univ., Turin; M.D. Paris, 1874; Prof. Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Paris.

Author of “Contribution à l’étude de l’étiologie de la sclérochoroïdite postérieure, Paris, 1874.”

This Thesis also describes experiments in which neuralgic pains are produced by the application of electricity to the orbital nerves of a rabbit—the torture being continued for from half-an-hour to an hour daily from September 14th to October 30th.

Exper. IV. “I exposed the upper orbital nerve on the left side of another rabbit, and then I poured on to it a few drops of a strong solution of acetic acid. The pain was so violent that the animal emitted heartrending shrieks and writhed in the throes of a violent agony.”—Collection de Thèse pour le Doctorat, Paris, 1874, pp. 59 and 61.

Baginsky, Benno. M.D. Berlin, 1872.

Contrib. “Über die Folgen der Drucksteigerung in der Paukenhöhle,” Virchow’s Archiv., 1881.

Made experiments on dogs in the Veterinary School of Berlin.

Balbiani (Prof.). Prof. Embryology, Coll. de France.

Made experiments by varnishing the skins of animals, especially rabbits and guinea-pigs.—Traité de physiologie, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 495. Chiefly known as an Embryologist.

Balfour, Francis Maitland. B. 1851, d. 1882. (Killed by a fall on the Glaciers of Courmayeur Alps). Educated at Harrow and Cambridge, where he graduated subsequently; he studied at the Stazione Zoologica at Naples, under Dr. Dohrn. Was Lecturer on Natural Science, Embryology, and Comparative Anatomy at Trinity College, Cambridge. Fell. Roy. Soc. 1878; Mem. Counc. Roy. Soc.; Pres. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 1881; LL.D. Glasgow 1880. The Professorship of Animal Morphology at Cambridge was created specially for him. Was for several years one of the editors of the Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science. A Balfour Fund has been raised to found memorial at Cambridge.

Balfour, John Hutton, Junr., East Brighton Crescent, Portobello, M.B., Edin. and C.M., 1881.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College, Edinburgh, Materia Medica Department, in 1882, and Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics, same year.

Barker, John, M.D. Deceased, 1879. M.D. Dublin, 1863; M.B. 1846, B.A.; F.R.C.S.I. 1863; L. 1846; (T.C. Dublin); Exam. in Anat. and Surg. and Cur. Mus. M.R.C.S.I.; M.R.I.A.; formerly Demonstrator of Anatomy, Univ. Dublin.

Author of Cryptogamic Part in “Steel’s Handbook of Field Botany,” and other papers.

Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room, 1878-79. No experiments returned.

Barlow, John, 85, Kelvingrove Street, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1879; M.B. and C.M. 1875; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1881; (Anderson Univ., Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Prof. of Inst. of Med. Anderson’s Coll. Glasg.; late Muirhead Demonst. of Physiol., Univ. Glasg.; House Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm.

Contributed “Mode of Demonstrating Pflüger’s Law of Contraction,” Jour. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XII.; “Physiological Action of Ozonised Air,” Ibid., Vol. XIII.

Held a License for Vivisection at University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory and Class Room in 1878-79-80-83. Certificate in 1878 and 1879 for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and for Testing previous Discoveries; in 1880 for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics; and in 1883 for Illustrations of Lectures. No Experiments returned in 1883.

Bartholow, Robert. Cincinnati. M.D.

Author of “A Practical Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics,” New York, 1878.

Experiments on the action of Gelsemium sempervirens.

Battistini, Attilio. M.D. University of Rome.

Beatson, George Thomas, 2, Royal Crescent, Glasgow. B.A. Cantab., 1870; M.D. Edin., 1878; C.M., 1874; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1874 (Edin. Univ.); formerly Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.

Contributed “On the causes of Expense in the Antiseptic Treatment of Wounds,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879; “Origin and Composition of Bodies found in Compound Ganglia,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Diagnosis of Malignant Abdominal Tumours,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physiological Laboratory in 1879 and Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill before recovery from Anæsthetics.

Beaunis, Henri Etienne. Prof, of Physiology, Med. Faculty, Nancy.

Author of “Nouveaux éléments de Physiologie humaine,” Paris, 1876; joint author with M. Bouchard of “Éléments d’Anatomie descriptive et d’Embryologie,” 1873.

Devotes several chapters of his work on Physiology to a detail of the necessary arrangements of the physiological laboratory, and particularly recommends students to study physiology by vivisecting frogs, as being more readily procured than other animals, and easily held by pinning them on a piece of cork.

Béclard, Jules, au Siége de l’Académie, 39, Rue des Saints-Pères. B. 1818; M.D. Paris, 1842; Professor of Physiology Med. Faculty, Paris; Perpetual Sec. Acad. of Medicine, &c.

Author of “Traité élémentaire de Physiologie,” Paris, 1880; “Expériences constatant l’électricité du sang chez les animaux vivants,” Metz, 1863. Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales,” Paris, 1880.

“When by the aid of appropriate means, we suppress in animals the cutaneous evaporation, and thus absolutely prevent the discharge of water, vapour, and carbonic acid, grave disorders are set up little by little, terminating in death. In order thus to suppress the functions of the skin, it is advisable to lay bare, by means of shaving closely, the whole of the skin of a dog, sheep, rabbit, or horse, and to cover the exposed surface with a thick drying varnish. Animals thus treated succumb at the expiration of various periods, but they rarely survive twelve hours. After death the tissues and organs are found gorged with black blood. It is probable that the accumulated carbonic acid has brought on slow asphyxia. When the pulmonary outlet is sealed up, the asphyxia is rapid.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 495.

Béclard, Pierre Augustin. B. 1785, d. 1825. Assistant to M. Roux, 1809; Prosector Med. Faculty Paris, 1811; Prof. Anat., 1818; Mem. Acad. of Med., 1820.

Made experiments jointly with Legallois on the Act of Vomiting.—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 62.

Author of “Additions à l’Anatomie générale de X. Bichat,” Paris, 1821; “Éléments d’Anatomie générale,” Paris, 1823; Traité Élémentaire de Physiologie, Septième Edition, Part I., Paris, 1880; Part II., 1884.

Bégin, Louis Jaques. B. at Liège, 1793; d. 1859. Prof. Physiol., Military Gymnasium, Metz, 1821; M.D. Strasbourg, 1823; Prof. Anat., Physiol. and Surgery, Med. Faculty, Strasbourg; Pres. Acad. of Med., Paris, 1847; Mem. of numerous foreign learned societies.

Author of “Traité de Physiologie pathologique,” 1828, &c.; contributed Art. “Vomissement,” “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.”

Behrend, F. Student, Berlin.

Experiments on rabbits under Dr. Lewin on the chemical effect of uva ursi leaves and arbutin.—Virchow’s Archiv., Vol.. 92, Pt. III.

Bell, Sir Charles. B. 1778, d. 1842. M.E.C.S., Surg. Roy. Infirm., Edin., 1797; M.R.C.S., Lond., Surg. Middlesex Hosp., 1812; Sen. Prof. Anat. Surg. Roy. Coll. Surg., Lond., and M.C., 1824; Lect. Physiol., Univ. Coll., Lond., 1826; knighted, 1831; Prof. Surg. Univ. Edin., 1831.

Author Vol. 3 of “Anatomy of the Human Body,” 3 vols., London, 1793 (by John Bell); “Anatomy of the Brain,” London, 1802; “A System of Operative Surgery,” 2 vols., London, 1807; “An Exposition of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body,” London, 1824; “The Nervous System of the Human Body,” London, 1830; “The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments,” London, 1834-52; Various papers in “Philosophical Transactions,” “Institute of Surgery,” &c., &c. The discoverer of the double function of the spinal nerves, and the most humane vivisector on record. Among the published accounts of his experiments is the following:—

“After delaying long on account of the unpleasant nature of the operation, I opened the spinal canal of a rabbit and cut the posterior roots of the nerves of the lower extremity—the creature still crawled—but I was deterred from repeating the experiment by the protracted cruelty of the dissection. I reflected that the experiment would be satisfactory if done on an animal recently knocked down and insensible—that whilst I experimented on a living animal, there might be a trembling or action excited in the muscles by touching a sensitive nerve, which motion it would be difficult to distinguish from that produced more immediately through the influence of the motor nerves.”—Nervous System of the Human Body (Longman and Co.), 1830, p. 31.

The following extract contains the well-known conclusions of Sir Charles Bell respecting the utility of Vivisection and its moral aspect:—

“In concluding these papers, I hope I may be permitted to offer a few words in favour of Anatomy, as better adapted for discovery than experiment. Anatomy is already looked upon with prejudice by the thoughtless and ignorant—let not its professors unnecessarily incur the censures of the humane. Experiments have never been the means of discovery—and a survey of what has been attempted of late years in physiology, will prove that the opening of living animals has done more to perpetuate error than to confirm the just views taken from the study of anatomy and natural motions. In a foreign review of my former papers the results have been considered as a further proof in favour of experiments. They are, on the contrary, deductions from anatomy, and I have had recourse to experiments not to form my own opinions, but to impress them upon others. It must be my apology that my utmost efforts of persuasion were lost, while I urged my statements on the grounds of anatomy alone. For my own part I cannot believe that Providence should intend that the secrets of nature are to be discovered by the means of cruelty, and I am sure that those who are guilty of protracted cruelties do not possess minds capable of appreciating the laws of Nature.”—Ibid., p. 217.

