THE SCRAP BOOK

VOLUME I

MARCH to AUGUST, 1906

NEW YORK
THE FRANK A. MUNSEY COMPANY, Publishers
175 FIFTH AVENUE

1906

INDEX TO VOLUME I.

NOTE.—For titles of stories, see the "[Fiction]" index; for titles of poems, the "[Poetry]" index. The "[General Index]" contains all other references that the reader is likely to require, including names of authors, titles of articles and departments, and all leading subjects treated in THE SCRAP BOOK.

FICTION.

Box Tunnel, The, by Charles Reade, [74].
Captain Obstinate (anonymous), [360].
Chops the Dwarf, by Charles Dickens, [543].
Con Cregan's Legacy, by Charles Lever, [137].
Course from Trimalchio's Dinner, A, by Gaius Petronius, [527].
Descent into the Maelstrom, A, by Edgar A. Poe, [17].
Devil and Tom Walker, The, by Washington Irving, [57].
Doomed to Live, by Honoré de Balzac, [397].
Fight with a Cannon, A, by Victor Hugo, [491].
First Piano in Camp, The, by Sam Davis, [509].
Gridiron, The, by Samuel Lover, [33].
Mr. Caudle Lends Five Pounds, by Douglas Jerrold, [143].
Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, An, by Ambrose Bierce, [111].
Rivals, The, by Benson J. Lossing, [127].
Stolen Letter, The, by Wilkie Collins, [272].
Tapestried Chamber, The, by Sir Walter Scott, [212].
Tournament Scene from "Ivanhoe," by Sir Walter Scott, [351].

POETRY.

Abide With Me, [269].
Abou Ben Adhem, [94].
Ahkoond of Swat, The, [141].
American Flag, The, [466].
America's First Great Poem, [172].
Angler's Chant, The, [242].
Annabel Lee, [164].
Anthology of the Links, An, [552].
"Auto" Idyl, An, [303].
Baseball Bards "On Deck," [178].
Battle of the "Yatches," The, [557].
Better Luck Another Year, [48].
Bivouac of the Dead, The, [254].
Boss, The, [221].
Boy Who Keeps the Bats, The, [178].
Brahma, [508].
Byron on Woman, [31].
Carmen Bellicosum, [434].
Casey at the Bat, [179].
Casey's Revenge, [526].
Castle Yesterday, [69].
Changes, [221].
Church Porch, The, [155].
Cold-Water Man, The, [242].
Compensation, [221].
Correction, A, [222].
Dying Shoemaker, The, [141].
Easter Gossip, [221].
England and America, [454].
Equality, [31].
Evolution, [184].
Exile, An, [389].
Famous Love Poems, [318].
Fantom of the Links, The, [552].
Fate, [87].
Feast of Auto Song, A, [302].
Feminine Arithmetic, [153].
Field's Appreciation, [235].
Fighting Race, The, [390].
Fishin'? [415].
Fish Lines, [243].
Flag Goes By, The, [454].
Fragment, A, [222].
Friend of My Heart, The, [47].
Friends, [47].
Furtheruptown, [233].
Gather Ye Rosebuds, [262].
Glory of Failure, The, [416].
Golf in Cactus Center, [552].
Good-by, Bret Harte, [357].
Greeley on Journalism, [305].
He Bided His Time, [302].
He's None the Worse for That, [48].
Household Gods in Transit, [233].
How Punsters Smite the Lyre, [141].
"Hullo!" [48].
Independence Bell, [454].
Independence Day Rhymes, [454].
Isle of the Long Ago, The, [362].
Ivy Green, The, [154].

I Want to Go to Morrow, [141].
Kelly and Burke and Shea, [390].
Kipling's Lyric to Lies, [484].
Last Leaf, The, [32].
Last Word, The—Poet to Poet, [357].
Lead, Kindly Light, [268].
Light, [305].
Lines on a Skeleton, [522].
Little Church 'Round the Corner, The, [358].
Little Gems from Tennyson, [132].
Long Ago, [69].
Lord Byron's Riddle, [462].
Lost Ball, The, [552].
Lost Grip, The, [553].
Love, a Sonnet from the Portuguese, [542].
Love, the Illusion, [304].
Lyric to Lies (Rudyard Kipling), [484].
Moving Ballad, A, [233].
My Aunt, [313].
My Lady on Parade, [312].
Night and Death, [456].
Oh, Breathe Not His Name, [125].
Oh, Why Should the Spirit of Mortal Be Proud? [27].
Old Enthusiast, The, [178].
Omar for Ladies, An, [312].
On His Blindness (Milton), [405].
Opportunity, [26].
Original Grafter, The, [56].
Ostrich Punching of Arroyo Al, The, [84].
Passionate Shepherd to His Love, The, [318].
Paying the Piper, [30].
Pity the Blind! [387].
Poems by Dickens and Thackeray, [154].
Poems of Good-Fellowship, [47].
Pre-Easter Philosophy, [174].
Prejudice, A, [455].
Recessional, [482].
Regrets, [313].
Republic, The, [455].
Rescued Poem, A, [184].
Resignation (Paul Laurence Dunbar), [305].
Rhymes by the Bards of Graft, [56].
Scott on Woman, [416].
Seven Ages of Graft, [56].
Shakespeare on Woman, [31].
She Felt of Her Belt, [312].
Shelley on Children, [63].
Short Story of Speed, [303].
Song of the Automobile, [303].
Star-Spangled Banner, The, [422].
Thanatopsis, [172].
Things to Forget, [47].
Three Fishers, [243].
Tips for Authors, [152].
To Althea from Prison, [319].
Two Immortal Hymns, [268].
Two Zuzim, The, [519].
Uncle Henry on the Passing of the Horse, [302].
Via Solitaria, [165].
Village Smithy, The, [415].
Washerwoman's Song, The, [142].
What He Got Out of It, [416].
What the Choir Sang, [312].
Whatchy Goin' t' Gimme? [56].
What They Call It, [303].
When Adam Was a Boy, [69].
When Maclaren Foozled Out, [553].
When Paw Was a Boy, [415].
When the Muse Cuts Bait, [242].
When We Old Boys Were Young, [69].
Whittier's Tribute, [235].
Wordsworth on Woman, [416].
Yankee's Return from Camp, The ("Yankee Doodle"), [465].

GENERAL INDEX.

A
Acting, Richard Mansfield on, [381].
Actors, careers of, [64], [166], [263], [371], [457], [537];
superstitions of, [28].
Actual Height of Sea Waves, The, [177].
Adams, John, death of, [259]; last words of, [295];
grave of, [486].
Adams, John Quincy, and his mother, [308];
elected President, [258];
death of, [432];
last words of, [295];
grave of, [487].
Adams, Maude, career of, [457];
story told by, [304].
Adeler, Max, [89].
Aden, annexation of, [340].
Advertisement, curious, of 1875, [296].
Afternoon dress, [71].
Age, how to tell, [133].
Age of the Earth, The, [551].
Air-Ship, development of the, [107].
Alamo, the, massacre of, [339].
Aleppo destroyed by earthquake, [257].
Alfieri, Vittorio, death of, [43].
Algiers captured by the French, [260].
Allen, Viola, career of, [266].
Allin, L.C., invents friction matches, [525].
All Kinds of Things, [120], [227], [323], [449], [513].
Allston, Washington, death of, [430].
Aluminum, discovery of, [259].
Ambergris, value of, [519].
America's Cup, the, first race for, [531], [557].
Amiens, peace of, [42].
Ampère, André, death of, [339].
Anachronisms in art and literature, [325].
Anecdotes of Authors, [241].
Anglin, Margaret, career of, [66].
Animals, longevity of, [521];
remarkable endurance of, [123].
Annapolis, see [United States Naval Academy].
Anthracite coal, first use of, [45].
April, traditions of, [188].
Aries, zodiacal sign of, [187].
Ariosto, Ludovico, [174].
Arithmetical signs, origin of, [232].
Arnold, Sir Edwin, [363].
Arnold, Thomas, death of, [430].
Arthur, Chester A., grave of, [490].
Ashburton, Lord, death of, [432].
Ashburton Treaty, negotiation of, [429].
Aspden, Joseph, invents Portland cement, [1824].
Asphalt, introduction of, as a pavement, [246].
Astor, John Jacob, and his mother, [311].
Astor Library, opening of, [533].
Astrology, traditions of, [85].
Athens, captured by Turks, [259].
Audubon, J.J., death of, [531].
Auerstadt, battle of, [44].
August, traditions of, [560].

Aungerville, Richard (Richard de Bury), on Books, [281].
Austerlitz, battle of, [44].
Australia: discovery of Gold, [531].
Status of women, [55].
Austria: Ferdinand I, accession of, [339];
abdication of, [432].
Francis I, death of, [339].
Francis Joseph, accession of, [432].
Hungary, rebellion of (1848-1849), [432], [433].
Vienna captured by the French (1805), [44].
War with France (1800), [41].
War with France (1805), [44].
War with France (1809), [46].
War with France (1859), [535].
Authors, poor conversationalists, [317].
Avebury, Lord, on militarism, [5].
Average Ages of Animals, The, [521].
Ayacucho, battle of, [257].
B
Bacheller, Irving, anecdote of, [241].
Bachelors, famous, [156].
Badajos, stormed by British under Wellington, [159].
Balliet, T.M., on technical training, [98].
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, opening of, [260].
Balzac, Honoré de, [397];
on women, [346];
death of, [433].
Banquet, Roman, description of, [527].
Bantry Bay, mutiny in, [43].
Baroda, Gaekwar of, visits the United States, [551].
Barr, Matthias, [31].
Barrett, Lawrence, and Wilton Lackaye, [263].
Barrows, Samuel J., on the indeterminate sentence, [195].
Bates, Blanche, career of, [166].
Battles fought in June, [330].
Bear-hunting, Theodore Roosevelt on, [341].
Beaumont and Fletcher, [174].
Beaux and Gallants of Former Days, [525].
Beethoven, Ludwig van, [259];
celibacy of, [158];
last words of, [295].
Beginnings of Stage Careers, The, [64], [166], [263], [371], [457], [537].
Beginnings of Things, The, [183], [524].
Behavior Book, The, [497].
Belasco, David, and Mrs. Carter, [67].
Belgium: Curious English from, [121].
Leopold I called to Belgian throne, [337].
Separation from Holland, [260].
Bell, Alexander Graham, career of, [413].
Bellew, Kyrle, career of, [169].
Bennett, H.H., [454].
Bennett, James Gordon, career of, [208].
Béranger, Pierre Jean de, death of, [534].
Berlin captured by Napoleon (1806), [44].
Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste, see [Sweden], Charles XIV of.
Berry, Duc de, assassination of, [163].
Berzelius, Jons, death of, [432].
Bewick, Thomas, death of, [260].
Beyle, M.H. ("Stendhal"), death of, [429].
Bible, parallels between Shakespeare and, [134];
various editions of, [134].
Bierce, Ambrose, [111].
Billion, time needed to count a, [453].
Birds, ages of, [453].
Bismarck, Prince Otto von, love-letter of, [110].
Björnson, Björnstjerne, foible of, [180].
Bladensburg, battle of, [161].
Blaine, James G., early career of, [331].
Blake, William, death of, [259].
Blindness, Helen Keller on, [387];
R.W. Gilder on, [387].
Blind People Who Won Fame, [405].
Blood, circulation of, [122].
Blücher, Gebhard L. von, invades France, [160];
defeated at Ligny, [161];
death of, [163].
Blue Laws in Old New England, [251].
Boardman, George Dana, anecdote of, [222].
Bolivar, Simon, death of, [260].
Bonaparte, Charles Lucien, career of, [550].
Bonaparte, Jerome, visits America, [549];
marries Elizabeth Patterson, [44];
becomes King of Westphalia, [44];
is dethroned, [160].
Bonaparte, Joseph, King of Naples, [44];
King of Spain, [45];
residence in America, [549];
death of, [430].
Bonaparte, Letizia, death of, [340].
Bonaparte, Louis, King of Holland, [44];
death of, [431].
Bonaparte, Lucien, death of, [340].
Books, earliest printed, [524];
eaten by their authors, [500];
John Morley on, [102];
Richard de Bury on, [281];
smallest and largest, [116];
rejected books that proved successful, [136].
Borodino, battle of, [159].
Boston, railroad stations in, [182].
Bourdillon, Francis W., [305].
Bozzaris, Markos, gallantry of, [258];
last words of, [295].
Brady, William A., and Wilton Lackaye, [264].
Brazil, foundation of the empire of, [45];
separation from Portugal, [257];
first railroad in, [533].
Breeches Bible, The, [134].
Breese, Edmund, career of, [371].
Britt, J.E., as an actor, [38].
Brooks, Phillips, last words of, [295].
Brotherhood of man, the, Dr. Parkhurst on, [387].
Brothers, eulogies on, [170].
Brothers to Sisters, [234].
Brown, Henry B., justice of United States Supreme Court, retirement of, [470].
Brown, John, execution of, [535].
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, [542].
Browning, Robert, foible of, [180].
Brummel, Beau (George Bryan), death of, [340].
Brunel, Isambard K., death of, [536].
Bryant, William Cullen, [172].
Buchanan, James, inauguration of, [535];
grave of, [489].
Buckingham, Duke of (1592-1628), gorgeous costumes of, [525].
Buckwheat, origin of, [183].
Buena Vista, battle of, [431].
Bug Bible, The, [134].
Bulls in Parliament, [244].
Bulwer-Clayton treaty, negotiation of, [433].
Bunker Hill, Webster's speech on, [283].
Bunner, Marion Y., [85], [187], [282], [376], [468], [560].
Bunsen, Baron von, death of, [536].
Burnand, Sir Francis C., editor of "Punch," [101].
Burns, John, career of, [411].
Burr, Aaron, trial and acquittal of, [45];
death of, [339].

Burritt, Elihu, career of, [518].
Burroughs, John, story told by, [88].
Burton, Frederick R., on the American Indians, [384].
Burton, Robert, [174].
Butler, Nicholas Murray, on the value of a college career, [98].
Butler, Samuel, [174].
Byron, Lord, [462];
death of, [258];
last words of, [295];
on woman, [31].
C
Calhoun, John C., death of, [433].
California, occupied by Fremont, [431];
gold discovered in, [432];
pioneer journalism in, [327].
Camera-obscura, invention of, [183].
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, on the tariff question, [5].
Canada: Development of, [285].
Railroad, first, opening of, [339].
Rebellion of 1837, [339].
Relations with the United States, [286].
Status of women in, [55].
Cancer, zodiacal sign of, [468].
Canning, George, death of, [259].
Cannon, Joseph G., on public life, [474].
Canova, Antonio, death of, [257].
Cape of Good Hope ceded to the British, [160].
Cards, symbolism of, [556].
Carlyle, Thomas, sketch of, [175].
Carnegie, Andrew, and spelling reform, [194].
Carroll, Charles, death of, [338].
Carroll, Lewis, see [Dodgson, Charles L].
Carter, Mrs. Leslie, career of, [67].
Cassatt, Alexander J., career of, [150].
Castelmary, Signor, death of, [200].
Castle, Henry A., on the humors of the postal service, [227].
Castlereagh, Viscount, suicide of, [257].
Cat, the, mysterious characteristics of, [480].
Catholic Emancipation Act, [260].
Cato, Marcus Porcius, [368].
Caxton Memorial Bible, the, [134].
Chalmers, Thomas, death of, [432].
Chamfort, Sebastien R.N., on happiness, [119].
Chance as a factor in inventions, [245].
Chapin, Benjamin, career of, [460].
Chapter on Puns, A, [315].
Chartist movement, [338];
petitions rejected, [429], [432].
Chateaubriand, François René de, death of, [432].
Check written on pine shingle, [124].
Cherubini, Luigi, death of, [429].
Chesapeake, United States frigate, encounter with the Leopard, [45];
captured by the Shannon, [160].
Chess, popularity of, at Strohbeck, [450].
Chesterfield, Lord, last words of, [295].
Chevrial, Baron, Richard Mansfield as, [65].
Chicago organized as a town (1831), [337].
Chicago, University of, development under President Harper, [10].
Chile, independence declared by, [163].
Chillianwalla, battle of, [433].
China: Awakening of, [6], [388].
America's opportunity in China, [294].
Chinese Commissioners in the United States, [108].
Taiping rebellion, [433].
China: Taou-Kwang, Emperor, death of, [433].
Chivalry, Southern, decay of, [384].
Choate, Joseph H., tribute to Franklin, [81].
Choate, Rufus, death of, [535].
Chopin, Frederick, anecdote of, [79];
death of, [432].
Churchill, Charles, [174].
Churchill, Winston, on tariff question, [5].
Cibber, Colley, [174].
City and Country Life, [105].
Clark, J.S., anecdote of, [152].
Clark, Marguerite, career of, [459].
Clarke, Joseph I.C., [390].
Clarkson, Thomas, death of, [431].
Classics from Carlyle, [175].
Clay, Henry, death of, [532].
Clemens, Samuel L., see [Twain, Mark].
Cleveland, Grover, on doctors and patients, [106].
Clinton, Sir Henry, letter to Sir John Burgoyne, [516].
Cloud, Virginia Woodward, [30].
Cobb, Colonel, speech of, [427].
Cobbett, William, death of, [339].
Coeducation: G. Stanley Hall on disadvantages of, [9];
David Starr Jordan on benefits of, [196].
Foundation of first coeducational college, [532].
Coincidence in a Paris court, [120].
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, death of, [339].
College career, value of a, [98].
Collingwood, Admiral, [43].
Collins, Wilkie, [272].
Cologne, first use of, [183].
Colt, Samuel, career of, [503].
Columbus, Christopher, misled by birds, [326];
last words of, [295].
Commander, Lydia Kingsmill, [51].
Comte, Auguste, death of, [534].
Conde, Prince of, precocity of, [392].
Coné, Joe, [303].
Congress first meets in Washington, [42].
Connaught, Duke of, visits America, [550].
Conscience Fund of the United States Treasury, [223].
Constitution, United States frigate, sinks the Guerrière, [159].
Cooper, Sir Astley, death of, [429].
Cooper, James Fenimore, death of, [531].
Copenhagen, battle of, [42].
Corbett, James J., as an actor, [38].
Corelli, Marie, anecdote of, [241].
Cork, first use of, [183].
Corn, R.J. Oglesby's speech on, [369].
Corn Laws, controversy over, [429];
repeal of, [431].
Corn-mills, first records of, [183].
Cotton-mills, work and wages in, [378].
"Counsels and Ideals," by Dr. William Osler, [8].
Cowper, William, [174];
death of, [42];
last words of, [295].
Crabbe, George, death of, [338].
Craigie, Mrs. (John Oliver Hobbes), on coeducation, [9].
Crane, Winthrop M., career of, [410].
Crawford, F. Marion, anecdote of, [80];
foible of, [180].
Creating Wealth from Waste, [201].
Crimean War, [532], [533].

