THE MIRROR
OF
LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.

Grand Entrance to Hyde Park.

Frieze.

GRAND ENTRANCE TO HYDE PARK.

The great Lord Burleigh says, "A realm gaineth more by one year's peace than by ten years' war;" and the architectural triumphs which are rising in every quarter of the metropolis are strong confirmation of this maxim.

One of these triumphs is represented in the annexed engraving, viz. the grand entrance to Hyde Park, erected from the designs of Decimus Burton, Esq. It consists of a screen of handsome fluted Ionic columns, with three carriage entrance archways, two foot entrances, a lodge, &c. The extent of the whole frontage is about 107 feet. The central entrance has a bold projection: the entablature is supported by four columns; and the volutes of the capitals of the outside column on each side of the gateway are formed in an angular direction, so as to exhibit two complete faces to view. The two side gateways, in their elevations, present two insulated Ionic columns, flanked by antae. All these entrances are finished by a blocking, the sides of the central one being decorated with a beautiful frieze, representing a naval and military triumphal procession, which our artist has copied and represented in distinct engravings. This frieze was designed by Mr. Henning, jun., son of Mr. Henning, so well known for his admirable models of the Elgin marbles. It possesses great classical merit, and the model was exhibited last season in the sculpture-room of the Suffolk-street Gallery.

The gates were manufactured by Messrs. Bramah. They are of iron, bronzed, and fixed or hung to the piers by rings of gun-metal. The design consists of a beautiful arrangement of the Greek honeysuckle ornament; the parts being well defined, and the raffles of the leaves brought out in a most extraordinary manner. The hanging of the gates is also very ingenious.

Mr. Soane's proposed entrances to Piccadilly and St. James's and Hyde Parks, are generally considered superior to those that have been adopted. The park entrances were to consist of two triumphal arches connected with each other by a colonnade and arches stretching across Piccadilly. The same ingenious architect likewise designed a new palace at the top of Constitution Hill, from which to the House of Lords the King should pass Buckingham House, Carlton House, a splendid Waterloo and Trafalgar monument, a fine triumphal arch, the Privy Council Office, Board of Trade, and the new law courts.

LINES

On the origin of the application of the name of the "Fleur de Souvenance," (modern "Forget-me-not,") to the Myosotis Scorpiodis.

(For the Mirror.)

A gallant knight and a lady bright

Walk'd by a crystal lake;

The twin'd oaks made a grateful shade

Above the fangled brake,

While the trembling leaves of aspen trees

A murmuring music make.

And as they spoke, round them echoes woke

To tales of love and glory;

The knight was brave, though of love the slave,

And the dame lov'd gallant story—

Proudly he told deeds gentle and bold,

Of warriors dead or hoary.

Like babe at rest on its mother's breast,

On that an island lay—

So still and fair reigned Nature there—

So bright the glist'ring spray,

You might have thought the scene had been wrought

By spell of faun or fay.

On the island's edge, midst tangled sedge,

Lay a wreath of wild flow'rs blue—

The broad flag-leaf was their sweet relief,

When the heat too fervid grew;

And the willow's shade a shelter made,

When stormy tempests blew.

And as they stood, the faithful flood

Gave back ev'ry line and trace

Of earth below and heaven above,

And their own forms gallant grace—

For forms more fair than that lovely pair

Ne'er shone on its liquid face.

"I would a flower from that bright bower

Some nymph would waft to me—

For in my eyes a dearer prize

Than glitt'ring gem 'twould be—

For its changeless blue seems emblem true

Of love's own constancy."

The maiden spake, and no more the lake

In slumb'ring stillness lay,

For from the side of his destin'd bride

The knight has pass'd away;

In vain the maid's soft words essay'd

His rash pursuit to stay.

He has reach'd the tower, and pluck'd the flower.

And turn'd from the verdant spot.

Ah, hapless knight! some Naiad bright

Woo'd thee to her coral grot;

And forbids that more to touch that shore

Shall ever be thy lot.