Similar sentiments are expressed in his “Essay on the Forces which Circulate the Blood,” Part II., p. 25.

Bellesme, Jousset de. School of Physiology, Nantes.

Author of “Physiologie Comparée Recherches expérimentelles sur les fonctions du balancier chez les insectes,” Paris, 1879; “Recherches sur la digestion chez les mollusques céphalopodes,” Comptes rendus Vol. LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 428; “Recherches sur l’action physiologique du grenat ou résidu de fabrication de la fuchsine,” Comptes rendus, Vol. LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 187.

Belli, Aristide (Prof.), Director of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Urbino.

Bennet, Alex. Hughes, 13, Old Cavendish Street, W. M.D., Edin. (Gold Medallist), 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869, M.R.C.P., Lond. 1876 (Edin., Lond. and Paris); Mem. Path. Soc. Lond.; Ext. Mem. and Emer. Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Physician Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, St. John’s Wood, and to the Westminster Hospital, &c., &c.

Author of “An Experimental Inquiry into the Physiological Actions of Theine, Caffeine, Quaranine, Cocaine, and Theobromine,” 1873; “A Practical Treatise on Electro-Diagnosis in Diseases of the Nervous System;” “Illustrations of the Superficial Nerves and Muscles, with their Motor Points,” &c.

Bennett, John Hughes, M.D. Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh; died 1875.

President of the Committee which performed the experiments on the effect of mercury, &c., on the livers of dogs. He was accustomed to lecture to his class on the benefit of vivisection, and advised his students to resist every attempt to interfere with it. Originator and suggestor of Rutherford’s experiments on the bile ducts.

Béraud, J. B. Author of “Manuel de physiologie,” Paris, 1853. Experiments on generative organs.

Bergeron, E. J., 75, Rue St. Lazare, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1866; Prof. Med. Fac. and Insp. of Lunatic Asylums for the Department of Seine, Knight of the Legion of Honour.

Author of “Les Réactions physiologiques des Poisons,” Paris, 1836; “Sur l’existence normale du cuivre dans l’organisme,” Paris, 1873; “L’empoisonnement par la strychnine,” Paris, 1877, &c.

At the age of 26, M. Bergeron was commissioned to undertake a long series of experiments in several poisoning cases.

Berlin, W. (Dr.), Amsterdam University.

Bernard, Claude. B. at St. Julien, Rhone, France, 1813; d. 1878. M.D. Paris, 1843; Pupil and Assistant to M. Majendie; Prof. of Medicine at Faculty of Science, Paris; Member of the Academy of Science; succeeded Majendie as Professor of Experimental Physiology at the College of France in 1855; Prof. Gen. Physiol. at Museum, 1868; Mem. Acad. Med., 1861; Pres. Biological Soc., 1867; Member of French Academy, 1869; Commander of the Legion of Honour, 1867. Member of the Institute of France.

Author of “Leçons de physiologie expérimentale,” Paris, 1854-1855, 2 vols.; “Introduction à l’étude de la Médecine expérimentale,” Paris, 1855; “Leçons sur les effets des Substances toxiques et Médicamenteuses,” Paris, 1857; “Leçons sur la physiologie et la pathologie du système nerveux,” Paris, 1858; “Leçons sur les propriétés physiologiques et les altérations pathologiques des liquides de la l’organisme,” Paris, 1859; “Leçons de pathologie expérimentale,” Paris, 1871; “Leçons sur les anæsthétiques et sur l’asphyxie,” Paris, 1875; “Leçons sur la chaleur animale,” Paris, 1876; “Leçons sur le diabète et la glycogenèse animale,” Paris, 1877; “Leçons sur les phénomènes de la vie, etc.,” Paris, 1878; “La science expérimentale,” Paris, 1878.

“A physiologist” (Bernard wrote) “is no ordinary man. He is a learned man, a man possessed and absorbed by a scientific idea. He does not hear the animals’ cries of pain. He is blind to the blood that flows. He sees nothing but his idea, and organisms which conceal from him the secrets he is resolved to discover.”—Introd. à l’étude, p. 180.

Baked sixteen dogs and numerous rabbits in a stove. These animals, Bernard tells us (Leçons sur la Chaleur Animale, p. 347), survived respectively eight minutes, ten minutes, twenty-four minutes, and so on, according to the heat of the stove and according to the position of their heads within it, or outside of it. “It became impossible,” he says of them, “to count the pantings. At last the creature falls into convulsions and dies—uttering a cry.”

“Our hands without doubt are empty at present, but our mouths may be full of legitimate promises for the future.”—Sur le Diabète, p. 43.

Bernstein, Jules (Prof.) B. Berlin, 1839. Halle University. M.D. Berlin; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine, University of Berlin, 1871; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine at Halle, 1873.

Author of works on the Nervous System; “Herzstillstand durch Sympathicusreizung;” “Die fuenf Sinne des Menschen,” in “Internationale Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek,” Vol. XII., 1875; “Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und Muskelsystem.” Heidelberg. Darmstadt, 1871.

Has made a special study of the effects of electric currents on the nerves, and his work entitled “Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und Muskelsystem,” is well known to physiologists.

Berruti, Giuseppe.

Author of “La Crania tornia nella practica ostretica,” Turin, 1876; with Perosini of “De l’ablation des capsules surrenales,” in Gazette Hebdomadaire de Méd., 1856, p. 863 et 924.

Performed numerous experiments on Horses.

Bert, Paul, 9, rue Guy-de-la-Brosse, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1863; Prof. Physiol. Fac. Sci. at Bordeaux, 1869; obtained the Prize of 20,000 francs from the Academy of Science for his work on “La Pression Barométrique” in 1875; President Biol. Soc.; Senator and Minister of Public Worship for France, under the Presidency of M. Gambetta.

Author of “Notes d’Anatomie et de Physiologie comparées,” 1867; “La Pression Barométrique,” 1877; Contrib. Scientific Articles to “La République Française.”

“He thought it would be interesting to experiment upon newborn animals (cats), which, it is well known, he tells us, resist asphyxia much longer than full grown ones. (P. 571.) From his apparatus for keeping animals in compressed oxygen he draws a dog in full convulsions, strong enough to enable him to carry it by one paw, like a bit of wood. (P. 784.) The attacks of convulsions, under strong tension of oxygen, are, he says, really curious and startling.” (P. 799.)—Pression Barométrique.

“In this experiment a dog was first rendered helpless and incapable of any movement, even of breathing, which function was performed by a machine blowing through a hole in its windpipe.” All this time, however, “its intelligence, its sensitiveness, and its will, remained intact,” “a condition accompanied by the most atrocious sufferings that the imagination of man can conceive.” (Vide Claude Bernard in Revue des Deux Mondes, 1st September, 1864, pp. 173, 182, 183, &c.) “In this condition, the side of the face, the side of the neck, the side of the fore-leg, interior of the belly and the hip, were dissected out in order to lay bare respectively the sciatic, the splanchnics, the median, the pneumo-gastric and sympathetic, and the infra-orbital nerves. These were excited by electricity for ten consecutive hours, during which time the animal must have suffered unutterable torment, unrelieved even by a cry. The inquisitors then left for their homes, leaving the tortured victim alone with the engine working upon it, till death came in the silence of the night and set the sufferer free.” (Roy. Com., Q. 4,111.)—Archives de Physiologie, Vol. II., 1869, p. 650.

Betz, Fr. Hugo. M.D.; Surgeon in practice in Schönan, Silesia, 1877.

Contrib. “Anatomischer Nachweiss zweir Gehirncentra,” Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wiss., 1874.

Made experiments on the brains of dogs.

Bezold, Albert Von. B. 1836, at Ansbach, d. 1868 at Wurzburg. After studying at Munich and Wurzburg, Bezold went to Berlin to study physiology under Du Bois Reymond; there he became the friend of Isidor Rosenthal and Wilhelm Kühne. In addition to the study of physiology, Bezold followed Virchow’s lectures on pathological anatomy and worked in the laboratory of Hoppe-Seyler, now Prof. of Physiological Chemistry at Tübingen. He became assistant to Du Bois Reymond, but was soon after called to the Chair of Physiology at Jena. Bezold’s experiments on the nervus vagus produced results opposed to the theories of Schiff and Moleschott. Professor of Physiology at Wurzburg, 1865, where he extended the laboratory to be one of the most complete in Germany. While at Jena he had already enlarged the laboratory there, and had taken a journey to Edinburgh to superintend the arrangement of Dr. Bennett’s laboratory.

Author of “Untersuchungen über die Innervation des Herzens,” Leipsig, 1863; “Untersuchungen über die electrische Erregung der Nerven und Muskeln” Leipsig, 1861.

