The Builder, No. 1, December 31, 1842.

THE BUILDER.

PRECURSOR NUMBER.

THIRD IMPRESSION OF FIVE THOUSAND.

ADDRESS.

Upon the occasion of addressing, for the first time, a particular class, and that too through the medium of a decidedly class-paper, it seems to us that the views and intentions of its conductor should be unreservedly stated. We commence, then, in the spirit that will characterize our future advocacy of the varied interests enumerated in another page. It is avowed that we enter upon this portion of the wide field of literature and science as our legitimate province, inasmuch as we were brought up, educated, and have long wrought in it; mere qualification for any undertaking is, however, but one amongst the elements of success, and unless combined with well-timed efforts, frequently disappoints the possessor:—we invite the reader to judge of the timeliness of our own by the following incident, the explanations it gives rise to, and of the result in the publication before him.

Conversing a few months since with a leading bookseller and publisher in this metropolis, we had occasion to remark upon the costly, not to say exorbitant, price of Architectural books; this fact was not disputed, and the cause at once ascribed to the smallness of the number of readers, which made it impossible it should be otherwise. We almost held up our hands in astonishment, as we repeated his words “smallness of the number of readers!” Call you five hundred thousand a small number? Can a class of half a million male adults, whom we may emphatically term all readers, and members of reading families; a class of half a million of the pick of British Artisans; a class of the highest intelligence, and (measured by their wages and numbers) highest in wealth: can we talk of the smallness of the number of readers, and assume to know any thing of this large and influential body? It was in this strain that we interrogated our friend the bookseller; it was a burst of somewhat indignant feeling, for we had long thought on the subject, and felt convinced that the fault lay, not with the reader, but rather with the writer and publisher. We have since put the case in a familiar way to other parties, as we will now proceed to do to our readers.

Suppose the Grocers, whose business it is to supply the commodities of their shops in a way suited to the daily wants of customers, were to act upon the principle of refusing to parcel out their tea and sugar, or to dispose of it in less quantities than a chest of the former, or a hundred weight of the latter; or, bringing the parallel nearer, suppose the Bakers, in dispensing the “staff of life,” were to set themselves above the standard of purveying the quartern, and half-quartern loaf; or again, that the Butcher should sell his meat in nothing less than the carcase; or that these tradesmen were to study only the palate and appetite of dainty and refined stomachs; what, let us ask, would be the condition of men of moderate means, and homely requirements? Why, just that which in regard to the food of the mind is the condition of the Working Builder.

There are in England, Scotland, and Wales, one hundred and twenty thousand Carpenters, of full age, and we may assume for Ireland (the compiled accounts not assisting us here) thirty thousand more, making a total of one hundred and fifty thousand, exclusive of apprentices, in this trade alone, who, in common with the other co-operating Building Artificers, require to read and study (and in some instances to abstruseness) on all subjects connected with their craft. For these hundreds of thousands there has hitherto been no retailing of proper food for the mind; no books at moderate prices, and in suitable parcels; and if we except the issue in parts and numbers of works such as those of Mr. Peter Nicholson, the large sale of which confirms the truth of our convictions, nothing in the shape of a trade instructor, or magazine, adapted to their several pursuits has yet been offered to this immense body. The “Architectural Magazine,” by Mr. London, indeed, did wonders in its way; and other journals which have followed in its track are, no doubt, well adapted to the particular departments whose cause they espouse, and promote;[1] but what is there, we ask again, for the work-shop, and for the fire-side circle of the Building Artisan?

Examine our Prospectus, and contemplate the numbers forming an array of what we have advisedly termed “the pick of British Artisans.” Be it remembered, however, that we do not use these words in an invidious sense, or in disparagement of other bodies of the industrious citizens of the empire; but, considering the standard of perfection, in body and mind, required for the proper practising of the Building Arts, and considering also the healthful nature of their occupations, it will not be deemed arrogant in us to speak thus of the class to which we have the honour to belong; in addition, we have the influence which numbers, intelligence, and wealth, if united, must ever secure to us. With all these advantages present to literary eyes and ears, in an age of professed catering, printing, and publishing, is it not one of the greatest marvels—a huge paradox—that there is no such thing as a Builder’s Newspaper and Magazine?

We have just said Newspaper and Magazine, for it has occurred to us (rather happily, we opine and trust), to combine them; that is to say, the particular features which distinguish either. We would relieve the Working Builder from a double charge for matter less available to him in practice, as well as from the still greater evil, in many instances, of a dry magazine at home, and a well moistened newspaper at a public-house. We have an eye to the superior household and domestic economy which prevails, and which we would have still more constant in the Builder’s Circle. We would give him a book on his trade, worth preserving, and a newspaper for the reading of his wife and family, as well as for himself; and, finally, we would make the weekly pence set apart from his earnings, for the gratification of a common feeling of curiosity, not begrudged by the partner of his cares on the one hand, or to be regretted by the most thrifty economist on the other, since, even the news will be the vehicle of trade knowledge, and consequently of the means of trade, with its advantages and profits.

In designating our paper, we use the word “Builder” in its most extended sense—instancing a house, or other edifice, we regard it from the procurement and preparation of the materials, to the fixing upon its site, and to its full completion for the residence, use, and enjoyment of man, and which includes the making of the design or plan, “breaking” ground, as it is termed; the erection, or building up; decorating, fitting, and furnishing; the supply of water and drainage; and even the laying out of the garden, pleasure grounds, and park. This is the whole art of building, or, in other words, of providing and perfecting human habitations. To all, therefore, who are engaged in the Art so defined, we address ourselves without distinction, and without preference; the interests of all will, to the best of our power, be consulted, promoted, and advocated.

It now becomes us to say a few words as to how far this step (that is, the issuing of the “Precursor Number”) is to be considered on our part as an experiment; for, without being clear and explicit, we should, in case of failure, or rather abandonment, of our enterprise (for failure there can be none, where provision is made against that result), incur the blame of not having given our friends, the Building Classes, a clear view of the part which we humbly conceive it is their duty and interest to take in the business.

The “Precursor” is a trial number; and we make the avowal plainly and distinctly. Our part of the affair is to make every effort to supply what we consider a useful and most desirable public object. The part of the building fraternity, to whom it is particularly addressed, and the part of those who regard as a duty all the exertions they are making in the cause of public education; and also of those who pursue the arts out of a pure love and liking, is to support our humble efforts if they deem them worthy of appreciation. The less the sacrifice called for on either side the better. Let the covenants between us be of an equitable nature, and as we start upon the principle of discountenancing, as far as practicable, all lottery and riskful speculation (of which we will say more presently), so in the basis of this compact with our friends and readers, we would remove all unnecessary hazard, or complexion of adventure. We give our best exertion in what appears to us a work of common good; if our friends think well and approvingly of these exertions, and that work, let them contribute their part, were it alone for economy and fairness sake.

We do not rely upon the leviathan power of capital for our success; but we purpose building it up by an honest and diligent pursuit of the objects defined, aided by a fair share of judgment, and other necessary qualifications; and we anticipate it in the cheerful and generous response of our countrymen: and this Precursor Number, as its name implies, has its office in searching out the way, and exploring the track which its successor “The Builder” is designed to follow. If the Precursor finds a ready passport, and a significant welcome, of which we have no doubt, it will be promptly followed by that of which it will have been the harbinger.

We invite, therefore, an active dispersion of the Precursor amongst our friends; but, above all, we respectfully invite communications from the many distinguished patrons and favourers of works of this class. We invite also the Architect, Engineer, Landscape Gardener, Master Builder, Manufacturers in ornamental processes, and proprietors generally, Clerks of Works, Foremen, and Workmen, to avail themselves of the ready means of the penny-postage, to aid us by their supporting voices, and by any suggestions they can commit to paper. A Supplement will be issued with a subsequent impression of the Precursor (without increase of price), and in that Supplement our correspondence, and additional advertisements will appear; we, therefore, scarcely need say that the more promptly our friends reply to the invitation the better.

It now remains for us to say something of the peculiar character proposed to be given to the “Builder.” The Prospectus, which serves as the basis of this exposition, sets forth that the trade essays and descriptions will be accompanied by illustrations and diagrams: that is, we shall supply drawings, to render clearer the accounts we may give of mechanical inventions and processes; drawings of ornament, or enrichment in Plasterwork, Painting, Sculpture, Carving, Iron, and other metals; drawings of Mouldings, and Moulded work, for the Carpenter, Mason, and Bricklayer; drawings of construction, in roofs, floors, trusses, and framing, hand-railing, &c., centering of arches and groining; drawings of Buildings, both ancient and modern; plans, elevations, sections, and details: drawings of Architectural orders and styles; drawings for instruction in perspective, geometry, and the like; and, occasionally, coloured printing, in such matters as pertain to painting and staining.

We shall also give patterns for the paperhanger and upholsterer, and designs for furniture; and a comprehensive range of constructive and ornamental design suited to that immense territory of British pre-eminence, the Iron-foundry and its workshops: as connected with these, we come to that creative and directing science, Civil Engineering, and here drawings of constructed works, of Engines and Machinery, will have a prominent place, accompanying the descriptive treatises and essays.

From this enumeration it must be evident that a large space will be devoted to the sciences in the nature of connected and consecutive essays; another part to the record of progress in the Building Art; and a third to news relating to Building and Builders.

Reviews and notices of publications intended for or likely to be useful to Builders, will also be given, and biographical sketches of eminent men connected with science and the arts. These separate heads, together with correspondence and inquiries, will constitute the peculiarities of our Journal, and the remaining space will assume the aspect of the general weekly press—home and foreign news; digest of Parliamentary reports; political opinions of the leading Journals; dramatic notices; general literary reviews; police and law reports; markets, and advertisements.

So ample is the field before us, that there can be no lack of matter or subjects; our business will be to cull the choicest for the literary banquet of our friends. Much that is valuable we hope and look for in the shape of correspondence; one of the chief merits of “The Builder” being, that it is a direct and fitting medium for conveying instruction from the liberal and enlightened of every department—a free exchange of knowledge—which we anticipate may result in mutual good service to all.

[1] We would instance the Civil Engineer and Architect.

WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM.

