IN THE SAURIAN AGE, WHEN THE WORLD’S INHABITANTS WERE GIGANTIC REPTILES
LARGER IMAGE
The Book of History
A History of all Nations
FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT
WITH OVER 8000 ILLUSTRATIONS
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
VISCOUNT BRYCE, P.C., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
W. M. Flinders Petrie, LL.D., F.R.S
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON
Hans F. Helmolt, Ph.D.
EDITOR, GERMAN “HISTORY OF THE WORLD”
Stanley Lane-Poole, M.A., Litt.D.
TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN
Robert Nisbet Bain
ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN, BRITISH MUSEUM
Hugo Winckler, Ph.D.
UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN
Archibald H. Sayce, D.Litt., LL.D.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Alfred Russel Wallace, LL.D., F.R.S.
AUTHOR, “MAN’S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE”
Sir William Lee-Warner, K.C.S.I.
MEMBER OF COUNCIL OF INDIA
Holland Thompson, Ph.D.
THE COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
W. Stewart Wallace, M.A.
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
Maurice Maeterlinck
ESSAYIST, POET, PHILOSOPHER
Dr. Emile J. Dillon
UNIVERSITY OF ST. PETERSBURG
Arthur Mee
EDITOR, “THE BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE”
Sir Harry H. Johnston, K.C.B., D.Sc.
LATE COMMISSIONER FOR UGANDA
Johannes Ranke
UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH
K. G. Brandis, Ph.D.
UNIVERSITY OF JENA
And many other Specialists
Volume I
MAN AND THE UNIVERSE
The World before History
The Great Steps in Man’s Development
Birth of Civilisation and the Growth of Races
Making of Nations and the Influence of Nature
JAPAN
The Country and the People
NEW YORK . . THE GROLIER SOCIETY
LONDON . THE EDUCATIONAL BOOK CO.
EDITORIAL AND CONTRIBUTING STAFF
OF
THE BOOK OF HISTORY
Rt. Hon. Viscount Bryce, F.R.S.
Formerly British Ambassador to the United States, Author of “The American Commonwealth”
Professor E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S.
President British Association, 1906–7; Past Director of South Kensington Museum of Natural History
Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, F.R.S.
Co-discoverer with Darwin of the Theory of Natural Selection; Author of “Man’s Place in the Universe”
Dr. William Johnson Sollas, F.R.S.
Professor of Geology at Oxford University
Dr. W. M. Flinders Petrie, F.R.S.
Professor of Egyptology, University College, London; Founder of British School of Archæology in Egypt
Professor Wm. Boyd Dawkins, F.R.S.
Professor of Geology at Victoria University, Manchester; Author of “Early Man in Britain”
Frederic Harrison, M.A.
Hon. Fellow and formerly Tutor of Wadham College, Oxford; Vice-President of the Royal Historical Society
Dr. Archibald H. Sayce
Professor of Assyriology at Oxford University
Sir Harry H. Johnston, K.C.B.
Doctor of Science of Cambridge University; late Commissioner and Consul-General for Uganda
Dr. J. Holland Rose
Cambridge University Lecturer on Modern History; Author of “Development of the European Nations”
Dr. Stanley Lane-Poole
Professor of Arabic at Trinity College, Dublin
Sir John Knox Laughton
Professor of Modern History at King’s College, London University; Editor of Lord Nelson’s Despatches
Oscar Browning, M.A.
Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge; University Lecturer in History
Professor Ronald M. Burrows
Professor of Greek at University College of South Wales; Author of “Discoveries in Crete”
David George Hogarth, M.A.
Director of Cretan Exploration Fund and Past Director of the British School at Athens
Herbert Paul, M.P.
Author of “A History of Modern England”
Sir Robert K. Douglas
Professor of Chinese at King’s College, University of London; late Keeper of Oriental Books, British Museum
Dr. Hugo Winckler
Professor of History and Oriental Languages at the University of Berlin
Sir William Lee-Warner, K.C.S.I.