Bianchi, (Prof.), 315, Via Salvator Rosa, Naples. Electrotherapist. Prof. Medical Pathology, Royal University, Naples.

Bichat, Marie François Xavier. B. 1771; d. 1802. Studied at Nantes, Lyons, and Paris, where he became the pupil of Desault, whose works he edited posthumously, 1795. Relinquished surgery to devote himself entirely to physiology. Physician to the Hôtel Dieu, 1799, where he experimented with various drugs.

Author of “Traité des Membranes en général et de diverses Membranes en particulier,” Paris, 1800; “Recherches Physiologiques sur la vie et la mort,” Paris, 1803; “Anatomie générale appliquée à la Physiologie et à la Médecine,” Paris, 1801; “Anatomie descriptive,” Paris, 1802-1803, 5 vols., end of 2nd and 3rd Vols. by Buisson, 5th Vol. by Roux.

“Experimental Physiology dates from Bichat.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1880, vol. I., p. 11.

“Bichat has made, in this respect, an experiment on living animals, which all physiologists have since repeated. A tube with a turn-cock is introduced and fixed in the trachea of a dog, and an artery is subsequently opened in the animal. At first the respiration is allowed free action; then the turn-cock is shut, respiration is thereby suspended, and with it the entrance of the air into the lungs. The blood which issued from the wound in the artery was first red; it becomes analagous to venous blood. When the turn-cock is again opened, the blood once more takes a bright hue.”—Ibid., p. 336.

Bidder, Alfred Von. M.D. Berlin.

Author of “Ueber fonctionnel verschiedene und räumlich getrennte Nervencentra im Froschherzen,” Müller’s Archiv., 1844; Joint author with M. Schmidt “Die Verdauungs säfte und der Stoffwechsel,” 1852; Contrib. to Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1883; Arch f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1867.

Performed numerous experiments on animals with M. Schmidt.—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1880, Vol. I., p. 662.

Billroth, Theodor. B. Bergen, Isle of Rügen, Prussia, 1829. Surgeon, Physiologist, Microscopist, Univs. Greifsvald, Göttingen, Berlin, and Vienna. Clin. Asst. Univ. Berlin, 1830; Prof. Surgery, Zurich, 1860; Prof. Surgery Vienna, 1867.

Author of “Beobachtungsstudien ueber Wundfieber und accidentelle Wundkrankheiten,” Berlin, 1862; “Die allgemeine Chirurgische Pathologie und Therapie,” Berlin, 1863; “Handbuch der allgemeinen und speciellen Chirurgie, &c.,” Berlin, 1865; “Ueber das Lehren und Lernen der Medicinischen Wissenschaften an den Universitäten der deutschen Nation, nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen ueber Universitäten,” Vienna, 1876; “Untersuchungen ueber die Entwickelung der Blutgefässe, nebst Beobachtungen aus der Klinischen Chirurgischen Universitäts-Klinik zu Berlin,” Berlin, 1876, &c.

Binz, Carl. Born 1832, at Berncastel on the Moselle; studied Med. at Univs. Wurzburg, Bonn, and Berlin; M.D. 1855 (Bonn); Private Prof. of Med. and Pharmacology, Bonn, 1862; Prof. extraordinary and founder of Institute of Pharmacology University of Bonn, 1868; Prof. in ordinary, 1873. Staff-Surgeon during the campaigns of 1866 and 1870-71.

Author of “Beobachtungen zur inneren Klinik,” Bonn, 1864; “Grinidzüge der Arznei Mittel Lehre,” “Experimentelle Untersuchungen ueber das Wesen der Chininwirkung,” Berlin, 1868; “Ueber den Traum,” Bonn, 1878, etc.

Experiments with nitrite of sodium on frogs, rabbits, and dogs.—Lancet, Nov. 3, 1883.

“Binz produced fever in dogs artificially by injecting infusion of hay or putrid animal matter into their veins, and then tested the action of quinine by injecting it either at the same time or shortly afterwards.”—Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines, T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 20.

Biondi, Adolfo, Strada Nuova, Monteoliveto 6. Prof. Pathological Medicine, Royal University, Naples.

“I cannot imagine that any man in his senses would attempt to remove a human lung with a tumour in it. It would not be resection of parts of four ribs which would permit the removal of a tumour sufficiently large to admit of accurate diagnosis; and I cannot observe, in the literature just at the moment accessible, that any other kinds of tumours occur in the lung, save those of hydatid origin, and those of a cancerous nature. If the tumour were hydatid, the removal of lung would be unnecessary. If the tumour proved to be an aneurysm, the disaster would be awful.… The facility with which Dr. Biondi has removed lungs, and parts of lungs, from dogs, guinea-pigs, cats, fowls, pigeons, and sheep, and the absence of mortality from such operations, is likely to be a snare rather than a help. It does not need saying, that the removal of a healthy lung, collapsed by the introduction of air into the pleura, would be a very easy matter, and very different from the removal of a diseased and adherent organ. There would be as much difference as there is between normal ovariotomy and removal of a pyosalpinx. It is perfectly clear that these animals, with their deep and narrow chests, differ very much from us with our wide and shallow cavities, in their power of enduring the accident of acute pneumothorax; certainly they would differ from us immensely in the facility with which pneumonotomy may be performed. Their chests are built for the endurance of the special efforts of great speed, and we have lost those physical characters; and I venture to say that, if acute pneumothorax were suddenly inflicted upon sixty-three healthy adult human beings, death would be the immediate result in the great majority of the experiments.”—Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., Brit. Med. Journ., June 20, 1884.

Birch, J. de Burgh, Barnard Castle, Durham. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medallist), 1880, M.B. and C.M., 1877; (Bristol and Edin. Univ.); F.R.S.E.; late Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Edin.

Contributed “Constitution and Relations of Bone Lamellæ, Lacunæ, and Canaliculi, and some effects of Trypsin Digestion on Bone,” Journ. Physiol. Vol. II.; also contrib. to Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. and Centralb. d. Med. Wiss.

Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, Lecture Room and Physiological Laboratory 1878 and in 1879. Certificate in 1879 for Illustrations of Lectures; no experiments returned.

Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig W. M.D. (Deceased.) Late Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Munich.

Author of “Commentatio de nervi accessorii Willissii anatomia et physiologia,” Darmstadt, 1832; “Commentatio de novis quibusdam experimentis chemico-physiologicus ad illustrandam doctrinam de respiratione institutis. Praemissae sunt literae L. Gmelin,” Heidelberg, 1837; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des Hundeeiess,” Brunswick, 1845; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des Meerschweinschens,” Giessen, 1852; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des Rehes,” Giessen, 1854; “Das Hirngewicht des Menschen,” Bonn, 1880; and joint author with Carl Voit of “Die Gesetze der Ernährung des Fleischfressers durch neue Untersuchungen festgestellt,” Leipsig and Heidelberg, 1860; “Das Studium und die Ausübung der Medicino durch Frauem,” Munich, 1872; Contrib. to Encyclopédie Anatomique.

Performed numerous experiments on dogs and goats, on the accessory and vagus nerves, which he cut through between the cranium and first vertebra, with the result that the sound of the voice became changed. “Was most successful with a goat, in which he succeeded in cutting both accessory nerves, when it could no longer be said to have a voice at all.”

Bizzozero, Giulio. B. at Varese, Lombardy, 1846. M.D. Pavia, 1866; Prof. of Histology, Pavia; Prof. of General Pathology, 1872; Professor of General Pathology, Royal Univ. Turin; Free Prof. Microscopy applied to clinical medicine; Assistant to Mantegazza at the experimental Laboratory of the University of Pavia. Has founded a Laboratory at Turin. Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy.

Author of “Studii comparativi sui nemaspermi e sulle ciglia vibratili,” 1864; “Sulla neo formazione del tersuto connettivo e sulle cettule sernoventi,” 1865; “Di alcune alterazioni dei linfatici del cervello e della pia madre,” 1868; “Sul midollo delle ossa,” 1868-69; “Sui rapporti della tubercolosi con altre malattie,” 1874; “Sui linfatici e sulla struttura delle sierose umane,” 1876-78; “Recherches sur la physiopathologie du sang” (for which the Acad. of Turin has lately awarded him the prix Riberi of 20,000 frs.); “D’un nouvel element morphologique du sang et de son importance dans la thrombose et la coagulation,” dans Archives Italiennes de biologie, 1882-83; Editor of “L’Archivio delle Scienze Mediche” (Turin), a journal which relates the results of his experiments.

Experiments on constitution of blood. Animals cut open and omentum or mesentery lifted out. Some under chloroform, but “to avoid objection to the action of chloroform on the blood,” also performed a great number of experiments on animals not under anæsthetics, but tied to the table.—Archiv. Ital., Tom. II.

Blix, Magnus Gustaf. B. 1849. M.D., Professor Laboratory of Experimental Physiology and Medical Physics, Univ. of Upsala, 1882.