We have selected the portraiture of this illustrious man, whose fame lives in national works, as the first wherewith to embellish our Gallery of Architects—a man who was eminent, not only as an architect, but as a liberal patron of the arts—not only as a builder of colleges, but as a munificent donor to the cause of education, and whose institutions still flourish among the proudest in the land. “Many there are,” says Bishop Lowth, in his Life of Wykeham, “who have felt the influence of his liberality, or who are actually partakers of his bounty.”

It is rarely that instances approaching in interest to that of our subject present themselves; of successful talent we have many, but they are limited to its mere exercise for ordinary reward; others, where ambition and ostentation, as in the case of Wolsey, stimulated to a patronage of great works, while in that of Wykeham we have a memorable example of true nobility of mind, soaring from humble origin to the most elevated stations in church and state, and fulfilling its duties by an active exercise of all the kindred virtues.

William of Wykeham was born at the village of that name in Hampshire, in the year 1324, of reputable but poor parents, whose deficiency of means to afford him education was supplied by the generous intervention of Nicholas Uvedale, lord of the manor of Wykeham, and constable of Winchester Castle, then one of the great offices of the kingdom. After going through the course of study afforded by the school at Winchester, we find him officiating as secretary to Uvedale, and subsequently executing commissions of trust as attorney for Edyngdon, Bishop of Winchester, his immediate predecessor in that see, in whose service he appears at that time to have been engaged.

The piety, diligence, and early acquirements of Wykeham had recommended him to the notice of many patrons, both lay and ecclesiastical, and paved the way for his introduction to that of the reigning monarch, Edward III., and of his son, the renowned Black Prince; he had already entered the subordinate ranks of the clergy, and the fitness of his choice was confirmed in after times by the dignities he attained to; that elevation was, however, preceded by the execution of works which have stamped his fame as an Architect.

It is natural that we should ask, how was this talent in architecture acquired? We find no account of the preparation or training, beyond that of the general knowledge he had gained at the school of Winchester, aided by the intuitive genius and taste proper to comprehensive intellectual powers. No record exists of his having studied at either of the universities, and if it had been so, the regard and confidence of the King must be attributed to acquirements very superior to those at that time current at Oxford or Cambridge, where theological controversy was the leading and absorbing theme. We are told, indeed, that Wykeham had studied “arithmetic, mathematics, divinity, and, above all, the canon and civil law;” and we see no reason to the contrary. The school of Winchester, a city then second to none in the kingdom in splendour and opulence, would scarcely be deficient of teachers in these courses of study; in the mode, and according to the then understanding of their relative uses and value.

It is, upon the whole, probable that Wykeham gave the first proofs of skill as an Architect in the extension and reparation of Winchester Castle, during his employment by Nicholas Uvedale. That it was a fortress of considerable extent and consequence, history abundantly proves; and it continued so down to the period of the civil strife between the adherents of Charles I. and the Parliamentary armies; but whatever may have been the extent or description of building previously executed by him, it led to his appointment, by patent, dated May 10th, 1356, of Clerk of all the King’s works in the manors of Henley and Yesthampstead; and by a second patent, under date 30th October of the same year, he was made Surveyor of all the King’s works at the Castle and Park of Windsor; and subsequently of all the royal castles south of Trent.

In these capacities he was furnished with extensive powers; such as directing the issue of the King’s writ to the sheriffs of counties, requiring them to impress workmen, who were compelled to labour at fixed wages; to purvey and apply all material fitted for building; to hold courts for pleas of trespass and misdemeanours; and to inquire of the King’s liberties and rights within his demesne lands. The prelude to the erection of Windsor Castle was the assembling of 360 impressed workmen, by forties, from nine adjoining counties, in addition to those voluntarily engaged; the original Norman building was levelled, and on its site, under the eye of a warlike monarch who delighted in embattled towers and gorgeous halls fitted for the display of chivalric institutions, was reared this far-famed fortress and palace of our kings.

Windsor Castle occupied from ten to twelve years of continued labour, and comprised the King’s palace; the great hall of St. George; buildings for various purposes, on the east and south sides of the upper ward; the keep, or tower; the chapel of St. George; the residences of the custos and canons, in the lower ward, with the whole circumference of the walls, towers, and gates. Many parts of the original building remain, but the lapse of nearly five hundred years, frequent repairs, the enlargements and alterations required to meet the conveniences or tastes of successive kings, most of whom have expended immense sums in real or fancied improvements, have, in a great degree, obliterated a plan and style which was, in Castellated Architecture, the perfection of the fourteenth century.

His second work was the Castle of Queenborough, in the Isle of Sheppy, which, from the lowness of the site, and nature of the foundations, required unusual skill in the Architect. It was commenced in 1361, and completed in about six years, when the King, holding his court there, made the town a free borough, naming it Queenborough, in honour of his Queen Philippa. Of this structure no part remains; but its position and extent are ascertained by the moat which surrounded it. There can be no doubt this was one of the principal castles of the kingdom, designed both as a means of defence against invasion, and as a point for the assembling of fleets and armies for offensive purposes. We are told of this building, that it was “large, strong, and magnificent;” a fitting residence for royalty, and one of the strongholds of the realm; and its importance may be estimated by the rank of its constables, who were, in the reign of Edward III., John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; Richard II., Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford; Henry IV., John Cornwall, Baron Fanhope; Henry VII., Humphry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham; Edward IV., George, Duke of Clarence, &c. The last repairs were done in the reign of Henry VIII., 1536.

Pending these works, Wykeham grew into high favour with his royal master, and church preferment was heaped upon him with a lavish hand; he filled also in succession the offices of Secretary of State, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and Chancellor of England; and upon the death of Edyngdon, Bishop of Winchester, in 1366, he succeeded to that see, one of the richest and most influential in the kingdom. With his career as a prelate or a statesman, we can have little to do in this sketch, but we may be permitted to notice that it was replete with great and disinterested actions. Prosperity so brilliant had, however, its hour of adversity, but which only served to place in bolder relief the virtues of the Christian and the dignity of the man. In the dotage of Edward III., charges of malversation, in the execution of his high offices, were preferred against the Bishop of Winchester, at the instigation of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who had always manifested an irreconcilable jealousy of his influence with the king. This proceeding was followed by an arbitrary sequestration of the temporalities of the bishop, and he retired to the monastery of Merton, and subsequently to the Abbey of Waverly, near Farnham, amid the universal regrets of the nation. The aspersion of a character so singularly exempt from the besetting sin of avarice, and its twin vices, peculation and sensualism, could not, however, be long sustained; and at the end of seven months he was happily restored to the means of carrying forward magnificent designs for the benefit of posterity.

From this period Wykeham seems, as much as possible, to have relieved himself from the burthen of secular affairs, although we find him again Chancellor in the unsettled reign of Richard II., but which office he took the earliest occasion to resign. Long and faithful services to the state had entitled him to repose; but there was no cessation in the activity of a mind fraught with benevolent purposes. Possessed of great wealth, he seems to have considered himself but as a steward intrusted with a useful application of it, and he devised, with as much judgment as human foresight is permitted to exercise, the establishments we are now to mention.

With the year 1373 began the formation of a school at Oxford, that of Winchester having much earlier been taken under his especial care; at each, masters were provided, and scholars, to the number of seventy, lodged and boarded at his sole charge. These were, however, but preliminary steps to the great and original plans contemplated, namely, the founding of colleges at Oxford and Winchester, with buildings, masters, and suitable appointments, and a perpetual maintenance for two hundred scholars, who, while receiving the advantage of liberal support, were trained from elementary learning through the whole circle of the sciences. So costly was this undertaking, that no individual, with a single exception, has had the means or generosity to emulate the example. This occurred in the person of King Henry VI., whose colleges at Eton and Cambridge were founded upon principles scarcely varying from these models.

Wykeham was now fifty-five years old, and, in realizing his plans, found full scope for the display of matured genius. Neither the cares of state which he had encountered, nor the personal ease which so frequently inclines even great minds to passive inaction, could obliterate his predilections for architecture. Under this master of his art were perfected improvements in Gothic style which have procured for examples of this period the distinction of the pure or decorated English. These consist in increased boldness, highly wrought and varied sculpture, and enriched vaultings, with exterior ornaments of statuary, niched or canopied, upon the western or great entrance fronts of ecclesiastical buildings. With the taste to dictate and the wealth to execute such magnificent designs, he entered upon his tasks, and, in 1379, personally laid the first stone of the college familiarly termed New College, Oxford, but by himself “Sainte Marie College of Winchestre in Oxenford,” which was completed and its establishment inducted with much ceremony in 1386.

We may here be permitted to observe, that with every disposition to dwell upon the details and beauties of this and his succeeding works, want of space compels us, for the moment, to relinquish an intention to do so; but, as subjects of national interest, we shall recur to them, aided by illustrations calculated to render many peculiarities of this style available in modern practice.

But to resume our brief notices. Scarcely a year elapsed before the second, or St. Mary’s College, at Winchester, was in progress, and in six years fitted for the reception of its professors and students. In extent and style this edifice bears the strong impress of its founder, whose memory lives freshly in the veneration of his children, for such we may term those who are here nurtured and taught, and from amongst whom have stood forth many worthies of the church, and others of the highest attainments in science.

The next, and last, work of this eminent and excellent prelate, the construction of the western front, and the nave and aisles of his cathedral at Winchester, was commenced in 1394, and the 70th of his age; and in this instance the unimpaired vigour of his conceptions, and the extreme liberality with which he appropriated his resources, are equally subjects for lasting admiration. It was built by Walklyn, the first Norman bishop after the conquest; and in its governing features, extent and massiveness, is in the style so called. We have before mentioned the western front as the work of Wykeham, which, though mutilated by barbarian fanaticism, retains much of its splendour, and is a marked example of his manner. Entering by this door-way, we are at once upon the scene of his mightiest achievement;—the eye becomes fixed for a moment by the gorgeous colouring of the eastern window, then wanders upwards amidst the infinite tracery and adornment of the vault, and, having scanned the vastness of the pile, seeks repose in a more leisure examination of the isolated, but not less beautiful, objects of sculpture below.

Apart from associations and impressions induced by the aspect of Gothic temples upon the great scale, we here find the elements of solidity, propriety, and uniformity carefully preserved, and the enrichments distributed with a masterly hand; the groining of the roof springs from single shafts rising from octangular bases; the capitals are highly embellished with busts and foliage, and the frieze charged with bold and finely-sculptured bosses; in fact, we have here before us an era in the Gothic style, and a perfect adaptation of its capabilities, carried out with all the originality that distinguished the genius of the architect.