Member of the Council of India; Formerly Scholar of St. John’s College, Cambridge
Dr. E. J. Dillon
Author and Journalist; Master of Oriental Languages at the University of St. Petersburg
William Romaine Paterson, M.A.
Author of “The Nemesis of Nations”
W. Warde Fowler, M.A.
Scholar and Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford; Author of “The City-State of the Greeks and Romans”
Dr. H. F. Helmolt
Author of “German History” and Editor of the German “History of the World”
Professor Konrad Haebler
Of the Imperial Library of Berlin
Professor Richard Mayr
Of the Vienna Academy of Commerce
Arthur Mee
Editor of The Book of Knowledge.
Professor Rudolf Scala
Of the Imperial University of Vienna
Professor Karl Weule
Director of the Leipzig Museum of Anthropology
Professor Wilhelm Walther
Of the University of Rostock
Arthur Christopher Benson, M.A.
Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge; Editor of The Correspondence of Queen Victoria
Major Martin Hume
Lecturer in Spanish History and Literature at Pembroke College, Cambridge
Robert Nisbet Bain
Traveller and Historian; Assistant Librarian at the British Museum
Richard Whiteing
Author of “The Life of Paris”
His Excellency Max von Brandt
Ex-German Ambassador to China and Minister in Japan
Francis H. Skrine
Traveller and Explorer; late of the Indian Civil Service
Holland Thompson, Ph. D.
The College of the City of New York.
Dr. Archdall Reid, F.R.S.E.
Author of “The Principles of Heredity”
Arthur Diósy
Founder of the Japan Society; Author of “The New Far East”
Dr. K. G. Brandis
Director of the University Libraries at Jena
Thomas Hodgkin, D.C.L.
Author of “A Political History of England”
Professor Joseph Kohler
Professor of Jurisprudence at Berlin University
Angus Hamilton
Late Educational Adviser to the Government of Siam
J. G. D. Campbell, M.A.
Traveller and Correspondent in the Far East; Author of “Afghanistan”
W. R. Carles, C.M.G.
Geographer; late British Consul at Tientsin, China
Professor Johannes Ranke
Professor of Anthropology, Physiology, and Natural History at Munich
W. S. Wallace, M. A.
University of Toronto.
Hon. Bernhard R. Wise
Scholar of Queen’s College, Oxford; Ex-Attorney-General of New South Wales
K. W. C. Davis, M.A.
Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I
LIST OF SPECIAL PLATES IN THE BOOK OF HISTORY
| PAGE | ||
| The Saurian Age | [Frontispiece, Vol.] | [1] |
| Scene from the Prehistoric World: Early Ice Age | Facing | [96] |
| Prehistoric Men Attacking the Great Cave Bears | “ | [114] |
| The Beginnings of Commerce | “ | [192] |
| Carrying Off an Emperor | Frontispiece, Vol. | 2 |
| Buddha, “The Light of Asia” | Facing | 562 |
| Four Famous Figures in Chinese History | “ | 754 |
| The Colour of India | Frontispiece, Vol. | 3 |
| Gems of Indian Architecture | Facing | 1154 |
| Indian Temples | “ | 1196 |
| Nineveh in the Days of Assyria’s Ascendancy | Frontispiece, Vol. | 4 |
| Two Indian Scenes | Facing | 1364 |
| Spring Carnival at a Tibetan Monastery | “ | 1436 |
| The Pyramids of Abusir | Frontispiece, Vol. | 5 |
| Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans | Facing | 1860 |
| Palace of an Assyrian King | “ | 1956 |
| The Sphinx | “ | 1996 |
| Alexander, the World Conqueror | Frontispiece, Vol. | 6 |
| The Acropolis of Athens | Facing | 2504 |
| An Arab Storyteller | Frontispiece, Vol. | 7 |
| Theodora, the Byzantine Empress | Facing | 2906 |
| Glimpse of the Life in a Turkish Harem | “ | 2994 |
| Primitive Justice | Frontispiece, Vol. | 8 |
| Thaddeus Reyten at the Diet of Warsaw | Facing | 3282 |
| Roland | “ | 3484 |
| Prince Arthur and Hubert | Frontispiece, Vol. | 9 |
| Venerable Bede Dictating His Translation of the Gospel of St. John | Facing | 3716 |
| “The Vigil”: A Knight of the Middle Ages | “ | 3788 |
| Alfred, the Hero King of England | “ | 3834 |
| King John Granting Magna Charta | “ | 3865 |
| Crusaders Sighting Jerusalem | Frontispiece, Vol. | 10 |