Cromwell, Oliver, love-letter of, [110];
last words of, [295].
Cunningham, Allan, death of, [430].
Cuvier, Georges, death of, [338].
D
Daguerre, Louis J.M., perfects the daguerreotype process, [183];
death of, [531].
Dalton, John, death of, [430].
Daly, Augustin, and Wilton Lackaye, [264].
Damascus, antiquity of, [301].
Dantzig captured by the French, [45].
Darling, Grace, heroism of, [340].
Darrow, Clarence S., on public ownership, [11].
Darwin, Charles, foibles of, [180].
Daskam, Josephine D., [312].
David, Jacques Louis, death of, [258].
Davies, Acton, criticism of Margaret Anglin, [66].
Davis, Sam, [509].
Davy, Sir Humphry, inventions of, [43];
death of, [260].
De Bury, Richard, on books, [281].
Decatur, Stephen, exploit in harbor of Tripoli, [43];
captures the Macedonian, [159];
captured by the British, [161].
Decoration Day, 1868-1906, [250].
Definitions of "A Friend," [70].
Definitions of "Home," [481].
De Kay, Charles, on industrial arts, [100].
Delaroche, Paul, death of, [534].

De Quincy, Thomas, death of, [536].
Descartes, René, celibacy of, [156].
Detroit surrendered to the British, [159].
Diary of an Old Maid, The, [220].
Dickens, Charles, [154], [543]; foible of, [180];
relations to Wilkie Collins, [272].
Diet, Dr. Woods Hutchinson on, [289].
Dillon, E.J., on Nicholas II of Russia, [237].
Dingaan's Day, [339].
Dinners That Consisted of Books, [500].
Discovery of Niagara, the, [364].
Disraeli, Benjamin (Lord Beaconsfield), becomes chancellor of the exchequer, [532];
foibles of, [180];
anecdote of, [559].
D'Israeli, Isaac, death of, [432].
Diving-bell, first record of, [183].
Doctors and patients, relation of, [106].
Dodgson, Charles L. (Lewis Carroll), on feeding the mind, [379].
Dog, Senator Vest's eulogy on the, [93].
Donizetti, Gaetano, death of, [432].
Dow, Neal, [395].
Doyle, Sir A. Conan, peculiarities of, [180].
Drake, Sir Francis, celibacy of, [158].
Drake, Joseph Rodman, [466].
Drama, Otis Skinner on the, [293].
Dred Scott decision, [534].
Dresden, battle of, [160].
Dress for All Occasions, [71].
Dress, gorgeous, of old-time courtiers, [525].
Dudley, Bide, [178].
Duluth, Proctor Knott's speech on, [320].
Dumas, Alexandre, the younger, foible of, [180].
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, [305].
Dust, explosions caused by, [323].
E
Earth, age of, [551].
East, William, manufactures first tinted paper, [245].
Eastman, Dr. Charles A., on the American Indians, [385].
Eaton, General, defeats Barbary pirates, [44].
Ector, Sir, to Sir Launcelot, [170].
Edeson, Robert, career of, [373].
Edgeworth, Maria, death of, [433].
Edison, Thomas A., anecdotes of, [79], [270].
Edwards, Elisha J., [13].
Edwards, Henry Sutherland, recollections of, [121].
Eggs, nourishment contained in, [124].
Egypt: End of French campaign in (1801), [42].
Mamelukes, massacre of, [159].
Mehemet Ali, campaign against Turkey, [338].
Ptolemy Philadelphus erects the first lighthouse, [524].
Electricity, studied by Franklin, [82].
Electro-magnet, discovery of, [183].
Elephant, the longevity of, [521].
Elinora, the encounter with natives of Tahiti, [247].
Eliot, Charles W., on William R. Harper, [11];
on the penalties of wealth, [97].
Ellenborough, Lord, anecdote of, [304].
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, [508].
Emmet, Robert, career of, [43], [125];
speech of vindication, [125].
Empire State Express, the, [181].
England, see [Great Britain].
Erie Canal, construction of, [162];
opening of, [258].
Essen, steel industry of, [146].
Etiquette, manual of (1853), [497];
proper dress for various occasions, [71].
Eulogy on the Dog, [93].
Europe, small republics of, [122].
Evening dress, [71].
Everett, Edward, [408].
Express company, first, founded by W.F. Harnden, [505].
Eylau, battle of, [44].
Eytinge, Rose, and Annie Russell, [167].
F
Fagnani, Charles P., on the character of Joseph, [192].
Faraday, Michael, discovers magneto-electric induction, [337].
Fawcett, Henry, career of, [407].
Field, Eugene, [69];
anecdotes of, [80], [304];
tribute to his sister, [235].
Fillmore, Millard, becomes President, [433];
grave of, [489].
Finland ceded to Russia, [46].
Fish, Stuyvesant, on national economy, [190].
Flashes of Royal Repartee, [306].
Flaxman, John, death of, [259].
Flint, Charles R., on Nicholas II of Russia, [237].
Foibles of Literary Men, [180].
Folk, Joseph W., on enforcement of law, [7].
Food as a factor of character, John Spargo on, [106].
Foss, S.W., [48].
Foster, John W., on Chinese civilization, [108].
Fourier, François, death of, [339].
Fowler, Sir Henry, on tariff question, [5].
Fox, Charles James, death of, [44].
France: Algiers, seizure of, [260].

France:
Charles X, accession of, [259];
deposition of, [260].
Commerce, destruction of (1803), [43].
Crimean War, [532], [533].
Henry IV, anecdote of, [306].
Josephine, Empress, coronation of, [43];
divorced by Napoleon, [46]; death of, [161].
Louis XIII, last words of, [295].
Louis XIV, last words of, [295].
Louis XVIII, coronation of, [160];
death of, [258];
last words of, [296].
Louis Philippe visits America, [549];
accession of, [260];
abdication of, [432].
Marie Louise, death of, [432].
Napoleon I wins battle of Marengo, [41];
executes the Duc d'Enghien, [43];
crowned Emperor of France, [43];
crowned King of Italy, [43];
wins battle of Austerlitz, [44];
wins battle of Jena, [44];
excommunication of, [46];
wins battle of Wagram, [46];
marries Marie Louise, [46];
invades Russia, [159];
arranges Concordat, [160];
loses battle of Leipzig, [160];
abdicates, [160];
returns from Elba, [161];
progress from Elba to Paris, [246];
loses battle of Waterloo, [161];
sent to St. Helena, [161];
death of, [257];
last words of, [296];
body removed to Paris, [340];
anecdote of, [558];
prophecies of, [135];
letter to Josephine, [110];
as an actor, [382];
Ingersoll on, [469].
Napoleon III visits the United States, [550];
imprisoned at Ham, [340];
escapes, [431];
elected president of France, [432];
becomes emperor, [532];
marries Eugénie de Montijo, [532];
last words of, [296];
praised by Eugene Vivier, [121].
Revenues of French kings, [323].
Second Republic, [432].
Trains, speed of, [182].
War with Austria (1859), [535].
Franklin, Benjamin, and his mother, [310];
career of, [81];
philosophy of, [83];
last words of, [295].
Franklin, Sir John, arctic expedition of, [430].
Fresnel, Augustine, death of, [258].
Friedland, battle of, [45].
Friend, definitions of a, [70].
From the Country Press, [261], [424].
From the Lips of Ananias, [88], [270], [328], [395], [484].
Fry, Elizabeth, death of, [431].
Fuller, Thomas, [174].
Fulton, Robert, and his mother, [310];
and Napoleon, [42];
experiments on the Seine, [43];
success with the Clermont, [45];
death of, [161].
G
Galt, John, [363], [364];
death of, [340].
Galveston, commerce of, [119].
Garfield, James A., and his mother, [308];
early life of, [149];
grave of, [490].
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, achievements of, [536].
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, death of, [433].
Gemini, zodiacal sign of, [376].
Genealogy, genuine and fictitious, [471].
General Armstrong, American privateer, at Fayal, [161].
Genoa, siege of, [41];
annexed by France, [43].
Germany:
Berlin captured by Napoleon (1806), [44].
Confederation of the Rhine, formation of, [44].
Holy Roman Empire, dissolution of, [44].
Rebellion of 1848, [432].
Status of women in, [53].
William II, friendship for America, [471];
instructions for care of horses, [198].
Gettysburg, Abraham Lincoln's speech at, [250].
Giant and Pygmy of Bookland, The, [116].
Gibbon, Edward, celibacy of, [158].
Gibbons, James (Cardinal), anecdotes of, [221].
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, last words of, [295].
Gilbert, W.S., and Richard Mansfield, [64];
anecdote of, [153].
Gilder, Richard Watson, on blindness, [387].
Gillette, William, career of, [168].
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, as a champion of women, [103].
Gladiators, Spartacus's address to, [520].
Gladstone, William E., maiden speech of, [338];
last words of, [295]; anecdote of, [241].
Glass, colored, origin of, [183].
Glory of the Corn, The, [369].
Glycerin, manufacture of, [202].
Godfrey, Thomas, career of, [230].
Goethe, J.W. von, death of, [338];
last words of, [295].
Gold, discovery of, in California, [432];
in Australia, [531];
in Colorado, [535].
Good Manners Fifty Years Ago, [497].
Goodwin, N.C., anecdote of, [153].
Gorky, Maxim, and the Russian revolutionary movement, [386].
Gorman, Arthur Pue, president of National Baseball Association, [441].
Gould, Jay, and Frank J. Sprague, [147].
Goust, republic of, [122].
Grace, William R., career of, [506].
Grant, Ulysses S., grave of, [490].
Grattan, Henry, death of, [163].
Grave, Gay, and Epigrammatic, [30], [152], [221], [304], [415].
Graves of Our Presidents, The, [486].
Great Britain:
Albert, Prince Consort, love-letter of, [109].
Caroline, Queen, death of, [257].
Charles I, love-letter of, [109];
last words of, [295].
Charles II, last words of, [295].
Crimean War, [532], [533].
Edward VII visits America, [550].
Foreign trade of, [5].
George III, insanity of, [42];
death of, [163];
proclamation of, [140];
anecdotes of, [306].
George III Sought Heaven's Aid, [140].
George IV, regency of, [46];
accession of, [163];
death of, [260].
Industrial conditions in, [4].
Military expenses of, [5].
Regency of Prince of Wales (George IV), [46].
Status of women in, [53].
Trafalgar, battle of, [44].
Trains, speed of, [181].
Victoria, birth of, [163];
accession of, [339];
betrothal of, [340];
marriage of, [340];
romance of, [109];
Diamond Jubilee of, [482].
William IV visits the United States, [549];
accession of, [260];
death of, [340].
Great Southwest, The, [117].

Great Writers Often Poor Talkers, [317].
Greece:
Capo d'Istria, Giovanni, president, [259];
assassination of, [337].
Culture of the ancient Greeks, [99].
Independence established, [259].
Otto, King of, [337].
Philip of Macedon, anecdotes of, [350]
Rebellion against Turkey, [257].
Wit of the ancient Greeks, [350].
Greeley, Horace, [305]; last words of, [295].
Gregory XVI, Pope, accession of, [337];
death of, [431].
Grey, Earl, on Canada and the United States, [286].
Grotius, Hugo, precocity of, [392].
Grouchy, Emmanuel de, death of, [432].
Grubauer, Albert, visits Malacca Negritos, [120].
Guillotine, derivation of the word, [514].
Gunter, Archibald C, anecdote of, [241].
Gurney, Sir Charles, builds steam omnibus, [260].
Gutenberg Bible, The, [134].
H
Hackett, James K., career of, [458].
Hadley, Arthur T., on William R. Harper, [11].
Hadley, Herbert S., on corporations and the law, [293].
Hahnemann, Christian S.F., founder of homeopathy, [46];
death of, [430].
Hale, Edward Everett, anecdote of, [79];
estimate of Franklin, [84].
Hale, Nathan, last words of, [295].
Hall, G. Stanley, on coeducation, [9].
Hallam, Henry, death of, [536].
Hamilton, Alexander, death of, [43].
Hamilton, Sir William (British diplomat), death of, [43].
Hamilton, Sir William (Scottish philosopher), death of, [534].
Hammond, Harriette, [312].
Hancock, John, dress of, [513].
Handel, G.F., precocity of, [392].
Hanover, Ernest Augustus, King of, [339].
Hapgood, Norman, on magazine exposures, [292];
on yellow journalism, [101].
Happiness, Chamfort on, [119].
Harnden, William F., career of, [504].
Harper, William R., appreciations of, [10].
Harrison, Benjamin, grave of, [490].
Harrison, William Henry, wins battle of Tippecanoe, [159];
elected President, [340];
death of, [429];
grave of, [488].
Hart, Albert B., on William R. Harper, [10].
Harte, Bret, peculiarities of, [180];
death of, [357].
Harvard University, baseball at, [443].
Harvey, Charles M., [117].
Harvey, G. Upton, on college athletics, [197].
Hastings, Warren, death of, [163].
Hate for Napoleon Turned to Love, [246].
Havelock, Henry, last words of, [295].
Havemeyer, Henry O., and his mother, [310].
Hawaii:
King Kalakaua visits the United States, [551].
Queen Liliuokalani visits the United States, [551].
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, foible of, [180].
Haydn, Joseph, unhappy married life of, [314];
death of, [46].
Hayes, Rutherford B., grave of, [490].
Hayti, French driven out of, [43].
Hearn, Lafcadio, letters to H.E. Krehbiel, [289].
Heber, Reginald, death of, [259].
Heenan, John C, marriage to Adah Isaacs Menken, [389].
Hegel, Georg W.F., death of, [337].
Heine, Heinrich, death of, [534].
Hemans, Felicia, death of, [339].
Hemenway, James A., career of, [501].
Henry, Patrick, [393]; last words of, [295].
Herbert, Hilary A., on the status of the Confederates, [473].
Herreshoff, John B., success of, [407].
Herrick, Robert, [174], [262].
Herschel, Caroline, death of, [432].
Herschel, Sir William, death of, [257].
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, foible of, [180].
Hill, James J., on American resources, [3].
Hirsch, Emil G., on the trials of the rich, [193].
Hitchcock, Raymond, career of, [373].
Hoar, George F., anecdote of, [30].
Hobbes, John Oliver, see [Craigie].
Hoch, Edward Wallis, career of, [226].
Hodgetts, Brayley, on Nicholas II of Russia, [237].
Hofer, Andreas, execution of, [46].
Hogg, James, death of, [339].
Hohenlinden, battle of, [41].
Holland, separation of, from Belgium, [260].
Holland, George, funeral of, [358].
Holland, John P., on the flight of birds, [107].
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, [313];
peculiarities of, [180];
on old age, [32];
last words of, [295].
Holy Roman Empire, dissolution of, [44].
Home, definitions of, [481].
Homeopathy founded by Hahnemann, [46].
Hong-Kong, annexation of, [429].
Hood, Thomas, death of, [431].
Hook, Theodore,

[315];
death of, [429].
Hopper, De Wolf, career of, [265].
Horoscope of the Months, A, [85], [187], [282], [376], [468], [560].
Horse-cars, introduction of, [525].
Horses, the German emperor's rules for the care of, [198].
Hough, Emerson, anecdote of, [241].
Houghton, Rev. George H., [358].
House That Jack Built, The, origin of, [519].
How They Got On in the World, [145], [207], [331], [409], [501].
How to Tell a Woman's Age, [133].
How "Yankee Doodle Came to Town," [464].
Hudson River, tunnel under the, [332].
Hugo, Victor, [491];
on woman, [63].
Hull, General William, surrenders Detroit to the British, [159].
Humboldt, Friedrich Alexander von, death of, [536];
last words of, [295].
Humboldt, Wilhelm Karl von, death of, [339].
Humorists, American, [103].
Humphrey, W.B., on the American Indians, [385].
Hungary, rebellion of (1848-1849), [432], [433].
Hunt, Leigh, [94];
love-letter of, [109];
death of, [536].