Vainly he tried to gain the side,

Where knelt his lady-love;

Flagg'd every limb, his eyes grew dim,

But still the spirit strove.

One effort more—he flings to shore

The flow'r so dear to prove.

'Tis past! 'tis past! that look his last,

That fond sad glance of love

The bubbling wave his farewell gave

In the moan, "Forget me not."

D.A.H

The above incident occurred in the time of Edward IV.

HAVER BREAD.

(To the Editor of the Mirror.)

In the MIRROR, No. 358, the article headed "Memorable Days," the writer, in that part of which the Avver Bread is treated of, says it is made of oats leavened and kneaded into a large, thin, round cake, which is placed upon a girdle over the fire; adding, that he is totally at a loss for a definition of the word Avver; that he has sometimes thought avver, means oaten; which I think, correct, it being very likely a corruption of the French, avoine, oats; introduced among many others, into the Scottish language, during the great intimacy which formerly existed between France and Scotland; in which latter country a great many words were introduced from the former, which are still in use; such as gabart, a large boat, or lighter, from the French gabarre; bawbee, baspiece, a small copper coin; vennell, a lane, or narrow street, which still retains its original pronunciation and meaning. Enfiler la vennel; a common figurative expression for running away is still in use in France. Apropos of vennell, Dr. Stoddard, in a "Pedestrian Tour through the Land of Cakes," when a young man, says he could not trace its meaning in any language, (I speak from memory) also made the same observation where I was; being at that time on intimate terms with the doctor, I pointed out to him its derivation from the Latin into the French, and thence, probably, into the Scotch; the embryo L.L.D. stared, and seemed chagrined, at receiving such information from a

CREOLE.

P.S. In no part of Great Britain, I believe, is oaten bread so much used as in Scotland; from whence the term, "The Land of Cakes is derived." In some parts of France, Pain d'avoine has been in use in my time.

EPITOME OF THE CRUSADES.

(For the Mirror.)

The first Crusade[¹] to the Holy Land was undertaken by numerous Christian princes, who gained Jerusalem after it had been in possession of the Saracens four hundred and nine years. Godfrey, of Boulogne, was then chosen king by his companions in arms; but he had not long enjoyed his new dignity, before he had occasion to march out against a great army of Turks and Saracens, whom he overthrew, and killed one hundred thousand of their men, besides taking much spoil. Shortly after this victory, a pestilence happened, of which multitudes died; and the contagion reaching Godfrey, the first Christian King of Jerusalem, he also expired, on the 18th of July, 1100, having scarcely reigned a full year.

Godfrey's successors, the Baldwins, defeated the Turks in many engagements. In the reign of Baldwin III., however, the Christians lost Edessa, a circumstance which affected Pope Eugenius III. to such a degree, that he prevailed on Conrad III., Emperor of Germany, to relieve his brethren in Syria. In the year 1146, therefore, Conrad marched through Greece, and soon afterwards encountered the Turkish army, which he routed; he then proceeded to Iconium, the principal seat of the Turks in Lesser Asia; but, for want of provisions and health, was compelled to relinquish his design of taking that city, and to return home. Much about the same period, Lewis VIII., of France, made an expedition to the Holy Land, but was wholly unsuccessful in his attempts against the enemy. Notwithstanding these failures, King Baldwin, relying on his own strength, gained possession of Askalon, and defeated the Turks in numerous actions. Previous to his death, which was caused by poison, in 1163, he was the victorious sovereign of Jerusalem and the greatest part of Syria.

During the reign of Baldwin IV., Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, invaded Palestine, and took several towns, notwithstanding the valour of the Christians. In the succeeding reign of King Guy, however, the Christians, still unfortunate, received a decisive blow, which tended to the decline of their independence in the Holy Land; for, among other places of importance, Saladin made a capture of Jerusalem, and took its king prisoner. When the conqueror entered the holy city, he profaned every sacred place, save the Temple of the Sepulchre, (which the Christians redeemed with an immense sum of money,) and drove the Latin Christians from their abodes, who were only allowed to carry what they could hastily collect on their backs, either to Tripoly, Antioch, or Tyre, the only three places which then remained in the Christians' possession. All the monuments were demolished, except those of our Saviour, King Godfrey, and Baldwin I.[²] The city was yielded to the captors on the 2nd of October, 1187, after the Christians had possessed it about eighty-nine years.

