Eduard Bernstein was a German social democratic Marxist theorist and politician. A member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), Bernstein had held close association to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, but he began to identify what he believed to be errors in Marxist thinking and began to criticize views held by Marxism when he investigated and challenged the Marxist materialist theory of history. He rejected significant parts of Marxist theory that were based upon Hegelian metaphysics and rejected the Hegelian perspective of an immanent economic necessity to socialism.
Eduard Davidovich Frolov was a Russian historian, Doctor of Sciences (Dsc), Honorary Professor at the Saint Petersburg State University since 2010, and Director of the Center for Classics Studies at the same University since 1994, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation (1998). He was also Honorary Worker of Higher Professional Education the Russian Federation (2004).
Eduard Gaugler was a German researcher, economist and former professor for human resource management at both the University of Regensburg and the University of Mannheim from 1972 to 1989. Moreover, he served as rector of the University of Mannheim between 1973 and 1976.