The various writers who have treated on the antiquities of Winchester agree that the effect produced by the columnar vista of the nave, in combination with the group of chantries and screens, is not surpassed by any spot in England, or in Europe. In minute Gothic, or shrine-work, it is also unrivalled. The tomb of Wykeham, executed, according to the practice of the middle ages, under his own direction, is the purest of all authorities in this style: it is placed within the mortuary chapel, or chantry, occupying the fifth arch from the west end, and is rich in canopies and tabernacle work; the latter originally contained statues of saints, particularly that of the Virgin, which stood against the same pillar, when in his youth he had worshipped here; but these have long since been destroyed, and the tomb despoiled also of the enchased escutcheons which adorned it. The marble figure represents the prelate as possessing full features, and a placid, benign, and intelligent countenance; it is clothed in full episcopal costume, the head resting upon a pillow supported by angels, and at the feet are three figures of one of the religious orders, in the attitude of prayer.

The life so usefully spent closed in the year 1404, leaving more durable and splendid memorials than it has been the lot of any other individual to rear. Having, for nearly half a century, held the highest stations, and possessed almost unbounded influence, we find it to have been exerted in a spirit far in advance of his times; and personal aggrandizement grew upon him as a consequence of undeviating integrity and universal benevolence; these great and marked qualities were evinced in pure and unabated loyalty to his prince, courtesies and services to his equals of the church and the nobles of the land; and, above all, in the kindness, forbearance, and mercy which he caused to be exercised towards the people of a yet unenlightened age.

William of Wykeham expired at his manor house, or palace, of Waltham, Hants, A.D. 1404, in the eightieth year of his age, and his remains rest under the tomb we have described. His life affords, perhaps, the most brilliant example on record of the combined power of industry and genius; the industry to acquire knowledge, and the genius to apply it in advance of preceding theories. His earliest employments seem to have been merely such as a tolerably well-educated man of the fourteenth century would find little difficulty in obtaining. Architecture was his diverging point from the monotony of ordinary life towards the greatness he achieved, his first essays appearing to have resulted from opportunities which casually fell in his way, but embraced with an alacrity inspired by self-confidence. Having once engaged in it, his fondness for the science knew no abatement, for however lofty his position in the state, or onerous his duties as a churchman, he found leisure to cultivate it; and having engrafted new and more impressive features upon the style he delighted in, may be said to have died in the exercise of this profession, just before the completion of his cathedral at Winchester.

So exalted were the stations and so extensive the influence he possessed, that the spirit of benevolence by which he was actuated had full scope for exertion. While serving his prince with unswerving loyalty, he found means to protect the people from oppression and exactions, and by numerous courtesies and services to the nobility, won them to a milder exercise of their territorial privileges; while in the relations of private intercourse, we are told that he was “the kindest and most generous of patrons, and the most constant and affectionate friend, rarely changing his officers or domestics, none leaving, or being deserted by him, and all receiving in their turn testimonies of his favour.”

By his hand the revenues of the church were disbursed in her service and to her honour, and, to use the words of Lowth, the whole period from the meridian of life to the end of his days was employed “in one continued series of generous actions and great designs, for the good of his friends, of the poor, and of his country.”

OUR SERMON.

In adopting this heading for a series of articles, which will be continued as occasion offers, we are very far from intending to startle our readers with a rush of theological disquisition. In proof of our sincerity, and as an earnest of the gist of our discourses, we have chosen as a standing text, or motto, the golden rule of “peace and goodwill to all men;” but while we leave intact the functions of the divine, it is our business, as we conceive it to be our duty, to sermonize on the morals of trade, the social relations of every-day life, and even the proprieties which enhance every species of domestic enjoyment.

A right understanding of the relative duties of master and man, or of employer and the employed, yields to no subject in importance; peculiar incidents, induced by a rapidly increasing population, the tendency of commercial wealth to accumulate in masses, and its employment under the familiar term “capital,” through the agency of individuals, in the construction of great works, constitutes, however, an era in the Building trade to which former periods bear no very strict analogy. In offering our humble opinions upon actuating causes and their effects, be the subject what it may, we will never lose sight of our text; we shall make use neither of angry words nor denunciations; peace is too lovely to our minds, and charity too imperative to be abandoned; we would dispel the darker and sterner passions, giving every brother full credit for good intentions, and assign occasional deviations from the path of right rather to misfortune than intention. Whatever the class of men addressed or dealt with, this, we are convinced, is the best and only true policy. It may be very well for any one to talk of their anger being aroused, or their indignation excited, and so on, and under such pleas to vent abuse, imprecate a thousand vengeances, and the like, but, depend upon it, fear is less to be relied on than love; we would win a child to our love, not deter it by frowns and coercion;—we would have a thousand friends rather than a single enemy.

Who has not heard of the tale of the traveller, upon whom the sun and wind essayed their power? These elements, as the fable puts it, were at issue as to which was superior, and agreed to rest the decision upon the effect they should produce upon the first wayfarer. Well, first the wind fell to work, and blew with all his might, to compel the subject of their experiment to throw off his cloak, but the more vehemently the man was assailed, the closer he wrapped the garment about him; in turn the sun made trial of his power, and genial warmth soon accomplished what the bluster of the ruder element had made more and more difficult. So in human policy the kindly glow excited by generous sentiments and actions will succeed where threats, force, and even punishments have failed. The human heart has no such obduracies but that charity will overcome them.

It is a part of our present purpose to refer to practical benevolence of this nature, and it will be found in an extract from the Leeds Mercury, given in another part of our paper, on the subject of the treatment of workpeople, by Sir John Guest, at Merthyr Tydvil, and the Messrs. Marshall, of Leeds. These, thank God, and for the honour of our country, are not solitary instances. These gentlemen stand not alone in the practice of that soundest principle of Christian political economy which instructs the rich to dispense of their abundance for the benefit of their poorer brethren. We have Master Builders in every department, proprietors of large works and establishments, whose names we could hold up to the admiration of their craft and country, but we will not do this violence to their unobtrusive merit, neither will we invite invidious comparisons by such selections; we would rather hold up these Christian duties for common emulation, and call upon all to “go and do likewise.”

We open, then, our exhortations to Masters, because we know that the first impulse of benignant power must originate with them; kindness from them may be likened to the sun in its influence, and most surely will it be returned with usurious interest “into their basket and their store.”

Who ever saw the good father of a family putting firm faith in virtue and honour, and regulating his household by their dictates, failing to raise up virtuous, amiable, and honourable citizens? or, to put the case stronger, who ever knew the man that acted upon opposite principles succeed in sowing any thing but vice and discord? Depend upon it, then, the same principles and rules apply in business, from the overseer of the smallest undertaking to the governor of a nation. Fatherly solicitude for those under our care, or for whom we bear any responsibility, is as solemn and sacred a duty as the fulfilment of contracts or engagements; nay, it is the first of duties between man and man.

On the other hand, as to the workman,—fidelity—and more, the same generous kindness towards his master is required, as that he would receive; in fact, “to do unto others us you would be done by,” is the great and universal secret of social happiness.

It is with this view of relative duties that we deem it of as much importance to engage ourselves in giving good counsel to our craft, as in enlightening them on principles of science pertaining to their several callings; for of what avail will it be to a man to possess all the knowledge of his art, if his heart be corrupt, or continue under vicious influences? Away with, as dross, all the ability of the engineer, architect, master builder, or workman, if the man be not endowed with moral excellence. What are beautiful designs, imposing structures, mechanical skill, or ingenious artifice in workmanship, without a mind and heart in harmony with the superior inspirations which virtue alone bestows? This, this indeed must come first as the base of the pyramid. In any other case the pyramid may be there, but it topples, leans, or lies on its side; the same inherent beauty may exist, but its position and action are superadded elements of deformity. Oh, how beautiful the human mind when lit up and guided by the impulses of virtue! how terrible and loathsome when passion and gaunt sensuality have their sway!

Guard, my beloved countrymen, against avarice, envy, malice; avoid contentions; be moderate in the desire of gain; repine not at another’s success in life, or the distinctions he may attain to; cast all rancorous suggestions far from your heart; contend not in any unholy spirit of craving competition; “live, and let live,” is a maxim which we conjure you at all times to observe.

In times of commercial depression, aggravate not your own or another’s suffering; these, like seasons of sickness and malady, must and will have their recurrences, and they will recur more frequently, and press more grievously, where brotherly love and charity, the great preventative and remedy of human ills, are neglected. Let none imagine it his privilege to be exempt from these obligations; let us not, because we see a neighbour unmindful of his duties in any of the multifarious walks of life, think ourselves justified in departing from our superior policy; neither must we judge and condemn; inflict, if you will, pains and penalties on yourself, but you have no right to do so on another.

Pardon us, good brothers of our building fraternity, and you who do us the favour to lend an ear to our counsellings, if we thus seek to engage your attention, and offer our well-meant importunings. Should your approving suffrages incite a continuance of our vocation, it will be our ambition to discuss the relative duties of the stations you respectively fill—master, apprentice, or workman; father, brother, son, or husband; neighbour or friend; and to do as we have now done, namely, try to improve each and all, and in doing so, promote, in some degree, the cause of human happiness.

TREATMENT OF WORK-PEOPLE BY THEIR EMPLOYERS.

In an article under this head it was mentioned that the parliamentary inquiry into the payment of wages in goods had shewn, that there are persons extensively engaged in manufactures of various kinds, who feel that the employment of bodies of workpeople involves a degree of responsibility to care for their general well-being, and who act on that conviction in a manner highly creditable to themselves, and conducive to the excellent object they have in view. These employers are of opinion that to regard as a machine a man whose skill or industry assists them to maintain their own families in respectability, is altogether unchristian, and that by viewing workpeople in such a light, they would deprive themselves of some of the finest opportunities of usefulness, and of cementing the bonds of society.