Hunter, Robert, on socialism, [287].
Hunting the Grizzly, [341].
Hutchinson, Dr. Woods, on rational diet, [290].
I
Ibsen, Henrik, reviewed by a Nevada critic, [424].
Ideals, Theodore Parker on, [131].
India:
Burmese Wars, [258].
Hastings, Lord, victories of, [162].
Mahratta War, [43].
Red tape in, [490].
Scinde, annexation of, [430].
Indians, American, civilizing of, [384].
Industrial Arts, American neglect of, [100].
Ingalls, John J., [26].
Ingalls, Rufus, anecdote of, [221].
Ingersoll, E.C., eulogy on, [171].
Ingersoll, Robert G., [404];
eulogy on his brother, [170];
on Napoleon, [469].
In Nature's Wilds, [176].
Insects, sounds made by, [515].
Insurance policies sold by machines, [232].
Interest, increment of various rates of, [50].
Iodin, discovery of, [160].
Ireland:
Famine in (1845), [430].
Irish Parliament, last meeting of, [42].
Irving, Sir Henry, death of, [200].
Irving, Washington, [57];
foible of, [180];
death of, [535].
Italy:
Charles Albert of Sardinia, abdication of, [433].
Victor Emmanuel II, accession of, [433].
J
Jackson, Andrew, and his mother, [307];
takes Pensacola, [161];
wins battle of New Orleans, [161];
inauguration of, [260];
opposes the United States Bank, [338];
death of, [431];
grave of, [488].
Jacobs, Charles M., career of, [331].
Jacquard, Joseph, death of, [339].
Jail cut from solid rock, [327].
James, Edmund J., on China and the United States, [294].
Japan:
Baseball in, [448].
First railroad in, [410].
Optimism of, [6].
Perry's mission to, [532].
Jefferson, Joseph, story told by, [79].
Jefferson, Thomas, and his mother, [307];
inauguration of, [42];
death of, [259];
last words of, [295];
grave of, [487].
Jeffrey, Lord, letter of, [507].
Jeffries, J.J., as an actor, [39].
Jena, battle of, [44].
Jenner, Dr. Richard, death of, [258].
Jerome, Jerome K., on American humorists, [103].
Jerome, William T., on criticisms of the United States Senate, [292].
Jerrold, Douglas, [143];
death of, [534].
Jews, prejudices against, [288].
Johnson, Andrew, grave of, [489].
Johnson, Samuel, and spelling reform, [195].
Joinville, Prince de, visits to the United States, [550].
Jordan, David Starr, career of, [145];
debt to his mother, [310];
on coeducation, [196].
Julian, Emperor, last words of, [295].
July, traditions of, [468].
June, the Month of Battles, [330].
June, traditions of, [376].
Junto Club, founded by Franklin, [82].
K
Kane, Elisha K., arctic expedition of, [532], [533].
Kang Yu Wan on the new spirit in China, [388].
Kant, Immanuel, celibacy of, [157];
death of, [43].
Kean, Edmund, death of, [200], [338].
Keats, John, foible of, [180];
last words of, [295];
death of, [257].
Keene, James R., career of, [210].
Keller, Helen, on the life of the blind, [387];
attainments of, [405].
Keller, Horace Seymour, [415].
Kellogg, Elijah, [520].
Kent, Duke of, in America, [549].
Key, Francis Scott, [421];
death of, [430].
Kinnosuke, Adachi, on Chinese students, [7].
Kipling, Rudyard, [482];
on literature, [380].
Kiser, S.E., [178].
Kitty Fisher's Jig, [465].
Kléber, General, assassination of, [41].
Kleist, Heinrich B.W. von, suicide of, [159].
Knight, Stephen A., on old-time industrial conditions, [378].
Knott, James Proctor, [320].
Knox, William, [27].
Kosciusko, Thaddeus, death of, [162].
Kossuth, Louis, imprisonment of, [339];
leads insurrection in Hungary, [432];
flight of, [433];
visits England and the United States, [531].
Koszta, Martin, controversy in case of, [532].
Kotzebue, August von, assassination of, [163].
Kotzebue, Otto von, death of, [431].
Krehbiel, H.E., correspondence with Lafcadio Hearn, [289].
Krupp, Alfred, career of, [146].
Krupp, Friedrich, career of, [146].
L
Lackaye, Wilton, career of, [263].
Lafayette, Marquis de, visits the United States, [258];
death of, [339].
Laibach, Congress of, [257].
Lake Erie, battle of, [160].
Lamarck, J.B. de, death of, [260].
Lamb, Lady Caroline, death of, [260].
Lamb, Charles, anecdote of, [558];
death of, [339].
Lancaster, A.E., [358].
Landor, Walter Savage, foible of, [180].
Languages, number of, [324].
Lanigan, George T., [141].
Laplace, Pierre Simon de, death of, [259].
Last Words of Famous Men, [295].
Latest Viewpoints of Men Worth While, The, [3], [97], [190], [284], [378], [470].
Latimer, Hugh, last words of, [295].
Laughter of Childhood, The, [404].
Launcelot, Sir, eulogy on, [170].
Lavater, Johann C., death of, [42].
Lawrence, James, last words of, [295];
death of, [160].
Lawrence, Sir Thomas, death of, [260].
Lawson, Thomas W., anecdote of, [559].

Lee, Robert E., rebukes sectionalism, [473].
Legendre, Adrien M., death of, [338].
Legion of Honor, founded by Napoleon, [42].
Leigh, Henry S., [174].
Leo, zodiacal sign of, [560].
Leo XII, Pope, death of, [260].
Leopardi, Alessandro, death of, [339].
Leslie, Eliza, [497].
Letters Famous for Brevity, [507].
Lever, Charles, [137].
Lewis and Clark expedition, [43].
Liang Cheng, Sir Chentung, on Chinese awakening, [108].
Light Brigade, the, charge of, [533].
Lighthouse, first, [524].
Lightning, statistics relating to, [324].
Lincoln, Abraham, and his mother, [308];
elected President, [536];
speech at Gettysburg, [250];
grave of, [489];
favorite poem of, [26].
Linguists, famous, [324].
Lion's Gratitude, A, [88].
Liquor dealers' approval of temperance, [476].
Literature, Rudyard Kipling on, [380].
Lithography, origin of, [245].
Little Gems from Webster, [90].
Little Glimpses of the Nineteenth Century, [41], [159], [257], [337], [429], [531].
Little Stories of Big People, [79].
Locke, John, [530].
Locomotive, invention of, [258];
first American, [260];
Elihu Burritt's description of, [518].
Lodge, Henry Cabot, on journalistic exposures, [292].
Lodge, Sir Oliver, on science and the occult, [479].
Longevity of animals, [521];
of birds, [453];
of men in various occupations, [231];
of toads, [124].
Longfellow, Henry W., [165], [455], [485];
foible of, [180];
death of wife of, [164].
Lossing, Benson J., [127].
Louisiana, cession of, [43].
Lounsberry, Charles, [403].
Lovelace, Richard, [319].
Love-Letters of the Great, [109].
Lover, Samuel, [33].
Lowell, James Russell, memorial of, in Westminster Abbey, [370].
Lowell, Jessica H., [243].
Lucy Walker, the, destruction of, [451].
Luncheons and breakfasts, dress for, [73].
Lundy's Lane, battle of, [161].
Luneville, Peace of, [42].
Luxembourg, claimed by Holland and Belgium, [337].
Lynch law, origin of, [228].
Lyte, Henry F., [269].
M
Macadamize, derivation of the word, [514].
Macaulay, Lord, foible of, [180];
death of, [536];
on the future of the United States, [477].
MacCracken, Henry M., on teaching as a profession, [472].
Macdonald, Etienne J.J., death of, [340].
McDonald, John B., career of, [148].
McGovern, Terence, as an actor, [38].
Machinery, increasing use of, [232].
McKinley, William, and his mother, [308];
last words of, [296];
grave of, [490].
Mackintosh, derivation of the word, [514].
Mackintosh, Sir James, death of, [338].
McLellan, Isaac, [242].
McMaster, Guy Humphreys, [434].
Madison, James, elected President, [45];
death of, [339];
grave of, [487].
Maeterlinck, Maurice, criticism of New York, [100].
Magenta, battle of, [535].
Maida, battle of, [44].
Maiook, Indian chief, [367].
Malibran, Marie, death of, [339].
Malory, Sir Thomas, [170].
Malta captured by the English, [42].
Malthus, Thomas R., death of, [339];
"Essay on Population," [43].
Mamelukes, massacre of, [159].
Mammoth Cave, discovery of, [46].
Manin, Daniel, heads insurrection at Venice, [432].
Mann, Horace, death of, [535].
Mansfield, Richard, career of, [64];
on acting, [381].
Mantell, Robert B., career of, [168].
March, traditions of, [86].
Markham, Edwin, and his mother, [310].
Marlowe, Christopher, [318].
Marlowe, Ethel, death of, [200].
Marlowe, Owen, death of, [200].
Marlowe, Virginia, death of, [200].
Marriage, discussion of, [289];
unhappy marriages, [314];
proper age for, [375].
Marryat, Captain Frederick, death of, [432].
Marshall, James W., discovers gold in California, [432].
Marshall, John, death of, [339].
Martin, Edward S., on city life, [105].
Martin, W.A.P., on the awakening of China, [6].
Marvels of Precocity, [392].
Masham, Lord, career of, [207].
Masséna, Marshal, besieged in Genoa, [41];
driven from Portugal by Wellington, [159].
Matches, invention of, [525].
Mathematics, curiosities of, [91].
Mathew, Theobald, temperance crusade of, [340].
May, traditions of, [282].
May-Day, customs of, [205].
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix, death of, [432].
Menken, Adah Isaacs, [389].
Mérimée, Prosper, [417].
Metternich, Prince, death of, [536].
Mexico:
Comonfort, Ignacio, becomes president, [534];
retires, [535].
Iturbide proclaims himself emperor, [257];
death of, [258].
Miramon, Miguel, becomes president, [536].
Santa Anna, Antonio de, establishes republic, [258];
loses battle of San Jacinto, [339];
becomes president, [532];
deposed and exiled, [533].
War with United States (1846-1848), [431], [432].
Mezzofanti, Giuseppe C., linguistic abilities of, [324].
Miles, Nelson A., anecdotes of, [304], [559].
Military Red Tape in India, [490].
Miller, Henry, career of, [167].
Miller, Hugh, death of, [534].
Miller, Joaquin, [357], [416].
Millionaires, richest, list of, [348].

Milton, John, [405].
Mismated Men of Genius, [314].
Missolonghi, siege of, [258];
captured by Turks, [259].
Mitchell, John, and President Roosevelt, [15], [16].
Money, John D. Rockefeller on, [105];
hidden in strange places, [516].
Monroe, James, becomes President, [162];
re-election of, [163];
death of, [337];
grave of, [487].
Monroe Doctrine, enunciation of, [258].
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, [174].
Moody, Dwight L., last words of, [296].
Moore, Sir John, death of, [45].
Moore, Thomas, verses on Robert Emmet and Miss Curran, [125];
death of, [531].
More, Hannah, death of, [338].
Moreau, General Jean V., wins battle of Hohenlinden, [41];
conspires against Napoleon, [43];
death of, [160].
Morgan, Walter V., on blessings of poverty, [97].
Morley, John, on books, [102].
Mormons, migration of, to Utah, [340];
rebellion of (1857), [534].
Morning dress, [71].
Morris, Gouverneur, death of, [162].
Mortality, Voltaire on, [126].
Morton, Levi P., and his mother, [309].
Moscow, burning of, [160].
Mount Vernon, Washington's farm at, [513].
Mourning dress, [73].
Mozart, W.A., precocity of, [392].
Munsey, Frank A., [1], [95].
Murat, Joachim, crowned King of Naples, [45];
two of his sons visit the United States, [550].
Murderers' Bible, The, [134].
Murray, Lindley, death of, [259].
Musicales, dress for, [73].
Musicians, longevity of, [231].
N
Napier, Sir William, death of, [536].
Naples:
Ferdinand II, death of, [536].
Francis II, accession of, [536];
expulsion of, [536].
Murat, Joachim, crowned king of, [45].
Napoleon, see [France].
Narodny, on Russian freedom, [386].
Natal proclaimed a British settlement, [430].
National Guard, practical training for, [8].
National Liquor Dealers' Association, address issued by, [476].
Nation's Conscience Fund, The,

[223].
Nation's Debt to Mothers, The, [307].
Nature's Wilderness Compasses, [322].
Navarino, battle of, [259].
Negritos of Malacca and Siam, [120].
Negro, future of, [9].
Nelson, Lord, aided by a pin-scratch, [325];
wins battle of Copenhagen, [42];
death of, [44];
last words of, [296].
Neptune, planet, discovery of, [431].
New England, Blue Laws in, [251].
Newman, John Henry, [268].
New Orleans, battle of, [161].
Newton, Sir Isaac, celibacy of, [156].
New York:
City Hall, foundation of, [43].
Maeterlinck's criticism of, [100].
New York Herald, founded by J.G. Bennett, [208].
New York Sun, on pugilists on the stage, [38];
"Yellow Journal" glossary, [151].
New Zealand, Status of women in, [55].
Niagara, discovery of, [364].
Niagara, the June Bride's Paradise, [363].
Nicknames of Our States and Towns, [356].
Niebuhr, Barthold, death of, [337].
Night View of a City, [175].
Nineteenth Century, events of, [41], [159], [257], [337], [429], [531].
Nixon, Lewis, on Nicholas II of Russia, [238];
on future of Russia, [7].
North, Lord, anecdote of, [80].
Northcote, James, death of, [337].
Norway, see [Sweden].
Noses as signs of character, [228].
Novara, battle of, [433].
Nutritive value of foods, [326].
O
Ocean travel, humors of, [206].
O'Connell, Daniel, excluded from Parliament, [259];
agitates against the Act of Union, [430];
death of, [432].
Oddities of Biblical Literature, [134].
Oersted, Hans C., death of, [531].
Oglesby, Richard J., [369].
O'Hara, Theodore, [254].
Ohio admitted to the Union, [43].
Oklahoma, population of, [119].
Old age, Oliver Wendell Holmes on, [32].
Old American newspapers, extracts from, [229].
Olden Time Publicity, [296].
Oldest City in the World, The, [301].
Old Maid, Diary of an, [220].
Old May-Day Customs, [205].
Osceola, capture and death of, [340].
Osler, William, philosophy of, [8];
story told by, [80].
Ostwald, Wilhelm, on American colleges, [197].
Other Ways of Saying "Howdy Do?" [428].
Oudinot, Nicholas C., death of, [432].
Our Interest in Westminster Abbey, [370].
Our National Anthem, [421].
Owen, Robert, founds New Harmony, Indiana, [258];
death of, [535].
Owners of the Soil, The, [408].
P
Paderewski, Ignace Jan, precocity of, [392].
Paganini, Nicolo, death of, [340].
Paine, Thomas, [461]; death of, [46].
Paley, William, death of, [44].
Palm, Johann, execution of, [44].
Palmer, A.M., and Richard Mansfield, [65].
Palmer, John, death of, [200]; last words of, [296].
Palmer, Joseph C., California banker, [124].
Palmerston, Lord, becomes prime minister, [533].
Paradox Proverbs, [199].
Park, Mungo, death of, [44].
Parker, Theodore, on ideals, [131]; death of, [536].
Parkhurst, Charles H., and his mother, [310];
on the brotherhood of man, [387].
Parliament, mixed metaphors in, [244].
Part of Chance in Progress, The, [245].
Pascal, Blaise, precocity of, [392].