| Wolsey’s Last Interview with Henry VIII | Facing | 4168 |
| Charles I on His Way to Execution | “ | 4340 |
| Charles II Visiting Wren | Frontispiece, Vol. | 11 |
| Napoleon the Great | Facing | 4636 |
| “Peace with Honour” | Frontispiece, Vol. | 12 |
| The French Soldiers’ Unrealised Dream of Victory | Facing | 5104 |
| Recessional | Frontispiece, Vol. | 13 |
| The Conqueror’s Gift to London | Facing | 5464 |
| King Edward VII | “ | 5614 |
| Clio, “The Muse of History” | Frontispiece, Vol. | 14 |
| Flags that Fly in the Four Winds of Heaven | Facing | 5874 |
| Statue of Liberty | Frontispiece, Vol. | 15 |
| Hope | Facing | Index |
LIST OF MAPS
APPEARING IN THE BOOK OF HISTORY
| PAGE | |
| The World as Known to its First Historian | [8] |
| Shifting of the Centre of the World’s Commerce | [28] |
| How the Mediterranean has Given Place to the Atlantic | [29] |
| The First Maps | [51] |
| Modern Representation of the World | [52] |
| The Europeanisation of the World | [55] |
| The Shaping of the Face of the Earth | [85] |
| How Mountain Ranges were formed | [87] |
| Europe Before the British Isles were Formed | [118] |
| The Submerged Lands of Europe | [119] |
| Europe in the Ice Age | [155] |
| Egypt in Three Periods | [243] |
| Babylonia | [260] |
| Sea Routes of Ancient Civilisation | [283] |
| Land Routes of Ancient Civilisation | [284] |
| How Civilisation Spread through Europe | [359] |
| The Expansion of White Races | [361] |
| The Island that Rules the Sea | [378] |
| Oceans of the World | [383] |
| Effect of Climate on the Course of History | [391] |
| Political Expansion | [396] |
| Relation of Rivers and Sea to the Civilisation of Countries | [397] |
| [South America] | |
| [Africa] | |
| [Europe] | |
| The Far East, and Australia, Oceania and Malaysia | [406] |
| The Island Empire of Japan | [432] |
| Japan in the Fifth Century | 457 |
| Siberia | 634 |
| Movement of the Peoples of Siberia | 656 |
| Russia’s Advance in Western Asia | 676 |
| Growth of Russia in the Far East | 677 |
| The Trans-Siberian Line | 692 |
| The Chinese Empire | 708 |
| Korea and its Surroundings | 858 |
| The Malay Archipelago | 886 |
| Islands of Oceania | 947 |
| New Zealand | 986 |
| Australia and Tasmania | 1010 |
| Britain Contrasted with Australia | 1012 |
| South-east Australia, Indicating Products | 1013 |
| Bed of the Pacific Ocean | 1102 |
| The Middle East | 1120 |
| Modern India | 1161 |
| India in 1801 | 1266 |
| Bed of the Indian Ocean and China Sea | 1419 |
| Suez Canal | 1434 |
| Mountain Systems In and Around Tibet | 1457 |
| The Approach of Lhasa | 1505 |
| Early Empires of the Ancient Near East | 1562 |
| Later Empires of the Ancient Near East | 1563 |
| Ancient Empires of Western Asia | 1582 |
| Modern Africa | 2001 |
| Races and Religions of Africa | 2005 |
| Natural Products of Africa | 2009 |
| Basin of the River Nile | 2022 |
| Delta of the River Nile | 2024 |
| Utica as it Was | 2188 |
| The Remains of Utica | 2189 |
| Ancient States of Mediterranean North Africa | 2191 |
| Niger River and Guinea Coast | 2229 |
| Great Britain in South Africa | 2322 |
| Basin of the Zambesi | 2332 |
| Basin of the Congo | 2347 |
| General Map of Europe | 2356 |
| Geographical Connection of the Mediterranean Coasts | 2373 |
| Ancient Greece | 2482 |
| World Empire of Alexander the Great | 2561 |
| Italy in the First Century B.C. | 2621 |
| The Roman Empire | 2738 |
| Origin of the Barbaric Nations | 2797 |
| Principal Countries of Eastern Europe | 2894 |
| World’s Great Empires Between 777 and 814 A.D. | 2934 |
| Turkey and Surrounding Countries in the 14th and 17th Centuries | 3082 |
| Historical Maps of Poland and Western Russia | 3220 |
| Western Europe in the Middle Ages | 4138 |
| Europe During the Revolutionary Era | 4636 |
| Modern Europe | 4788 |
| Britain’s Maritime Enterprise | 5440 |
| The British Empire in 1702 | 5462 |
| The British Empire in 1909 | 5463 |
| The Atlantic Ocean | 5656 |