Of course, as the intention in moving for a committee of the House of Commons was to expose grievances, it was not likely that any examples of conduct distinguished for its humanity would be found in the pages of the report. As we remarked, however, when formerly writing on the subject, illustrations of this kind might be obtained by any one from our own neighbourhood. We had only last week the pleasure of visiting an extensive range of school buildings just erected on the best principles, in connection with Messrs. Marshall’s mill at Holbeck. In that suite of rooms there are between 300 and 400 children under daily instruction, independent of about 160 boys, who work half-time at the factory, and are at school either in the morning or afternoon of every day; the same gentlemen have also instituted girls’ and infant schools (which are situated elsewhere), and a night school, attended by young men and women from the mill, whose improvement in conduct as well as attainments, in consequence of this arrangement, is spoken of as highly gratifying. In the several schools every thing seems to be done to promote the comfort of the young, and to cultivate habits of cleanliness and decorum, as well as to impart an excellent plain education.[2] Plans for affording the means of recreation to the adult workpeople have also been devised in connection with these buildings; and all manifests that a sincere interest is felt by the members of the firm in the welfare of every class in their employ.

The principal example of attention to the interests of workpeople which came under the notice of the parliamentary committee, was that of Sir John Guest and Co., at their iron and coal works, Dowlais. These works, which were established from thirty to forty years since, “in an isolated place on the top of a hill,” in Glamorganshire, have now a town around them (Merthyr Tydvil), and nearly 5,000 persons are employed by this firm alone. In the first instance, great difficulty was experienced by the workpeople in procuring the means of lodging, but in the course of time this was removed by the erection of a large number of cottages at the expense of the company, and by the people being encouraged to build dwellings for themselves. The cottages belonging to the firm are stated to be low-rented, convenient, well built, well drained, and the taking of them is quite optional with the workpeople; while the granting of loans to steady men to build cottages for themselves has been pursued to a considerable extent, and has been found to attach them to the place, to keep them from the ale-house, and to produce and confirm in them a feeling of independence.

The amount of each individual’s wages at this extensive establishment is settled every Friday evening, and the whole of the hands are paid on the morning of Saturday; shewing that a large number of workpeople is no barrier to the early payment of wages if employers are determined to adopt that highly beneficial practice.

Nearly twenty-four years ago, Sir John Guest and his partners recognised the responsibility which attached to them as employers by erecting large schools, near the works at Dowlais, chiefly for the education of the children of their workmen, but (like Messrs. Marshall) not confined to them. There are at present about 220 girls and 250 boys under instruction, the children being admitted at the age of six, and usually remaining until thirteen years old. The teachers are well paid, and the whole expenses of the schools are defrayed by the workpeople and employers together, in the following manner:—Twopence in the pound is stopped every week “for the doctor” from the wages of every one in the works, of which 1½d. is appropriated to provide medical attendance for the families of the workmen, and the remainder goes towards the support of the schools. Each child is also expected to pay one penny a week, and whatever is wanting to make up the amount incurred in maintaining the educational establishments is contributed by the company. In connection with the schools, it is worthy of notice that Mr. Evans, the manager at Dowlais (from whose evidence our facts are drawn), expressed before the committee a strong conviction, as the result both of his own observation for above twenty years, and of the statements of colliers themselves, that for a collier to put his child to work in the pits very young is decidedly bad economy; instead of gaining, the family loses by it in the long run, while the unfortunate victim of error or cupidity becomes decrepit and unfit for work when individuals of the same age are in possession of mature strength. Very few of the children taught in the schools at Dowlais become colliers, the greater number being qualified for employment as carpenters, smiths, and, in some instances, even book-keepers. “We derive very great advantage,” says Mr. Evans, “from having children in the works who have been educated there; they are of great use to us.” Here, then, is a proof to masters who have not yet exerted themselves for the elevation of the families dependent on them, but are disposed to do so, that such a course is not only beneficial to others, but brings a reward to every one who adopts it. The medical attendants on the workpeople at Dowlais consist of three regular surgeons and a dispenser, whose services are remunerated chiefly by the money stopped from the wages. In 1827 a fund for the relief of the sick and aged was formed, one penny in the pound being stopped every week to furnish the necessary supply for the wants of those who are thus unable to provide for themselves; this fund is at the disposal of a committee, elected yearly by all the contributors.

From the peculiar circumstances of the district, when the works of Sir John Guest and Co. were established, and for many years after, it was desirable and even needful that the firm should afford their workpeople the means of obtaining the necessaries of life by maintaining a shop on the premises. In 1823, however, they closed it, but once again opened it at the request of the men in 1828. On the act against truck shops being passed in 1831, the workmen were called together and desired to state whether they wished the store belonging to the firm still to be continued. The votes were taken by ballot, and thirteen only were given for the discontinuance; but as there was not perfect unanimity, the company thought it best that the shop should be finally closed at that time; and the increase of population having had the usual effect of attracting private individuals to supply the wants of the community, the only result of this step was to shut up an establishment where the labouring classes were always sure of buying good articles at a moderate price. The accommodation being no longer necessary, we think the company’s decision was a wise one.

It is gratifying to find that no loss whatever has been entailed on Sir John Guest and Co. by all the beneficial regulations adopted by them on behalf of their workpeople. On the contrary, “by the education of the people,” Mr. Evans states, “we have gained more than we have spent upon them.” And this gentleman expressed himself as feeling certain that if a similar system were extended over the manufacturing and mining districts of the whole country, it would prove the cheapest and most effectual mode of benefiting both the working classes and employers, and consequently society at large. Of course, the details of the system at Dowlais, or at any other establishment of which an account is before the public, are not essential to its being adopted with advantage in other parts of the country, though the success which has attended those plans gives them a title to careful consideration; the thing to be desired is, that each employer should ask himself how far he can adopt the principle, and then carry into operation the dictates of his own judgment and conscience.—Leeds Mercury.

[2] The ventilation of the new school-rooms appears to be remarkably effective—a point of great importance where so many individuals are for three hours at a time congregated together. The playground also is being extremely well laid out.

Reviews.

Temples, Ancient and Modern, or Notes on Church Architecture. By William Bardwell, Architect. London: Fraser & Co., and Williams.

Mr. Bardwell, in the Preface to this work, states his object to be—

“To endeavour to excite among architects a spirit of inquiry such as cannot fail to prevent a repetition of those improprieties the existence of which in our public edifices has so long afforded subject for complaint and matter for criticism;” and “to put an end to that inconsistency which is the cause of error,—namely, the tyranny of custom and the caprice of fashion: which, while they compel the modern architect to copy in little and with meaner materials the sublime works of revered antiquity, indulge a laugh at his expense, because his reproduction fails to excite those sensations of pleasure and admiration which are inseparable from a contemplation of the original.”

Passing over the first three chapters of the work, which, although they contain much excellent matter of opinion, to which all may subscribe, do nevertheless open a door to controversy, and this it is our desire to avoid,—we come to Chapter IV. This is headed “Errors in the details of late-erected Churches, a connected series of critical observations;” and has for its object, by stringing together a number of critiques from the Gentleman’s Magazine and other sources, to call attention to the prevalent errors of past design, and to enunciate correct principles for future practice. We quite agree with Mr. Bardwell, that “notwithstanding the querulous tone in which the writers have occasionally indulged, the extracts contain many hints that may be permanently useful;” and would wish that the spirit of a following paragraph could be always borne in mind by the critic and reviewer. “The legitimate object of criticism,” says our author, “is to improve the future, rather than to cast ill-natured censure upon the past.” However, we cannot take exception to Mr. Bardwell’s discharge of his duty. He has most appositely given these extracts through a whole chapter, and placed them in admirable order for study and profitable reflection. No one can read through this chapter attentively without being impressed with a desire to contribute his part to the rectification of such errors as are therein pointed out—it will awaken many to an active investigation where other modes of expression or remonstrance would probably fail.

In Chapter V. Mr. Bardwell enters into the great question that awaits us at every approach to a comprehensive study in architecture—the origin. Speculation on this point is in its nature endless; but it is highly gratifying to feel occasionally that we are thrown in the way of facts, and such it is the province of this chapter to treat us to. With a little prefatory matter in the way of an assault upon the hitherto deemed orthodox authorities on such subjects, and upon the principle of adherence to rule and precedent, and upon the little fables of an inventive tradition, assigning to this accident or that the origin of this or that feature, plan, and style, we come to the “burden of the book,”—Temples; and have a most interesting dissertation on those of ancient character, or on what we may more aptly term sacred edifices, memorials, or monuments.

“An altar of turf or of stones, stones of memorial, such as that set up at the grave of Jacob’s beloved Rachel, the great stone near the oak at Shechem, Absalom’s Pillar, Jacob’s Bethel, Samuel’s Ebenezer, the Gilgal, or circle of stones, of Joshua; a heap of unhewn stones, the Pandoo Koolies, of Hindostan, the numerous pillars set up by the Phœnician merchants, on the shores of the Mediterranean, in France, in Sweden; and in Great Britain, circles and rows of huge stones, like those of Stonehenge, Abury, &c.; cromlechs and logan stones, a portable ark, or tabernacle, were the first sacred monuments. Next came the pyramid, a cylinder, whether a cippus or a column; a cubical block, with a particular member superadded to the regularity of mathematical proportions. A sphere and a tetrahedron; and last succeeded a vase covered with a flat lid, and adorned with various sculptures from the vegetable and marine world.”

Thus Mr. Bardwell connects with religion the first memorable and permanent efforts of Building Art—sacrifice he shows to have been associated with, and to have guided the workings of, the first builders, from the “primeval altar of little more than a raised hearth, built generally of unhewn stones,” to the “column or stone pillar of mystic character—‘And Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put for his pillow, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon the top of it; and he called the name of that place Beth-El.’” “The Greeks also erected pillars which they called ‘Baitulia,’ evidently derived from Beth-El, involving the same mystery, and both supposed to be symbols of the Divine Presence.”

Chapter VI. increases in interest, and is devoted to the Temple of Ammon.

“The Temple of Ammon, the remains of which archæologists, for many powerful reasons, agree are extant in the enormous pile known as the Temple of Karnac, is by far the most extensive, as well as the most ancient, of the Theban edifices; properly belonging to the whole period of the monarchy, and may with propriety be termed the Temple of the Pharaohs, the majority of whom, in succession, more particularly such as are celebrated in history, contributed their efforts to its enlargement and magnificence. From numerous authorities it seems clear that Ham, the son of Noah, the Amun, Ammon, or Osiris of the Egyptians, must be considered as the original founder of Thebes, or the city of Ammon, as his son Mizraim, Misor, or Menes, was by common consent the founder of Memphis; so that the temple of Ammon or Ham was, in all probability, originally named from its founder, like the Temple of Solomon at Jerusalem.”