Patrick Henry's Call to Arms, [393].
Patriotism, [377].
Patterson, Elizabeth, marries Jerome Bonaparte, [44], [549].
Patterson, Joseph M., on socialism, [192].
Peabody, Francis G., and the German Kaiser, [471].
Peck, Harry Thurston, [527].
Peel, Sir Robert, death of, [433].
Pellisier, Georges, on women in literature, [104].
Penfield, W.L., on the prevention of war, [475].
Penny postage, introduction of, [340].
Pension system, beginning of, [162].
Percy, Thomas, death of, [159].
Perry, Matthew C., makes treaty with Japan, [532].
Perry, Oliver H., wins battle of Lake Erie, [160].
Personal Character of the Czar, The, [236].
Petronius, Gaius, [527].
Phillips, Wendell, leader of Abolitionist movement, [338].
Philosophy of Trouble-Seeking, The, [253].
Photography, in winter, [49];
origin of, [183].
Piano, evolution of the, [524].
Pierce, Franklin, inauguration of, [532];
grave of, [489].
Pisces, zodiacal sign of, [85].
Pitkin, Albert J., career of, [335].
Pitt, William, last words of, [296];
death of, [44].
Pius VIII, Pope, accession of, [260];
death of, [260].
Pius IX, elected Pope, [431];
flees from Rome, [432];
restored, [433].
Place-Makers' Bible, The, [134].
Pliny, the Younger, [297].
Plutarch, witticisms of, [350].
Plympton, Eben, and Wilton Lackaye, [263].
Poe, Edgar Allan, [17], [164];
career of, [17];
foibles of, [180];
love-letter of, [110];
death of wife of, [164];
on his lost love, [164];
death of, [433];
Poe and R.H. Stoddard, [333].
Poland, rebellion in (1830), [260];
suppressed by Russians, [337].
Polk, James K., death of, [433];
grave of, [488].
Pompeii, destruction of, narrated by Pliny, [297].
Pope, Jessie, [552].
Porter, Jane, death of, [433].
Portugal, regency of Dom Miguel, [338].
Postmasters, curious letters from, [227].
Poverty, advantages of, [253].
Prescott, William H., death of, [535].
President and Little Belt, encounter of, [159].
Presidents of the United States, previous careers of, [517];
graves of, [486].
Price, Joseph, discovers Niagara, [364].
Printers' Bible, The, [134].
Printing-rollers, invention of, [245].
Profession of the Fool, The, [426].
Progress of Women, The, [51].
Prophecies of Bonaparte, The, [135].
Proverbs, inconsistencies of, [199].
Prussia: see also [Germany].
Frederick the Great, last words of, [295].
Louise, Queen, death of, [46].
Public life, Joseph G. Cannon on, [474].
Public ownership, C.S. Darrow on, [11].
Pugilism's Invasion of the Drama, [38].
Pullman, George M., career of, [502].
"Punch," a Canadian opinion of, [261];
editors and artists of, [101].
Puns, Theodore Hook on, [315].
Puritans, intolerance of, [251].
Pushkin, Alexander, death of, [339].
Q
Quarantine, first record of, [183].
Quiller-Couch, A.T., anecdote of, [241].
R
Race Suicide, a defense of, [104].
Railroad:
first, in England, [258];
in the United States, [259];
in Canada, [339];
in Japan, [410];
in Brazil, [533].
Empire State Express, the, [181].
Fastest trains of various countries, [181].
Locomotive, invention of, [258];
first American, [260];
Elihu Burritt's description of, [518].
Panama Railroad, opening of, [533].
Sleeping-car, invention of, [502].
Rainsford, Rev. W.S., [107].
Raleigh, Sir Walter, gorgeous costumes of, [525];
last words of, [296].
Randolph, John, of Roanoke, death of, [338].
Reade, Charles, [74].
Red Man Eloquent, The, [427].
Reed, Charles A.L., on "The American Family," [104].
Reed, Thomas B., anecdote of, [222].
Reform Bill, passage of (1832), [338].
Rehan, Ada, in "The Kiss of Blood," [167].
Reich, Dr. Emil, on American women, [284].
Reichstadt, Duke of, death of, [338].
Rejected Books That Won Fame, [136].
Reminiscence, A, [88].
Renan, Ernest, foible of, [180];
dedication of "The Life of Jesus," [234].
Republics, small, in Europe, [122].
Revolver, invented by Samuel Colt, [504].
Ricardo, David, death of, [258].
Richest men, list of one hundred, [348].
Richman, Charles, career of, [67].
Richter, Jean Paul, death of, [258].
Riddle, Byron's, [462]; solution of, [463].
Rienzi, Wagner's opera of, [554].
Riley, James Whitcomb, anecdote of, [152].
Roberts, Lord, anecdote of, [558].
Roche, Sir Boyle, "bulls" perpetrated by, [244].
Rockefeller, John D., and his mother, [309];
on making money, [105].
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., on Joseph's corner in corn, [192].
Rogers, H.H., and his mother, [309];
career of, [150].
Rome, ancient, great fortunes of, [231].
Roosevelt, Theodore, [555];
favorite poem of, [26];
anecdote of, [222];
on hunting the grizzly bear, [341];
on military training, [8];
on the United States Supreme Court, [470].
Roosevelt and the Labor-Unions, [13].
Root, Elihu, on Canada and the United States, [286].
Rosin Bible, The, [134].
Rostopchin, Prince, death of, [259].
Rothschild, Mayer Amschel, career of, [335].
Rowland, Helen, [304].
Roxane, Margaret Anglin as, [66].
Royal Visitors in America, [549].
Royle, Edwin Milton, career of, [264].
Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson), death of, [161].

Russell, Annie, career of, [167].
Russia:
Alexander I, accession of, [42];
death of, [259].
Alexander II, accession of, [533].
Alexis, Grand Duke, visits the United States, [551].
Boris, Grand Duke, visits the United States, [551].
Crimean War, [532], [533].
Duma, proclamation at opening of, [386].
Finland, cession of, [46].
Future of, [7].
Invasion by Napoleon, [159].
Nicholas I, accession of, [258];
death of, [533].
Nicholas II, character of, [236];
proclamation of, [386].
Paul I, murder of, [42].
Polish rebellion suppressed (1831), [337].
Revolutionary movement in, [386].
Serfs, liberation of, in Baltic Provinces, [44].
War with France (1805), [44].
War with France (1807), [44], [45].
War with France (1812), [159].
Ryan, Thomas F., on great fortunes, [194].
S
Sackville, Lord, anecdote of, [559].
Sage, Russell, philosophy of, [11].
St. George's Church, New York, [107].
St. Helena, Napoleon's arrival at, [161].
St. Hilaire, Etienne, death of, [430].
St. Ulrich, toy-making in, [452].
San Jacinto, battle of, [339].
Santa Anna, Antonio de, see [Mexico].
Saragossa taken by the French, [46].
Sardou, Victorien, foible of, [180].
"Sartor Resartus," extracts from, [175].
Saxe, John G., [242].
Sayings in Every-Day Use, [78].
Schelling, Joseph, death of, [340].
Schiller, J.C.F., death of, [44].
Schlegel, Karl von, death of, [260].
Schleiermacher, F.E.D., death of, [339].
Schopenhauer, Arthur, death of, [536].
Schubert, Franz, death of, [260].
Schulman, S., on prejudices against the Jews, [288].
Schumann, Robert, death of, [534].
Schurman, Jacob G., on ancient and modern culture, [99];
on William R. Harper, [11].
Schwarzenberg, Prince, death of, [532].
Scinde, annexation of, [430].
Scott, Leroy, [386].
Scott, Sir Walter, [212], [351], [377], [416];
last words of, [296];
death of, [338].
Scott, Winfield, wins victories in Mexico, [431];
last words of, [296].
Scrap Book, The, announcement of, [1];
reception of, [95].
Scudder, John L., on business women, [293].
Sealing-wax, origin of, [183].
Seaman, Owen, editor of "Punch," [101].
Sebastopol, siege of, [533].
Selwyn, Edgar, career of, [539].
Sewing-machine, introduced by Thimonnier, [260].
Shakespeare, William, familiar maxims from, [78];
Bible sentences in plays of, [134];
on woman, [31];
on clothes, [174].
Shaw, George Bernard, on amateur actors, [198].
Shelley, Percy B., death of, [257].
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, death of, [162].
Shibuzawa, Baron, career of, [409];
on conditions in Japan, [6].
Siddons, Sarah, death of, [337].
Sidney, Sir Philip, last words of, [296].
Silver-plating, discovery of, [432].
Simms, W. Gilmore, [48].
Sioux, renaming of the, [386].
Skinner, Otis, on dramatic art, [293].
Sleeping-car, invention of, [502].
Smith, Joseph, founder of Mormonism, [259];
death of, [430].
Smith, Langdon, [184].
Smith, Sydney, death of, [431].
Smithsonian Institution, foundation of, [339], [431].
Smoking, prevalence of, among European monarchs, [230].
Snake stories, [484].
Socialism, William J. Bryan on, [286];
Robert Hunter on, [287].
Solferino, battle of, [535].
Some Deep-Sea Humor, [206].
Some of the Chances of Marriage, [375].
Something New in Magazine Making, [1].
Sonderbund, the, formation and dissolution of, [431].
Southey, Robert, death of, [430].
Southwestern States, growth of, [117].
Spain:
Charles IV, abdication of, [45].
Espartero, regency of, [340].
Eulalia, Princess, visits the United States, [551].
Ferdinand VII held prisoner by Napoleon, [45];
restoration of, [160];
death of, [338].
Isabella II, accession of, [338].
Maria Cristina, expulsion of, [340].
Rebellion of South American colonies, [162].
Spalding, Susan Marr, [87].
Spargo, John, on food as a factor of character, [106].
Sparta, ruined by its women, [285].
Spartacus to the Gladiators at Capua, [520].
Speech on Duluth (Proctor Knott), [320].
Spelling reform, movement for, [195];
Calvin Thomas on, [382].
Spinoza, Baruch de, celibacy of, [156].
Splendor of Niagara, The, [363].
Spohr, Ludwig, death of, [536].
Sprague, Frank J., career of, [147].
Spy who swallowed a bullet, [515].
Staël, Madame de, exiled from France, [43];
death of, [162].
Stanhope, Lady Hester, death of, [340].
Stead, William T., on Nicholas II of Russia, [236].
Steinmetz, Charles P., career of, [333].
Stephenson, George, builds his first locomotive, [160];
death of, [432].
Stephenson, Robert, death of, [536].
Stevens, John, death of, [340].
Stevenson, Robert Louis, anecdote of, [305];
foible of, [180].
Stewart, Dugald, [260].
Stoddard, Richard Henry, career of, [333].
Stoddart, James H., and Richard Mansfield, [65].
Story of Baseball, The, [437].
Story of the Snow Elinora, The, [247].
Stothard, Thomas, death of, [339].

Strenuous life, phrase used by Theodore Roosevelt, [555].
Ströhbeck, chess-playing in, [450].
Sue, Eugene, death of, [534].
Sullivan, John L., as an actor, [38].
Sulu, Sultan of, anecdote of, [221].
Superstitions of the Theater, [28].
Swat, death of Ahkoond of, [141].
Sweden:
Gustavus IV, deposition of, [46].
Gustavus Vasa, precocity of, [392].
Charles XI, vision of, [417].
Charles XIII, accession of, [46].
Charles XIV (Jean Baptiste Bernadotte) becomes crown prince, [46];
accession of, [163];
death of, [430].
Oscar I, accession of, [430].
Swedenborg, Emanuel, celibacy of, [157].
Symbolism of Playing-Cards, The, [556].
T
Tahiti, natives of, slaughtered by crew of the American ship Elinora, [247].
Taiping rebellion in China, [433].
Talavera, battle of, [46].
Talleyrand, Charles M. de, letters of, [507];
death of, [340].
Tasso, Torquato, precocity of, [392].
Taurus, zodiacal sign of, [282].
Tavolara, republic of, [122].
Taylor, Benjamin F., [362].
Taylor, Zachary, becomes President, [433];
grave of, [488].
Teaching, growing popularity of, as a profession, [472].
Telegraph, beginnings of, [183];
Wheatstone's experiments with, [339];
Morse constructs line between Baltimore and Washington, [430];
laying of submarine cable between France and England, [531].
Telephone, invention of, [414].
Temperance approved by National Liquor Dealers' Association, [476].
Templeton, Fay, career of, [68].
Tennyson, Lord, [48], [454];
quotations from, [132].
Texas, independence of, [339];
annexation of, [430];
rapid development of, [118].
Thacher, John, second marriage of, [517].
Thackeray, William M., poem by, [155];
foible of, [180];
anecdote of, [241];
letter to James Fraser, [311].
Thayer, Phineas, [179].
Theater and opera, dress for, [72].
Thierry, Amédée S.D., death of, [534].
Thiers, Louis A., banishment of, [531].
Thomas, Calvin, on simplified spelling, [382].
Thornton, Abraham, trial of, [162].
Thorwaldsen, Albert, death of, [430].
Thumb Bible, The, [134].
Thurlow, Lord, last words of, [296].
Tilden, Samuel Jones, celibacy of, [158].
Time in Which Money Will Double at Several Rates of Interest, [50].
Tippecanoe, battle of, [159].
Toads, longevity of, [124].
To "Fool" His Cows, [88].
Tolstoy, Count Lyof, peculiarities of, [180];
on Nicholas II of Russia, [238].
Tomb of Napoleon, The, [469].
Tombs of the Presidents of the United States, [486].
Toussaint L'Ouverture, revolt of, [42];
death of, [43].
Townsend, Marquis of, anecdote of, [305].
Trade Schools, value of, [98].
Trafalgar, battle of, [44].
Trains, the world's fastest, [181].
Traveling, etiquette of, in 1853, [498].
Treacle Bible, The, [134].
Tributes to Dead Brothers, [170].
Tricks That Words May Be Made to Play, [27].
Trimalchio, banquet of, [527].
Triplicities, the four, [86].
Trolley-car, invention of, [147].
Trombetti, Alfredo, linguistic gifts of, [209].
Tuan Fang, on China and America, [108].
Tuohey, George V., [437].
Turkey:
Loss of Danubian provinces, [260].
Unkiar Skelessi, treaty of, [338].
War with Egypt, [338].
War with Greece, [257], [258], [259].
War with Russia (1828), [259].
War with Russia (1853-1855), [532], [533].
Turkey, discovery of the, [183].
Twain, Mark (Samuel L. Clemens), anecdote of, [30];
definition of a gentleman, [189];
J.K. Jerome's estimate of, [103];
Twain and William Gillette, [168].
Two Sicilies, the, see [Naples].
Two Views of Old Age, [32].
Tyler, John, becomes President, [429];
grave of, [488].
Typewriter, the, origin of, [524].
Typewriting, expenditure of force in, [326].
U
Ulm, capture of, by Napoleon, [44].
United States:
Canada, relations with, [286].
Cities, nicknames of, [356].
Embargo on British Goods, [45].
Era of Good Feeling, [162].
Florida ceded to United States by Spain, [163].
Future of, as predicted by Macaulay, [477].
Gadsden Purchase, [532].
Louisiana, acquisition of, [43].
Monroe Doctrine, enunciation of, [258].
Presidents, graves of, [486];
previous careers of, [517].
Revolutionary War, incident of, [515].
Royalties who have visited the United States, [549].
Southwestern States, growth of, [117].
States, nicknames of, [356].
Supreme Court, Theodore Roosevelt on, [470].
Texas, annexation of, [430].
War of 1812, [159], [160], [161].
War with Mexico, [431].
United States Military Academy, foundation of, [43].
United States Naval Academy, foundation of, [430].
University of Wisconsin, foundation of, [531].
V
Vagaries of Mathematics, [91].
Van Buren, Martin, inauguration of, [340];
grave of, [488].
Vane, Henry, last words of, [296].
Vann, Joe, death of, [452].
Vega, Lope de, precocity of, [392].