Author of several treatises in “Transactions of Medical Society, Upsala,” principally concerning the contraction of the muscles, viz., “Bidrag till laran om Muskelelasticiteter,” 1874; “Ennymyograph: Ophthalmometriska studier I.,” 1880; “En lymphcardiograph; Till Melysning affragan, Muravida varmenomfattes till mekaniskt arbete vid Muskelcontractioner,” 1881; “Mya midsag till ophthalmometriens utoeckling: en Zalfregistrerande perimeter,” 1882.

Block, Carl Otto, Dantzig. M.D., 1876.

Made numerous experiments on healthy dogs, and found they did not die if a piece of the lung was cut out. Hence he became desirous of making the same experiment on men. His first victim was a girl of fourteen, who died a few hours after the operation (resection of a piece of the lung).

Blondlot, Nicolas. B. 1810. M.D. Paris, 1833; late Prof. Chemistry and Pharmaceutics Medical School, Nancy.

Author of “Traité analytique de la Digestion,” Nancy, 1843; “Essai sur les fonctions du foie et doses annexes,” Paris, 1846; “Recherches sur la digestion des matières Grasses,” Paris, Nancy, 1855.

In his “Treatise on Digestion” Blondlot gives the results of experiments on dogs with fistulous openings into the stomach. He is generally spoken of as the first to obtain gastric juice by the establishment of a fistula into the stomach of the lower animals. (His method is given in detail in “Béclard’s Traité,” p. 85.) Longet, another vivisector, mentions in his Treatise of Physiology that a Dr. Bassow read a paper before the Imperial Society of Naturalists, in Moscow, in 1842, in which he gave an account of a number of successful attempts to establish a gastric fistula.

Boccardo, Giuseppe. Assistant, Physiological Institute, R. University, Naples.

Bochefontaine, Louis Théodore. Prof. Experimental Pathology, Medical Faculty, Paris.

Author of “Action physiologique de la quinine sur la rate. Essai de critique expérimentale;” “Thèse pour le Doctorat, Paris,” 1873.

“All the experiments which we describe on this subject have been made on dogs and on a cat. Some few which are not mentioned were made on rabbits and a few on guinea-pigs. The results obtained amount to little or nothing. We must say once for all that our experiments with strychnine and quinine have also given no exact result.”—Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat, Paris, 1873, p. 25.

“… Even in the same species of animals, though the experimenters act under identical conditions, the results obtained are not always the same.”—Ibid., p. 33.

Böhm, R. Prof. in Marburg.

Experiments on cats with arsenic and muscarin concerning the exfoliation of intestinal epithelium.—Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. XCII., part 3.

Bohr (Dr.). Prof. of Physiology, Copenhagen.

Bornhardt, A. Formerly pupil of Cyon, Lab. Physiol. Acad. Med., St. Petersburg.

Author of “Experimentelle Beiträge zur Physiologie der Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinths.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XII, p. 471.

Experiments on pigeons and rabbits after portions of their brains had been extirpated.—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XII. (1876), p. 471.

Bouchard, Charles. Prof. of Gen. Path., Paris.

Contributor to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.” Author of “De la Pathogénie des Hémorrhagies,” Paris, 1869; “Recherches nouvelles sur la pellagra,” Paris, 1862; “Éléments d’Anatomie descriptive et d’Embryologie,” 1873.

Bousfield, Edward Collins, Wellesley House, Ashley Road, Bristol. L.R.C.P. Lond. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1878; (St. Barthol.); Physiol. Prosect. St. Barthol. Hosp. 76-77-78. Contributed “On a hitherto unnoted feature of the blood in Leucocythaemiæ,” Lancet 1879; “Effects of the Electric Light on Vision,” Ibid. 1880; “Case illustrating the Pathology of Herpes,” Ibid. 1880.

Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Medical School 1880 and 1881. No experiments returned.

Bowditch, H. P. Prof. Physiol. Lab. Harvard Med. School, Boston, U.S.

Plethysmographic experiments on the vascular nerves of the extremities.

Brachet, Jean Louis. B. at Eivors (France), 1789, d. at Lyons, 1858. Hosp. Surg., Physician to Prisons, Professor of Physiology School of Medicine, Physician to Hôtel Dieu, Lyons, Chev. de la Leg. d’Honn., Prof. Materia Med. and Therap., Mem. Acads. of Med. Paris, Vienna, Madrid, Turin; Mem. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Belles Lettres of Lyons, Dijon, Toulouse, Genoa; Mem. Med. Socs. of Paris, Lyons, Berlin, Göttingen, Toulouse, Marseilles, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Bordeaux, New Orleans, Besançon, &c., &c.

Author of “Dissertation Physiologique sur la cause des mouvement de dilatation des Cœur,” Thèse, Paris, 1813; “Recherches Expérimentales sur les Fonctions du Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” Paris, 1830; “Traité Complet de l’Hypochondrie,” Lyons, 1844; “Considérations sur le Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” Lyons, 1846; “Physiologie élémentaire de l’Homme,” Lyons, 1855; “De la Glycogenie Hépatique,” Lyons, 1856. Made numerous researches on the uses and functions of the Ganglionary system.

Braidwood, Peter Murray, 17, Rodney Street, Liverpool, and 2, Delamere Terrace, Birkenhead. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist) 1863; F.R.C.S. Edin. 1881, L. 1863; (Edin., Berlin, Prague, and Vienna); Astley Cooper Prizem. 1868; Honourable mention from Roy. Acad. Sci. Havana, and from Imp. Council of Russia 1872; Fothergillian Medallist 1877; F.R.M.S.; Ext. Mem. (late Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Exam. in Med. Jurisp. Univ. Edin.; Co-Editor of Liverpool and Manchester Med. and Surg. Reports. Author “On Pyæmia,” (Astley Cooper Prize Essay 1868); “On the Domestic Management of Children.” Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of Dajaksch,” Edin. Med. Journ. 1864; “First and Second Reports on the Life History of Contagion,” Brit. Med. Journ. 1875-76-77-78, &c.

Held a License for Vivisection in 1878, also certificates, dispensing with the obligation to kill, and for testing previous discoveries. No experiments returned.

Brailey, William Arthur, 16, Orchard Street, Portman Square, W. M.A.; M.D. Cantab. 1874; M.B. 1871; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A. 1872; B.A. Lond. 1866; (Guy’s and Univ. Camb.); Fell. Down. Coll. Camb. and late Inter. Coll. Lect. in Nat. Sci.; 1st Class Nat. Sci. Tripos 1867; Exhib. in Biol. Prelim. Sci. Exam. M.B. Lond. 1865; Mem. Path. Soc.; Mem. Comm. Ophth. Soc.; Lect. on Comp. Anat. Guy’s and St. George’s Hosp. Med. Schs.; Curator and Regist. Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Ophth. Surg. Evelina Hosp.; late House Phys. Addenbrooke’s Hosp. Camb. Contributed “On Pathology of Increased Tension,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Reps. 1877 and 1879; “A Theory of Elancoma,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Reps. 1880, &c.

Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum and Lecture Room in 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1878 and 1880.

Brewer (Dr.), Norwich, Connecticut, U.S.A.

Dr. Brewer published in the Detroit Therapeutic Gazette for September, 1882, an account of fifty experiments made by him on frogs, kittens, cats, and dogs, with the liquid extract of Manaca (a Brazilian plant) which he either exhibited “per oram” (to quote literally) or injected subcutaneously. The experiments were evidently made with great care, and entailed a good many difficult vivisectional operations, such as the cutting of the crural and sciatic nerves, the tying of the femoral artery, the cutting of the spinal cord, and the ablation of the cerebrum. Great pains were taken, and no fewer than eight experiments were instituted, for the sole purpose of ascertaining whether Manaca affected the nerves directly or through the intermediation of the blood, as most poisons do, prussic acid not excepted.

Brodie, Sir Benjamin. B. 1783, d. 1862. M.R.C.S.E. 1805; Asst. to Mr. Wilson as Demonst. of Anat.; Asst. Surg. St. George’s 1810; Croonian Lecturer to Roy. Soc.; Prof. Anat. and Surg. Roy. Coll. Surg. 1819; Sergeant Surgeon to William IV. 1832; was created a Baronet 1834; Mem. Court of Exam. Coll. Surg. 1835; President Roy. Coll. Surg. 1844; President Roy. Soc. 1858.

Author of “Experiments and observations on the different modes in which Death is produced by certain Vegetable Poisons.” Edin. Review, Vol. XVIII., p. 370, 1811.

As a young hospital surgeon Brodie employed his leisure in observations and experiments. Tied the bile ducts in cats.—Quar. Jour. Science and the Arts, Jan., 1823, p. 341.

Brondgeest, P. J.

Author of “Ueber den Tonus der Willkürlichen Muskeln,” Mueller’s Archiv., 1860.

The following is an experiment of J. P. Brondgeest’s:—“Cut the spinal cord beneath the bulb, and lay bare the sciatic nerves on each posterior limb. Cut one of these two nerves, and suspend the creature by the head. If we then observe the situation of the two limbs, a difference is perceived, which has been shown to be invariable in sixty-two experiments. The foot of which the nerve is cut is limp and pendant; that of which the nerve is intact is slightly bent in all its articulations. M. Brondgeest made similar experiments on rabbits and birds.… If we detach by one of its extremities a muscle newly prepared on a living animal, taking care to preserve its nerve, and attach to the extremity of this muscle a certain weight, … we shall see that it will augment in weight.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1862, pp. 640-41.