| South America in the Sixteenth Century | 5915 |
| South America as it is To-day | 5983 |
| North Pole, with routes of Explorers | 6014 |
| South Pole | 6045 |
| North America | 6431 |
This is the story of the earth from the first thing we know of it to the time in which we live. It is the story of man from the first thing we know of him to the last thought that the vision of modern science can suggest.
T
THERE is no need here to discuss the question how far it is possible to write a universal history, or on what lines such a history should proceed. These points may well be left where Lord Bryce leaves them in his introduction to this book. Nor need we consider what history is; the plain man may be left to make up his own mind as to that while the philosophers are making up theirs. A word may be said, however, of the plan and purpose of this work, especially of that distinction of it which is at once the ground of its appeal and its justification.
A UNIVERSAL HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE
It is a commonplace to say of a great work that it is unique, and there would at first sight seem to be peculiar presumption in making such a claim for a History of the World. It may be claimed, however, without any fear of contradiction, that this work has no rival in the English language.
There have been histories of the world before; there are available in large numbers histories of all countries well worthy of attention; but there is not, and it may be doubted if there has ever been attempted before, a scientific World-History. This work is, as far as it can possibly be in the present state of knowledge, a universal history of the universe.
SCIENCE AND HISTORY
That is a far reaching claim to make, but a mere glance through the names of those whose services have been enlisted for the work will make its basis clear. The contributors include some of the foremost students of science. Many men of eminence whose names do not usually come into historical works will be found here. Their function may be described as holding the Lamp of Science up to History. It is for these authorities to read the story of the earth and to tell the plain man what they read there, as Turner read the sunset and painted what he saw. The simile is not so unfortunate as it may appear, because, although our canvas has not the same room for the artist’s imagination as Turner’s had, it will probably be admitted that the imagination of the scientist is often nearer to the truth of things than the conventional belief.
THE LIFE-STORY OF ALL NATIONS
And the scientist will come into our History whenever and wherever science has any light to throw upon its problems. To the creators of this work the world is not merely an aggregation of countries under more or less settled governments, nor is a country merely the seat of a political system. They conceive the earth as a part of the universe, as one world among many; and this is the story of a huge ball flying in space, on which men and women live and move, on which mighty nations rise and rule and pass away, on which great empires crumble into dust. It is the entrancing book of man and the universe, the life-story of all nations. It begins with the beginning; it regards the universe, as modern science has taught us to regard it, as a vast unit, in which the life of man is the ultimate consummation.
A history of the world cannot be written in a day. It is like an institution—it must be allowed to grow. It would be a purposeless sacrifice in an undertaking of such magnitude to reject any work of building-up that is available, and this History has a rare privilege in being able to utilise the result of the matchless research, the tireless industry, the unequalled knowledge of Dr. Hans Helmolt and the distinguished staff of scholars and investigators who have been engaged with him for many years in preparing a history of the world on precisely the lines laid down in this work.