Venezuela, independence of, recognized by Spain, [431].
Vest, George G., [93].
Vesuvius, eruption of, described by Pliny, [285].
Vignaud, Henry, anecdote of, [152].
Vinegar Bible, The, [134].
Virginia, severe old-time laws of, [252].
Vision of Charles XI, The, [417].
Vivier, Eugene, practical jokes of, [121].
Volta, Alessandro, death of, [259].
Voltaire, François M.A., celibacy of, [157];
peculiarities of, [180];
on mortality, [126].
W
Wagner, Charles, impressions of America, [191].
Wagner, Richard, career of, [554].
Wagram, battle of, [46].
Walcheren, British expedition to, [46].
Walker, William, in Nicaragua, [533], [534].
Wall paper, origin of, [183].
Walpole, Horace, celibacy of, [157];
epigram on Franklin, [83].
Walsh, William, on curiosities of mathematics, [91].
Wanamaker, John, and his mother, [310];
career of, [149].
Ward, Artemus, anecdote of, [152].
Washington, Booker T., on future of the negro, [9].
Washington, George, and his mother, [307];
love-letter of, [110];
weight of, [451];
farm at Mount Vernon, [513];
last words of, [296];
grave of, [486].
Washington, The Real, [89].
Waterloo, battle of, [161].
Waterman, Nixon, [69].
Watt, James, death of, [163].
Waves, height of, [177].
Wealth, Russell Sage on, [12].
Webster, Daniel, speech in reply to Hayne, [260];
speech on Bunker Hill, [283];
gems from speeches of, [90];
last words of, [296];
death of, [532].
Webster, Noah, death of, [430].
Weddings, dress for, [72].
Weights, average at different ages, [123].
Welford, Dallas, career of, [461].
Wellington, Duke of, wins distinction in India, [43];
takes command in Portugal, [45];
wins battle of Talavera, [46];
drives Masséna from Portugal, [159];
captures Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajos, [159];
wins battle of Salamanca, [160];
wins battle of Vittoria, [160];
wins battle of Waterloo, [161];
last words of, [296];
curt letter of, [507];
death of, [532].
Wells, Carolyn, [313].
Wemyss, Earl of, anecdote of, [80].
Wesley, John, last words of, [296].
West, Benjamin, death of, [163].
West, Mrs. George Cornwallis, anecdote of, [559].
Westminster Abbey, American memorials in, [370].
West Point, see [United States Military Academy].
When Thackeray Went on Strike, [311].
When the Last Curtain Fell, [200].
When the Patriots Wavered, [436].
When Vesuvius Destroyed Pompeii, [297].
White, Andrew D., on crime in the United States, [287];
on Nicholas II of Russia, [238].
White, Frank Marshall, [236].
White, Joseph Blanco, [456].
White, Matthew, Jr., [64], [166], [263], [371], [457], [537].
White, Stephen V., and his mother, [309].
Whittier, John Greenleaf, celibacy of, [158];
early romance of, [452];
tribute to his sister, [235].
Wilberforce, William, death of, [338].
Wilkie, Sir David, death of, [429].
Will, curious, of Charles Lounsberry, [403].
Willets, Gilson, [307].
Williams, Hattie, career of, [537].
Wilson, Francis, career of, [267].
Wilson, Woodrow, on William R. Harper, [10].
Winslow, B.R., [449].
Winter Photography for Amateurs, [49].
Wire, invention of, [183].
Wit and Cruelty as Allies, [558].
Witherspoon, John, in the Continental Congress, [436].
Wit of the Ancient Greeks, [350].
Woffington, Peg, death of, [200].
Wolcott, Edward O., career of, [148].
Woman, Byron on, [31]; Hugo on, [63];
Scott on, [416];
Shakespeare on, [31];
Wordsworth on, [416].
Women in business, [293];
occupations of, [52];
place of, in literature, [103];
time spent before mirror by, [123];
Balzac on women, [346];
Emil Reich on American women, [284].
Wood, Eugene, [201].
Woodruff, Henry, career of, [538].
Wordsworth, William, [416]; death of, [433].
World-Famous Bachelors, [156].
World's Fastest Trains, The, [181].
World's Great Operas, The, [554].
World's Richest Hundred, The, [348].
World's Richest Legacy, The, [403].
Y
Yankee, origin of the term, [464].
"Yellow Journal" Glossary, A, [151].
Yellow Journalism, Norman Hapgood on, [101].
Young, Arthur, death of, [163].
Young, Brigham, leader of the Mormons, [430].
Young, Thomas, death of, [260].
Young Men's Christian Association, foundation of, [430].
Z
Zahm, Albert F., experiments in flight, [449].
"Zaza," Mrs. Leslie Carter in, [67].
Ziem, Felix, and Chopin, [79].
Ziska, John, career of, [407].
Zodiacal Signs, The, [86].
Zola, Emile, peculiarities of, [180].

THE SCRAP BOOK.

Something New in Magazine Making.

THE SCRAP BOOK will be the most elastic thing that ever happened, in the way of a magazine—elastic enough to carry anything from a tin whistle to a battle-ship. This elasticity is just what we should have in magazine-making, but it is precisely what we do not have and cannot have in the conventional magazine, such, for example, as The Century, Harper's, Munsey's, and McClure's.

A certain standard has grown up for these magazines that gives the editor comparatively little latitude. Custom has decreed that they shall carry nothing but original matter, and that it shall be dignified and tremendously magaziny—so magaziny, in fact, that often it is as juiceless as a dried lemon.

To republish, in successive issues of a magazine of this type, a considerable proportion of the gems of the past, or the best things printed in current publications, or to swing away recklessly from convention in the illustrations and make-up, would be to switch the magazine out of its class and into some other which the public would not accept as standard.

In THE SCRAP BOOK we shall be bounded by no such restrictions, no restrictions of any kind that come within the scope of good journalism. With our average of two hundred pages of reading matter, we shall carry the biggest cargo of real, human-interest reading matter that has ever been carried by any magazine in the wide world.

In size alone it will be from forty to eighty pages larger than the standard magazines, and by reason of the fact that its space is not taken up by illustrations, and that we use a smaller, though perfectly distinct type, the number of words in THE SCRAP BOOK will be a good deal more than double that contained in these other magazines.

With such a vast amount and such a wide variety of reading, there is something in THE SCRAP BOOK for every human being who knows how to read and cares at all to read. Everything that appeals to the human brain and human heart will come within the compass of THE SCRAP BOOK—fiction, which is the backbone of periodical circulation; biography, review, philosophy, science, art, poetry, wit, humor, pathos, satire, the weird, the mystical—everything that can be classified and everything that cannot be classified. A paragraph, a little bit, a saying, an editorial, a joke, a maxim, an epigram—all these will be comprised in the monthly budget of THE SCRAP BOOK. We are starting off with four good serial stories, and next month another will be added, and then another, so that we can maintain an average of six.

There isn't anything in the world just like THE SCRAP BOOK—nothing, in fact, that compares with it at all. There are review magazines, and small weekly reviews, and there are, or have been, eclectic magazines; but never before has anything been attempted on the scale and magnitude of this magazine. It is an idea on which we have been working for several years, and for which we have been gathering materials. We have bought hundreds and hundreds of scrap books from all over the country, some of them a century old, and are still buying them. From these books we are gathering and classifying an enormous number of gems, and facts and figures, and historical and personal bits that are of rare value.

Furthermore, we have a corps of people ransacking libraries, reading all the current publications, the leading daily papers, and digging out curious and quaint facts and useful facts and figures from reference books, cyclopedias, etc., etc.

This first number is but the beginning of what we have in mind for THE SCRAP BOOK. It is so voluminous in the number of its words, and so varied in its subjects, that in arrangement and matter it necessarily falls short of the perfected magazine at which we are aiming. Our purpose, in a word, is to give more first-rate reading, on a wide variety of subjects, for our great big eighty millions of people than has ever before been presented in any single periodical, and to give this magazine at the people's price—the nimble dime.

FRANK A. MUNSEY.

The Latest Viewpoints of Men Worth While

James J. Hill Warns America of Dangers that Threaten Her Future—Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and Lord Avebury Deal with the Questions of the Day in England—Dr. Martin Predicts a Great Awakening in China—Governor Folk Foresees the Downfall of "Graft"—Lewis Nixon Speaks of What He Saw in Russia—Dr. Osler Explains His Philosophy of Life—Russell Sage Gives Some Practical Advice—With Other Striking Expressions of Opinion from People of National or International Reputation.

Compiled and edited for The Scrap Book.

THE COMING TEST OF AMERICAN RESOURCES.

James J. Hill, Seeing Trouble Ahead,
Warns His Fellow Countrymen That
There Are Dangers to Be Met.

At last James J. Hill—the silent railroad king of the Northwest, has given us his full and free opinion on the business policy of the United States. Throughout his long career it has been his plan to "say nothing and saw wood." He has been too busy to talk. The man who plunges into a dense wilderness, as he did, and transforms it into four or five prosperous States, has no time to run a public opinion factory.

But recently, while at a gathering of his friends in St. Paul, Mr. Hill unlocked his tongue and spoke out. It was a remarkable address, made by a remarkable man, and the meat of it was as follows:

The nation at large feels that it is immensely prosperous. We are cutting a wide swath; there is no doubt of it. But if we will get down closer and examine what we are doing, we will find that we are living profligately and squandering our heritage in every possible manner.

We should insist upon better cultivation of the land. For on that one item depends your future growth and prosperity, and there is no other item to which you can look; no other source of wealth than that which comes out of the cultivation of the soil.

If the soil is protected, if it is intelligently handled, if your crops are properly rotated, if the land is fertilized and rested and treated with proper care, you have a mine in the soil that will never be exhausted; quite unlike the other mine.

The millions and hundreds of millions of dollars coming into the Northwest from the annual crops, while it is large, isn't half as large as it ought to be.

Our Free Lands Are Gone.

Our public domain is exhausted. Last year over a million people came from across the Atlantic to the United States, and the natural increase certainly is a million and a half more. What is to become of these people? They are to be driven fairly into the factories and workshops and no place else.

They can leave our country and go to the Canadian Northwest, as many have gone. But that country will be populated to its extent very soon, much sooner than you think. It has not an unlimited area.

Try and cast your mind twenty or twenty-five years ahead. At that time we should have one hundred and fifty or one hundred and sixty millions of people. Where are they going? Who is going to feed them? They can manufacture. We have the raw material. We have the coal and the iron and the copper and the lead. They can manufacture. Who will buy it?

We have got to a point where we are selling our heritage; we are selling our rich deposits of iron and our coal and our rich soil, and exhausting it as well.

People of other countries are exercising the utmost, closest intelligence in everything that pertains to economy in production. Take, for instance, the German nation to-day, and they lead the world or any period in the history of the world in industrial intelligence and industrial management.

Competition Grows Fiercer.

I was in England in November, and met a sad sight—Trafalgar Square filled with idle people, large numbers of idle people asking for bread up around Hyde Park. Why? The men who carry on the work, who paid the pay-rolls, are no longer engaged in the business.

What they had they have turned into money, and have bought securities or something else, trying to save what they have got.

In the west of England, which was a great center of broadcloth manufacturing and of woolen goods, their output is less than a quarter of what it was twenty-five years ago. Germany is selling cutlery in Sheffield.

And I took pains to look around London, and to walk into the shops and find out. I couldn't buy a pair of lisle-thread gloves that were not made in Germany. Underclothing, stockings, cloth, almost everything made in Germany. They have a system of education in Germany. They educate their men.

Now I am not going to undertake to say that their way is better than ours, but I want to impress this on you, that when this country has a hundred and fifty million people they have got to do something; they have got to earn a living.

Who will buy the goods? Who will employ them? In what shape are they to meet the competition that England is meeting to-day? And a million and a half of idle men asking for bread in England, and no bread for them except such as charity doles out. They have got to be carried out of Great Britain and a new place found for them. There is no other solution.

It is all well enough to talk about what we are doing. Examine it closely and you will find that we are doing nothing except selling our natural resources and exhausting them. When you dig a ton of ore out of the ground you can't plant another ton, as you could potatoes; it is gone. And when the fertility of our fields, the fertility of the soil is gone, where are we going to replace it from?

Teach the Boys to Work.

I am not going to find fault with education; it never hurt anybody. But if, in place of spending so much time and so much money on languages and higher studies, we fitted them for the life that they are going to follow, for the sphere in which they are going to move, we would do more for them.

I know that in two or three, more or less, railroads in which I am interested, the pay-rolls cover eighty to ninety thousand people. We have tried all manner of young men—college men, high-school men, and everything else—and I will take a boy at fifteen years old who has to make a living—his chances will be better if he has to contribute to the support of a widowed mother—I will take him and make a man of him, and get him in the first place, before you would get most of the others to enter the race with him; simply because he has to work. He has to work, he has the spur of necessity; he must work.

If there be anything that you can do, I feel sure that you will all put your hands to the plow and help; but you will never build a city faster than you have a country to support it. And that is the first and the most important thing.

FREE TRADE IS VITAL TO GREAT BRITAIN.

Sir Henry Fowler Says that an Import
Tax Upon Food Would Be Ruinous
to the English People.

Free Trade, which has been the policy of England for sixty years, is again on trial, and the battle waxes fierce. There is a growing effort to work in the thin wedge of "a moderate tariff, not protective but defensive," but the opposition are fighting it with every weapon in their armory of protest. England to-day is not self-supporting, her rural industries have been declining for years, and the country receives from abroad the far larger quantity of its food and raw material.

Thirty per cent of the people are underfed and on the verge of hunger. Thirty per cent of forty-one millions comes to over twelve millions.

This significant statement comes from the lips of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the new English premier, in a speech against the proposal for preferential tariffs with the colonies, at Perth, on June 5, 1903. Three years has not changed the situation for the better.

Winston Churchill, M.P., puts the situation thus:

The mass of people are absolutely dependent for the food they eat and the material they employ upon supplies of food and raw material which reach them mainly from abroad. They are dependent on the condition of a crop at one end of the world and the state of a market at the other; and yet, upon this artificial foundation, through this inestimable advantage of unfettered enterprise and of unrestricted sea-communication, they have been able to build up a vast industrial fabric which it is no exaggeration to say is the economic marvel of the world.

In 1904, the amount of merchandise brought into the United Kingdom was nearly $2,740,000,000. For thirty years England's imports have been rapidly increasing, while her exports, comparatively speaking, have remained stationary. The situation can be put in a way readily appreciated by Americans if we realize that the entire British Isles are smaller than New Mexico, and yet contain about half as many people as are in the United States.

It is the foreign trade of Great Britain that is claimed to be the salvation of the nation. In 1904 this amounted to over $4,600,000,000, and last year, the figures for which have not yet been published, was the greatest in oversea trade in the history of the nation.

Sir Henry Fowler, a leader of the Liberals, said, in a recent speech:

The question of free trade is the greatest which has been before the country for the past half century. The young men of to-day are absolutely ignorant. They do not know what it means and the issues it involves. If the great system of free trade were interfered with, if the attempt were successful which is being made to reverse the policy of the past sixty years on which the overwhelming bulk of political economists were united, I foretell for this country a time of the greatest disaster. All classes would suffer, especially the working class.

Dealing with the question of exports and imports, he pointed out:

Eighty per cent of what came into Great Britain represented raw material necessary for manufactures and food necessary for the people. Therefore the prosperity of this country depends, not upon its exports, but upon its imports. We are free-traders, not for the injury it does others, but in our own interests. It is to our advantage to buy cheap. Our greatest import is food and the next raw material. We can only pay by our own manufactures.

ENGLAND'S DEFENSES, AND WHAT THEY COST.

It Is Not Military Strength That Makes a
Country Great, Says Lord Avebury,
but the Right Use of Power.

That the burden of armament lies heavy on Europe is well understood. It is not so commonly known that in the last ten years the cost of army and navy has increased much more rapidly in Great Britain than in any country of the Continent. The fact is brought out in the Nineteenth Century by Lord Avebury, who is better known to Americans as Sir John Lubbock. He says:

In our own case there has been on the army an increase in the past ten years of £24,800,000, and on the navy an increase of £25,000,000; or, taking the two together, in round figures an increase of no less than £50,000,000, of which, however, only £39,000,000 is shown in the ordinary estimates. In other words, while Italy has increased her naval and military expenditures by £1,500,000; Russia, £10,800,000; Germany, £8,700,000, and France, £6,000,000, we have increased ours £50,000,000. Thus these four great countries put together show an increase of £27,000,000, while ours by itself is £50,000,000, or nearly double that of Russia, Germany, France, and Italy put together. What justification have we for this enormous increase?

I do not wish to exaggerate, nor to maintain that we are going down-hill. But our progress has been checked, and if we are not wise in time worse will follow.

Lord Avebury's political opponents would argue that the British military expenditures have been exceptional because the Boer War proved the country unprepared for any great military undertaking, and necessitated elaborate efforts. However, the figures are startling, and give point to Lord Avebury's conclusion:

We sometimes hear of "Little Englanders." I hope we shall not let ourselves be stung into extravagance and war by any such taunt. There are many who have strong views as to what constitutes the true greatness of a country. It is not wealth, but the application of it; not the numbers of the people, but their character and wellbeing; not the strength, but the use made of it. We do not wish for England the dangerous power of dictation or the seductive glamour of conquest, but that our people may be happy and contented; that we may do what we can to promote the peace, progress, and prosperity of mankind, and that we may deserve, even if we do not secure, the respect, the confidence, and the good-will of other nations.