Brouardel, Paul. M.D., Paris, 1865; Phys. St. Andrew’s Hosp. 1873; Prof. Med. Juris., Med. Fac., Paris, 1879.

Author of “Étude critique des diverses médications employées contre le diabète sucré,” Paris, 1869; Editor of “Annales d’hygiène publique et de médecine légale.”

Browne, James Crichton. M.D.; Medical officer of the West Riding Lunatic Asylum.

“Has for ten years given attention to the subject; has performed two series of experiments, one not involving destruction of life, to ascertain the action of nitrite of amyl, and one with regard to pycrotoxine, the essential constituent of coculus indicus; 46 animals in all, gives details, were operated on; was successful in discovering an antidote, chloral, for this poison; no opportunity of testing it on human beings has yet occurred; witness has been denounced for this cruelty, although pycrotoxine is much used for poisoned wheat; in each case the animal dies in convulsions.”—Dig. Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, p. 25.

Brown-Séquard, Charles Edouard, Laboratory of Exper. Med., Collége de France, Paris. B. at Mauritius, 1818. M.D. Paris, 1840; Prof. Med. Fac., Paris, 1869; Suc. Claude Bernard as Prof. Exper. Med. at College of France.

Author of “Dual Character of the Brain,” Toner Lectures, Smithsonian Institution; “Diseases of the Nerves,” Holmes’s System of Surgery, Vol. III., 1860; Edit. of Archives of Scientific and Practical Med., New York; “Advice to Students,” a lecture delivered at the opening of the Medical Lectures, Harvard Univ., 1876; Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System, Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng., May, 1858; Lectures on Diagnosis and Treatment of functional Nervous Affections, 1868, &c., Philadelphia, Cambridge, U.S., &c.

“The laying bare of the spinal cord, and its free exposition to the action of the atmosphere, instead of being a cause or loss or diminution of sensibility, as it had been said, seems to be followed by a marked increase of sensibility in the parts of the body which are behind the place where the cord is exposed.… Deep injuries to the posterior columns of the spinal cord are always followed by a degree of hyperæsthesia greater than after the laying bare of the nervous centres—hyperæsthesia which appeared in all parts of the body behind the place injured.… Before the operation in rabbits the most energetic pinching of the skin produces agitation but no shrieking; after the operation, on the contrary the least pinching produces shrieking and a much greater agitation. Sometimes the hyperæsthesia is so considerable that the least pressure upon the skin makes the animal shriek. Whether the operation is performed on the lumbar, the dorsal, or the cervical region, the phenomena are always the same—that is, there is manifest hyperæsthesia in the various parts of the body which receive their nerves from the part of the spinal cord which is behind the section. It has been so in all the animals I have operated upon, and I have already made this experiment upon animals belonging to more than twenty species. As long as the animals live after the section of the posterior columns, hyperæsthesia continues to exist, except in the cases where re-union takes place between the two surfaces of the section; but hyperæsthesia is greater during the first week after the operation than it is after a month or many months.”—Brown-Séquard, “Lancet” 1,823 and 1,819.

M. Brown-Séquard has devoted his time since his graduation almost exclusively to experimental investigations on physiological topics, especially on the spinal column, the muscular system, the sympathetic nerves and ganglions, and on the effect of the removal of the supra-renal capsules, &c. Author of many Essays and Papers giving details of his Experiments.

Bruns, Paul Victor. B. in Helmstedt, 1812. Stud. Tübingen, 1833; M.D., 1837; Prof. Anat. College, Brunswick, 1839; Prof. Surg., Tübingen, 1840.

Author of “Handbuch der practischen Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1854-60; “Chirurgische Atlas,” Tübingen, 1853; “Die Durchschneidung der Gesichtsnerven,” Tübingen, 1859; “Die Behandlung schlechtgeheilte Beinbrüche,” Berlin, 1861; “Die erste Ausrottung eines Polypen in der Kehlköpfröhre,” Tübingen, 1862; “Die Laryngoskopie,” Tübingen, 1862; “Chirurgische Heilmittellehre,” Tübingen, 1868-73; “Arznei-operationen,” Tübingen, 1869; “Die Galvano-Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1870.

Brunton, Thomas Lauder, 50, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W. M.D., Edin., 1868; M.B. and C.M. (Honours and Gold Medal for Thesis), 1866; B.Sc., 1867; D.Sc., 1870; F.R.C.P., Lond., 1876; M. 1870; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, Berlin, Amsterdam, and Leipsig); Baxter Nat. Sci. Schol., Univ. Edin., 1868; F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc., Bot. Soc., and Med. Soc., London; Mem. (late Sen. Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc., Edin.; Lect. on Mat. Med. and Therap., and Asst. Phys. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. Edin., and R.C.P., London; late Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. London; Member of the Association for the Advancement of Med. by Research.

Author of “On Digitalis, with some observations on Urine” (Prize Thesis); “Experimental Investigation of the Action of Medicines;” “Digestion and Secretion,” Sanderson’s Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory; “Tables of Materia Medica; Pharmacology and its Relations to Therapeutics,” Goulst. Lectures R.C.P., 1877; “Diabetes Mellitus,” Reynolds’ Syst. of Med.; “Diabetes Insipidus,” Ibid.; “The Bible and Science;” Joint Author (with Sir Joseph Fayrer) of “Nature and Physiological Action of the Poison of Indian Venomous Snakes,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Contrib. “On the Use of Nitrite of Amyl in Angina Pectoris,” Lancet, 1867; “On the Chemical Composition of the Nuclei of Blood Corpuscles,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1869; “On the Influence of Temperature over the Pulsations of the Mammalian Heart and over the Action of the Vagus,” St. Barthol. Hosp. Reports, and Papers in Philos. Trans., &c.

“The number of animals required in experiments for research varies enormously; has himself used in all about 150 animals of different kinds, chiefly cats, because they are a convenient size, and cheaper than rabbits. Dogs cannot be got; asks no questions as to how the cats are obtained.”.… “Used 90 cats in the first series of investigations with regard to cholera, describes the method pursued, and gives reasons for it. No beneficial discovery has yet been arrived at; the experiments are still proceeding.”—Dig. Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, pp. 38-9.

“Action of Inflammation.… For this purpose we curarise a frog and lay it on a large plate of cork with a hole at one side, and another piece of cork half an inch high at the other. We fix the body of the frog to the raised piece, open its abdomen with a pair of scissors, draw out the intestines, and fasten the mesentery with very fine pins over the hole. In an hour and a half, or two hours afterwards, white corpuscles come rapidly out of the vessels and wander over the field. We may then inject our drug into the circulation, or apply it locally to the mesentery.”—Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines, T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 23.

Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates in 1878 for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules and Asses; in 1879 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics (this Certificate not acted upon); in 1880 and 1881 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures; in 1882 and 1883 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and also for Experiments without Anæsthetics. No experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses in either year.

Budge, Julius (Prof.) B. 1811. M.D. Berlin, 1833; (Univs. Marburg, Wurzburg and Berlin); Prof. Anat. P. and Zoology Univ. Bonn, 1855; Director of the Physiological Institute of Greifswald, 1856.

Author of “Untersuchungen über das Nervensystem,” Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1841-42; “Handbuch der Physiologie,” 1875; “Allgemeine Pathologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft basirt auf Physiologie,” Bonn, 1845; “Memoranda der Speciellen Physiologie des Menschen,” Weimar, 1850; “Über die Zwecke des Athems,” Weimar, 1860; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen,” Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber den Schmerz,” Leipsig, 1866.

“From observations on human patients we have already learnt that pain causes movements of the bladder. But we can also demonstrate this fact experimentally. Not always, but in many instances I have seen that in curarised animals in whom it is well known the sensibility of the nerves long outlasts their mobility, that the pressure of the water rose when I galvanized the trigeminal nerve, that is, if I placed the electrode on the eye or on the mucous membrane of the nose, or when I irritated the central end of a nervus vagus, which fact Oehl has also observed (C. r. 1865, II., p. 340). Also other sensitive nerves can occasion movements of the bladder,”—“Über die Reizbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge.” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. II., p. 515.

Bufalini, Giovanni. Prof. Siena University.

Author (with L. Luciani) of “Sol de Corso dell’ inanizione; récerche Sperimentali;” Archives per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., p. 338.

Engaged with Luciani on experiments on inanition by the starvation of dogs.—Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche, Vol V., p. 338.

“A very interesting contribution to the doctrine of inanition. The authors present a graphic table, indicating the quantity of hæmoglobin in the blood, the temperature, and, according to daily observations on a bitch subjected for 43 days to an absolute fast with the exception of one ration of water. At the last there were quick oscillations in the temperature … an interesting fact, which deserves to be confirmed by further experiments, which the authors engage to make. A second series of experiments was made on fasting dogs, on which every three days was practised the transfusion of blood.”—Archives Italiennes, Tom. II., p. 253.