These calamitous transactions in Palestine greatly alarmed all Europe, and several princes speedily resolved to oppose the career of the oppressors, and to leave no means untried of regaining the kingdom of Jerusalem. In furtherance of this design, the Emperor Frederic marched into Palestine with a powerful army, and defeated the Turks near Melitena; he afterwards met them near Comogena, where he also routed them, but was unhappily killed in the action. Some time after this, King Philip, of France, and Richard I., of England, engaged in a crusade for the relief of the Christians. Philip arrived first, and proceeded to Ptolemais, which King Guy, having obtained his liberty, was then besieging. King Richard, in his passage, was driven with his fleet upon the coast of Cyprus, but was not permitted to land; this so highly offended him, that he landed his whole army by force, and soon over-ran the island. He was at length opposed by the king of Cyprus, whom he took prisoner, and carried in chains to Ptolemais, where he was welcomed with great rejoicings by the besiegers, who stood in much need of assistance. It would he superfluous to relate here the particulars of the siege; let it suffice to say, that after a general assault had been given, a breach was made, so that the assailants were enabled to enter the city, which Saladin surrendered to them upon articles, on the 12th of July, 1191. King Richard here obtained the title of Coeur de Lion, for having taken down Duke Leopold's standard, that was first fixed in the breach, and placed his own in its stead.

After the taking of Ptolemais, King Philip and many other princes returned home, leaving King Richard in Palestine to prosecute the war in concert with Guy, whom Richard, in a short time afterwards, persuaded to accept of the crown of Cyprus, in lieu of his pretences to Jerusalem. By these crafty means, Richard caused himself to be proclaimed King of Jerusalem; but while he was preparing to besiege that city, he received news that the French were about to invade England. He was therefore compelled to conclude a peace with Saladin, not very advantageous to Christendom, and to return to Europe. But meeting with bad weather, he was driven on the coast of Histria; and, while endeavouring to travel through the country in the habit of a templar, was taken prisoner by Duke Leopold, of Austria, who became his enemy at the siege of Ptolemais. The duke sold him for forty thousand pounds to the emperor, Henry VI., who soon afterwards had a hundred thousand pounds for his ransom.

About the same period, Sultan Saladin, the most formidable enemy the Christians ever encountered, died; an event which caused Pope Celestine to prevail on the emperor, Henry VI., of Germany, to make a new expedition against the Turks, who were in consequence defeated; but the emperor's general, the Duke of Saxony, being killed, and the emperor himself dying soon afterwards, the Germans returned home without accomplishing the object of their expedition. They had no sooner departed than the Turks, in revenge, nearly drove the Christians from the Holy Land, and took all the strong towns which the Crusaders had gained, excepting Tyre and Ptolemais. In 1199, a fleet was fitted out at the instigation of Pope Innocent III. against the infidels. On this occasion, the Christians, notwithstanding their strenuous exertions, failed of taking Jerusalem, though several other important places were delivered to them.

In the year 1228, Frederic, Emperor of Germany, set out from Brundusium to Palestine, took Jerusalem, which the enemy had left in a desolate condition, and caused himself to be proclaimed king. But, after this conquest, he was obliged to return to his own country, where his presence was required. The Turks immediately assembled a prodigious army for regaining the Holy City, which they ultimately took, putting the German garrison to the sword, in the year 1234; since which time, the Christian powers, weary of these useless expeditions, have made no considerable effort to possess it.

The Christians were entirely driven from Palestine and Syria in the year 1291, about one hundred and ninety-two years after the capture of Jerusalem by Godfrey of Boulogne.

G.W.N.

SHAKSPEARE.—A FRAGMENT.

(For the Mirror.)