Being once more happily at peace with all the world, our financial policy should be to reduce expenditure, pay off debt, increase our reserves, and lighten the taxes which now press so heavily on the springs of industry.

THE CHEERY OPTIMISM OF LITTLE JAPAN.

A Nippon Statesman Tells How the
Britain of the East Looks Hopefully
to New Horizons.

The Japanese are winning fresh admiration for the cheerful optimism with which they face the perplexing financial conditions following the war. In the Forum for January, Baron Shibuzawa expresses a sentiment general among Japanese statesmen:

It would be out of tune with all things, for us, at this hour, to be looking upon financial Japan after the war with a sad eye. Nevertheless, as we are well aware of the disturbances which the war has brought to our finances, we must look to the best possible measures for restoring to health and prosperity what the war has disturbed. That is all. But the war and its conclusion have brought us one very great and precious gift, namely, it has admitted us into the household of the great economic world. In a word, it has given a wider horizon to the economic circle of Nippon, and has brought us into the very heart of the comity and exchange of the economic interests of all human kind; and has linked us, in a sense hitherto unknown to us, with the markets of the world.

THE GREAT AWAKENING OF THE CHINESE GIANT.

Are China's Four Hundred Millions Preparing
Themselves to Turn Against
the Western Nations?

Dr. W.A.P. Martin, who has been identified with China since 1850, and whose least statement about that country is authoritative, gives some interesting and important facts in the World's Work with reference to how the sleeping Chinese giant is awakening. Referring to the work of Chang, Viceroy of central China, Dr. Martin says:

The banks of the river in front of his capital, Wuchang, are lined for miles with cotton mills, hempworks, silk filatures, glassworks, iron foundries, and powder-mills, whose high chimneys proclaim the coming war. When China can supply her own markets, foreign steamers will cease to ascend the Yang-tse-Kiang.

In view of the fact that China's educational system was established more than twenty-five hundred years before Christ, and that up to only a few months ago the official examinations were restricted exclusively to subjects relating to China's literature and history, what Dr. Martin tells us of the rapid growth of schoolhouses is surprising and significant.

Going within the walls, we are struck by the great number of fine schoolhouses in foreign style that rise above the huts of the natives. Our clever viceroy knows that the industrial arts have their root in science and that science must be taught in schools. He thus proclaims from the housetops his gospel of the new education. He has embodied it in a book of rhymes, which are sung by his soldiers to the beat of the drum, and committed to memory by all the school children in a population of fifty millions. The following are some of his sounding periods:

We pride ourselves on our antiquity, But foreign nations ridicule our weakness. Knowledge is power. What but their newly acquired knowledge Enabled the Japanese to gain the victory over us And win for themselves a place Among the great powers of the earth? Over against their three small islands Have we not a vast territory with four hundred millions? If we of the yellow race learn to stand together Where is the nation that will dare to molest us?

The empress dowager and all her grandees have become converts to Chang's new gospel. Not merely has she reenacted the emperor's ordinance for the establishment of graded schools in all the provinces—ousting the idols and using their temples for want of houses—she has cut down the annual expenses of her theatrical troupe to one-third and devoted the other two-thirds to the erection of schoolhouses.

Teachers for these Chinese schools are being largely provided by the normal colleges in Japan, which contain over four thousand Chinese students, including both sexes. Such, at least, is the claim of another recent writer upon the Chinese awakening; this time a Japanese, Adachi Kinnosuke.

WE MUST HAVE EQUAL LAWS FOR ALL.

But Every Law Looks Blue to the Man
Who Wants to Break It, Says
Governor Folk, of Missouri.

Governor Joseph W. Folk, who became the most popular man in Missouri because he dared to enforce the laws without fear or favor, until lately has been too busy putting grafters in jail to talk about his work. But in a speech which he made the other day in Boston, he told pretty clearly what he is aiming at. He said:

The trust manager defies the laws of the State against combinations and monopolies, and then calls for the protection of the State for his property.

The dram-shop keeper wants the law enforced against the man who robs his cash-drawer, but thinks he has a right to break the law requiring his saloon to close on Sunday.

The burglar detests the law-breaking of the trust, but considers the statute against housebreaking as an interference with his personal liberty.

Governor Folk thinks that King Graft has just about come to the end of his reign:

Wealth is not worshiped with the same devotion it used to be. A new standard has been established; new, yet old—just honesty; that is all. The remedy for corruption has been found in the hearts of the American people.

RUSSIA WILL ADVANCE, SAYS LEWIS NIXON.

With the Birth of Democracy and Industrialism,
a New Day Will Dawn
For the Great Slavonic People.

Lewis Nixon, who has been suggesting plans for the reconstruction of the Russian navy, believes that democracy is the proper medicine for the Czar's distracted country. The people have been dwarfed by despotism, he says, but they are now making wonderful progress in manufacturing and opening up their enormous country. In a recent interview, Mr. Nixon says:

Russia needs two things to enable her to feed the rest of Europe—cheap money and cheap transportation.

With railroad enterprise, such as that of J.J. Hill, lower Russia and southwestern Siberia could raise wheat for the world. But I believe that with the adoption of the new idea of participation of the people in the government so sincerely determined upon by the emperor, Russia will settle down to tranquilly building up the empire and developing the arts of peace instead of the arts of war.

The great difficulty in the Russian form of government is to find great men equal to the task of carrying it on. Public life, as we know it, has not existed there.

With the institution of the Douma, the strong men are bound to make themselves felt, and the results will be that the Czar will not lack for competent advisers and administrators.

I am convinced that as soon as the Douma gets going thoroughly a new day will dawn for Russia and her people. There is bound to be wonderful commercial development, and with this will come an awakening of intelligence and exercise of limited constitutional government, which is bound to result in peace and tranquillity and the restoration of Russia to her high place among the powers of the world.

DR. OSLER IN HIS MORE CHEERFUL PHASE.

Some Pet Philosophies of the Famous
Physician Whose View on the Age-Limit
Is Not His Only Idea.

When Dr. William Osler admitted his belief that man is fit for creative intellectual work only up to his fortieth year he gained an undeserved reputation for grimness. The age-limit theory is but one of many that he has formed on various subjects. In his book, "Counsels and Ideals," are many genial expressions of a ripe observation. Here is his advice as to "work":

How can you take the greatest possible advantage with the least possible strain? By cultivating system. I say cultivating advisedly, since some of you will find the acquisition of systematic habits very hard. There are minds congenitally systematic; others have a life-long fight against an inherited tendency to diffusiveness and carelessness in work.

To counteract "the murmurings and whimperings of men and women over the non-essentials" he advises each of us to "consume his own smoke."

Things cannot always go your way. Learn to accept in silence the minor aggravations, cultivate the gift of taciturnity, and consume your own smoke with an extra draft of hard work, so that those about you may not be annoyed with the dust and soot of your complaints. More than any other the practitioner of medicine may illustrate the great lesson that we are here not to get all we can out of life for ourselves, but to try to make the lives of others happy.... Courage and cheerfulness will not only carry you over the rough places of life, but will enable you to bring comfort and help to the weak-hearted, and will console you in the sad hours when, like Uncle Toby, you have "to whistle that you may not weep."

Of the end of life, speaking both as a physician and as a philosopher, he says:

With what strife and pains we come into the world we know not, but it is commonly no easy matter to get out of it, Sir Thomas Browne says; and, having regard to the uncertainties of the last stage of all, the average man will be of Cæsar's opinion, who, when questioned at his last dinner-party as to the most preferable mode of death, replied, "That which is the most sudden."

I have careful records of about five hundred death-beds, studied particularly with reference to the modes of death and the sensations of the dying. The latter alone concern us here. Ninety suffered bodily pain and distress of one sort or another, eleven showed mental apprehension, two positive terror, one expressed spiritual exaltation, one bitter remorse. The great majority gave no sign one way or the other; like their birth, their death was "a sleep and a forgetting." The preacher was right: in this matter man hath no preeminence over the beast—as the one dieth, so dieth the other.

PRACTICAL TRAINING FOR NATIONAL GUARD.

Good Soldiers Must Know How to Shoot
Straight and How to Handle Themselves
in the Field.

A large delegation of members of the Interstate National Guard Association was received by the President on January 22d. He strongly impressed certain practical recommendations in regard to the training of both militia and regular army. Parade-ground marching and tactical maneuvers are, he said, nowhere near as important as training which will make men good soldiers in time of war, and he continued:

As war is carried on nowadays, ninety per cent of the ordinary work done either on the parade ground or in the armory, either by a militia regiment or a regular regiment, amounts to nothing whatever in the way of training except so far as the incidental effect it has in accustoming the men to act together and to obey; but they are not going to fight shoulder to shoulder when they get out into the field. It is absolutely not of the slightest consequence what their alignment is, but it is of vital consequence that they shall know how to take cover, how to shoot, and how to make themselves at home under any circumstances.

THE NEGRO'S CHANCE IN THE SOUTH.

Booker T. Washington, the Negro
Educator, of Tuskegee, Pleads the
Right of His Race to Work.

Speaking of the future of the people of his race, President Booker T. Washington says in the American Illustrated Magazine:

Whatever special difficulties the negro has to face, whatever obstacles race prejudice or his own history may place in his way, the negro, under freedom, has the right to work, at least in the South, and work for the best things the world offers. He has the opportunity to make himself useful and to share the benefits that his genius and his labor confer on those around him. That is, it seems to me, what emancipation means, in practise, to the negro. That is, after all, nearly all that it could mean.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF COEDUCATION.

Mrs. Craigie Declares It Makes Girls
Overbearing and Converts Boys
Into Dandies or Weaklings.

Mrs. Craigie, better known to the literary world as John Oliver Hobbes, is an American woman who has spent many years in England. On her recent visit to her native land she gave her impressions of English life. Her keen observation, deepened and intensified by her life on two continents, and her wide and close association with great thinkers, lend weight to any subject upon which she expresses her opinions. She finds but two objections to coeducation: one is its effect on the boys, and the other on the girls.

Coeducation, she says, is not so dangerous to the working classes as to those of higher rank. The English working classes are a very sane lot, and, besides, the sexes seem better balanced among them than in the higher classes. In the board schools it may serve well enough, but in the higher classes coeducation is impossible. It is not only the girls that are to be considered. Coeducation not only makes English girls tomboys, overbearing and feverish in the pursuit of their masculine schoolmates, but it also has a very bad effect upon the boys. The boys, being inevitably outnumbered, five to one, either become silly little dandies, ruling a feminine court, or are tyrannized over by the girls until their spirits are broken and their ambition destroyed. All they care for is comfort.

It is dreadful that young boys should be cowed in this way and become submissive to their girl schoolmates, and yet even sturdy boys must bow to superior numbers, and twenty weak and sickly girls may tyrannize over four or five boys.

Mrs. Craigie's view seems to harmonize with that of Dr. G. Stanley Hall, president of Clark University, and one of America's greatest educators. In discussing higher education in this country, he says it reduces the rate of both marriage and offspring, so that barely three-fourths of our male graduates and only about half of our female graduates marry, and those who do so, marry late and have few children. In an article contributed to Munsey's Magazine, he says:

Recent studies show that a large per cent of girls actually wish they were boys. Their ideals grow masculine, and we seem slowly to be developing a female sex without a female character. So far have the actions against the old restraint gone that feminists still regard every effort to differentiate as endangering a relapse to old conditions.

Again, the rapid feminization of our schools encourages women teachers to give their own masculine traits and ideals free rein.

Once more, girls' manners are roughened, and they do not develop pride in distinctively feminine qualities, or the grace and charm of their young womanhood, or lack a little respect for their sex. Girls have much responsibility in bestowing the stimulus of their approval aright. It is said that association with boys makes high-school girls less poetic, impulsive, romantic, their conduct more thoughtful, but I maintain, women teachers to the contrary notwithstanding, that this is unfortunate; that something is wrong with the girl in the middle teens who is not gushy or sentimental, at least at times.

So it is said that the presence of girls is humanizing for boys, but there is something wrong with the boy at this age who can truly be called a perfect gentleman. I do not like to urge that he should be a little rowdy or barbaric, but vigor must not be sacrificed to primness, and masculinity at this age does not normally take a high polish. Nature impels boys to get away, in certain respects, from girls and women, whoever they are. Some suffer subtle eviration, while others react, with coarseness toward femininity, if held in too close quarters with girls.

THE LATE PRESIDENT HARPER AND HIS WORK.

Appreciations of the Man Who Built Up
Out of a Fresh-Water College the
Great University of Chicago.

The proposed monument to the late President William Rainey Harper of the University of Chicago is to take the form of a library building. Thus will be fittingly suggested the practical trend of his life, in which scholarship was joined with utilitarianism. So businesslike were this educator's methods in building up a great university upon the foundation of a provincial college that he was severely criticized for the seeming incongruity between his aims and the means he used. And yet, as the New York Evening Post has said:

Whatever may be thought of his policies, his personality now appears in a fine and heroic light. No one can consider the admirable fortitude and self-forgetting equanimity he displayed in his long and hopeless fight against pain and death, without perceiving that here was a heroic soul, to which epithets borrowed from trade had no proper application.

As his administration proceeded along the golden way laid by Mr. Rockefeller, it became evident that President Harper faced all problems as new problems, and that his optimism admitted no difficulties. When it was discovered that the University of Chicago lacked college life and spirit, college life and spirit were straightway improvised, or at least encouraged, by the appointment of a famous athlete to the faculty, and later by the building of dormitories. No detail of university life escaped him. If he lacked some of the finer sympathies and perceptions that go to make the ideal university president, he was a figure instinct with vital energy, ingenious and resourceful in all matters—in its qualities and defects thoroughly American and of our time. The present, in which he lived by preference, will give him an almost unbounded admiration; sober judgment based upon the past will gradually smooth the inequalities of his work.

President Harper was a man who did things. It is doubtful whether he himself placed the highest importance upon his executive work; it is not unlikely that he would prefer to be remembered as a Hebrew scholar and the author of abstruse commentaries. But a man is not always himself the best judge of the relative values of his own work. Professor Albert Bushnell Hart, writing in the Boston Transcript, thus estimates President Harper's career:

To sum up, the great characteristic of President Harper was his unflagging and generous belief that things could be done. In his thirteen years of service he saw Chicago University rise to a place in the first rank of the world's institutions of learning. It never seemed to occur to him that a thing must be abandoned or even postponed because it was difficult. When he felt that the time had come for a law school, he created it. He found the Blaine School of Training for Teachers in existence, and absorbed it. Nothing seemed beyond his powers, yet he always had time for the visitor and the guest, kept up his teaching to the last, and was one of the chief citizens of Chicago and of Illinois. Who can doubt that President Harper's intensity of love and service for the university of which he was really the founder and always the principal force shortened his days, and yet who could wish to leave a more enduring monument than his life-work?

The presidents of several colleges have spoken of him as follows:

President Woodrow Wilson, of Princeton University: "President Harper's death deprives the country of one of the most extraordinary and attractive figures, and the last months of his life have added a touch of heroism through which he won the warm admiration of the whole country. His loss is very serious indeed."

President Schurman, of Cornell University: "President Harper was preeminent as an educational administrator, and was the greatest college president of the last fifteen years. The University of Chicago will remain for all time as a monument to his memory."

President Hadley, of Yale: "President Harper was a brilliant instructor, skilful organizer, and a man of rare business ability."

President Eliot, of Harvard: "His life, wonderfully active and energetic, was brought, by excessive work, to too early a close."

THE MEANING OF PUBLIC OWNERSHIP.

A Radical View of a Radical Policy, as
Expressed by a Well-Known
Radical of Chicago.

Publicists are generally agreed as to the meaning of the great changes now progressing in American political sentiment. The country, we are informed, after wrestling successfully with the problems of the accumulation of wealth, is ready to concern itself with the equitable distribution of what has been accumulated. We are growing rich almost too fast. We produce such vast quantities of everything needed by mankind that we hear of "production outrunning consumption."

In this new condition Clarence S. Darrow, the well-known Chicago lawyer and student of economics, sees the explanation of the growth of sentiment favoring public ownership. Writing in the International Quarterly, he takes advanced Radical ground as follows:

Public ownership sentiment has had a remarkable growth in the United States during the last ten years. This sentiment is one of the many manifestations of the deep conviction that the present division of wealth is at once unjust and absurd. All sorts of theories for the more equitable distribution of wealth have found ready advocates on the platform and in the press in every enlightened nation of the world. However various the plans and schemes of social change, it is beyond dispute that the tendency of all nations has been toward a wider and completer collective life. In every country in the world the people have been constantly enlarging the functions and duties of the State, and political organizations are more and more becoming industrial institutions.