Burkart, Rudolph. M.D. Bonn, 1869.

Author of “Die physiologische Diagnostic der Nervenkrankheiten,” Leipsig, 1875. Contrib. “Ueber den Einfluss des N. Vagus auf die Athemsbewegungen,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. I., p. 107; “Studien ueber die automatische Thätigkeit des Athemcentrums, und ueber die Beziehungen derselben zum nervus vagus und anderen athemnerven,” Ibid., Vol. XVI., p. 427.

The last-named article contains records of experiments on rabbits, such as inducing cramp through loss of blood, experiments with electricity on the nervus vagus dexter and nervus vagus sinister; the abdomen cut open to expose the action of the diaphragm. (In Exp. VII., after a continuation of the electrical excitement for 2h. 20m., the action of the diaphragm ceased.) Experiments on frogs are also recorded.

Cadiat (Dr.), 7, Rue du Bac, Paris. Agrégé Histol. Practical Courses.

Capparelli, A., M.D. Lab. Physiol. Turin.

Experiment on the bladders of dogs and rabbits. Some dogs under chloroform; others curarized.—Communicated to Academy of Medicine, Turin, June, 1882.

Cash, John Theodore. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1879. M.B. and C.M., 1876; M.R.C.S. England, 1876; (Edin., Berlin, Vienna, and Leipsig); Lab. St. Barthol., London.

Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew Hospital Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882-83. No experiments returned in 1881. Dr. Cash can also perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory, King’s College, London, and at the Brown Institution, Wandsworth Road.

Cerradini, Giulio. Prof. Univ. of Genoa.

Chambard (Dr.), 97, Rue Saint-Lazare, Paris. Phys. Hosp. Mental Dis.

Charcot, Jean Martin, Paris. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1853; Phys. to La Salpétrière; Prof. Med. Faculty, Paris; Mem. Acad. of Med., Director of “Archives de Physiologie.”

Author of “De l’Expectation en Médecine,” Paris, 1857; “De la Pneumonie chronique,” Paris, 1860; “La Médecine empirique et la Médecine scientifique,” Paris, 1867; “Leçons cliniques sur les maladies des vicillards et les maladies chroniques,” Paris, 1868; “Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux,” 1873; “Leçons sur les maladies du foie; des voies biliaires et des reins,” 1877; Joint Editor of “Archives de Physiologie.” Contrib. “Galvanism and Hypnotism,” Brit. Med. Journ.

Charles, T. W. Cranstoun, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, S.E. M.D. and M. Ch. (with 1st of 1st Honours and Gold Medal), Qu. Univ. Irel., 1869 (Belf., Dub., Lond., Paris, etc.); 1st Schol. Qu. Coll. Belfast, 1865-69; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Lect. on Pract. Physiol. St. Thomas’s Hosp. Med. Sch.; late Med. Regist. and Demonst. of Physiol. St. Thomas’ Hosp.; formerly Demonst. and Asst. Lect. in Chem. Qu. Coll., Belfast. Contrib. “Medical Reports of St. Thomas’s Hosp.,” etc., etc.

Held a license for Vivisection at St. Thomas’s Hospital Physiological Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned in 1879.

Chauveau, A., 22, Quai des Brotteaux, Lyons. Chef des Travaux d’Anatomie et de physiologie à l’école Vétérinaire de Lyons.

Author of “De l’excitabilité de la moëlle épinière;” “Du nerf pneumogastrique,” &c.

Describes his own experiments in Brown-Séquard’s Journal de Physiologie. The object was “to ascertain the excitability of the spinal marrow, and the convulsions and pain produced by that excitability.” His studies were made almost exclusively on horses and asses, who “lend themselves marvellously thereto by the large volume of their spinal marrow,” and he “consecrated 80 subjects to his purpose.” “The animal is fixed on a table; an incision is made on its back of from thirty to thirty-five centimetres; the vertebræ are opened with the help of chisel, mallet, and pincers, and the spinal marrow exposed.” No mention of anæsthetics. Case 7. A vigorous mule. “When one pricks the marrow near the line of emergence of the sensitive nerves, the animal manifests the most violent pain.… Case 10. A small ass very thin, pricked on the line of emergence—douleur intense. Case 20. Old white horse lying on the litter, unable to rise, but nevertheless very sensitive. At whatever point I scratch the posterior cord, I provoke signs of the most violent suffering.”—Journal de Physiologie, Vol. IV., No. XIII., p. 48.

Cheyne, Wm. Watson, 6, Old Cavendish Street, Cavendish Square, London, W. M.B. Edin., and C.M. (1st Class Honours), 1875; F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.) 1879; (Edin., Vienna, and Strasbourg); Syme Surg. Fell., 1877; Boylston Med. Prizeman and Gold Medallist, 1880; Jacksonian Prizeman, 1881; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc; Asst. Surg., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst. of Surg. King’s Coll.; Late Surg. Regist., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst. Anat., Univ. Edin.; House Surg., Edin. Roy. Infirm. and King’s Coll. Hosp., London.

Author of “Antiseptic Surgery, its Principles, Practice, History and Results,” 1881; Art. “On the Antiseptic Method of Treating Wounds,” Internat. Encyl. Surg. Contribs. to Brit. Med. Journ., and Lond. Med. Record, &c.

Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London Physiological Laboratory, also Certificates Dispensing with Obligation to Kill in 1880-81-82-83.

“Two tubes of serum containing micrococci were obtained from M. Toussaint, who holds that micrococci are the cause of the disease. Toussaint obtains the organisms by inoculation of flasks containing serum, or infusion of rabbit with the blood of tuberculous animals; and he has in some cases succeeded in producing tuberculosis by the injection of these cultivations into other animals. The material obtained from M. Toussaint was injected into three rabbits, two guinea-pigs, one cat, and one mouse, and of these seven animals six were under observation for a sufficient length of time for the development at least of local tuberculosis. In no instance did tuberculosis ensue. (In all the experiments detailed in this report inoculation was made into the anterior chamber of the eye whenever this was practicable; syringes purified by heat were employed for the purpose.) Cultivations of these micrococci were also made, and injected into nine rabbits, and three guinea-pigs. Of these, four rabbits and three guinea-pigs were under observation for a considerable time without the development of tuberculosis in any case. The total result is that thirteen animals were inoculated with the micrococci with which Toussaint works, and obtained from Toussaint himself, and in no case did tuberculosis occur.”—Lancet, March 17, 1883, pp. 444-5.

“Experiment. V., November 7th, 1882.—Experiment with pus from the wound of a patient suffering from pyæmia. The pus was thick and foul smelling.

“1. One minim was injected into the left eye of a rabbit. Panophthalmos [inflammation of the eye, involving every part of it] resulted and the animal was ill for some time. It, however, gradually recovered, and in December was apparently well. It died on January 10th, 1883. Lived 64 days.” (P. 267.)

“Experiment XIV., November 2nd, 1882.—The bacilli were rubbed up with boiled distilled water as usual. A little of the pure material was injected into the right eyes of three rabbits. Into the left eyes the following materials were injected:—

“No. 1.—One part of the fluid containing bacilli was mixed with one part of a 1 per 1,000 watery solution of bichloride of mercury. This mixture was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then injected into the left eye of No. 1.

“Result in No. 1.—On November 23rd, 1882, it was found there was a well-developed tubercular iritis [inflammation of the iris—the coloured part of the eye surrounding the pupil] in the right eye, but apparently nothing in the left. On December 10th, 1882, the left eye was beginning to show appearances of tubercular iritis; the right eye become converted into a caseous [cheese-like] mass. This animal died on January 7th, 1883. Lived 66 days.” (P. 285.)—“Report to the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.”—Practitioner, April, 1883.

Chirone, Vincenzo. Prof. at Palermo.

Engaged with Curci in experiments on biological action of pirotoxine and cinchonidine.