We cannot take our readers along with us as we would by quoting largely from this interesting chapter, nor will we presume to dispose of the work by this brief and imperfect notice; it deserves much more at our hands; it is written with an enlarged feeling, and a genuine spirit of devotion to the sublime art upon which it treats; it is erudite, and occasionally profound; but we must take our leave of it for the present, concluding with another extract from the same chapter.

“The remains of Karnac are about 2,500 feet from the banks of the Nile, on an artificial elevation, surrounded by a brick wall, about 6,300 yards in circuit. The chief front of the temple (the western) is turned towards the river, with which it was connected by an alley of colossal crio-sphinxes, leading down to the bank of the river. Here the devotee would land who came from a distance to the shrine of Ammon, and with amazement and a feeling of religious awe would he slowly walk along between the majestic and tranquil sphinxes to the still more magnificent propylæ of the building. This colossal entrance is about 360 feet long and 148 high; the great door in the middle is 64 feet high. Passing through this door-way, he would enter a long court, occupied by a row of pillars on the north and south sides, and a double row of taller pillars running down the middle. These pillars terminated opposite to two colossal statues in front of a second propylon, through which, after ascending a flight o’ twenty-seven steps, we enter the great hypostyle hall, which had a flat stone roof, supported by one hundred and thirty-four colossal pillars, some of which are twenty-six feet in circumference, and others thirty-four. The width of this magnificent hall (for the entrance is in the centre of the longest side) is about 338 feet, and the length or depth 170 feet. The centre column supported a clere-story, in which were small windows. Four beautiful obelisks mark the entrance to the adytum, which consists of three apartments entirely of granite. The centre or principal room is 20 feet long, 16 wide, and 13 feet high. Three blocks of granite form the roof, which is painted with clusters of gilt stars on a blue ground. Beyond this are other porticos and galleries, which have been continued to another propylon at the distance of 2,000 feet from that at the western extremity of the temple.”

English Patents for 1841. By Andrew Pritchard, M.R.I., &c. Whitaker and Co., London. 2s. 6d.

We had commenced the selection of a list of patents from this excellent compendium, with the intention of laying before our readers all those pertaining to the Building Art, but found that we should have to reprint nearly the whole of the book; so comprehensive is the range we have chosen, and so ingenious the class we have the honour to serve. Of 441 patents herein entered, by far the largest proportion are as we have stated; and we can only, therefore, refer to the work itself. Besides the above list of patents, there is appended a copy of Letters Patent, an abstract of the Registration of Designs Act, and a notice respecting its operation, concluding with a useful Index, which shews at one glance what you would refer to. The value of such a work as this is not to be estimated. All persons intending to take out patents should look over its pages, as it may save much trouble and expense. We know of many who would have been great gainers had they had such a guide at their elbows.

MISCELLANEOUS.

There is a consideration which entitles architecture to a decided pre-eminence amongst the other arts. It is itself the parent of many separate professions, and requires a combination of talents and an extent of knowledge for which other professions have not the smallest occasion. An acquaintance with the sciences of geometry and mechanical philosophy, with the arts of sculpture and design, and other abstruse and elegant branches of knowledge, are indispensable requisites in the education of a good architect, and raise his art to a vast height above those professions which practice alone can render familiar, and which consist in the mere exertion of muscular force. From these considerations it appears there is some foundation in the very nature of architecture for those extraordinary privileges to which masons have always laid claim, and which they have almost always possessed—privileges which no other artists could have confidence to ask, or liberty to enjoy.—Ency. Brit., Vol. XIV., p. 280.

Alison on French Architecture.—In France we find that public works have been reared at an expense not exceeding that of edifices of little or no excellence in our own country, even although the charges of building are not materially different in the two countries. So true it is, that the most essential elements in architectural beauty—genius and taste in the architect, are beyond the power of mere wealth to command—that it is not money to construct beautiful edifices, but the mind to conceive them, which is generally wanting. It would seem, therefore, that it is the pure taste and noble conceptions of the artists of Southern Europe, rather than in any great excellence in the materials at their command, or the wealth of which they have the disposal, to which we must ascribe their remarkable superiority to those of this country.

Devonshire House, Piccadilly.—The additions and alterations which are being made to this fine old mansion, the residence of His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, are proceeding rapidly, and will add considerably to the extent as well as to its internal arrangements. Mr. Decimus Burton is the architect, and Messrs. Woolcott and Son are the contractors, for these works, which will yet take many months to complete. The Duke is for the present staying at his princely abode, Chatsworth.

Church Extension.—There are now twelve new churches building, or about to be commenced, in various parts of the metropolis; one in the Kent-road, in the parish of St. George, Southwark; one in the parish of Paddington; another on the site of the Old Broadway Chapel, Westminster; a large church, with a lofty Gothic tower, in which a musical peal of bells is to be placed, in Wilton-square, Knightsbridge; three in Bethnal-green parish, and a church in St. Pancras parish. Sites have been chosen for a new church in the Waterloo-road district of Lambeth parish; another in St. Botolph Without, Aldgate, in the county of Middlesex; and a third in St. George’s-in-the-East. The new parish church of St. Giles’s, Camberwell, building on the site of the old edifice, which was destroyed by fire, is progressing rapidly, and will be a noble and spacious edifice. The new church at Paddington will be a great ornament to that neighbourhood. The University of Durham has granted 400l. towards the erection of a new church at South Shields. It is intended to build a new Roman Catholic Church in the eastern part of the metropolis. The site chosen is a large piece of ground on the south side of the Commercial-road, and it is expected that the total cost of the edifice and the purchase of the ground will not fall short of 30,000l.

NOTICES.

To Advertisers.—This first impression of Five Thousand is reserved for sale in London and the large Provincial Towns. The next impression of five thousand will be stamped, so as to pass post-free, and will be circulated gratuitously on the 7th of January, 1843, amongst that number of the nobility, gentry, clergy, professional men, and principal tradesmen, all over the United Kingdom, according to a list which has most generously been placed at our disposal for that purpose by a friend. It is important, therefore, to advertisers that they should seize the opportunity thus afforded them of a special and select notification of their business among a class of such importance. It may be affirmed, indeed, that a circulation of this character and amount is superior to one of four times the number of copies dispersed at random, in the ordinary way of sale. Additional advertisements, therefore (if sufficient in number) will be inserted in a Supplement to accompany this gratuitous circulation, as well as the future sale, and should be sent to the Office at latest, on Thursday, the 5th of January. The charge for advertisements in the Supplement will be 15s. per quarter column, 1l. 10s. per half column, and so on; smaller advertisements according to agreement. To insure more attention to the Supplement, as well as to secure an additional circulation for it, it will contain matter of interest as to the progress of the first impression, correspondence, and the like. Our prospects hitherto have been so far gratifying as to give us confidence that the whole number of 20,000 copies of the Precursor will be disposed of!

To our Readers.—As we do not choose to trust our own judgment on a subject in which so many are interested besides ourselves, and as it is so easy to obtain an opinion by which we may be guided, we think it right in this place to invite attention to our views on the subject of the future character of “The Builder.” Before a month shall have elapsed, at least 20,000 numbers of this paper will, in all probability, have been circulated, and will have passed under the review of twenty times that number of readers. They, and in particular our Building friends, will have made up their minds as to whether “The Builder” is a work to be encouraged—it certainly is not our desire to attempt to force the point, although we would use a little “gentle violence” to develope the evidence—and this we may be supposed to be doing now. We have said that there are two parties to this, as to every other question—the public and ourselves. It is not for us to tell the public that they know nothing of their own wants, and to attempt to force them into the belief that such a paper as “The Builder” is absolutely necessary, but unless we had taken this step on our own responsibility, the question would have remained undetermined. What we would ask of the Building public then is—Do you wish to have a periodical devoted to your interests, as we propose? and whether would you have it a Magazine and Advertiser simply, or as a Newspaper conjoined? In the former case it might be weekly or monthly, in the latter it must necessarily be weekly. As to the price and size: If a Magazine and Advertiser of twelve pages of the size of our present number, we should say 3d. the number, stamped 4d.; if a Newspaper of sixteen pages, we do not think it could be less than 6d. Every body has seen the Illustrated London News, and allowing for difference in the character of the illustrations (those in “The Builder” being devoted entirely to art and science), you will be able to judge of the appearance which the latter will present. We are only anxious to undertake no more, or, no less, than can reasonably be expected to be carried out. If it should appear from experience of the working that more can be accomplished, we shall most gladly acknowledge and act upon it, by either enlarging the paper, or reducing the price. But we still think that to conjoin the character of a Magazine and Newspaper, and at the cost of one to give the advantages of both, will be to study the true economy of our cause.

The readers, therefore, have much of the settlement of the question in their own hands—even to the influencing of the advertisers. All advertisers look for papers of large circulation, and as advertisements are a great means of support to a newspaper, it is evident that the more “The Builder” is supported by the mere reader, by so much the more does it stand a chance of support from advertisers. We venture, therefore, to speak in this business as though we were ourselves less concerned in its issue than we really feel to be—and we urge upon our honoured fellow-craftsmen to make this paper their own. Let it be a sign or standard of union.

We do not ask to have subscriptions forwarded, but we would respectfully request to be favoured by an immediate intimation front all parties as to their willingness to subscribe, and which they would prefer, a Magazine alone, or Magazine and Newspaper.

We trust it will be considered that we are pursuing a straightforward and ingenuous course, willing to be guided by circumstances, rather than to seek to force or control them, or to stake upon our own presumptuous judgment that which a prudent and discreet man would say should be left to the decision of the common voice and experience.

Pardon us if we once more urge you to rally round “The Builder.”

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BAZAAR PANCLIBANON, 58, BAKER-STREET, PORTMAN-SQUARE.—KITCHEN RANGES, STOVE GRATES, FURNISHING IRONMONGERY.—The stock of this vast establishment has been renewed, with an extensive selection of every description of domestic furniture, usually found in the ironmongery department. Every requisite for the Kitchen, in Copper, Iron, or Tin, of first-rate qualities, the prices being marked in plain figures, for READY MONEY. Kitchen ranges and cooking apparatus upon approved principles, including useful and modern improvements. The higher class of goods comprises an enlarged assortment of register and stove grates, in steel and black metal, with fenders and fire-irons to correspond, suitable to drawing and dining rooms, libraries, halls, and chambers, in various styles of ornamental embellishment now in vogue, and of improved modes of construction, calculated to insure safety with economy.