THE MATERIAL FOR A WORLD HISTORY
It would be impossible to exaggerate the value of the elaborate research made for Dr. Helmolt by such of his eminent collaborators as Professor Johannes Ranke, Professor Ratzel, Professor Joseph Kohler, and others whose names stand for foremost authority wherever the value of learning is understood, and it is one of the chief claims of this work to recognition that it has behind it all the material collected by Dr. Helmolt’s staff, with all the judgment and skill of Dr. Helmolt himself in co-ordinating the labour of his assistants.
A work so universal in time and place must engage many minds. Behind it there must be the labour and thought of many lives. The materials for a world-history cannot be amassed by one man, cannot be gathered together in the time that it is possible for one man to devote to them. A moment’s reflection reveals the vastness and complexity of the arrangements for such a work, the reaching-out into far corners of the earth, the ransacking of historical libraries and official archives; the placing of the result of all this research into the hands of a hundred trained historians, the analysing, sifting, and editing of each part as if it were in itself a perfect whole.
A BOOK OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE
All this labour can hardly be measured. And if we add to our reckoning the work of illustrating the world’s history in pictures, the task of finding illustrations where they are rare as precious stones, or of choosing them where their number is bewildering, the labour that a world-history involves is, indeed, incalculable. It can only be accomplished by the co-operation of many minds, working over a long period, drawing upon actual experience in every part of the world.
Especially is this so in the present work. There are histories that can be made up from books, but this is not one of them. The BOOK OF HISTORY is not only a great book of human experience, as every history is; it is the product of experience. It could never have been written if the men who write it had not helped to make the history that they write.
THE MAKERS OF THE BOOK
It is a book of history by writers and makers of history; it is a book of action by men of action; it is a book, that is, by men who know intimately the real life of the world. When Professor Ratzel writes of the making of nations, he writes with perhaps an unequalled knowledge of the conditions that have made for human progress; when Dr. Flinders Petrie writes of Egypt, when Dr. Sayce writes of Assyria, they write with the same authority that Sir Harry Johnston has in writing of those parts of the British Empire that he has helped to govern.
The real rulers of the world are not the princes, and among the makers of this book are men who, though the fierce light that beats upon a throne has not beat upon them, have borne the burden of empire and of ruling men. It is the ideal collaboration, that of the brilliant investigator, the scientific interpreter, and the man of affairs, and it makes possible the achievement of a History which we have claimed to be unique.
THE WORLD YESTERDAY, TO-DAY & TO-MORROW
We have the facts from the pens of the men who have dug them up fresh from the earth itself or who know them from experience; we have them treated by the men who can turn upon them the full light of modern science; we have the world as it moves in our own time described by the men who know it from the centre, and know it therefore best.
This is the story of the world, then, yesterday and to-day. And, as history goes on, as to-day becomes yesterday and to-morrow becomes to-day, we shall find in this book a vision of the things that lie before. Out of the deeps of Time came man. Through the mists of Time he grew. Down the ages of Time he goes. Whence he came we guess; how he lives we know; where he goes the wisdom of History does not tell. But the history of the world is young, and young men shall see visions.