The empty passions of the angry world,

The loves of heroes, the despair of maids,

The rage of kings, of beggars and of slaves,

Shakspeare alone attun'd to song.—The rest essay'd.

Laureate of bards! thyself unsung

Would stamp us reckless.

CYMBELINE.

RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.

REGAL TABLET.

(Continued from page 111.)

EDWARD II.
began his reign 7th July, 1307, ended 25th Jan. 1327.

Popes.

Clement V., 1305.
John XXII., 1316.

Emperor of the East.

Andronicus II., 1283.

Emperors of the West.

Albert I., 1278.
Henry VII., 1308.
Frederic III., 1314.

France. Philip IV., 1285.
Louis X., 1314.
Charles IV. 1322.

Scotland. Robert Bruce, 1306.

EDWARD III.
began his reign 25th Jan. 1327, ended 21st June, 1377.

Popes.

John XXII., 1316.
Benedict XII., 1334.
Clement VI., 1342.
Innocent VI., 1352.
Urban V., 1362.
Gregory XI., 1370.

Emperors of the East.

Andronicus II., 1283.
Andronicus III., 1332.
John V., 1341.
John VI., 1355.

Emperors of the West.

Frederic III., 1314.
Louis IV., 1330.
Edward Baliol, 1332.
David II. (again), 1342.
Charles IV., 1347.
Robert II., 1370.

France.

Charles IV., 1322.
Philip VI., 1328.
John I., 1355.
Charles V., 1364.

Scotland.

Robert Bruce, 1306.
David II., 1330.
Edward Baliol, 1332.
David II. (again), 1342.
Robert II., 1370.

RICHARD II.
began his reign 21st June, 1377, ended 29th Sept. 1399.

Popes.

Gregory XI., 1370.
Urban VI., 1378.
Boniface IX., 1389.

Emperors of the East.

John VI., 1355.
Emanuel II., 1391.

Emperors of the West.

Charles IV., 1347.
Weneslaus, 1378.

France.

Charles V., 1364.
Charles VI., 1380.

Scotland.

Robert II., 1370.
Robert III., 1390.

(House of Lancaster.)

HENRY IV.
began his reign 29th Sept. 1399, ended 20th March, 1413.

Popes.

Boniface IX., 1389.
Innocent VII., 1404.

Emperors of the West.

Weneslaus, 1378.

Popes.

Gregory XII. 1406.
Alexander V. 1409.
John XXIII. 1410.

Emperor of the East.

Emanuel II., 1391.

Emperors of the West.

Robert le Pet, 1400.
Sigismund, 1410.

France.

Charles VI., 1380.

Scotland.

Robert III., 1390.

HENRY V.
began his reign 20th March, 1413, ended 31st August, 1422.

Popes.

John XXIII. 1410.
Martin V., 1417.

Emperor of the East.

Emanuel II., 1391.

Emperor of the West.

Sigismund, 1410.

France.

Charles VI., 1380.
Charles VII. 1422.

Scotland.

Robert III., 1390.

HENRY VI.
began his reign 31st August, 1422, ended 4th March, 1461.

Popes.

Martin V., 1417.
Eugenius IV. 1431.
Nicholas V., 1447.
Galixus III. 1455.
Pius II., 1458.

Emperors of the East.

Emanuel II., 1391.
John VII., 1426.
Constantine III., last emperor 1448.

Emperors of the West.

Sigismund, 1410.
Albert II., 1438.
Frederic IV., 1440.

France.

Charles VII. 1422.
Louis XI., 1440.

Scotland.

Robert III., 1390.
James I., 1424.
James II., 1437.
James III., 1440.

(House of York.)

EDWARD IV.
began his reign 4th March, 1461, ended 9th April, 1483.

Popes.

Pius II., 1458.
Paul II., 1464.
Sixtus IV., 1471.

Emperor of the West.

Frederic IV., 1440.

France.

Louis XI., 1440.

Scotland.

James III., 1440.

EDWARD V.
began his reign 9th April, 1483, ended 22nd June, 1483.

Contemporaries as the last reign.