In Europe, municipal and even national ownership of public utilities is no longer looked upon as radical or new, and the rapid growth of these ideas abroad has had much to do with sentiment in the United States.

The most casual student of social questions has likewise seen the enormous fortunes that have been built up by the private ownership of public utilities. The larger part of all the stocks and bonds issued by public-service corporations are based upon franchises and not on private property. By this means the public is constantly and systematically taxed upon its own property, and this vast tax, in the shape of interest on bonds and dividends on stock, is taken by a handful of exploiters and stock-jobbers—who have thus contrived to build up private fortunes from public wealth.

GOOD ADVICE, GRATIS, FROM A RICH MAN.

The Characteristic Philosophy of Russell
Sage, the Most Contented Multi-Millionaire
in New York.

Nearly ninety years of age and weighted with scores of millions, Russell Sage is to-day one of the most completely satisfied rich men in the world. This is true, for "he himself has said it, and 'tis greatly to his credit."

Russell Sage is now the oldest of the money-kings of New York. He was born seventeen years before Andrew Carnegie, who threw off the harness of business five years ago. The original John Jacob Astor died at eighty-four, and Commodore Vanderbilt at eighty-two. But Russell Sage still is standing at the tiller of his gold-ballasted craft, as keen and sharp-eyed as he ever was. Of all the famous figures of Wall Street, only Daniel Drew lived to greater years; and Drew lost all his millions before he ended his long career as a speculator.

Mr. Sage is as saving in his opinions as in his money, and it is seldom that he can be persuaded to make his mind an open book for the general public. But recently he consented to give the New York World the full story of life as he sees it. It is the most complete description of the Sage philosophy that he has ever given to the public. Whatever this advice may be worth to you, it has been worth about a hundred millions to Russell Sage:

I think, if I had my life to live over again, it would be as honest, as simple, as home-loving as I could make it. I would try with all my power for home-like comfort, happiness, and long life, as against show, shallow pleasure, and a short existence. Home life is best. Clubs are only a place for idle old men and wasteful young men.

Great wealth is not everything, by any means. The mere making of money is not the only criterion of success. Many men whose names are our common heritage have died in very moderate circumstances, or even in poverty. Money is not a measure of brains.

Real success is often achieved after many failures. An active man builds success upon a foundation of failure; a passive man does not. A real man is not hurt by hard knocks. Hard knocks make character.

I think, had I my life to live over again, I would make charity a life study. It is a science. It cannot be learned in a day. The older a man lives the more he gets to realize this. From my own investigations I have found that there is a large class of professional mendicants that prey upon the well-to-do and charitably inclined.

From time to time I have taken a whole month's batch of appealing letters and have had them thoroughly investigated by trained agents. Very few have been found to possess real merit. Most of the appeals were from persons who would not help themselves even with the aid of a helping hand.

Real charity is dispensed without the blare of trumpets. Notoriety and professional philanthropy, indiscriminate alms-giving in any guise, have always been repugnant to me. I have never asked for any publicity for what I have done. Silence has invariably been my rule and practise.

If I had my life to live over again I am sure I should not attempt to move in what is termed "society." I would rather be one of a few gathered together by a bond of friendship than to partake of all the glitter and hollowness of what is called the "Four Hundred." The friendship of a few outlives life itself. Friendship remembers; society forgets. In the home only is there true happiness. It is there that a man's best ideas get their birth and grow.

If I had my life to live over again I would marry even earlier than I did. The tender care of a good wife is the finest thing in the world. I am thankful, indeed, that I have had this in the fullest measure.

Thrift is the first element of successful manhood. When you have made your fortune, it is time enough to think about spending it. Two suits of clothes are enough for any young man. The only thought that a young man need spend about his clothes is to look out for bargains at the lowest price.

Let him be on the lookout for cheap hats, bargains in shoes, knockdowns in suits. He is fostering business traits that augur well for his success in years to come.

The boy who knows bargains in socks makes the man who knows bargains in stocks.

Fifty cents is enough for a straw hat; it will last two seasons. You can get for thirty-nine cents an unlaundered white shirt which is excellent. You can get a good undershirt for twenty-five cents. Silk is not for salaried men. Fine clothes bring sham pleasure. Don't try to rival the flowers of the field.

A rich man does not work for himself alone. He is really the nation's agent. He turns his wealth over constantly in a way that helps others. No one need be alarmed over the constant increase in the wealth limit. Big enterprises require big men.

There is no such thing as a money-curse. It is the man, not the money, that makes the amount of individual wealth wrong. A good man cannot have too much money.

And so let me say in conclusion, if I had my life to live over again, I would try just as hard as I knew how to turn my money over and over again, that it might do the most good to other men.

I would live no differently. I would do as hard a day's work as I knew how. I would not feel it necessary to take vacations to recuperate. I would get my pleasure simply. I would dine simply on plain food. After dinner there would be a little reading of the papers or of good books, a chat with friends that might drop in, and maybe a game of whist. I get plenty of relaxation from an exciting rubber. When the game is over, my day is done. I sleep like a top till morning.

That would be my life if I had it to live over. All my life my home has been my haven of happiness.

Roosevelt and the Labor-Unions.

By ELISHA JAY EDWARDS.

An Authoritative Statement of the President's Views Upon the Greatest
Industrial Question of the Day.

An original article written for The Scrap Book.

In the unseasonable heat of Labor Day, 1898, a committee, small in numbers, but somewhat self-conscious and of impressive dignity, ventured to Montauk Point that it might discuss with Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, of the First United States Volunteer Cavalry, the expediency of nominating him on an independent ticket for Governor of New York.

As these perspiring committeemen, who were followed by other politicians, mounted the sand-dunes beyond which lay the camp of the Rough Riders, they saw, silhouetted against a sky whose horizon is the sea, the commander of that historic regiment.

A Commander of Men.

Roosevelt stood before his tent, not heeding the approach of these friends and politicians. With eager eyes, and through a strangely unfamiliar pair of spectacles, of polished steel or nickeled frame, he was watching the movement of his troopers, who were moving over the sandy plain not more than a quarter of a mile distant.

There came from Colonel Roosevelt quick and hearty ejaculations, as if he was so rejoiced at the steady, disciplined marching of his regiment that he could find no better way to express his joy than by fervent expressions of "Good!" or, again, "Well done!"

The hot sun of that unusually heated September week caused a sort of mirage—a quivering, visible movement of the atmosphere arising by reflection from the sand, so that the Rough Riders seemed to be observed as through a glass.

After a few moments of enthusiastic inspection of the distant regiment, Colonel Roosevelt received his visitors cordially, and motioned them to the open tent, which was furnished with the rigorous simplicity of a true campaigner, yet offered abundant hospitality. As his friends were entering the tent, he stopped for a moment, and, turning toward his regiment, said:

"There is perfect order, perfect discipline, and yet every man of that regiment thinks!"

The Golden Rule Paraphrased.

In this comment there is to be discovered President Roosevelt's view of what the wise and beneficial combination of men into labor organizations may ultimately become. Years before, he had reasoned out what he believed to be the true philosophy of the labor-unions. He did not fully accept the familiar motto, "One for all and all for one." Instead, he formulated for himself another, which was after all merely a paraphrase of the golden rule:

"All for all, and every one for the best of which he is capable—the best morally, mentally, and physically."

Roosevelt came into active life at a time when the labor-unions, under sincerely well-meant leadership, were emerging from a period of struggle and disorder. Their dominant idea, as it seemed to many observers, was to use the weapon that is called the strike, and to intensify the power of that weapon by acts of violence. He had just entered Harvard when the anarchy and devastation that accompanied the railroad strikes of the summer of 1877 spread terror throughout the country. He was deeply interested in the progress of that fierce industrial conflict. He felt even then that men who labored could not be brought to such a condition of desperation that they were willing to use the torch unless they had some sense of unjust treatment. On the other hand, the torch and the shooting and the roll of drums and march of troops most gravely impressed the college student, and led him to give much thought to the question of the labor organizations.

Roosevelt and the Railway Men.

His attention was specially fixed upon the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. He was persistent and insistent in his inquiries of all who could give him information as to the philosophy upon which this body based its organization. He was greatly interested in the personality of Mr. Arthur, and of others who assisted Arthur in the creation of the brotherhood.

Later, when he had become a member of the New York Legislature, he was present at a State convention held in Utica. He was one of a considerable number of delegates and politicians who went from Albany to Utica on a cold and stormy winter afternoon. The train made its way against the winter tempest with some difficulty. When it rolled into the station at Utica, Roosevelt parted for a moment from his associates, and they saw him making his way, with characteristic quick and decisive steps, to the engine. Reaching up, he grasped the hands of the engineer and the fireman, and gave them a hearty word of thanks, in which he conveyed his sense of what they were as men and skilled artisans, and of what they had done that afternoon.

Many have thought that President Roosevelt's custom of shaking hands with the locomotive engineer and the fireman at the end of a journey was of recent adoption, but he began it as long ago as the time when he entered public life. Possibly, and it may be unconsciously to himself, in this kindly courtesy he reflected his sense of the intellectual and economic triumph which characterizes the perfecting of the organization of the Locomotive Engineers.

His Interest In Labor's Battles.

A year before Roosevelt was candidate for mayor of New York, he being then in his twenty-eighth year, there broke out the dangerous agitation that has passed into history as the Missouri Pacific strike. The details of this affair were eagerly sought by Roosevelt. He would stop whatever work he had in hand in order to gather from any one who was well informed not merely the incidents of the strike, but the characteristics of the leader of the strikers, Martin Irons, and of his associates.

At that time, Roosevelt spoke with emphasis in deploring the acts of violence which the greatly inflamed employees committed. He looked upon the destruction of life and of property as not merely criminal in itself, but as sure, if persisted in, to do harm to all labor organizations. But he seemed to be attracted by the skill and energy, the personal force, the power of discipline and of leadership, which had enabled a railway mechanic like Irons to obtain supreme leadership and mastery over many thousands of intelligent American working men.

When Roosevelt was president of the Police Board of New York he was almost as greatly concerned about a strike involving the tailors, garment-cutters, and others whose employment was with the needle, sewing-machine, or shears, as if he himself was of their vocation. The poverty of the strikers had been extreme, their wages being barely sufficient to pay for a loaf of bread and a bit of meat once a week, and for the narrowest and most squalid kind of tenement in which to sleep. He learned that these conditions had been somewhat improved through the formation of the garment-workers into a labor-union. He was greatly interested in one Barondess, a man of crude and yet real force, who had skilfully perfected their organization.

So it was at all times when there were important strikes or agitations that Roosevelt displayed the keenest interest in the individual. The creation of one or another labor-union by some man of original native force of mind was sure to inspire him with a desire to know something of the new leader. He has always seemed to be far more interested in the personality, the temperament, and the intellectual gifts of those who have emerged from the ranks of working men, and have taken leadership among their fellows, than in the achievements of those who have built railroads, concentrated industrial organizations of vast capital, or mastered the secrets of nature by means of inventive apparatus.

His Belief in Individualism.

In nothing that President Roosevelt has said or done since he entered public life has he so firmly and impressively illustrated his faith in individualism, so to call it, as in his relations to the labor organizations. He looks upon them as no more than a means to an individual end. He has scant patience with those who dream of a grand socialism of labor, with every man standing upon an equality.

The President is in entire sympathy with the efforts of the labor-unions to secure agreement with all employers that eight hours shall constitute a day's work. But he is fearful that any restriction of the amount of labor that a man is permitted to do in one day is an economic blunder. He holds that it runs counter to individuality, and will ultimately prove to impair the fine opportunities for advancement and benefit which wisely managed labor-unions will always have.

President Roosevelt's philosophy of life, of its obligations and its opportunities, is that each individual should develop as perfectly as is possible whatever his native talent may be. To do that, in his view, involves struggle, and struggle always entails leadership. And it has seemed to him that in this process of high development of native gifts the man who is obliged to work for wages, whether he be a skilled artisan or a humble mechanic, must look to his fellows for help. Therefore, inevitably, there have sprung up associations of those who are engaged in the production of like articles.

Roosevelt and the Mine-Workers.

Of all the addresses and writings in which the President has expounded his philosophy of labor, he probably best epitomized his opinions when he delivered his speech to the miners at Wilkes-Barre, last October.

"I strongly believe," he said, "in trade-unions wisely and justly handled, in which the rightful purpose to benefit those connected with them is not accompanied by a desire to do injustice or wrong to others. I believe in the duty of capitalists and wage-workers to try to seek one another out, to understand one another's point of view, and to endeavor to show broad and kindly human sympathy one with the other."

That philosophy is entirely consistent with the President's strong faith in what may be called individualism. In his view, the labor-union serves its chief purpose when it makes possible the highest development of the gifts bestowed upon each individual by his Creator.

With this understanding it is easy to explain the personal interest President Roosevelt has in all of those who are leaders in labor organizations. The energy, the far-reaching understanding, the tact, and the frequent use of somewhat imperious power, all of which were necessary to bring the army of mine-workers into one compact organization, and all of which have been exemplified by John Mitchell, were sure to appeal very strongly to Theodore Roosevelt.

Twice since he became President he has had executive opportunity for showing, not merely by word but in deed, exactly what is his understanding of labor organizations and of their rights and limitations. To this day the world does not accurately measure Roosevelt's action at the time of the portentous struggle between the anthracite coal-miners and their employers. At that crisis, when there was danger of something like civil war, or at least of industrial anarchy and suffering, he seemed to be impelled by precisely the same motives as those that actuated him in bringing about the conference for peace between Russia and Japan. After confidential communication with ex-President Cleveland, who warmly approved his proposed plan, he offered to open the door for a settlement of the desperate struggle between the miners and the mine-owners. As his correspondence with ex-President Cleveland shows, he did not consider, except incidentally, the rights and limitations of the labor organizations on the one hand, or, upon the other, the legal position of those who control capital, credit, transportation, and mines. He spoke for the much-suffering public. He realized that no other than he could with any prospect of success offer to serve as mediator.

No Respecter of Persons.

When the representatives of capital first met the President, they were under the delusion that he had invited them to meet him because he fully sympathized with the miners' labor organization. But at that first meeting these kings of finance and of transportation and of the mining industry perceived that Roosevelt gloried in his sense of manhood, and that his courtesy to John Mitchell, and his recognition of John Mitchell's leadership, were in no way diminished by the presence of men possessed of immense capital and consequently of great power.

Capital was mistaken, however, in its presumption that Roosevelt was its enemy. It was learned in the course of the several interviews with the President that he had as firm a conviction of the necessity of combinations of capital and credit as he had in the imperative need that those who work with the hand should also combine for common benefit.

In private, President Roosevelt has expressed his unbounded admiration for the courage of that business statesmanship which, within a generation, has so mastered the West as to make its prairies rich in harvests and its population continuous and thriving between the Atlantic and the Pacific. But he has quite as much admiration for the native qualities, and for the stern training and disciplining of those qualities, whereby a coal-miner succeeded in organizing for a common purpose a vast army of men whose toil is hidden from the sunlight, and whose faces are blackened as they come, with lanterns on their caps, from the dismal caverns where they delve.

Mr. George W. Perkins has spoken to his friends of the impression made by the President upon the capitalists whom he met at these interviews in which the way was prepared for a settlement of the anthracite coal strike. Mr. Roosevelt made it clear that he was no respecter of persons by reason of the incidental power any one might possess, but was only a respecter and admirer of manhood.

The second of the executive opportunities came when a demand was made that none but a member of the labor organization should be employed in one of the government departments. The President's reply was emphatic. The government as a government could not, he said, recognize either labor organizations as against an individual or an individual as against a labor organization. At one meeting between Mr. Roosevelt and some of those who were of the labor world, he declared that no combination, whether of capital, or of credit, or any wherein the bond of union is a common kind of labor, can in the long run prosper if it forgets the rights of the individual. He has over and over again inculcated the doctrine of individual right of judgment, deeming that to contain the very spirit of American institutions.

The Enjoyment in Labor.

The President is quoted by his friends as having recently expressed his confident belief that the labor organizations are coming to see the wisdom of the view that the right to exercise individual judgment must not be forgotten or ignored. He has no doubt that ultimately, if wisely and justly handled, they will give the fullest opportunity for the perfection of the individual morally, intellectually, and physically.

The time, he thinks, is not far distant when the sense of individuality may be sufficient to teach the lesson that in every kind of labor the laborer may find enjoyment—the florist and the harvester in the mystery of the growth and coloring of the products of the field, the granite-worker in the tracings of geology, the carpenter in the beauty of geometry and in the fine penciling which nature has left in the native wood. Work undertaken in this spirit is no longer mere mercenary drudgery, but partakes of the inspiration that follows high appeal to the intellectual and moral faculty of the worker.