THE EDITORS
THE BOOK OF HISTORY
The Life-Story of the Earth and of All Nations
TOLD IN SEVEN GRAND DIVISIONS
This plan provides a general scheme for the HISTORY, but is not intended for reference. It does not follow that the exact order of countries here given is maintained throughout the volumes. A full index appears at the end of the work
I—MAN AND THE UNIVERSE
THE WORLD AND ITS STORY
A View Across the Ages: Introduction
Summary of the History of the World
Chronology of 10,000 Years and Chart of Nations
MAKING OF THE EARTH AND THE COMING OF MAN
The Beginning of the Earth
How Life is Possible on the Earth
The Beginning of Life on the Earth
How Man Obtained the Mastery of the Earth
THE RISE OF MAN AND THE EVE OF HISTORY
The World Before History
The Great Steps in Man’s Development
BIRTH OF CIVILISATION & THE GROWTH OF RACES
The Beginnings of Civilisation
How Civilisation Came to Europe
The Triumph of Race
An Alphabet of the World’s Races
MAKING OF NATIONS & THE INFLUENCE OF NATURE
The Birth and Growth of Nations
Influence of Land and Water on National History
How Nations are Affected by Their Environment
The Size and Power of Nations
The Future History of Man
II—THE FAR EAST
The Interest and Importance of the Far East
Japan. Siberia. China. Korea
Malaysia
Philippines. Malay States. Straits Settlements. Borneo. Sarawak. Sumatra. Java. New Guinea, and other Islands of Malay Archipelago
Australia
New South Wales. Victoria. Queensland. South Australia. West Australia. Tasmania
Oceania
New Zealand. Fiji. Pitcairn. Hawaii. Samoa. Tonga and other Islands
The Influence of the Pacific Ocean in History
III—THE MIDDLE EAST
The Importance of the Middle East
India
Including Ceylon and the Native States
Further India
Siam. Annam. Burma. Tonking. Cochin China. Cambodia. Champa
The Influence of the Indian Ocean in History
Central Asia
Afghanistan. Baluchistan. Turkestan. Thibet
IV—THE NEAR EAST
The Ancient Empires of Western Asia
Babylonia. Assyria. Elam
Early Nations of Western Asia
Scythia. Sarmatia. Armenia. Syria. Phœnicia. Israel
Western Asia from the Rise of Persia to Mohammed
Persia. Asia Minor. Syria. Palestine. Arabia. Mediterranean Islands
Western Asia from the Time of Mohammed
The Saracen Dominion. The Turkish Empire in Asia. Persia. Arabia
V—AFRICA
Legacy of Ancient Empires to the Modern World
Egypt and the Egyptian Sudan
North Africa
Tripoli. Tunis. Morocco. Algeria and the French Territories. Sierra Leone. Liberia. Gold Coast. Nigeria. German West Africa. Abyssinia. Somaliland. Erythrea. British East Africa. Zanzibar
South Africa
Native Races. The Portuguese and Dutch in South Africa. British South Africa: Cape Colony. Natal. Transvaal. Orange River Colony. Rhodesia. Congo Free State. Portuguese East Africa. Angola. German East Africa. German South-West Africa. Madagascar
VI—EUROPE
1. EUROPE TO THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Mediterranean Influence in the Making of Europe
The Ancient Spirit of Greece and Rome
Early Peoples of Europe. Ascendancy of the Greeks
The Rise of Rome and the World Empire
Social Fabric of the Ancient World: Slave States
2. EASTERN EUROPE TO FRENCH REVOLUTION
The Byzantine Empire and the Turk in Europe
The Middle Peoples
Russia, Poland, and the Baltic Provinces
The Social Fabric of the Mediæval World: The Twilight of Nations
3. WESTERN EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
A Survey of Western Mediæval Europe
The Peoples of Western Europe
The Importance of the Baltic Sea
The Emerging of the Nations
Frankish Dominion and the Empire of Charlemagne. England. Spanish Peninsula. Italy. The Papacy. Scandinavia
The Development of the Nations
The German or Holy Roman Empire. France. England. Spain and Portugal. Italy. The Papacy. Scandinavia
The Crusades. Industry and Commerce
4. WESTERN EUROPE FROM THE REFORMATION TO THE REVOLUTION
A Survey of Western Europe
The Reformation and Wars of Religion
The Age of Louis XIV.