Author of “Contribuzione sperimentale alla storia del Gloralio, Opuscolo,” Napoli, 1870; “Manuale di Materia medica e di Terapia, compilato secondo gli ultimi progressi della scienza,” Napoli, 1871—Presso V. Pasquale, nella R. Università; “Sul valore febbrifugo della chinina; studii sperimentali e clinici, Memoria di concorso, con medaglia di 1ᵃ categoria dalla Facoltá medica di Napoli, 1872”—Presso l’Autore; “Se la dilatazione patologica del cuore avvenga durante la diastole, Lettera al Prof. L. Luciani (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; “L’infezione malarica e l’azione della chinina del Prf. Cantani. Considerazioni critiche (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; “Meccanismo di azione della chinina sulla circolazione ed azione sulla fibra muscolare in generale. Esperienze eseguite nel laboratorio del Prof. A. Bernard nel Giardino della Piante, in Parigi;” “Parte prima (Lo Sperimentale), 1874; parte seconda (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Mécanisme de l’action de la quinine sur la circulation. Recherches expérimentales, executées au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,” Paris, 1875—Masson éditeurs; “Due parole sul nesso naturale tra le funzioni del pulmone e quelle del cuore. Lettera al Prof. F. Pacini (Lo Sperimentale),” 1874; “Due parole sull’ iniezione nelle vene dell’ idrato dictoralis. Lettera al Prof. Cav. Carlo Ghinozzi (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica della ciclamina. Comunicazione preventiva (La Clinica),” 1876; “Azione comparativa degli alcooli omologhi ottenuti per fermentazione. Lezione dettata nella R. Università di Napoli, raccolta e redatta da Gaetano Materazzo (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La doppia attivitá muscolare e l’azione della chinina. Critica e sperimenti, Risposta ai Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (La Rivista clinica di Bologna),” 1876; “Due parole di risposta alla lettera dei Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (L’Osservatore, Gazzetta delle cliniche di Torino),” 1876; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica della Ciclamina (Renditonto della R. Accademia delle Scienze fisiche e matematiche di Napoli, fasc, di giugno),” 1877; “Azione fisiologica della chinina sulla circolazione del sangue, Esperienze fatte nel laboratorio di Fisiologia dell’ Università di Bruxelles” (1876), dal Dott. Leone Stiénon. “Rivista critica (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La Scienza e l’arte del ricettare, manuale pratico per gli studenti, pei medici e pei farmacisti.” Napoli, 1877, Presso l’Autore, L. 10; Collaborazione all’ “Enciclopedia Medica Italiana,” Articoli, Bettonica, Bezoardo, Bile, Brodo (monografia), Cainea, Calabar (Fava del), Calaguala, Calamo aromatico, Cammomilla, Campegio, Cedron, Cera, Cerato, Cerfoglio, Chelidonia, Chenopodio, Chermes animale, China (monografia), Chiodi di garofano, Cibozio, Cicoria, Circuta (monografia), Cioccolatte medicinali, Cloralio (monografia).

Chossat, Charles Etienne. B. 1796. M.D., Paris, 1820. Prof. Univ. Geneva. Mem. Soc. Nat. Geneva.

Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur l’inanition,” Paris, 1843; “De l’Influence du système nerveux sur la chaleur animale,” Paris, 1823.

“… During all the operations, and in a great number of thermometrical observations, the animal has been placed upon its back, the fore and hind feet secured to make certain that the body should remain motionless. This position, which is extremely convenient for the experimenter, is no doubt far less so for the animal experimented upon.… As Legallois had affirmed, probably from the results of his own experiments on rabbits, ‘that by tying an animal down on its back its temperature may be sufficiently lowered so as even to cause death, if it is kept long enough in that position,’ I thought I ought to repeat that experiment by prolonging its duration.”—Mémoire sur l’Influence du Système Nerveux sur la Chaleur Animale, Paris, 1820, pp. 11 and 12.

“After long and conscientious researches, M. Chossat concluded that the sympathetic nerve is the real heat-producing agent in animals. But if, after having cut the brain transversely in front of the pons varolis, after having suppressed all nervous action by a cerebral shock violent enough to cause death, after having cut both the pneumo-gastric nerves, after having made various sections of the spinal cord, after having dissected out the sympathetic nerve above the solary plexus, after having practised ligature of the aorta below the diaphragm; if after all this, the temperature of the animals submitted to these mutilations has been lowered and they have died, notwithstanding that pains were taken to keep up artificial breathing when natural respiration was becoming impossible, it cannot be right to affirm that these animals died from the effects of cold. In the experiments made by M. Chossat, the decreased temperature was evidently the consequence and not the cause of death.”—Gavarret, Art. “Chaleur Animale” Dict. des Sciences Médicales, Vol. XV., 1874, p. 27.

“M. Chossat and M. Strelzoff (very recently) have made experiments on pigeons, turtle-doves, hens, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and cats, and have arrived at this result—that the animals die when they have lost in weight thirty per cent., that is to say, one-third of their original weight.”… “M. Chossat subjected twelve animals to complete deprivation of food and drink, and abandoned them thus until they died. He examined them all every twenty-four hours at noon and at midnight.”—Gavarret’s “Animal Heat” p. 394.

Chudzinski (Prof.), Paris. Professor at the Institute of Anthropology.

Ciaccio (Prof.), Bologna. Scuola Veterinaria.

Ciniselli, Giuseppe. Prof. Pavia University.

Cleland, John, 2, The College, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1856; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1856; F.R.S.; Prof. of Anat. Univ. Glasgow; formerly Prof. of Anat. and Physiol. and Clin. Lect. Qu. Coll. Galway.

Author of “Animal Physiology,” 1874; “Directory for the Dissection of the Human Body,” 1876. Contrib. to Philos. Trans. and various other papers.

Coats, Joseph, 7, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. Glasgow, 1870; M.B. (Honours), 1867; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1872; (Univ. Glasg., Leipsig, and Wurzburg); Hon. Sec. Med. Chir. Soc. Glasg. and Glasg. Br. Brit. Med. Assoc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Path. and Chir. Soc., Glasg.; Lect. on Path. and Pathologist Glasg. Western Infirm.; Exam. in Path. Univ. Glasg.; Editor of Glasg. Med. Journal. Contrib. “Arbeit des Herzens,” Ludwig’s Arb., 1869; “Results of some Injections of Kidneys in Bright’s Disease,” Glas. Med. Journ., 1875, etc. etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory 1878 and 1879; also in 1882 with Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments in 1882.

Cocco-Pisano, Adolfo. Prof. Sassari University.

Cohnheim, Julius. B. 1839, at Demmin, Pomerania; d. Aug. 14, 1884. Leipsig University Path. Institute. M.D. Berlin (Univs. Berlin, Wurzburg, Greifswald, and Prague); Assist. to Virchow at Path. Inst. Berlin, 1864; Prof. Path. Anat. at Kiel, 1868; Prof. Path. Anat. at Breslau, 1872, where was founded under his direction a new Pathological Institute. Accepted the Professorship of Gen. Path. and Anatomy at Leipsic, 1876.

Author of numerous articles in Medical Journals, “Lectures on General Pathology,” 1871; joint author with Dr. Anton von Schultheis Rechberg, of Zurich, of “Ueber die Folgen der Kranzarterienverschliessung für das Herz.”

Made experiments, in conjunction with Prof. Roy (whom see) “to elucidate a number of questions bearing upon the relation which exists between certain diseases of the kidney and cardiac hypertrophy.”

“If we now try to explain the striking phenomena which so invariably accompany our experiments, it is quite impossible not to conclude from the outset that they are the result of the closing of the coronary artery. It is quite true that less frequent beating of the heart, and even irregularities of the pulse, may occur spontaneously, and certainly without ligature of the coronary artery. Any one who has made frequent experiments on dogs in which the pressure of the blood has been noted down during a long period, knows very well that intermittent pulsation, and even greater irregularities, are not unfrequent occurrences in narcotised and bound or curarised animals—irregularities which disappear or re-appear, as the case may be. But the sudden ceasing of the diastolic beating of the heart may also occasionally be observed in dogs whose coronary arteries have not been touched. However, this only happens spontaneously (according to our experience) in dogs which have already been used for a long succession of experiments, which have resulted in the natural alteration of the action of the heart, and in whom the arterial pressure has been lowered to a great degree, more especially when for hours the thorax has been open, and experiments have been made on the greater vessels, or the functions of the heart, or on pericardial pressure, etc.… However, there can be no question that the manipulations of the heart, which are inseparable from our experiments, should be the cause of this result.” … (Here M. Cohnheim makes this naif remark), “Many observers have expressed surprise at the amount of pain which a dog’s heart can bear!”—“Ueber die Folgen der Krauzarterienver schliessung für das Herz,” Virchow’s Archiv., Vol. 85, 1881, pp. 520-21.

“The great majority of our experiments were made on dogs under curari with artificial respiration, but several were under morphia; with rabbits there is no particular difficulty in dispensing with all narcotics.”—Virchow’s Archiv.

Colasanti, Joseph. M.D. Univ. Rome.

Author of “Researches on Uric Acid,” Atti della R. Accademia di Roma, 1881; “Action of Oxygenated Water in Poisoning Dogs;” “Zur Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8, &c.

Made experiments with curare at the Physiological Institute at Bonn. “… For these experiments we used middle-sized dogs, with well developed muscles and little fat. The method of preparing them for the desired experiments was as follows:—The dog was fastened on to the vivisection table. The abdomen was opened by a long cut in the linea alba from the sternum to the symphysis oss. pub.; to the right and left of the linea alba the muscles of the skin and abdomen were cut across and separated, so as to leave space for the preparation of the aorta abdominalis and the vena cava ascendens. Both these vessels were dissected out of their sheaths, and the threads required for binding the canula passed under the artery. While the animal bleeds to death a canula, which is intended to supply defibrinised blood, is fixed into the aorta.…”—“Zur Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8.

Colin, Gabriel Constant. B. at Mollars, Haute Saône, 1825. Prof. Veterinary College, Alfort. Mem. Acad. of Med., Paris.