RICHARD III.
began his reign 22nd June, 1483, ended 22nd August, 1485.

Contemporaries again, as before.

(Lancaster and York united.)

HENRY VII.
began his reign 22nd August, 1485, ended 22nd April, 1509.

Popes.

Innocent VIII., 1484.
Alexander VI. 1492.
Pius III., 1593.
Julius II., 1503.

Emperors of Germany.

Frederic IV., 1440.
Maximilian I. 1493.

France.

Charles VIII. 1485.
Louis XII., 1498.

Scotland.

James III., 1460.
James IV., 1489.

HENRY VIII.
began his reign 22nd April, 1509, ended 28th Jan. 1547.

Popes.

Julius II., 1503.
Leo X., 1513.
Adrian VI., 1521.
Clement VII. 1523.
Paul III., 1534.

Emperors of Germany.

Maximilian I. 1493.
Charles V., 1519.

France.

Louis XII., 1498.
Francis I., 1515.
Henry II., 1547.

Scotland.

James IV., 1489.
James V., 1514.
Mary, 1542.

EDWARD VI.
began his reign 28th Jan. 1547, ended 6th July, 1553.

Popes.

Paul III., 1534.
Julius III., 1550.

Emperor of Germany.

Charles V., 1519.

France.

Henry II., 1547.

Scotland.

Mary, 1542.

MARY
began her reign 6th July, 1553, ended 17th Nov. 1558.

Popes.

Julius III., 1550.
Marcellus II. 1555.
Paul IV., 1555.

Emperors of Germany.

Charles V., 1519.
Ferdinand, 1556.

And the other contemporary princes as in the last reign.

ELIZABETH
began her reign 17th Nov. 1558, ended 24th March, 1603.

Popes.

Paul IV., 1555.
Pius IV., 1559.
Pius V., 1565.
Gregory XIII., 1572.
Sixtus V., 1585.
Urban VII., 1590.
Gregory XIV., 1590.

Emperors of Germany.

Ferdinand I., 1556.
Maximilian II. 1564.
Rodolphus II. 1576.

France.

Henry II., 1547.
Francis II., 1559.
Charles IX., 1560.
Henry III., 1574.
Henry IV., 1589.

Popes.

Innocent IX. 1501.
Clement VIII., 1592.

Scotland.

Mary, 1542.
James VI., 1567.

Union of the two crowns of England and Scotland.

JAMES I.
began his reign 24th March, 1603, ended 27th March, 1625.

Popes.

Clement VIII., 1592.
Leo IX., 1605.
Paul III., 1605.
Gregory XV. 1621.
Urban VIII. 1623.

Emperors of Germany.

Rodolphus II. 1576.
Matthias I., 1612.
Ferdinand III. 1619.

France.

Henry IV., 1589.
Louis XIII., 1610.

Spain & Portugal.

Philip III., 1507.
Philip IV., 1620.

Denmark.

Christian IV. 1588.

Sweden.

Sigismund, 1592.
Charles IX., 1606.
Gustavus II. 1611.

CHARLES I.
began his reign 27th March, 1625, beheaded 30th Jan. 1648.

Popes.

Urban VIII. 1623.
Innocent X., 1644.

Emperors of Germany.

Ferdinand II. 1619.
Ferdinand III. 1637.

France.

Louis XIII., 1610.
Louis XIV., 1643.

Spain & Portugal.

Philip IV., 1620.

Portugal only.

John IV., 1640.

Denmark.

Christian IV. 1583.
Frederic III. 1648.

Sweden.

Gustavus II. 1611.
Christiana, 1633.

The Inter-regnum and Usurpation under

OLIVER CROMWELL,
from 30th Jan. 1648, to 29th May, 1660.

Popes.

Innocent X., 1644.
Alexander VII., 1655.

Emperors of Germany.

Ferdinand III., 1637.
Leopold I., 1658.

France.

Louis XIV., 1643.

Spain.

Philip IV., 1620.

Portugal.

John IV., 1640.
Alonzo VI., 1656.

Denmark.