From the Peace of Westphalia to the Treaty of Utrecht
The Ending of the Old Order
From the Treaty of Utrecht to the Revolution
The Importance of the Atlantic to the World Powers
Religion After the Reformation. Industry and Commerce
5. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era
The Revolution. The Republic at War and the Rise of Napoleon. The Zenith of Napoleon and his Fall
Great Britain in the Napoleonic Era
6. THE RE-MAKING OF EUROPE
Europe After Waterloo
The Triumph of Despotism. The Revolt Against Despotism
Europe in Revolution
The Second French Republic and the Coup d’Etat. The Uprising of the Little Nations. National Movements in Germany
The Consolidation of the Powers
Europe and the Second Empire. The Unification of Italy. The Unification of Germany. The Franco-German War
Great Britain to 1871. Russia and Turkey to 1871. Europe since 1871
Great Britain. Germany. France. Austria-Hungary. Spain and Portugal. Italy. Russia. Turkey. Switzerland. Greece. Belgium. Holland. Denmark. Norway. Sweden. Bulgaria. Servia. Roumania. Montenegro. Luxemburg. Monaco. San Marino
7. THE EUROPEAN POWERS TO-DAY
Europe in Our Own Time
Great Britain. Germany. Austria-Hungary. France.
Italy. Russia. Turkey. Spain and Portugal
Minor States of Europe:
Switzerland. Greece. Belgium. Holland. Denmark. Norway. Sweden. Bulgaria. Servia. Roumania. Montenegro. Luxemburg. Monaco. San Marino
VII—AMERICA
America Before Columbus
The Primitive Races of America. The Ancient Civilisation of Central America. The Ancient Civilisation of South America
The European Colonisation
The Discovery. The Spanish Conquest. The Spanish and Portuguese Empire in America. The Independence of South and Central America. The Pilgrim Fathers and the English Settlement. The Development and Expansion of the British Colonies
The American Nation
The Revolt of the Thirteen Colonies. The Struggle for Independence and the War. The Creation of the United States. The Development of the American Nation. The United States in Our Own Time
British America
Canada. Newfoundland. British West Indies. British Honduras. Bermudas.
Central America in the 19th and 20th Centuries
Cuba. Haiti. Dominica. Porto Rico. Mexico. Guatemala. Honduras. San Salvador. Nicaragua. Costa Rica. Panama
South America in the 19th and 20th Centuries
Colombia. Venezuela. British, French and Dutch Guiana. Brazil. Ecuador. Peru. Chili. Bolivia. Paraguay. Argentina. Uruguay
The World Around the Poles
Greenland. Iceland. Arctic and Antarctic Oceans
THE BOOK OF HISTORY
FIRST GRAND DIVISION
MAN AND THE UNIVERSE
FIRST GRAND DIVISION
MAN AND THE UNIVERSE
There can, of course, be neither absolute finality nor entire unanimity in the subjects of these chapters, which are designed to enable the reader to follow the course of history with greater interest and understanding than would be possible without some scientific knowledge of life. They are presented as a symposium of modern thought on the problems concerning the origin and development of the earth and mankind
PLAN
THE WORLD AND ITS STORY
A VIEW ACROSS THE AGES
Rt. Hon. James Bryce
A SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD
Arthur D. Innes, M.A.
CHRONOLOGY OF 10,000 YEARS AND CHART OF NATIONS
MAKING OF THE EARTH & THE COMING OF MAN
THE BEGINNING OF THE EARTH
Dr. Wm. Johnson Sollas, F.R.S.
HOW LIFE BECAME POSSIBLE ON THE EARTH
Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, F.R.S.
HOW MAN OBTAINED THE MASTERY OF THE EARTH
Dr. Archdall Reid, F.R.S.E.
THE RISE OF MAN AND THE EVE OF HISTORY
THE WORLD BEFORE HISTORY
Professor Johannes Ranke
THE GREAT STEPS IN MAN’S DEVELOPMENT
Professor Joseph Kohler
BIRTH OF CIVILISATION & THE GROWTH OF RACES
THE BIRTH OF CIVILISATION
Dr. Flinders Petrie, F.R.S.
HOW CIVILISATION CAME TO EUROPE
David George Hogarth, M.A.
THE TRIUMPH OF RACE
Dr. Archdall Reid, F.R.S.E.
ALPHABET OF THE WORLD’S RACES
W. E. Garrett Fisher, M.A.
MAKING OF NATIONS & THE INFLUENCE OF NATURE
Professor Friedrich Ratzel
THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF NATIONS
INFLUENCE OF LAND & WATER ON NATIONAL HISTORY
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON NATIONS
THE SIZE AND POWER OF NATIONS