To give a final summing up of President Roosevelt's view of trade-unions and labor organizations, it may be said that he believes in them because he sees in such combinations the greater opportunity for each individual to develop the best that is in him.

A Descent Into the Maelström.

BY EDGAR ALLAN POE.

Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, January 19, 1809, and died in Baltimore, October 7, 1849. His father, David Poe, while a law student in Baltimore, married Elizabeth Arnold, a beautiful English actress, and went on the stage himself. Several years later both died within a few weeks of each other, leaving three children, of whom Edgar was the second. Impressed by the boy's extraordinary beauty and intelligence, John Allan, a wealthy merchant of Richmond, adopted him.

Poe was then sent to England to be educated. There he spent five or six years in a school at Stoke Newington. Subsequently he was sent to the University of Virginia and to the United States Military Academy at West Point, but remained only a few months at each institution. Finally he quarreled with Mr. Allan, who died shortly afterward; and Edgar was not mentioned in the will.

In 1833 the Baltimore Saturday Visitor offered two prizes of a hundred dollars each for a story and a poem. Poe won both. This led to his employment in various editorial capacities in Richmond and New York. Quarrels with his employers usually resulted in his dismissal. During this period he was distinguished by an extraordinary degree of literary activity, however, and it was not long before he was recognized as one of the most forceful figures in American literature.

Scores of authors have found inspiration in the pages of Edgar Allan Poe. Sardou, the celebrated French dramatist, founded the main incident of his "Scrap of Paper" on Poe's "The Purloined Letter," and Conan Doyle has admitted that Dupin, the detective who appears in several of Poe's tales, was the prototype of Sherlock Holmes. "A Descent Into the Maelström" is generally regarded as one of the most representative of his stories.

We had now reached the summit of the loftiest crag. For some minutes the old man seemed too much exhausted to speak.

"Not long ago," said he at length, "and I could have guided you on this route as well as the youngest of my sons; but about three years past there happened to me an event such as never happened before to mortal man—or at least such as no man ever survived to tell of—and the six hours of deadly terror which I then endured have broken me up body and soul.

"You suppose me a very old man, but I am not. It took less than a single day to change these hairs from a jetty black to white, to weaken my limbs, and to un-string my nerves so that I tremble at the least exertion and am frightened at a shadow. Do you know I can scarcely look over this little cliff without getting giddy?"

The "little cliff," upon whose edge he had so carelessly thrown himself to rest that the weightier portion of his body hung over it, while he was only kept from falling by the tenure of his elbow on its extreme and slippery edge—this "little cliff" arose, a sheer unobstructed precipice of black shining rock, some fifteen or sixteen hundred feet from the world of crags beneath us.

Nothing would have tempted me to within half a dozen yards of its brink. In truth, so deeply was I excited by the perilous position of my companion that I fell at full length upon the ground, clung to the shrubs around me, and dared not even glance upward at the sky—while I struggled in vain to divest myself of the idea that the very foundations of the mountain were in danger from the fury of the winds.

It was long before I could reason myself into sufficient courage to sit up and look out into the distance.

"You must get over these fancies," said the guide; "for I have brought you here that you might have the best possible view of the scene of that event I mentioned, and to tell you the whole story with the spot just under your eye.

"We are now," he continued in that particularizing manner which distinguished him—"we are now close upon the Norwegian coast—in the sixty-eighth degree of latitude—in the great province of Nordland—and in the dreary district of Lofoden. The mountain upon whose top we sit is Helseggen, the Cloudy. Now raise yourself up a little higher—hold on to the grass if you feel giddy—so—and look out, beyond the belt of vapor beneath us, into the sea."

I looked dizzily, and beheld a wide expanse of ocean whose waters wore so inky a hue as to bring at once to my mind the Nubian geographer's account of the Mare Tenebrarum. A panorama more deplorably desolate no human imagination can conceive.

To the right and left, as far as the eye could reach, there lay outstretched, like ramparts of the world, lines of horribly black and beetling cliff, whose character of gloom was but the more forcibly illustrated by the surf which reared high up against it its white and ghastly crest, howling and shrieking forever.

Just opposite the promontory upon whose apex we were placed, and at a distance of some five or six miles out at sea, there was visible a small bleak-looking island; or more properly, its position was discernible through the wilderness of surge in which it was enveloped.

About two miles nearer the land arose another of smaller size, hideously craggy and barren, and encompassed at various intervals by a cluster of dark rocks.

The appearance of the ocean in the space between the more distant island and the shore had something very unusual about it. Although at the time so strong a gale was blowing landward that a brig in the remote offing lay to under a double-reefed trysail, and constantly plunged her whole hull out of sight, still there was here nothing like a regular swell, but only a short, quick angry cross-dashing of water in every direction—as well in the teeth of the wind as otherwise. Of foam there was little except in the immediate vicinity of the rocks.

"The island in the distance," resumed the old man, "is called by the Norwegians Vurrgh. The one midway is Moskoe. That a mile to the northward is Ambaaren. Yonder are Islesen, Hotholm, Keildhelm, Suarven, and Buckholm. Farther off—between Moskoe and Vurrgh—are Otterholm, Flimen, Sandflesen, and Stockholm. These are the true names of the places; but why it has been thought necessary to name them at all is more than either you or I can understand. Do you hear anything? Do you see any change in the water?"

We had now been about ten minutes upon the top of Helseggen—to which we had ascended from the interior of Lofoden, so that we had caught no glimpse of the sea until it had burst upon us from the summit. As the old man spoke I became aware of a loud and gradually increasing sound, like the moaning of a vast herd of buffaloes upon an American prairie; and at the same moment I perceived that what seamen term the chopping character of the ocean beneath us was rapidly changing into a current which set to the eastward.

Even while I gazed, this current acquired a monstrous velocity. Each moment added to its speed—to its headlong impetuosity. In five minutes the whole sea, as far as Vurrgh, was lashed into ungovernable fury, but it was between Moskoe and the coast that the main uproar held its sway.

Here the vast bed of the waters, seamed and scarred into a thousand conflicting channels, burst suddenly into frenzied convulsion: heaving, boiling, hissing, gyrating in gigantic and innumerable vortices, and all whirling and plunging on to the eastward with a rapidity which water never elsewhere assumes, except in precipitous descents.

In a few minutes more there came over the scene another radical alteration. The general surface grew somewhat more smooth, and the whirlpools one by one disappeared, while prodigious streaks of foam became apparent where none had been seen before.

These streaks, at length, spreading out to a great distance and entering into combination, took unto themselves the gyratory motion of the subsided vortices, and seemed to form the germ of another more vast. Suddenly—very suddenly—this assumed a distinct and definite existence, in a circle of more than a mile in diameter.

The edge of the whirl was represented by a broad belt of gleaming spray; but no particle of this slipped into the mouth of the terrific funnel, whose interior, as far as the eye could fathom it, was a smooth, shining, and jet-black wall of water, inclined to the horizon at an angle of some forty-five degrees, speeding dizzily round and round with a swaying and sweltering motion, and sending forth to the winds an appalling voice, half shriek, half roar, such as not even the mighty cataract of Niagara ever lifts up in its agony to heaven.

"This," said I at length to the old man—"this can be nothing else than the great whirlpool of the Maelström."

"So it is sometimes termed," said he. "We Norwegians call it the Moskoe-ström, from the island of Moskoe in the midway."

The ordinary accounts of this vortex had by no means prepared me for what I saw. That of Jonas Ramus, which is perhaps the most circumstantial of any, cannot impart the faintest conception either of the magnificence or of the horror of the scene, or of the wild bewildering sense of the novel which confounds the beholder.

I am not sure from what point of view the writer in question surveyed it, nor at what time; but it could neither have been from the summit of Helseggen, nor during a storm. There are some passages of his description, nevertheless, which may be quoted for their details, although their effect is exceedingly feeble in conveying an impression of the spectacle.

"Between Lofoden and Moskoe," he says, "the depth of the water is between thirty-six and forty fathoms; but on the other side, toward Ver, this depth decreases so as not to afford a convenient passage for a vessel, without the risk of splitting on the rocks, which happens even in the calmest weather.

"When it is flood, the stream runs up the country between Lofoden and Moskoe with a boisterous rapidity; but the roar of its impetuous ebb to the sea is scarce equaled by the loudest and most dreadful cataracts—the noise being heard several leagues off; and the vortices or pits are of such an extent and depth that if a ship comes within its attraction it is inevitably absorbed and carried down to the bottom, and there beat to pieces against the rocks; and when the water relaxes the fragments thereof are thrown up again.

"But these intervals of tranquillity are only at the turn of the ebb and flood, and in calm weather, and last but a quarter of an hour, its violence gradually returning. When the stream is most boisterous, and its fury heightened by a storm, it is dangerous to come within a Norway mile of it.

"Boats, yachts, and ships have been carried away by not guarding against it before they were within its reach. It likewise happens frequently that whales come too near the stream and are overpowered by its violence; and then it is impossible to describe their howlings and bellowings in their fruitless struggles to disengage themselves.

"A bear once, attempting to swim from Lofoden to Moskoe, was caught by the stream and borne down, while he roared terribly, so as to be heard on shore. Large stocks of firs and pine-trees, after being absorbed by the current, rise again broken and torn to such a degree as if bristles grew upon them. This plainly shows the bottom to consist of craggy rocks, among which they are whirled to and fro."

In regard to the depth of the water, I could not see how this could have been ascertained at all in the immediate vicinity of the vortex. The "forty fathoms" must have reference only to portions of the channel close upon the shore either of Moskoe or Lofoden.

The depth in the center of the Moskoe-ström must be unmeasurably greater.... Looking down from this pinnacle upon the howling Phlegethon below, I could not help smiling at the simplicity with which the honest Jonas Ramus records, as a matter difficult of belief, the anecdotes of the whales and the bears; for it appeared to me a self-evident thing that the largest ships of the line in existence, coming within the influence of that deadly attraction, could resist it as little as a feather the hurricane, and must disappear bodily and at once.

"You have had a good look at the whirl now," said the guide; "and if you will creep round this crag, so as to get in its lee, and deaden the roar of the water, I will tell you a story that will convince you I ought to know something of the Moskoe-ström."

I placed myself as he desired, and he proceeded:

"Myself and my two brothers once owned a schooner-rigged smack of about seventy tons' burden, with which we were in the habit of fishing among the islands beyond Moskoe, nearly to Vurrgh. In all violent eddies at sea there is good fishing, at proper opportunities, if one has only the courage to attempt it; but among the whole of the Lofoden coast-men we three were the only ones who made a regular business of going out to the islands, as I tell you.

"The usual grounds are a great way lower down to the southward. There fish can be got at all hours, without much risk, and therefore these places are preferred. The choice spots over here among the rocks, however, not only yield the finest variety, but in far greater abundance; so that we often got in a single day what the more timid of the craft could not scrape together in a week. In fact, we made it a matter of desperate speculation: the risk of life standing instead of labor, and courage answering for capital.

"We kept the smack in a cove about five miles higher up the coast than this; and it was our practise, in fine weather, to take advantage of the fifteen minutes' slack to push across the main channel of the Moskoe-ström, far above the pool, and then drop down upon anchorage somewhere near Otterholm, or Sandflesen, where the eddies are not so violent as elsewhere. Here we used to remain until nearly time for slack water again, when we weighed and made for home.

"We never set out upon this expedition without a steady side wind for going and coming—one that we felt sure would not fail us before our return; and we seldom made a miscalculation upon this point. Twice, during six years, we were forced to stay all night at anchor, on account of a dead calm, which is a rare thing indeed just about here; and once we had to remain on the grounds nearly a week, starving to death, owing to a gale which blew up shortly after our arrival, and made the channel too boisterous to be thought of.

"Upon this occasion we should have been driven out to sea in spite of everything (for the whirlpools threw us round and round so violently that at length we fouled our anchor and dragged it), if it had not been that we drifted into one of the innumerable cross-currents—here to-day and gone to-morrow—which drove us under the lee of Flimen, where by good luck we brought up.

"I could not tell you the twentieth part of the difficulties we encountered 'on the ground'—it is a bad spot to be in, even in good weather; but we made shift always to run the gantlet of the Moskoe-ström itself without accident, although at times my heart has been in my mouth when we happened to be a minute or so behind or before the slack.

"It is now within a few days of three years since what I am going to tell you occurred. It was on the 10th of July, 18—; a day which the people of this part of the world will never forget, for it was one in which blew the most terrible hurricane that ever came out of the heavens.

"And yet all the morning, and indeed until late in the afternoon, there was a gentle and steady breeze from the southwest, while the sun shone brightly, so that the oldest seaman among us could not have foreseen what was to follow.

"The three of us—my two brothers and myself—had crossed over to the islands about two o'clock p.m., and soon nearly loaded the smack with fine fish; which, we all remarked, were more plenty that day than we had ever known them. It was just seven, by my watch, when we weighed and started for home, so as to make the worst of the Ström at slack water, which we knew would be at eight.

"We set out with a fresh wind at our starboard quarter, and for some time spanked along at a great rate, never dreaming of danger; for indeed we saw not the slightest reason to apprehend it. All at once we were taken aback by a breeze from over Helseggen. This was most unusual; something that had never happened to us, and I began to feel a little uneasy, without exactly knowing why. We put the boat on the wind, but could make no headway at all for the eddies; and I was upon the point of proposing to return to the anchorage, when, looking astern, we saw the whole horizon covered with a singular copper-colored cloud that rose with the most amazing velocity.

"In the meantime, the breeze that had headed us off fell away; and we were dead becalmed, drifting about in every direction. This state of things, however, did not last long enough to give us time to think about it.

"In less than a minute the storm was upon us; in less than two the sky was entirely overcast; and what with this and the driving spray, it became suddenly so dark that we could not see each other in the smack.

"Such a hurricane as then blew it is folly to attempt to describe. The oldest seaman in Norway never experienced anything like it. We had let our sails go by the run before it cleverly took us; but at the first puff both our masts went by the board as if they had been sawed off—the mainmast taking with it my youngest brother, who had lashed himself to it for safety.

"Our boat was the lightest feather of a thing that ever sat upon water. It had a complete flush deck, with only a small hatch near the bow; and this hatch it had always been our custom to batten down when about to cross the Ström, by way of precaution against chopping seas. But for this circumstance we should have foundered at once; for we lay entirely buried for some moments. How my elder brother escaped destruction I cannot say, for I never had an opportunity of ascertaining. For my part, as soon as I had let the foresail run, I threw myself flat on deck, with my feet against the narrow gunwale of the bow, and with my hands grasping a ring-bolt near the foot of the foremast.

"It was mere instinct that prompted me to do this, which was undoubtedly the very best thing I could have done; for I was too much flurried to think.

"For some moments I was completely deluged, I say; and all this time I held my breath and clung to the bolt. When I could stand it no longer I raised myself upon my knees, still keeping hold with my hands, and thus got my head clear. Presently our little boat gave herself a shake, just as a dog does in coming out of the water, and thus rid herself in some measure of the seas.

"I was now trying to get the better of the stupor that had come over me, and to collect my senses so as to see what was to be done, when I felt somebody grasp my arm. It was my elder brother—and my heart leaped for joy, for I had made sure that he was overboard; but the next moment all this joy was turned into horror—for he put his mouth close to my ear and screamed out the word 'Moskoe-ström!'

"No one will ever know what my feelings were at that moment. I shook from head to foot as if I had the most violent fit of the ague. I knew what he meant by that one word well enough—I knew what he wished to make me understand. With the wind that now drove us on, we were bound for the whirl of the Ström, and nothing could save us!

"You perceive that in crossing the Ström channel we always went a long way up above the whirl, even in the calmest weather, and then had to wait and watch carefully for the slack; but now we were driving right upon the pool itself, and in such a hurricane as this!

"'To be sure,' I thought, 'we shall get there just about the slack—there is some little hope in that'; but in the moment I cursed myself for being so great a fool as to dream of hope at all. I knew very well that we were doomed, had we been ten times a ninety-gun ship.

"By this time the first fury of the tempest had spent itself, or perhaps we did not feel it much as we scudded before it; but at all events the seas, which at first had been kept down by the wind, and lay flat and frothing, now got up into absolute mountains.

"A singular change, too, had come over the heavens. Around in every direction it was still as black as pitch; but nearly overhead there burst out, all at once, a circular rift of clear sky—as clear as I ever saw, and of a deep bright blue—and through it there blazed forth the full moon with a luster that I never before knew her to wear. She lit up everything about us with the greatest distinctness—but, O God, what a scene it was to light up!

"I now made one or two attempts to speak to my brother; but in some manner which I could not understand, the din had so increased that I could not make him hear a single word, although I screamed at the top of my voice in his ear. Presently he shook his head, looking as pale as death, and held up one of his fingers, as if to say, 'Listen!'