A very large assemblage of baths, of sound make, and adapted to all purposes of health and comfort; comprehending shower, plunge, and vapour baths; those proper to the nursery, with hip, foot, and knee baths, and peculiar shapes convenient for embrocation; among these enumerated, are varieties fitted with practical improvements for the ready application of this valuable resource to the invalid, or in cases of sudden indisposition.

A commodious saloon has been added to receive a new stock containing Appendages to the tea table, including papier maché and iron tea trays of great beauty of design, and tasteful display of ornament. Tea and coffee urns and coffee machines of the best quality, of London make, comprising every useful improvement in those articles.

Tea services in Britannia metal, of superior quality, and in considerable variety of shape and pattern. A costly display of plain and enriched British plate of peculiar elegance of design and execution, chiefly work from silver models, together with suites of spoons, tongs, and caddies, knives and forks en suite, to which may be added table and gravy spoons, soup ladles, fish knives, slices, with the more consequential objects proper to the dining table. Turbot and venison dishes and covers; square, round, and oval-corner dishes; epergnes, cruet stands, &c. &c.

The stock of wire-work is the largest in the kingdom, and comprises every variety requisite for the hall or veranda, conservatory, terrace, or room window. Trellis work, trainers, baskets, arches, temples, and alcoves, of new and beautiful designs, and of first class workmanship.

Every article is plainly exhibited, with the ready money price affixed, and warranted of the best make.

BAZAAR.—SINGULARLY BEAUTIFUL HISTORICAL GROUP IN MAGNIFICENT ARMOUR.—The splendid Royal Cot in which is the Prince of Wales with the Princess Royal of England. The King of Prussia. Commissioner Lin and his Consort, modelled by Lamqua, of Canton, expressly for this exhibition; the gorgeous robes in which they are represented were actually worn by them at the period of their sad catastrophe. George the Fourth in his resplendent Coronation Robes, designed by himself, and executed in crimson and blue imperial velvet, richly embroidered in gold, by eminent artists, at an expense of 18,000l. This dazzling spectacle is seen in a spacious boudoir of costly architecture, elaborately wrought in carvings and gold, from one lately existing in the Palace of Carlton House, and is acknowledged to be the most splendid sight ever offered to the British public. Admittance One Shilling. Open from Eleven in the morning until dusk, and from Seven until Ten.

Madame Tussaud and Sons’ Bazaar, Baker-street, Portman-square.

BAZAAR CARRIAGE DEPARTMENT, BAKER-STREET, PORTMAN-SQUARE.—An immense variety of every description of new and second-hand Carriages are constantly on sale, in the spacious galleries of the Establishment, at very reduced prices; most of the new Carriages being warranted for twelve months. Purchasers may place the greatest reliance upon their being of the best materials and workmanship, by highly respectable builders. Carriages are sold by auction on the first Friday in the month, during the season.

BAZAAR SADDLERY DEPARTMENT, 58, BAKER-STREET, PORTMAN-SQUARE.—HARNESS, SADDLERY, AND HORSE CLOTHING.—Every article manufactured in this establishment, being sold at the lowest price, consistent with the best quality of materials and workmanship, will be found to be 25 per cent. under the usual trade charges.

PRESERVATION FROM COLD AND WET.

HALL & CO. invite attention to their invaluable INDIA-RUBBER GOLOSHES, which most effectually preserve the Feet from Cold and Damp, and are neater, more durable, and cheaper than the most superior Golosh or Clog ever before offered.

COMFORT AND EASE FOR THE FEET

Are secured by their Patent Pannus-Corrium or Leather Cloth Boots and Shoes, as being the softest, easiest, lightest, most elastic, and comfortable for Tender Feet, arising from whatever cause. These qualities they retain to the last. They are also adapted to all climates, and are as durable and cheap as those made of any other material.

Also their elastic India-rubber Spring Boots entirely supersede the use of buttons, straps, ties, laces, or other fastenings, and afford the most complete security and support to the ankle.

PROTECTION FROM THE STORM

Is afforded by their Portable Waterproof Dresses. The Gentleman’s Dress, comprising Cape, Leggings, and Hood, may be conveniently deposited in the coat-pocket. The Ladies’ Manteau Cardinal effectually shelters the person and dress from injury, and may be folded and deposited in the reticule. These dresses never retain moisture, and are impervious to rain, snow, or hail.

Gentlemen’s complete Suit, One Guinea.

Manteau Cardinal for Ladies, 18s.

HALL & CO., Sole Patentees, Wellington-street, Strand, London.

PATENT GAS and LAMP CHIMNEY.—COGAN’S ECONOMIC ELONGATOR, secured by her Majesty’s Letters Patent, is superior to any hitherto introduced to the public, produces a more brilliant light, and so effectually prevents smoke, that Gas may now be introduced into the best-furnished apartments, without fear or injury to its adornments. Lace-merchants, shawl-warehousemen, and others, will find it worthy their adoption. Common Lamps, with this simple chimney, though burning inferior oil, will give light equal to the Solar, and without smell.

Proprietors of gas-works, gas-fitters, gas-dealers, and others, desirous of becoming agents for the same, will please to make early application to R. COGAN, 48, Leicester-square, where the trade may be supplied with lamp and gas glasses, together with clock and figure shades of every description, cheaper than at any house in London. Priced lists of nearly 100 engraved patterns of gas glasses will be sent to any part of the kingdom by forwarding the address.

French and English fancy glass, alabaster ornaments, China shades, &c.

BUILDERS’ COLLEGE, LONDON.—To PARENTS AND GUARDIANS.—Mr. HANSOM, Architect of the Birmingham Town Hall, &c. &c., has associated with his practice an Institution to give enlarged facilities to students in Architecture and Architectural Engineering; and to form a superior class of Architectural Sculptors, Carvers, Modellers, &c., to be engaged in his own office and works until competent to practise a liberal and lucrative profession.

It has been Mr. Hansom’s study to lay down a plan for the instruction of architectural decorators and furnishers, which shall combine the advantages of the school, the office, and the workshop; so that general education, professional training, and handicraft skill may be acquired and perfected together—that the benefits of college discipline, and residence of systematic tuition under proficient masters, of lectures and examinations, and of constant familiarity with books, models, and works may be united in one establishment.

Pupils are eligible at the age of fourteen and upwards, and are articled in the usual manner as apprentices. The terms are moderate, and with other particulars, may be known on application at the office, 27, Foley-place, London.

The importance of a system of education as above proposed, it is scarcely necessary to point out. While other callings and professions are crowded, those to which this Institution principally refers are but rarely, and in many instances, imperfectly practised, and the demand for proficients is every day wonderfully on the increase. In proof of this, we need only to advert to the evidences of the growing public taste, and to note the tone and temper of the professors and patrons of architecture. Witness also the ornamented character of our public and private edifices, the restoration of ecclesiastical structures, and the building of new ones, on a munificent scale; the late fearful ravages of fire, causing the necessity of a large amount of rebuilding, and leading, most probably, to the remodelling of most of the large cities of Europe. All these circumstances tell how important it is that a school should be founded, and a body of professors formed to fill up the vacuity in that section of art which lies between the mere constructor of buildings, and the architect and engineer who gives the plan of the structure.

In fact, it is only in obedience to that law of general movement which characterizes these times, that the institution in question has had its birth—the universal voice calls for advance—the arts of design are to be revived, and the debasement of centuries cast off. Schools are being established under government patronage, and mechanics’ institutes were but a phase of progress—the thirst for knowledge has been stimulated, but not gratified. There remains, then, to be formed an institution wherein the theory and practice of art may accompany each other; and this is proposed by the Builders’ College.

Thus, while the pupil will be made familiar with the best examples of ancient and modern decoration by means of books, drawings, models, and the inspection of buildings; while he will be instructed in the principles of design, and in the science of construction upon which they depend; while he will be made a skilful draughtsman and colourist, he will be trained in the handicraft arts, so as to be able to produce the works themselves, the objects of his study and investigation.

But in addition to all this, it is necessary that he learn so much of practical mechanics, mathematics, and of experimental and natural philosophy, as to be guided in his art by the rationale which these supply. Mechanical laws and mechanical powers have a wide range of influence in the arts of design; for how shall a man embellish his work appropriately who knows not the former, or how economize in the use and application of machinery, without being conversant with the latter? Mathematical science, in particular as to the properties of figures and of numbers, is essential to him—and as to sound, light, and heat—as to the ventilation of buildings, supply of water, and drainage—as to chemical constituents and processes affecting the preparation, combination, and preservation of his materials—as to the natural fitness of metals and minerals, of vegetable and even animal products to be used in building—as to the vast suggestive sources of construction and of ornament that exist in the whole arcanum of nature—how, in all these respects, shall the pupil make efficient or rational progress; or how acquire a mastery of his art, unless he study and be made acquainted with the sciences and laws that bear upon and illustrate its several elements?

History, and, indeed, general literature, as bearing upon the subject of his inquiries, will demand a share of his attention. It is not, however, to be supposed that the pupil can be critically or curiously learned in all these, nor, on the other hand, that a superficial knowledge will avail; but it is considered that by confining attention to the matter of each that strictly pertains to architecture, and by combining as far as possible, in one establishment, the means of pursuing an unbroken scheme of instruction, that the evils of a too general and desultory system of study, and of widely-scattered sources of information, will be largely remedied.

The bringing together of a number of youths and their associate teachers, probably from all quarters of the world (as already promises to be the case); the contact of various minds, influenced by various national peculiarities, but all bent upon one comprehensive enterprise of attainment; the working together in the various practical development of progress, under practical instructors, and for practical and intelligible ends—these, and a number of other circumstances of a favouring character, must conduce to a rapid progress and an extensive and sound proficiency.

And not least in the assumed merits of this Institution are the features pertaining to ordinary or general school education; the neglect of early youth may be repaired here, or the acquirements of that period secured, and directed to practical purposes; arithmetic, mensuration, book-keeping, classic literature, and the French, German, and Italian languages, which are almost essential to the education of an artist, will be taught in their due routine, and the facility for acquiring them considerably enlarged by association with students and tutors speaking the respective languages of their own countries.