Author of “Expériences sur la secretion pancréatique chez les grands ruminants,” 1851; “Traité de physiologie comparée des animaux,” 1854-56; “Recherches sur une maladie vermineuse des moutons, due à la présence d’une linguitale dans les ganglions mésentériques,” 1861. Contrib. a number of articles to the “Receuil de Méd. Vétérinaire;” “les Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” “Les Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences, &c.”

“The following are experiments practised by Messrs. Boulay and Colin:—Starve a horse, make an open wound in the æsophagus, and inject thirty grains of alcoholic extract of nux vomica, or from three to four grains of strychnine. At the end of a quarter of an hour the horse will die in characteristic convulsions.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, p. 155.

Cornil, André Victor, 6, Rue de Seine, Paris. B. 1837. M.D. Paris, 1865, Prof. of Path. Med. Faculty; Physician to the Hospital de Lourcine.

Author of “Manuel d’histologie pathologique,” 1869-72; “Leçons élémentaires d’hygiène,” 1872; Editor (chief) of “Journal des Connaisances Médicales.” Joint author with M. Ranvier of “Manuel d’Histologie Pathologique.”

Corona, Augusto (Prof.) Director of Sassari University.

Corrado (Commandatore), Rome. Professor of Physiological Pathology Hospital of San Spirito.

Couty (Mons.), Rio Janeiro.

Coyne, Paul, M.D., Paris. Formerly Resident Hospital Physician. Prof. Med. Faculty, Lille. Director of the Laboratory of Histology of the Hospital La Charité, Paris.

Author of “Recherches sur l’Anatomie normale de la muqueuse des larynx et sur l’anatomie pathologique des complications laryngeés de la rougeole,” Paris, 1874. Contrib. to Gaz. Med. de Paris.

Cryan, Robert, 54, Rutland Square West, Dublin. F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1873; L. 1849; L.M. 1861; L.R.C.S.T. 1847 (Richm. Hosp., Carm. Sch. Dub. and Univ. Glasg.); Phys. St. Vincent’s Hosp.; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Cath. Univ.; M.R.T.A. Mem. Med. Soc., Coll. Phys. Irel., Surg. Soc. Irel. and Path. and Obst. Socs. Dub.; late Lect. on Anat. and Physiol. Carm. Sch.

Author of various Contributions to Path. Soc. Dub.; Dub. Quart. Journ., and Med. Press and Circular.

Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory of Catholic University, Dublin, in 1878, and Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures.

Cunningham, Daniel John, University, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1876; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours) 1874, Edin.; F.R.S., Edin.; Senior Demonstrator of Anat. (late Asst. and Junior Demonst. of Anat.), Univ. Edin.; Lect. on Physiol. Roy. Vet. Coll., Edin.

Author of “Dissector’s Guide,” Parts I. and II. Contrib. several Articles to Journ. Anat. and Physiology, etc.

Held License for Vivisection at the Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh, in 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations to Lectures in 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. No experiments in 1878, 1880, and 1882.

Curci (Signor).

Engaged with Chirone in experiments on pirotoxine and cinchonidine.—Archiv. Ital.

Currie, Andrew Stark, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. M.B. Edin., 1874; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1874.

Held License for Vivisection at Glasgow University Physiological Laboratory, 1878.

Cyon, Elias de, 99, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris. Prof. Physiology Univ. St. Petersburg; Mem. Acad. of Med. St. Petersburg.

Author of “Die Lehre von der Tabes dorsualis kritisch und experimentelle erläutert,” Berlin, 1867; “Principes d’électrothérapie,” Paris, 1867; “Methodik der physiologischen Experimente und Vivisectionen, mit Atlas,” Giessen, Leipsig, 1876; “Recherches expérimentales sur les fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires et sur leur rôle dans la formation de la notion de l’espace,” Paris, 1878; Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, section des Sciences Nat., Vol. XVIII., Art. 1—(Experiments on pigeons, dogs, rabbits, and lampreys made in the laboratory of Claude Bernard.)

Experimented in his private Laboratory at St. Petersburg in 1874; also in Ludwig’s Laboratory at Leipsig; in his own Laboratory, and that of Claude Bernard, at Paris. To observe the action excited by barometrical pressure upon the organism, he placed animals in the iron cylinder invented by Paul Bert, but improved upon the latter in such a way that the arteries of the animal were brought into communication with a manometer placed outside, and the nerves of the animal could be acted upon by an electric current.

… “The effect of such a division of the semi-circular canals is appalling. It is impossible to convey any exact idea of the unceasing movements of the pigeon; it can neither stand, nor lie down, nor fly, nor perform any systematic movements whatever, nor retain for an instant even any position in which it may be placed.…. To keep alive pigeons which have been thus operated upon I have wrapped them in a napkin, so as to prevent even oscillations of the head. Thus pinioned I placed them in a hammock, specially constructed for pigeons having had the semi-circular canals severed. Notwithstanding these precautions, it has frequently happened that I have found the pigeons dead in a corner of the laboratory.… So violent were the muscular contractions, that though enfolded in a napkin, the pigeons still managed to throw themselves out of the hammock, and roll on to the ground till fatal injuries to the brain ended their sufferings.”—“Functions des canaux,” etc.; Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Naturelles, Vol. XVIII., pp. 45-46.

“The medical man who speaks with horror of the torture of animals in physiological experiments, will do well to remember how often he has prescribed most repulsive, and not always safe treatment for a patient, in order to obtain some insight into how it was likely to act. Many a surgical operation is performed, less for the benefit of the patient than for the service of science; and the utility of the knowledge aimed at thereby is often much more trifling than that attained by Vivisection of an animal.”—Methodik, p. 8.

“The true vivisector must approach a difficult vivisection with the same joyful excitement, with the same delight, with which a surgeon undertakes a difficult operation, from which he expects extraordinary consequences. He who shrinks from cutting into a living animal, he who approaches a vivisection as a disagreeable necessity, may very likely be able to repeat one or two vivisections, but will never become an artist in vivisection. He who cannot follow some fine nerve-thread, scarcely visible to the naked eye, into the depths, if possible sometimes tracing it to a new branching, with joyful alertness for hours at a time; he who feels no enjoyment when at last, parted from its surroundings and isolated, he can subject that nerve to electrical stimulation; or when, in some deep cavity, guided only by the sense of touch of his finger-ends, he ligatures and divides an invisible vessel—to such a one there is wanting that which is most necessary for a successful vivisector. The pleasure of triumphing over difficulties held hitherto insuperable is always one of the highest delights of the vivisector. And the sensation of the physiologist, when from a gruesome wound, full of blood and mangled tissue, he draws forth some delicate nerve-branch, and calls back to life a function which was already extinguished—this sensation has much in common with that which inspires a sculptor, when he shapes forth fair living forms from a shapeless mass of marble.”—Methodik, 1876, p. 15.

“The description given by Cyon of the method of operation (Methodik, p. 510) is as follows: ‘The rabbit is firmly fastened to the ordinary vivisecting table by means of Czermak’s holder. Then the rabbit’s head is held by the left hand, so that the thumb of that hand rests on the condyle of the lower jaw. This is used as a point d’appui for the insertion of the knife.… To reach the hollow of the temple the instrument must be guided forward and upward, thus avoiding the hard portion of the temporal bone and leading the knife directly into the cranial cavity.… The trigeminus then comes under the knife. Now holding the head of the animal very firmly, the blade of the knife is directed backwards and downwards, and pressed hard in this direction against the base of the skull. The nerve is then generally cut behind the Gasserian ganglion, which is announced by a violent cry of agony (einen heftigen Schmerzensschrei) of the animal.’”

“When I published my treatise on physiological methods and the art of vivisection four years ago, several of my colleagues of the English Universities entreated me not to announce my work in any of the English newspapers, as they feared that public opinion might be still more aroused.”—Letter to the Gaulois, December, 1881.

Czermak, Johann Nepomuk. B. at Prague in Bohemia, 1828; Med. and Chir. Doct.; formerly Prof. Univs. Cracow and Pesth; Prof. Univ. Prague, 1860; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Jena, 1865; Prof. Univ. Leipsig, 1870; founded Physiological Laboratories in each of the above Universities; inventor of the laryngoscope, and also of several instruments for securing animals during vivisection.

Author of “Beschreibung einiger Vorrichtungen zu physiologischen Zwecken,” Vienna, 1865; “Nachweis der Erscheinung der sogenannten Pulsverspätung beim Frosche, und das Verfahren der selbe wahrzunehmen,” Vienna, 1865; “Populäre physiologische vorträge gehalten im akademischen Rosensaale zu Jena,” 1867-1869; “Die Physiologie als allgemeines Bildungselement,” Leipsig, 1870; “Ueber Schopenhauer’s Theorie der Farbe,” Vienna, 1870; “Der electrische Doppelhebel,” Leipsig, 1871; “Ueber das Herz u. den Einfluss des Nervensystems auf dasselbe,” Leipsig, 1871; “Nachweiss echter hypnotischen Erscheinungen bei Thieren,” Vienna, 1873; “Ueber das Ohr und das Hören;” “Ueber das physiologische Privat-Laboratorium an der Universität Leipsig,” Leipsig, 1873.