By uniting, therefore, the pursuit of knowledge to a strict system of supervision and instruction—of regular and fixed hours of employment and recreation, and of constant practical tendencies, engaging the students in the designing, fabricating, and applying objects of art, confiding to them at proper opportunities and periods the superintendence of works and workmen, and giving them at the same time the benefits of social converse with their fellows and tutors, whether in study, work, recreation, or refection; paying a strict attention to their morals, habits, and health; in fine, by aiming at the best practical union of the home, the school, the workshop, and the studio, it is hoped that a fine class of men may be produced, fitted to the exigencies of the times, and calculated to advance the arts, and do honour to their country. Neither is this attempt so novel or so extraordinary as it may seem; the history of art in former times, and the practice of contemporary professors abroad, give sanction to the scheme. It is not with every man a gift or a passion to apply himself to teaching in conjunction with the practice of his art, but some of the greatest names of antiquity and of this present age are associated with schools and styles, and indeed it is an important question to be put, as to whether the business of education, paramount as it is above all other business, should not be conducted by and confided to practical men.

Let the groundwork be well laid in the minds of the ardent and generous of our young countrymen. Let their ambition to excel be honestly encouraged and directed. Open to them the pages of past history, as to the glorious and sublime achievements of the architects and associate artists of old, and point out to them the path of equal, or it may be greater distinction (for who shall say what mechanical and chemical science, allied to the inspiration of genius, may produce); and we shall no more hear of the complaints of inferiority, or of the want of original talent in the Fine Arts among our countrymen.

It may be urged by many that this is a gigantic work, and should be left to the government, or a company. A moment’s reflection, however, will check the thought of the former in an English breast, and the interference of companies with objects of private enterprize, is, perhaps, as much to be deprecated. That this is a legitimate object of private enterprize, may be inferred from what has been already said as to ancient and contemporary practice. And in a matter where so much depends upon the bias of the heart—where fatherly care, as much as artistic sentiment is needed, to guide and form the student—where every interest of the superior is bound up with that of the pupil, associating the success of the former in his practice, with the probity and proficiency of the latter—where an intelligent conception of interest and duty reigns in the mind of the principal—these, it is presumed, offer the strongest guarantees of success, when other arrangements, through companies or co-partnerships, under boards of directors and managers, would be likely to fail.

All that can be done in this respect has probably been done in the London University and King’s College, by appointing professors, instituting classes, and giving a course of lectures in Architecture and Engineering; or by taking the matter a step further as is being tried at the College of Civil Engineers, Putney. The rest must be accomplished in the office or the atelier of the professor, and in works and buildings conducted by him. The pupil in this case takes part in practical operations with an intelligible aim, and a tangible end. He is identified with, or interested in, their progress, and imbibes knowledge of a most profitable kind through grateful and agreeable channels.

PUBLICATIONS.

Just published, price 2s. 6d.

ENGLISH PATENTS; being a Register of all those granted for Inventions in the Arts, Manufactures, Chemistry, Agriculture, &c. With copious Index.

By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.

This Annual contains a register of all the patents granted in each year; the title, date, and name of inventor; distinguishing those produced in foreign countries from those native. Alphabetical lists both of names and subjects being given, an easy reference is obtained.

To the manufacturer the importance of this work must be at once apparent, as it embraces improvements in nearly every branch of art and science, and enables him to ascertain what processes and articles he is restricted from using or making, and the period when they become public property. To inventors, many are the uses for which a list of this kind is available: besides offering them a ready means of ascertaining whether others have directed their attention to the same subjects, it enables them, if such be the case, to determine whether the inventions are similar, or what parts are claimed by former patentees, and whether they can secure their invention to themselves without infringement of an existing patent.

To each annual list is appended some valuable information relating to subjects connected with inventions. The “English Patents,” 1841, has appended a copy of letters patent as now granted in England, by which inventors are enabled to form some idea of the rights and privileges they acquire by a patent. Also an abstract of the consolidated act, which commenced its operation in September, 1842, whereby inventors or manufacturers may secure to themselves the sole right of making and selling, for terms not exceeding three years, any new design on articles of manufacture, or for any novelty in the pattern, shape, configuration, or ornament thereof. The orders of the Lords of the Treasury respecting the charges to be made for such registrations, the names of articles registered, &c. are given.

The “English Patents” granted in 1842 will contain, in addition to the List and Index, some observations on foreign patents, which, it is conceived, will be useful to inventors generally, but more especially to those who have obtained English patents.

This Annual will be published as soon after the close of each year as the collecting, arranging, and printing the work will permit.

London: Whittaker & Co. Ave-Maria-lane.

17, Ave-Maria-Lane, London.

Messrs. Whittaker and Co. have the pleasure to announce the recent publication of the following Works

By Mr. ANDREW PRITCHARD.

A HISTORY of ANIMALCULES, with Five hundred Engravings. Price 5s.

MICROSCOPIC ILLUSTRATIONS: with Descriptions of the Achromatic, Polarizing, Dissecting Microscopes, &c. with ample Instructions for use. A new edition, enlarged, price 4s. 6d.

This work is the only practical treatise on the use of modern microscopes extant.

MICROGRAPHIA; containing Practical Essays on the Solar and Oxyhydrogen Microscopes, Eye-pieces, Micrometers, &c. Price 8s. 6d.

A LIST of 2,000 MICROSCOPIC OBJECTS; with Remarks. Second edition, price 1s.

MICROSCOPIC CABINET of Animated Objects, Tests, &c. Price 18s.

An important memoir on the verification of microscopic phenomena, and another on an exact method of appreciating the quality of microscopes, are given in this work, by Dr. Goring.

A HISTORY of INFUSORIA, Living and Fossil; with Descriptions of all the known Species. Illustrated by 500 coloured engravings. Price 30s.

New Works and Editions, published by C. Dolman, 61, New Bond-street, London.

Just published, in 1 vol., 12mo., price 6s. cloth, lettered,

FATHER OSWALD; a Genuine Catholic Story.

“And other sheep I have that are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold and one Shepherd.”—John x. 16.

A new edition, in 1 vol., foolscap 8vo., uniform with the Standard Novels, price 6s.

GERALDINE; a TALE of CONSCIENCE.

By E. C. A.

In 18mo., price 2s. cloth,

THE YOUNG COMMUNICANTS. Written for the use of the Poor School, Bermondsey, and respectfully dedicated to the Rev. Peter Butler, by the Authoress of “Geraldine, a Tale of Conscience,” with the approbation of the Right Rev. Dr. Griffiths, V.A.L.

Just published, price 1s. 6d., cloth, lettered,

A new elementary Work on Geography, for the use of Schools, entitled

THE JUVENILE COMPANION to the ATLAS, with some Historical Notices.

“A book of greater practical utility to the young we have seldom seen. We recommend it with confidence to all who are engaged in rudimental instruction.”—Catholic, Oct. 22.

In 18mo., price 1s.

A CATECHISM of the HISTORY of ENGLAND, for the use of Schools. By a Lady.

Now ready, 8vo., cloth lettered, with 315 Woodcuts, price 15s.,

The First Volume of

TURNING AND MECHANICAL MANIPULATION. By CHARLES HOLTZAPFFEL, Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers. The work, which will be completed in Five Vols., is intended as a work of General Reference and Practical Instruction on the Lathe and the various Mechanical pursuits followed by Amateurs.

Each volume may be purchased separately, and will form a distinct treatise on the branch to which it is appropriated. Vol. I. treats of materials from the vegetable, animal, and mineral kingdoms; their uses in the mechanical arts; modes of severally preparing, working, and joining the materials; with the practical description of a variety of processes, which do not generally require the use of tools with cutting edges.—Vol. II. (to be published in April, 1843) will treat of cutting tools and abrasive processes.—Vol. III., the complete practice of hand or simple turning.—Vol. IV., practice of ornamental or complex turning.—Vol. V., practice of amateur engineering.

Published by Holtzapffel & Co., 64, Charing Cross, and 127, Long Acre, London, and to be had of all booksellers.

Prospectuses free by post.

THE BRITISH CHILD’S SPELLING-BOOK, for the use of Children of the various Christian denominations. By HENRY JAMES. Price 1s.

This judicious little book is divided into seven parts. The 1st consists of tables of words from one to seven syllables, accompanied with many easy lessons; 2. Lessons in natural history; 3. Fables and tales, which are pointed with some important moral, and interwoven with some just maxims of conduct; 4. Simple and tasteful poetry; while 5, 6, and 7 comprise introductions to geography, English grammar, &c.

By the same Author,

RHETORICAL CLASS-BOOK.

Price 3s. 6d. bound.

John Limbird, 143, Strand.

FOR ALL FAMILIES.

Just published, 5th edition, price 5s., cloth,

FAMILY MANUAL AND SERVANTS’ GUIDE, with upwards of One Thousand New and Approved Receipts, arranged and adapted for Families and all classes of Servants.

“We shall recommend this book everywhere, if it were only for the sake of the excellent suggestions on the ‘self-improvement’ of house servants.”—Gardener’s Magazine.

“It should find a place in the kitchen or servants’ hall of those who desire to blend comfort with elegance, and prudence with luxury.”—New Monthly Magazine.

“No servant should be without it.”—Morning Advertiser.

J. Limbird, 143, Strand, London, and all booksellers.

THE SELF-INSTRUCTING LATIN CLASSIC; whereby a perfect knowledge of the Latin Language may be readily acquired, without burdening the memory with the multifarious rules of syntactical Grammar, the searching a Dictionary for the interpretation of words, or even requiring the assistance of a Classical Tutor. By W. JACOBS. In Twelve Parts, at 1s. each; or in Two Volumes, price 7s. each.

By the same Author,

THE MYSTERIES OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE REVEALED;

Or, Remarks shewing that it can be read and understood without being confined to the forms of government of grammatical construction: and proved by verbatim translations of passages from fourteen of the standard Poetical and Prose Latin Classics. 4s. In 12 Parts, at 6d. or complete, 7s. cloth (10 Parts are now ready),

BACCHUS:

An Essay on the Nature, Causes, Effects, and Cure of Intemperance. By R. B. GRIMDROD, LL.D.

In 6 Parts, at 1s. each, or complete, 7s. cloth,

COMPLETE GUIDE to the FINE ARTS.

Part 1. contains the whole Art of Oil Painting.

Part 2.—Drawing and Sketching from Nature.

Part 3.—Drawing in Perspective.

Part 4.—Miniature Painting, Grecian or Persian Painting.

Part 5.—Engraving on Wood and Copper, and Lithographic Drawing.

Part 6.—Painting in Water Colours, Flower Painting, Oriental Tinting, &c.

W. Brittain, 11, Paternoster Row.

CAGE BIRDS; a Description, and Habits of each Species; directions for keeping; best modes of prevention and cure of the several distempers to which they are subject, with every particular to keep them in full and rich melody of song. By T. ANDREWES. Price 1s.

Also, 6th edition of

PLAIN INSTRUCTIONS for the Breeding, Rearing, and Management of the CANARY FINCH, With practical hints and receipts for its domestication. By JOSEPH SMITH. Price 1s.

John Limbird, 143, Strand, and sold by all booksellers and dealers in birds in the metropolis.

On the 1st January will be published, price 1s. 6d., the first Number of a new series of

THE ARCHITECT, ENGINEER, AND SURVEYOR, or London Monthly Journal of the Engineering and Practical Sciences, and of Architecture and the Fine Arts, containing a great variety of papers, by able practical men, on all subjects connected with the professions.

N.B. The third volume of the above work is just published, price 18s., and, with Vols. I. and II., may be had of all Booksellers.

London: Bell and Wood, 186, Fleet-street.

WORKS WRITTEN OR EDITED BY J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S., &c.,
And Published on his account by Longman and Co.

Just published, complete in 1 vol. price 2l. 10s. and in Parts at 5s. each,

AN ENCYCLOPÆDIA of TREES and SHRUBS; being the Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum abridged, for the use of Nurserymen, Gardeners, and Foresters.

The abridgment of the Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum contains:—

1. Characters and short popular descriptions of all the species and varieties of hardy trees and shrubs now in British gardens, with directions for their culture; including the soil most suitable for them, their propagation, and their uses in the arts, and more especially in landscape-gardening and profitable planting.

2. Engravings of all the species which are described, to one and the same scale, of which a figure, 1, a beautiful new species of Cytisus (Cytisus Weldenii), and fig. 2, a species of pine from Mexico (Pinus Teocotes), are here given as specimens.

3. The scientific names and scientific synonymes of all the species, and their popular names in the languages of the different countries where they are indigenous or cultivated.

4. An alphabetical index to all the species and varieties, with their synonymes.

5. A tabular analysis of the leaves, by which the name of any species of tree or shrub described in the work may, in general, be discovered, from a small portion of a shoot with the leaves on.

6. Specific characters, descriptions, and figures of some species, more particularly of pines, firs, and oaks, which were not in the country in 1838, when the large work was completed.

7. An analysis of the commoner trees and shrubs of Britain, with reference to their uses in plantations, useful or ornamental, their adaptation for particular soils and situations, their flowers and time of flowering, &c. &c.

In a word, though this abridgment does not include all the interesting and useful information on the natural history of trees which will be found in the larger work, or any of the portraits of entire trees which constitute so distinguished a feature in it, yet it contains all that is necessary to enable the reader to discover the names of the different species, and to ascertain their culture, propagation, and uses in Britain; in short, all that is essential for the nurseryman, gardener, and forester.

Published in July, 1838, price 10l. cloth lettered,

The ARBORETUM FRUTICETUM et BRITANNICUM;

In 8 vols.: four of letter-press, illustrated by above 2500 engravings, and four of octavo and quarto plates.

This work is in three divisions:—

I. The history of the introduction of trees and shrubs into Britain, and the history and geography of the trees and shrubs of temperate climates throughout the world; shewing the trees and shrubs which are already in the country, and those which yet remain to be introduced. This occupies 250 pages of vol. I.

II. A description of all the trees and shrubs, hardy and half-hardy, cultivated in Britain; in which is given their history, geography, uses, propagation, culture, diseases, insects, mosses, lichens, fungi, &c., occupying the remaining part of vol. I. and the whole of vols. II., III., and IV.

III. Portraits of trees of from ten to twelve years’ growth, of which the accompanying figure of the Chilian pine (Araucaria imbricata) may serve as a specimen, growing within ten miles of London, all drawn to the same scale of one inch to four feet, and accompanied by botanical specimens of their winter’s wood, leaves, flowers, and fruit, all drawn to the scale of one-sixth of an inch to a foot. Besides the young trees, there are portraits of full-grown trees of all the more important species, in order to shew the character which they assume when of mature age. Some of these are drawn in foliage, of which a figure of the Cyprus of Mistra, the largest cyprus in the world, is given as a specimen; and others, taken in winter, when divested of their foliage, of which the accompanying figure of the common Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is an illustration. These are drawn to a scale of one inch to twelve feet. This mode of giving portraits of trees and botanical specimens to a fixed scale, has been adopted in “The Arboretum Britannicum” for the first time, and it gives that work a decided superiority over all previous publications on the same subject. This division of the work occupies vols. V., VI., VII., and VIII.

The first four volumes of “The Arboretum” are illustrated with upwards of 2500 engravings, chiefly of botanical specimens, but including also insects, fungi, engravings of the leaves of the natural size of all the species of several genera, portraits of remarkable trees or shrubs (such as Johnson’s willow, the cypress of Soma, &c.); nearly fifty remarkable oaks, above ten remarkable yew trees, the king and queen beeches at Ashridge, and many other remarkable beech trees, remarkable elms, ashes, poplars, pines, firs, &c. &c.; portraits, taken during winter, to shew the effect of the different deciduous trees at that season; landscapes, exhibiting the effect of the particular kinds of trees, when employed by the landscape-gardener, in combination with other trees, or with buildings; ground-plans, shewing the mode of laying out and planting arboretums, fruticetums, cricacetums, rosariums, &c.; diagrams, shewing trellises and other structures for training climbing shrubs, the mode of forming fences of particular shrubs, of making baskets, &c., of willow-rods, of forming surface drains for arboretums, of sawing up timber for sale, as practised in Norway, &c. &c. In short, the work embraces every part of the subject of the study of the hardy trees and shrubs of Britain.

Bayswater, near London, December 1842.

Published July 1, 1838, in 1 vol. 8vo. price 7s. 6d.

The HORTUS LIGNOSUS LONDINENSIS;

Or, a Catalogue of all the Ligneous Plants, hardy and half-hardy, cultivated in the neighbourhood of London; with their Native Country, Habit, Habitation in a state of Culture, and the Prices of Plants and Seeds in British and Foreign Nurseries.

“To nurserymen and gardeners generally, the ‘Lignosus Londinensis’ will be found an extremely useful book.”—Floricultural Magazine, Vol. III. p. 139.

Published May 1, 1842, price 3s. 6d.

The HORTUS LIGNOSUS LONDINENSIS ABRIDGED;

Or, a Catalogue of the Hardy Trees and Shrubs, indigenous and foreign, cultivated in the Gardens and Grounds in the neighbourhood of London, with all their Synonymes, and a complete Alphabetical Index.

Published October 1, 1839, in 1 vol. 8vo. with upwards of 250 Engravings, price 1l. 10s. and 3l. 6s. coloured,

REPTON’S LANDSCAPE GARDENING;

Being the whole Works on Landscape-Gardening and Landscape-Architecture of the late Humphry Repton, Esq.; with a Biographical Notice, and Notes by J. C. Loudon, F.L.S., &c.

Published May 1, 1842, in One very thick Volume, 8vo. of above 1300 pages, with 2000 Engravings on Wood, price 3l. 3s. bound in cloth.

AN ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF COTTAGE, FARM, and VILLA ARCHITECTURE and FURNITURE; containing Designs for Cottages, Villas, Farm-houses, Farmeries, Wind and Water Corn Mills; Cider Mills, Lime, Malt, and Hop Kilns, Country Inns, Public-houses, Parochial Schools, &c., with the requisite Fittings-up, Fixtures, and Furniture, and appropriate Offices, Gardens, and Garden Scenery; each Design accompanied by Analytical and Critical Remarks, illustrative of the Principles of Architectural Science and Taste on which it is composed, and General Estimates of the Expense.

A new edition, corrected, with a Supplement, containing above 160 additional pages of letterpress, and nearly 300 new engravings, bringing down the work to 1842.

The New Supplement separately, 7s. 6d. sewed.

Complete in Five Volumes, 8vo. with numerous Engravings on Wood, price 6l. 6s.

The ARCHITECTURAL MAGAZINE;

Being a Collection of popular Articles on Architecture, Building, and Furnishing.

“We strongly recommend the ‘Architectural Magazine,’ as pregnant with interest and instruction, both to the architect and the general reader.”—Times, Feb. 2, 1839.

Published on August 1, 1838, in 1 vol. 8vo., with numerous Engravings, price 20s.

The SUBURBAN GARDENER and VILLA COMPANION;

Comprising the choice of a Suburban or Villa Residence, or of a situation on which to form one; the Arrangement and Furnishing of the House; and the Laying out, Planting, and general Management of the Garden and Grounds; the whole adapted for Grounds from One Perch to Fifty Acres and upwards in extent, and intended for the instruction of those who know little of Gardening and rural affairs.

Published on November 1, 1842, in 1 vol. 8vo. with upwards of 380 Engravings, price 16s.

The SUBURBAN HORTICULTURIST;

Or, an Attempt to teach the Science of Horticulture, and the Management of the Fruit, Kitchen, and Forcing Garden, to persons who have had no previous knowledge or experience in these departments.

[This work is published by William Smith, 113, Fleet-street.]

In Monthly Numbers, 8vo. price 1s. 6d. each,

The GARDENER’S MAGAZINE.

Any Number or Volume published subsequently to 1834 may be purchased separately. The Second Series, consisting of Six Volumes, from 1835 to 1840 inclusive, may be had for 6l. 8s. 6d.

In 1 vol. post 8vo. price 8s.

WATERTON’S ESSAYS on NATURAL HISTORY;

With an Autobiography of the Author.

“A most valuable work for farmers and gardeners, on account of the information which it contains respecting birds, the mole, the mouse, the rat, and beetles, snails, slugs, and worms.”—Gardener’s Magazine, 1839.

Fig. 1. Cytisus Weldenii.

Fig. 2. Pinus Teocote.

Fig. 3. Araucaria imbricata.

Fig. 4. The Cypress of Misira (Cupressus horizontalis.)